German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war

1223: 600: 1392: 1042: 1098: 461: 617: 685: 1272: 1168: 888: 1474: 1210:. By early 1942, to combat the fact that many prisoners were too malnourished to work, some surviving prisoners were granted increased rations although any significant improvement was politically impossible because supply shortages necessitated a reduction in rations to German citizens. Not all prisoners benefited from higher rations and they remained vulnerable to malnutrition and disease. The number of prisoners working in Germany continued to increase, from 455,000 in September 1942 to 652,000 in May 1944. By the end of the war, at least 1.3 million Soviet prisoners of war had been deported to Germany or its annexed territories. Of these, 400,000 did not survive; most of the deaths occurred in the winter of 1941–1942. Others were deported to other locations, including Norway and the 575: 744:, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Caucasian, and Ukrainian. The purpose of the release was largely to ensure that the harvest in German-occupied areas was successful. Red Army women were excluded from this policy. Ethnic Russians, the vast majority of prisoners, were not considered for release, and about half of the Ukrainians were freed. Releases were curtailed due to epidemics and fear that they would join the partisans. Some severely injured prisoners with family living nearby were released; many probably died of starvation soon afterwards. By January 1942, 280,108 prisoners of war—mostly Ukrainians—had been released, and the total number released was around a million by the end of the war. In addition to agriculture, prisoners were released so they could join 445: 50: 944: 724:

The number of prisoners working declined as those deemed unfit for work or quarantined due to epidemics continued to increase. Although prisoners had not received much food from the beginning, death rates skyrocketed during the fall due to increased population, the cumulative effects of starvation, epidemics, and falling temperatures. Hundreds died daily at each camp, too many to bury. German policy shifted to prioritize feeding prisoners at the expense of the Soviet civilian population but, in practice, conditions did not significantly improve until June 1942 due to improved logistics and fewer prisoners to feed. Mass deaths were repeated on a smaller scale in the winter of 1942–1943.

632:; some camps did not have running water. Kitchen facilities were rudimentary, and many prisoners got nothing to eat. In September 1941, preparations for winter housing began; in November, the building of barracks was rolled out systematically. Some prisoners had to live in the open for the entire winter, in unheated rooms, or in burrows they dug themselves which often collapsed. Poor housing and the cold were major factors in the mass deaths beginning in October 1941. After 1941, the situation improved; because of the mass deaths, the camps became less overcrowded. The death toll at many prisoner-of-war camps was comparable to that at the largest 453: 761: 1280: 424:

months of the war. Although more than three million Soviet soldiers were captured by the end of 1941, the actual number was fewer than expected due to military setbacks. There is still disagreement between historians to what extent the mass deaths of prisoners in 1941 can be attributed to ideological reasons as part of the planned racial restructuring of Germany's empire versus a logistical failure that interrupted German planners' intent to use the prisoners as a labor reserve before and during the war. During the

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that locally-recruited police would be necessary. The motivations of those who joined are not well known, although it is assumed that many joined to survive or improve their living conditions and others had ideological motives. A large proportion of those who survived being taken prisoner in 1941 did so because they collaborated with the Germans. Most had supporting roles such as drivers, cooks, grooms or translators; others were directly engaged in fighting, particularly during

238: 1263:. Information about the Commissar Order, described as mandating the killing of all officers or prisoners captured, was disseminated to Red Army soldiers. Accurate information about the treatment of Soviet prisoners of war reached Red Army soldiers by various means—such as escapees and other eyewitnesses—and was an effective deterrent against defection although many disbelieved the official propaganda. 1180:

October; along with the prisoners of war, a larger number of Soviet civilians were sent. The camps in Germany had an internal police force of non-Russian prisoners who were often violent towards Russians; Soviet Germans often staffed the camp administration, and were interpreters. Both groups received more rations and preferential treatment. Guarding the prisoners was the responsibility of the army's

608:

Sometimes Soviet prisoners were able to escape due to inadequate supervision. After October 1941, transport in open cattle wagons in winter weather killed some 20 percent of passengers. Additional death marches were ordered as the Red Army regained territory, typically on foot except in western areas. A figure of 200,000 to 250,000 deaths in transit is provided in Russian estimates.

1350:, and 6.5 percent were transferred to the NKVD. According to another estimate, of 1.5 million returnees by March 1946, 43 percent continued their military service, 22 percent were drafted into labor battalions for two years, 18 percent were sent home, 15 percent were sent to a forced-labor camp, and two percent worked for repatriation commissions. 1159:, and others at Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Mauthausen. Those imprisoned in concentration camps for an infraction lost their prisoner-of-war status, in violation of the Geneva Convention. Officers were over-represented among the more than 100,000 men and an unknown number of women who were transferred to Nazi concentration camps. 1489:". Thousands of books have been published about the Holocaust, but in 2016 there were no books in English about the fate of Soviet prisoners of war. Few prisoner accounts were published, perpetrators were not tried for their crimes, and little scholarly research has been attempted. German historian Christian Streit published 1441:. By this time, more Soviet prisoners of war had died than any other group targeted by the Nazis; only the European Jews would surpass this figure. An additional one million Soviet prisoners of war died after the beginning of 1942—27 percent of the total number of prisoners alive or captured after that date. 591:'s authority. Although military authorities from the OKW down also distributed orders to refrain from excessive violence against prisoners of war, historian David Harrisville says that these orders had little effect in practice and their main effect was to bolster a positive self-image in German soldiers. 1530:

were a focus. After the war, there were some German attempts to deflect the blame for the 1941 mass deaths. Some blamed the deaths on the failure of diplomacy between the Soviet Union and Germany after the invasion, or on prior starvation of soldiers by the Soviet government. Crimes against prisoners

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Many Nazi leaders wanted to avoid contact between Germans and prisoners of war, limiting work assignments for prisoners. Labor assignments differed in accordance with the local economy. Many worked for private employers in agriculture and industry, and others were rented to local authorities for such

895:

Hitler opposed recruiting Soviet collaborators for military and police functions, blaming non-German recruits for defeat in World War I. Nevertheless, military leaders in the east disregarded his instructions and recruited such collaborators from the outset of the war; Himmler recognized in July 1941

805:

mistaken for Jews were sometimes killed. From 1942, systematic killing increasingly targeted wounded and sick prisoners. Those unable to work were often shot in mass executions or left to die, and sometimes mass executions were conducted without a clear rationale. Disabled soldiers were in particular

561:

and suspicious civilian political functionaries. More than 80 percent of front-line German divisions fighting on the Eastern Front carried out this illegal order, shooting an estimated 4,000 to 10,000 commissars. These killings did not reduce Soviet resistance as expected, and came to be perceived as

5482:

Hertner, Christoph (2023). "»Kriegsgefangenschaft und Internierung«: Das Schicksal sowjetischer Militärpersonen in deutschen, schweizerischen, österreichischen und sowjetischen Quellen, 1941–1946, Workshop der Forschungsstelle Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz, der Professur für Neueste Allgemeine

1403:

The German Army recorded 3.35 million Soviet prisoners captured in 1941, which exceeds the Red Army's reported missing by up to one million. This discrepancy can be partly explained by the Red Army's inability to keep track of losses during a chaotic withdrawal. Additionally, as many as one in eight

1318:

to be summarily executed and their families arrested. Sometimes Red Army soldiers were told that the families of defectors would be shot; although thousands were arrested, it is unknown if any such executions were carried out. As the war continued, Soviet leaders realized that most of their citizens

522:

on the Eastern Front and shot Soviet soldiers who tried to surrender—sometimes in large groups of hundreds or thousands. These murders were not ordered by the high command, and some military commanders recognized their harmfulness to German interests. Nevertheless, efforts to discourage such killing

494:

Military factors such as poor leadership, lack of arms and ammunition, and being completely overwhelmed by the German advance were the most important factors causing the mass surrender of Red Army soldiers. The behavior of Soviet soldiers ranged from fighting to the last bullet to making a conscious

1300:

tactics. For years afterwards the Soviet population experienced food shortages. Former prisoners of war were among the 451,000 or more Soviet citizens who avoided repatriation and remained in Germany or emigrated to Western countries after the war. Due to its clear-cut criminality, the treatment of

1113:

under the control of the SS; the camps previously held 80,000 people. By October, segregated areas designated for prisoners of war had been established at Neuengamme, Buchenwald, Flossenbürg, Gross-Rosen, Sachsenhausen, Dachau, and Mauthausen by clearing prisoners from existing barracks or building

534:

verdicts against the perpetrators are known. Although the Red Army shot enemy prisoners less commonly than the German Army did, the shooting of prisoners by both armies contributed to a mutual escalation of violence.The German military did not record deaths that occurred prior to prisoners arriving

423:

Anti-Bolshevism, antisemitism, and racism are often cited as the main reasons behind the mass death of prisoners, along with the regime's conflicting demands for security, food, and labor. Little planning was done for housing and feeding the millions of soldiers expected to be captured in the first

204:

were systematically targeted for execution. More prisoners were shot because they were wounded, ill, or unable to keep up with forced marches. Over a million were deported to Germany for forced labor, where many died in sight of the local population. Their conditions were worse than civilian forced

723:

Following setbacks in the military campaign, Hitler ordered on 31 October that labor deployment in Germany for surviving prisoners be prioritized. After this order was issued, death rates reached their apex; the need for prisoner labor could not overcome the other priorities for food distribution.

1142:

in November 1941 to keep track of which prisoners had died. Contrary to Himmler's assumption, more Soviet prisoners of war did not replace those who died. As the capture of Red Army soldiers dropped off, Hitler decided at the end of October 1941 to deploy the remaining prisoners in the German war

731:

was reported in several camps, despite capital punishment for this offense. Soviet civilians who tried to provide food were often shot. In many camps, those who were in better condition were separated from prisoners deemed to have no chance of survival. Employment could be beneficial in securing

607:

The use of railcars for transport was often forbidden to prevent the spread of disease. Prisoners were forced to march hundreds of kilometers on foot with no or inadequate food or water. Guards frequently shot anyone who fell behind and the quantity of corpses left behind created a health hazard.

1129:

Despite the intention to exploit their labor, most of the 25,000 or 30,000 who arrived in late 1941 were in poor condition and incapable of work. Kept in worse conditions and provided less food than other prisoners, they had a higher mortality rate; 80 percent were dead by February 1942. The SS

907:

for forced labor in its operational area; these prisoners were not registered. Their treatment varied, with some having living conditions similar to German soldiers and others being treated as badly as they were in the camps. A smaller number joined dedicated military units with German officers,

703:

Food for prisoners was extracted from the occupied Soviet Union after the occupiers' needs were met. Prisoners usually received less than the official ration due to supply problems. By mid-August 1941, it had become clear that many prisoners would die. The capture of nearly a million and a half

586:

that were planned to be turned over to civilian administration. Due to the low priority attached to prisoners of war, each camp commandant had autonomy limited only by the military and economic situation. Although a few tried to ameliorate their conditions, most did not. At the end of 1944, all

1416:

says that the German figures represent a minimum value, and should be adjusted upwards by 450,000 to account for prisoners who were killed before arriving in a camp. Zemskov estimates around 3.9 million dead out of 6.2 million captured, including 200,000 killed as military collaborators. Other

1179:

The first 200,000 Soviet prisoners of war were deported to Germany in July and August 1941 to fill the labor demands of agriculture and industry. The deportees faced conditions similar to those in the occupied Soviet Union. Hitler halted the transports in mid-August, but changed his mind on 31

411:

privately that "we must distance ourselves from the standpoint of soldierly comradeship" and fight a "war of extermination" because Red Army soldiers were "no comrade" of Germans. No one present raised any objection. Although the mass deaths of prisoners in 1941 were controversial within the

224:

Deaths among these Soviet prisoners of war have been called "one of the greatest crimes in military history", second in number only to those of civilian Jews but far less studied. Although the Soviet Union announced the death penalty for surrender early in the war, most former prisoners were

266:

were necessary to continue the German war effort. Due to supply shortages and inadequate transport infrastructure, the German invaders planned to feed their army by looting (although in practice they remained dependent on shipments from Germany) and to terrorize the local inhabitants with

398:, and there was no legal ambiguity that could be exploited to justify its actions. Unlike Germany, the Soviet Union was not a signatory of either convention; its offer to abide by the Hague Convention's provisions regarding prisoners of war if the German army did likewise was rejected by 1464:

and 15 to 30 percent of Axis prisoners died in Soviet custody, despite the Soviet government's attempt to reduce the death rate. Throughout the war, Soviet prisoners of war had a far higher mortality rate than Polish or Soviet civilian forced laborers, whose rate was under 10 percent.

776:

The selective killing of prisoners held by the army was enabled by its close cooperation with the SS and Soviet informers, and soldiers often conducted the executions. The killings targeted commissars and Jews, and sometimes communists, intellectuals, Red Army officers, and (in 1941)

361:

the Soviet Union's "deficit areas" (particularly in the north) that required food imports from its "surplus areas", especially in Ukraine. If the surplus food was redirected to the German army or Germany, an estimated 30 million people—mostly Russians—were expected to die. The

720:—a starvation amount that was rarely delivered. Working prisoners were also often put on starvation diets due to a lack of supplies. Non-working prisoners—all but one million of the 2.3 million held at the time—would die, as Wagner acknowledged at a November 1941 meeting. 5483:

und Osteuropäische Geschichte der Universität Bern und des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Moskau in Bern, 24. März 2023" ["War captivity and internment": the fate of Soviet military personnel in German, Swiss, Austrian and Soviet sources, 1941–1946, workshop of the

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fences 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) high. Despite draconian penalties, organized resistance groups formed at some camps and attempted mass escapes. Tens of thousands of Soviet prisoners of war attempted to escape; about half were recaptured, and around 10,000 reached

1154:

or were expelled from collaborationist military units. Red Army women were often pressured to renounce their prisoner-of-war status to be transferred to civilian forced-labor programs. Some refused, and were sent to concentration camps. About 1,000 were imprisoned at

550:. Despite the order, prisoners were more often than not taken under such circumstances. Nevertheless, thousands or tens of thousands of Red Army soldiers were executed on the spot as partisans, while others evaded capture and returned to their families. 1365:; they often faced discrimination due to the belief that they were traitors or deserters. In 1995, Russia equalized the status of former prisoners of war with that of other veterans. After the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the German government set up the 1295:

similar to those of concentration-camp prisoners. Many were killed during these marches or died from illness after liberation. They returned to a country which had lost millions of people to the war and had its infrastructure destroyed by German Army

406:

said that the Geneva Convention did not apply to Soviet prisoners of war, but suggested that it be the basis of planning. Law and morality played (at most) a minor role in this planning, in contrast to the demand for labor and military expediency.

1460:(six to seven percent). Polish prisoners of war were considered racially similar to Soviet prisoners, but their conditions differed greatly and death rate was an order of magnitude lower. More than 28 percent of Soviet prisoners of war died 861:—and nearly all were executed. These killings dwarfed previous killings in the camp system. As the war progressed, increasing manpower shortages motivated curtailment of executions. After March 1944, around 5,000 escaped Soviet officers and 1432:

A majority of the deaths, about two million, occurred before January 1942. The death rate of 300,000 to 500,000 each month from October 1941 to January 1942 is one of the highest death rates from mass atrocity in history, equaling the peak

1539:. Memorials and markers have been established at cemeteries and former camps by state or private initiatives. For the 80th anniversary of World War II, several German historical and memorial organizations organized a traveling exhibition. 781:

prisoners; about 80 percent of Turkic soldiers were killed by early 1942. German counterintelligence identified many individuals as Jews with medical examinations, denunciation by fellow prisoners, or a stereotypically Jewish appearance.

483:. The ratio of prisoners to killed was lower later in the war, but remained higher than for the German side. By mid-December 1941, 79 percent of prisoners captured to date (more than two million) had been apprehended during thirteen major 1290:

About 500,000 prisoners had been freed by the Red Army by February 1945. During its advance, the Red Army found mass graves at former prisoner-of-war camps. In the war's final months, most of the remaining Soviet prisoners were forced on

821:. If their responses were unsatisfactory, they were stripped of prisoner-of-war status and bought to a concentration camp for execution, to conceal their fate from the German public. At least 33,000 prisoners were transferred to 1338:, hospitals, and recuperation centers, where most stayed for one or two months. This process was not effective in separating the minority of voluntary collaborators, and most defectors and collaborators escaped prosecution. 342:, they expected that resistance would quickly collapse. The Nazis anticipated that much of the Soviet population (especially in the western areas) would welcome the German invasion, and hoped to exploit tensions between 1014:

after April 1943, where they could be as much as 30 percent of their strength. By the end of the war, 1.4 million prisoners of war (out of a total of 2.4 million) were serving in some kind of auxiliary military unit.

5860: 510:. Some front-line units would strip prisoners of their winter clothing as temperatures dropped late in 1941. Although wounded and sick Red Army soldiers sometimes received medical care, most often they did not. 1130:

killed politically-suspect, sick, and weak prisoners individually, and carried out mass executions in response to infectious-disease outbreaks. Experimental execution techniques were tested on prisoners of war:

1493:

of their fate in 1978, and the Soviet archives became available in 1990. Prisoners who remained in the occupied Soviet Union usually were not registered under their names, so their fates will never be known.

185:

operations during the German Army's rapid advance. Two-thirds of them had died from starvation, exposure, and disease by early 1942—ranking as one of the highest death rates from mass atrocity in history.

966:

were recruited from prisoner-of-war camps; largely ethnic Ukrainians and Germans, they included Poles, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Latvians, and Lithuanians. They helped suppress the 1943

181:

with prisoners of war of other nationalities, military planners decided to breach it with the Soviet prisoners. By the end of 1941, millions of Soviet soldiers had been captured, mostly in large-scale

1089:(authorized by Hitler in July 1942). About 48,000 were assigned to this task, but most never began their labor assignments and the remainder perished from the conditions or had escaped by March 1943. 1077:. Many prisoners ran away because of poor conditions in the camps (limiting forced-labor assignments), and others died. Particularly deadly assignments included road-building projects (especially in 566:, be treated as prisoners of war, other orders called for them to be shot on sight. While some units did not execute these female soldiers, few survived to reach prisoner-of-war camps in Germany. 5916: 1347: 9898: 1245: 408: 1222: 506:

or army level. From there, the prisoners were sent to a transit camp. Many transit camps were shut down beginning in 1942, with prisoners sent directly from the collection point to a

495:

choice to defect. Opposition to the Soviet government was another important factor in surrender and defection, which far exceeded the defection rate of other belligerents. Historian

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Infantry divisions took prisoners during encirclement battles, but front-line troops were typically in charge for only a short time before bringing them to a collection point at the

10105: 9849: 5241: 727:

Starving prisoners attempted to eat leaves, grass, bark, and worms. Some Soviet prisoners suffered so much from hunger that they made written requests to their guards to be shot.

252:

on 22 June 1941. The Nazi leadership believed that war with its ideological enemy was inevitable due to the Nazi belief that conquering territory to the east—called living space (

1358:

decree pardoned all former prisoners of war who had not collaborated. Another amnesty in 1955 released all remaining collaborators except those sentenced for torture or murder.

10130: 1199:

0.54 per day per man for agricultural work, and RM0.80 for other work; many also provided prisoners with extra food to achieve productivity. Workers received RM0.20 per day in

17: 5823: 741: 225:

reintegrated into Soviet society. Most defectors and collaborators escaped prosecution. Former prisoners of war were not recognized as veterans, and did not receive any

7802: 582:

By the end of 1941, 81 camps had been established on occupied Soviet territory. Permanent camps were established in areas under civilian administration and areas under

9539: 7410: 1497:

Although the treatment of prisoners of war was remembered by Soviet citizens as one of the worst aspects of the occupation, Soviet commemoration of the war focused on

1404:

of the people registered as Soviet prisoners of war had never been members of the Red Army. Some were mobilized, but never reached their units; others belonged to the

386:

Before World War II, the treatment of prisoners of war had occupied a central role in the codification of the law of war and detailed guidelines were laid down in the

5838: 1507:

in 1987 and 1988, a debate erupted in the Soviet Union about whether the former prisoners of war had been traitors; those arguing in the negative prevailed after the

9408: 7426: 7746: 7349: 7321: 6465: 524: 801:

units visited the prisoner-of-war camps to carry out mass executions. About 50,000 Jewish Red Army soldiers were killed, but 5 to 25 percent escaped detection.

9857: 9853: 9387: 8066: 7753: 6887: 986:

in early 1943, defections of collaborators back to the Soviet side increased; in response, Hitler ordered all Soviet military collaborators transferred to the

366:

lacked the resources to cordon off these large areas. More than a million Soviet civilians died from smaller-scale blockades of Soviet urban areas (especially

672:. If they did not commit crimes after their escape, the prisoners were usually returned to the prisoner-of-war camps; otherwise, they were turned over to the 10110: 8369: 7732: 7041: 6666: 1139: 752:, and others changed their status from prisoner to guard. As the war progressed, release for agricultural work decreased and military recruitment increased. 599: 9802: 7382: 7328: 6514: 7839: 7335: 6951: 6155: 1346:. According to official statistics, 57.8 percent returned home, 19.1 percent were remobilized, 14.5 percent were enlisted in the labor battalions of the 1024: 1391: 1181: 732:

additional food and better conditions, although workers often received insufficient food and death rates exceeded 50 percent on some labor deployments.

9915: 6361: 6117: 1418: 1323:

decided that freed prisoners of war would be returned to the army; those who served in German military units or the police would be handed over to the

529: 7725: 7172: 7048: 5923: 5881:

Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Deutschen Reich 1941/42: Behandlung und Arbeitseinsatz zwischen Vernichtungspolitik und Kriegswirtschaftlichen Zwängen

4702: 1366: 745: 10043: 7025: 6405: 5637: 7462: 6774: 5951: 378:

activity. Because prisoners of war were held under tighter control than urban or Jewish civilians, they had a higher death rate from starvation.

5198:

Meier, Esther; Winkel, Heike. "Unpleasant memories. Soviet prisoners of war in collective memory, in Germany and the Soviet Union / Russia". In

5154:

Dimensionen eines Verbrechens: Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Zweiten Weltkrieg | Dimensions of a Crime. Soviet Prisoners of War in World War II

151:

were starved and subjected to deadly conditions. Of nearly six million who were captured, around three million died during their imprisonment.

9532: 7281: 6583: 6046: 5885:

Soviet prisoners of war in Nazi Germany 1941–1942: treatment and work deployment between extermination policy and the war economy's constraints

933: 9280: 8073: 8036: 8013: 7534: 6456: 6426: 994:

in mid-1944, these soldiers were 10 percent of the French occupying forces. Some aided the resistance; in 1945, parts of the Georgian Legion

7788: 10115: 8166: 8022: 8006: 7978: 7226: 6433: 5678: 5237: 1041: 8923: 7990: 7902: 7846: 7809: 7091: 1386: 1200: 637: 10120: 7895: 6627: 1456:. Deaths of prisoners of war from the Soviet Union greatly exceeded other nationalities; the second highest mortality rate was that of 1308:

Soviet policy, intended to discourage defection, held that any soldier who fell into enemy hands was a traitor. Issued in August 1941,

1240:

portrayed Soviet prisoners of war as murderers, and photographs of cannibalism in prisoner-of-war camps were seen as proof of "Russian

712:

in September and October caused a sudden breakdown in makeshift logistical arrangements. On 21 October 1941, OKH general quartermaster

562:

counterproductive; the order was rescinded in May 1942. Although the OKH ordered that female combatants in the Soviet army, who defied

371: 10064: 9525: 9401: 8029: 6419: 6377: 5523:

Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940–1941

1412:, were from uniformed civilian services such as the railway corps and fortification workers, or were otherwise civilians. Historian 9564: 9250: 7069: 6843: 6606: 6472: 6283: 5797: 201: 1109:

In September 1941, Himmler began advocating for the transfer of 100,000, then 200,000 Soviet prisoners of war for forced labor in

8145: 7942: 6979: 6479: 6391: 6327: 1369:

to distribute further reparations, from which Soviet prisoners of war were not eligible to make claims. They did not receive any

1343: 429: 8348: 7860: 6710: 6248: 5171:

Quinkert, Babette. "Captured Red Army soldiers in the context of the criminal conduct of the war against the Soviet Union". In

583: 538:

Red Army soldiers overtaken by the German advance without being captured were ordered by the Supreme Command of Ground Forces (

460: 1515:

historiography defended the former prisoners, minimizing incidents of defection and collaboration and emphasizing resistance.

1186: 10100: 10078: 8944: 8849: 8376: 8122: 7997: 7083: 7057: 6914: 6620: 6537: 5892: 5783: 5755: 5731: 5696: 5659: 5621: 5586: 5542: 5472: 5446: 5410: 5379: 5319: 5227: 5161: 5142: 5116: 1271: 616: 391: 178: 1342:

were typically sentenced to 10 to 25 years in a labor camp, and military collaborators often received six-year sentences in

1256:, many Germans worried about food shortages and wanted Soviet prisoners to be killed or given minimal food for this reason. 9177: 8584: 8470: 7635: 7102: 7098: 7076: 6680: 5329: 5497: 1275:

On 8 April 1945, more than 200 Soviet prisoners of war were forced to dig their own graves and murdered in Hanover-Wülfel.

1167: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9722: 9717: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9092: 8556: 7888: 7874: 7087: 5484: 948: 684: 354: 335: 9517: 1146:

In addition to those sent for labor in late 1941, others were recaptured after escapes or arrested for offenses such as

1097: 873:. Including the shooting of wounded soldiers, the death toll from direct executions was probably hundreds of thousands. 9659: 9301: 9170: 9048: 8626: 8341: 8292: 8050: 7605: 6857: 6696: 6544: 6398: 6185: 5998: 5841:[On the question of the total number of Soviet prisoners of war and the scale of their mortality (1941–1945)]. 5492: 1461: 499:

estimates that at least hundreds of thousands (possibly more than a million) Soviet soldiers defected during the war.

5180:

Keller, Rolf. ""...A necessary evil": use of Soviet prisoners of war as labourers in the German Reich, 1941–1945". In

979:, and carried out anti-partisan operations. Collaborators were essential to the German war effort and the Holocaust. 887: 9417: 8299: 8271: 8088: 7670: 7389: 7356: 5207:

Latyschew, Artem. "History of oblivion, recognition and study of former prisoners of war in the USSR and Russia". In

669: 574: 339: 49: 6572: 765: 10125: 9454: 8612: 8549: 7684: 7520: 6643: 5909: 1473: 323: 7197: 444: 8978: 8819: 8808: 8644: 8403: 8362: 8255: 8193: 7580: 6850: 6719: 6687: 6134: 6036: 5719:

Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht: Deutsche Militärbesatzung und einheimische Bevölkerung in der Sowjetunion 1941–1944

5339: 1302: 1058: 929: 331: 9603: 7367: 6935: 9903: 9727: 9364: 9336: 9214: 9007: 8244: 7695: 7621: 7417: 6788: 6507: 6412: 6297: 6105: 287: 170: 962:

Along with those recruited by the German military, others were recruited by the SS to engage in genocide. The

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There were relatively few guards and the liberal use of firearms was encouraged by military superiors such as

10057: 9679: 9424: 9357: 9308: 9239: 9064: 8570: 8521: 8285: 8278: 7881: 7642: 7433: 6486: 5843: 1102: 656: 479:

In 1941, three or four Soviet soldiers were captured for each one killed, indicating widespread surrender or

417: 5724:

The rule of the Wehrmacht: German military occupation and the local population in the Soviet Union 1941–1944

5432: 209:, where they were treated worse than other prisoners. An estimated 1.4 million Soviet prisoners of war were 9949: 9498: 9394: 8769: 8730: 7649: 7484: 7469: 7396: 7375: 7193: 6871: 6657: 6650: 6634: 6345: 6304: 6276: 5975: 1082: 1054: 987: 436:

cites this as evidence that supply and logistics cannot explain the mass death of Soviet prisoners of war.

4694: 1138:

in gas chambers at Auschwitz. So many died at Auschwitz that its crematoria were overloaded; the SS began

793:

in the occupied Soviet Union led to the killing of another 38,000 prisoners. With the army's cooperation,

394:, and generally adhered to it with prisoners of other nationalities. These laws were covered in Germany's 10050: 10026: 10021: 9936: 9765: 9757: 9577: 9461: 8785: 8737: 8355: 8327: 8180: 7795: 7774: 7295: 6958: 6864: 6354: 6180: 6175: 5876: 5806: 1536: 1527: 1508: 263: 943: 229:

until 2015; they often faced discrimination due to the perception that they were traitors or deserters.

9582: 9572: 9259: 8755: 8674: 8619: 8507: 8463: 8113: 7739: 7663: 7565: 7442: 7314: 7307: 7267: 7240: 6972: 6905: 6500: 6311: 6241: 5993: 5946: 5363: 1457: 1334:

In an attempt to separate the minority of voluntary collaborators, freed prisoners of war were sent to

1114:

new ones. Most of the incoming prisoners were planned to be imprisoned in two new camps established in

995: 403: 322:, this hierarchy heavily influenced the treatment of the prisoners of war. The Nazis believed that the 295: 9161: 9078: 8863: 8723: 8695: 8528: 8433: 8223: 7656: 6730: 6384: 862: 802: 651:. Both of these factors contributed to brutality. The Germans recruited prisoners—mainly Ukrainians, 6928: 6003: 5717: 870: 8900: 8877: 8129: 7930: 7923: 7587: 7247: 7219: 7212: 6599: 5745: 5643: 5394: 1253: 1249: 1110: 822: 709: 633: 206: 6944: 6921: 5839:"К вопросу об общей численности советских военнопленных и масштабах их смертности (1941-1945 гг.)" 1417:

historians, working from the German figure of 5.7 million captured, have reached lower estimates:

9877: 9872: 9785: 9732: 9322: 9266: 9136: 8996: 8681: 8334: 8230: 8136: 7704: 7572: 7542: 7506: 7491: 7363: 7255: 7233: 7179: 7165: 7147: 6811: 6592: 6320: 6269: 5959: 5464: 5100: 1445: 1320: 363: 349:

The Nazis drew two lessons from World War I: suspicion of Jews based on the belief that they had

283: 166: 148: 124: 9775: 10071: 9813: 9664: 9014: 8907: 8709: 8660: 8563: 8456: 8426: 8209: 8097: 7823: 7614: 7205: 7186: 7156: 6703: 6673: 6100: 5391:

The Virtuous Wehrmacht: Crafting the Myth of the German Soldier on the Eastern Front, 1941–1944

1453: 1115: 1074: 1062: 1030: 976: 968: 9926: 9831: 9808: 9555: 9505: 9228: 9071: 8967: 8937: 8893: 8633: 8598: 8591: 8514: 8412: 7853: 7830: 7677: 7288: 6825: 6565: 6551: 6234: 6202: 6150: 6095: 6074: 5570: 5564: 5402: 1362: 1335: 1123: 897: 705: 563: 387: 350: 7123: 9861: 9843: 9839: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9711: 9551: 9329: 9184: 8835: 8792: 8762: 8688: 8498: 8477: 7403: 6880: 6558: 6215: 5793: 1532: 1409: 1172: 983: 452: 343: 275: 249: 162: 158: 760: 8: 10016: 9835: 9547: 9447: 9221: 9099: 9055: 8577: 7711: 7477: 7004: 6834: 6818: 6767: 6170: 5613: 5311: 5134: 5108: 1512: 1449: 972: 769: 503: 472: 205:

laborers or prisoners of war from other countries. More than 100,000 were transferred to

193: 9669: 5631: 9970: 9921: 9867: 9644: 9440: 9273: 9198: 9152: 9122: 9030: 8870: 8535: 8419: 8313: 8264: 8202: 7958: 7909: 7718: 7342: 6997: 6795: 6031: 5765: 5665: 5592: 5548: 5488: 5456: 5428: 5416: 5287: 5126: 4238: 4236: 4234: 1438: 1422: 1331:, the Western Allies agreed to repatriate Soviet citizens regardless of their wishes. 1259:

As early as July 1941, atrocities against Soviet prisoners of war were integrated into

999: 925: 786: 395: 367: 315: 1396: 9907: 9770: 9613: 9431: 9315: 9205: 9145: 9106: 9039: 9021: 8987: 8930: 8884: 8828: 8653: 8391: 8383: 8320: 8173: 7767: 7299: 6760: 6739: 6449: 6109: 5888: 5852: 5815: 5779: 5751: 5727: 5692: 5655: 5617: 5582: 5538: 5468: 5442: 5406: 5375: 5355: 5343: 5315: 5223: 5157: 5138: 5112: 1260: 790: 728: 693: 543: 484: 327: 279: 101: 5420: 5335:

Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations

4231: 1066: 817:. Those highlighted for scrutiny were interrogated for about 20 minutes, often with 9649: 9618: 9608: 9350: 9343: 9287: 8951: 8716: 8702: 8605: 8542: 8493: 8306: 8159: 8106: 7916: 7867: 7781: 7011: 6988: 6521: 6051: 6041: 6013: 5647: 5609: 5574: 5530: 5506: 5398: 5367: 5307: 5277: 5269: 5104: 5092: 4255: 4253: 4251: 2016: 2014: 1486: 1328: 1230: 1011: 937: 917: 882: 807: 749: 648: 588: 488: 425: 210: 140: 9639: 6530: 5304:

Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941–1945

908:

staffed by Soviet ethnic minorities. The first anti-partisan unit was formed from

659:—as camp police and guards. Regulations specified that the camps be surrounded by 9980: 9911: 9654: 9634: 9373: 9085: 9000: 8958: 8856: 8799: 8667: 8449: 8440: 7969: 7551: 7527: 6781: 6209: 6113: 6026: 5333: 1490: 1370: 1351: 1279: 1237: 1211: 1078: 956: 921: 554: 547: 226: 174: 9485: 4248: 2011: 1485:

Hartmann calls the treatment of Soviet prisoners "one of the greatest crimes in

1195:

tasks as building roads and canals, quarrying, and cutting peat. Employers paid

1053:

Without the labor of Soviet prisoners of war for military infrastructure in the

298:(OKW). Soviet citizens were categorized according to a racial hierarchy led by 9798: 9380: 8916: 8842: 6894: 6753: 5834: 5640:, Volume IV: Camps and Other Detention Facilities Under the German Armed Forces 5526: 1555:

Approximately 13 cents in contemporary United States dollars, or USD$ 2 today.

1537:

still popular myth that the German military was not responsible for Nazi crimes

1413: 1355: 1297: 1248:, hundreds of thousands of Soviet prisoners of war died in Germany before most 796: 420:

was one of the few who favored treating Soviet prisoners according to the law.

307: 299: 5669: 5347: 1573:

Approximately 5 cents in contemporary United States dollars, or USD$ 1 today.

1564:

Approximately 20 cents in contemporary United States dollars, or USD$ 4 today.

1156: 10094: 10011: 9975: 9789: 9191: 7116: 6965: 6804: 6165: 6079: 5965: 5856: 5819: 5371: 1434: 1310: 1292: 1147: 1070: 952: 854: 713: 218: 214: 97: 5596: 9490: 9294: 7594: 7499: 7130: 6493: 6257: 6058: 5651: 5552: 5510: 1523: 1519: 1339: 1205: 1150:, insubordination, refusal to work, and suspected resistance activities or 1086: 1007: 963: 866: 813:

For the prisoner-of-war camps in Germany, screening was carried out by the

399: 375: 259: 245: 182: 144: 137: 133: 105: 41: 5901: 5534: 1444:

Most of the Soviet prisoners of war who died did so in the custody of the

716:

issued an order reducing daily rations for non-working prisoners to 1,487

621: 258:)—was essential to Germany's long-term survival, and the reality that the 9985: 9893: 9129: 9115: 8777: 7453: 7274: 7259: 6613: 6160: 6021: 5713: 5578: 5560: 5518: 5189:

Kozlova, Daria. "Soviet prisoners of war in the concentration camps". In

5088: 1503: 1498: 1426: 1241: 913: 838: 664: 660: 433: 358: 319: 189: 155: 5487:, the Professorship for Modern General and East European History at the 5291: 5282: 5260:(2016). "Take (No) Prisoners! The Red Army and German POWs, 1941–1943". 1361:

Former prisoners of war were not recognized as veterans and were denied

1057:—building roads, bridges, airfields and train depots and converting the 982:

If recaptured by the Red Army, collaborators were often shot. After the

740:

On 7 August 1941, the OKW issued an order to release prisoners who were

353:, and the importance of securing food supplies to avoid a repeat of the 9990: 8484: 8237: 8216: 7109: 6442: 6370: 5741: 5299: 5257: 5131:

The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution

1448:. More than two million died in the Soviet Union, about 500,000 in the 1373:

until 2015, when the German government paid a symbolic amount of 2,500

1196: 904: 850: 842: 830: 628:

Prisoners were herded into open, fenced-off areas with no buildings or

519: 496: 254: 93: 1284: 1029:

Forced labor engaged in by Soviet prisoners of war often violated the

542:) to present themselves to the German authorities under the threat of 9548: 8747: 8152: 7949: 7760: 7558: 7513: 5775: 5769: 5747:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

1478: 1315: 1003: 826: 778: 558: 487:. The number of Soviet soldiers captured fell dramatically after the 480: 311: 291: 197: 55: 7034: 5970: 5328: 4242: 2530: 9995: 9944: 7018: 6746: 5273: 5236: 4259: 1151: 1135: 1131: 1119: 689: 652: 641: 464: 271: 998:. Soviet prisoners of war were forced to work in construction and 310:, with Ukrainians in the middle, Russians towards the bottom, and 5434:

Wehrmacht im Ostkrieg: Front und militärisches Hinterland 1941/42

2168: 1065:—the German offensive would soon have failed. In September 1941, 914:

battalions raised from prisoners of war and other Soviet citizens

909: 858: 818: 814: 717: 699:, 300 to 600 prisoners died each day in late 1941 and early 1942. 673: 629: 4675: 4472: 4460: 7628: 6226: 5461:

Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945

5029: 4983: 4981: 4635: 4633: 1182:

units of German men too elderly or infirm to serve at the front

834: 644:, where an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Red Army soldiers died. 507: 413: 374:) that were less effective than expected because of flight and 237: 4908: 4906: 4665: 4663: 3773: 3686: 1780: 1778: 1033:. For example, the convention forbids work in war industries. 903:

A minority of captured prisoners of war were reserved by each

603:

Soviet POWs transported on an open-wagon train, September 1941

7816: 5680:

Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im System der Konzentrationslager

5053: 4891: 3899: 3009: 1374: 1246:

many Germans claimed ignorance of the Holocaust after the war

1046: 991: 846: 676:

and imprisoned (or executed) in a nearby concentration camp.

468: 303: 5439:

Wehrmacht on the eastern front: front and rear areas 1941/42

4978: 4930: 4650: 4648: 4630: 4550: 4448: 4424: 4412: 4364: 4221: 4219: 3981: 3979: 3877: 3875: 3824: 3674: 3650: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3464: 3162: 3135: 2692: 2593: 2053: 1707: 217:. Collaborators were essential to the German war effort and 177:. Although Germany largely upheld its obligations under the 5065: 4903: 4879: 4804: 4768: 4660: 4388: 4081: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3288: 2987: 2985: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2941: 2778: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2617: 2385: 2373: 2180: 2156: 2026: 1999: 1963: 1838: 1826: 1775: 1518:

The fate of Soviet prisoners of war was largely ignored in

1405: 1324: 578:

An improvised camp for Soviet prisoners of war, August 1942

5220:

Smolensk Under the Nazis: Everyday Life in Occupied Russia

4734: 4732: 4168: 4071: 4069: 4008: 4006: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3442: 3440: 3379: 3377: 3364: 3362: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 2849: 2847: 2547: 2545: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1879: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1695: 1683: 1314:

classified surrendering commanders and political officers

9598: 5041: 5017: 5005: 4645: 4574: 4511: 4216: 4134: 4132: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 3991: 3976: 3926: 3887: 3872: 3722: 3710: 3587: 3544: 3517: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3062: 3060: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2871: 2402: 2400: 2351: 2349: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1746: 1673: 1671: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 539: 10106:

Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II

5685:

Soviet prisoners of war in the concentration camp system

5634:(2022). "Wehrmacht Prisoner of War Camps Introduction". 4857: 4855: 4816: 4780: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4591: 4589: 4540: 4538: 3966: 3964: 3916: 3914: 3860: 3812: 3790: 3788: 3763: 3761: 3604: 3602: 3500: 3452: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3021: 2982: 2965: 2929: 2653: 2486: 2257: 2065: 1987: 1934: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1319:

had not voluntarily collaborated. In November 1944, the

274:

was devoted to the invasion, which was carried out as a

10072:

Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust

4966: 4942: 4918: 4756: 4744: 4729: 4523: 4501: 4499: 4352: 4318: 4316: 4180: 4093: 4066: 4003: 3938: 3848: 3836: 3563: 3437: 3374: 3359: 3340: 3305: 3303: 3242: 3240: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3179: 3177: 3125: 3123: 3072: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2859: 2844: 2768: 2766: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2680: 2605: 2569: 2557: 2542: 2520: 2518: 2424: 2361: 2317: 2192: 2144: 2089: 1946: 1850: 1814: 1802: 1790: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1226: 1092: 546:; such orders were intended to prevent the growth of a 10131:

World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany

6888:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4828: 4129: 3662: 3534: 3532: 3152: 3150: 3057: 3033: 2900: 2883: 2822: 2820: 2807: 2805: 2641: 2581: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2457: 2397: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2204: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2043: 2041: 1975: 1915: 1867: 1668: 1620: 912:

prisoners of war in July 1941. In 1943, there were 53

785:

Beginning in August 1941, additional screening by the

5566:

Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing

4993: 4954: 4852: 4717: 4613: 4601: 4586: 4562: 4535: 4484: 4376: 4340: 4328: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4204: 4192: 4144: 3961: 3911: 3800: 3785: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3698: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3599: 3575: 3315: 3201: 3189: 3045: 2953: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1719: 1591: 1589: 1395:

Mass grave of Soviet soldiers at the transit camp in

4496: 4436: 4400: 4313: 4156: 4105: 3476: 3401: 3389: 3300: 3237: 3220: 3174: 3120: 2997: 2912: 2763: 2704: 2515: 2228: 1656: 1639: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 6156:

Forced labour under German rule during World War II

5726:] (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. 5441:] (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. 4867: 4840: 4792: 4117: 3529: 3488: 3425: 3413: 3147: 2832: 2817: 2802: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2629: 2498: 2469: 2445: 2412: 2329: 2305: 2293: 2269: 2240: 2216: 2132: 2101: 2038: 1025:

Forced labour under German rule during World War II

9916:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia 6118:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia 2790: 2281: 2077: 1903: 1891: 1758: 1586: 270:The vast majority of German military manpower and 1601: 1367:Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future 587:prisoner-of-war camps were placed under SS chief 35:German atrocities against Soviet prisoners of war 10092: 1531:of war were exposed to the German public in the 1233:inspects a prison camp in Minsk, 15 August 1941. 876: 772:after local residents complained about gunfire. 430:1.9 million prisoners of war were housed and fed 196:, and some officers, communists, intellectuals, 5798:"The Hell of the Soviet Prisoner of War Camps" 1073:and construction of infrastructure to free up 704:million prisoners during the encirclements of 402:several weeks after the start of the war. The 18:German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war 9533: 6242: 5917: 5771:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps 5208: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5151: 5071: 5059: 4987: 4897: 4681: 4639: 4556: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4430: 4418: 3470: 3168: 3141: 2391: 2032: 1969: 1301:Soviet prisoners of war was mentioned in the 10111:World War II crimes against prisoners of war 10044:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 5638:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 5636:The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1468: 1452:(Poland), 400,000 in Germany, and 13,000 in 955:and other war crimes during the August 1944 794: 5931: 5388: 5197: 5035: 4669: 2698: 1387:World War II casualties of the Soviet Union 1126:, as part of Himmler's colonization plans. 381: 9540: 9526: 6249: 6235: 5924: 5910: 5792: 5676: 5156:(in German and English). Metropol Verlag. 5047: 3932: 3557: 2162: 518:Especially in 1941, German soldiers often 448:Soviet prisoners of war by year of capture 171:criminal orders issued before the invasion 67:Germany and German-occupied Eastern Europe 48: 5764: 5281: 5206: 5152:Blank, Margot; Quinkert, Babette (2021). 4654: 4243:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968 4048: 4036: 4024: 3997: 3985: 3905: 3893: 3881: 764:Soviet prisoners of war were shot at the 679: 553:Before the beginning of the war, the OKW 5630: 5455: 5427: 5170: 4822: 4786: 4260:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 2019 3830: 3818: 3779: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3511: 3114: 3090: 3027: 3015: 2976: 2935: 2865: 2853: 2784: 2674: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2536: 2439: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2323: 2186: 2174: 2095: 2059: 2020: 2005: 1957: 1861: 1844: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1701: 1689: 1677: 1633: 1472: 1390: 1278: 1270: 1221: 1201:currency that could be spent at the camp 1166: 1162: 1105:, to which at least 15,000 were deported 1096: 1069:ordered the use of prisoners of war for 1040: 942: 886: 759: 683: 615: 598: 573: 569: 459: 451: 443: 241:German advances from June to August 1941 236: 54:Distribution of food in a POW camp near 5833: 5481: 5354: 5240:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 5188: 4972: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4885: 4861: 4834: 4810: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4370: 4358: 4186: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4012: 3955: 3854: 3842: 3569: 3446: 3383: 3368: 3353: 3294: 3078: 2947: 2906: 2894: 2406: 1981: 1928: 1885: 1728: 1650: 1477:Monument to Soviet prisoners of war in 175:execution of captured Soviet commissars 14: 10093: 9955:Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war 8096: 8074:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5875: 5708:from the original on 24 February 2024. 5403:10.7591/cornell/9781501760044.001.0001 5360:The Extermination of the European Jews 5179: 5087: 4138: 3066: 3039: 1752: 1662: 1036: 1010:. Prisoners of war were admitted into 620:Soviet prisoners of war captured near 390:. Germany was a signatory of the 1929 10079:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 9521: 8945:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 8377:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8023:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7979:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7084:Rape during the occupation of Germany 6230: 5905: 5740: 5677:Otto, Reinhard; Keller, Rolf (2019). 5603: 5298: 5256: 5217: 5125: 5097:The Oxford History of the Third Reich 5023: 5011: 4999: 4960: 4723: 4624: 4607: 4595: 4580: 4568: 4544: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4490: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4346: 4334: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4225: 4210: 4198: 4174: 4150: 4060: 3970: 3920: 3806: 3794: 3767: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3593: 3581: 3523: 3334: 3270: 3258: 3214: 3195: 3051: 2959: 2877: 2772: 2721: 2662: 2524: 2492: 2463: 2451: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2138: 2071: 1993: 1940: 1740: 1713: 755: 611: 513: 392:Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War 8067:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7099:Rape during the liberation of France 5712: 5330:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 4442: 4322: 4162: 4111: 3866: 3482: 3458: 3407: 3395: 3309: 3282: 3246: 3231: 3183: 3129: 3102: 3003: 2991: 2923: 2838: 2826: 2811: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2686: 2635: 2509: 2480: 2418: 2340: 2251: 2114: 2047: 1595: 1217: 1093:Transfer to Nazi concentration camps 456:Red Army soldiers surrendering, 1942 314:and Jews ranked lowest. Informed by 147:and primarily in the custody of the 10116:Nazi war crimes in the Soviet Union 5863:from the original on 26 March 2024. 5606:Prisoners of War: Europe: 1939–1956 5559: 5517: 5485:Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland 5244:from the original on 29 August 2024 4873: 4846: 4798: 4123: 3538: 3494: 3431: 3419: 3156: 2796: 2647: 2587: 2198: 2150: 2126: 2083: 1909: 1897: 1873: 1769: 1614: 1501:and those killed in combat. During 1171:Soviet prisoner-of-war barracks in 24: 10065:Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945 8293:German invasion of the Netherlands 6573:Weather events during World War II 6186:Soviet prisoners of war in Finland 5999:Soviet prisoners of war in Finland 5869: 5829:from the original on 18 July 2024. 5614:10.1093/oso/9780198840398.001.0001 5493:German Historical Institute Moscow 5312:10.1093/oso/9780198798156.001.0001 5109:10.1093/oso/9780192886835.003.0008 4705:from the original on 12 April 2024 1535:around 2000, which challenged the 1283:Liberated Soviet prisoners at the 891:An Armenian Legion soldier in 1943 355:blockade-induced famine in Germany 211:auxiliaries to the German military 25: 10142: 10121:Soviet casualties of World War II 8924:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5691:(in German). New Academic Press. 5498:Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 1377:to the few thousand still alive. 1348:People's Commissariat for Defense 1266: 1101:Naked Soviet prisoners of war in 1081:), fortification-building on the 523:had mixed results at best and no 359:Planners considered cordoning off 9899:Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 9484: 6256: 4687: 1567: 1558: 1549: 975:that killed millions of Jews in 746:military or police collaboration 594: 324:Soviet Union's Slavic population 318:and Germany's experience during 165:with complete disregard for the 9850:Police Regiment Special Purpose 6135:International Military Tribunal 5340:U.S. Government Printing Office 1303:International Military Tribunal 1148:relationships with German women 1018: 949:Azerbaijani Field Battalion 111 636:. One of the largest camps was 332:international Jewish conspiracy 9171:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6881:Territorial changes of Germany 6789:Indonesian National Revolution 5389:Harrisville, David A. (2021). 5080: 766:Flossenbürg concentration camp 27:WWII Nazi abuse of Soviet POWs 13: 1: 8571:Japanese invasion of Thailand 8522:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 8286:German invasion of Luxembourg 6667:Mediterranean and Middle East 5262:The Journal of Modern History 5238:"Consumer Price Index, 1800–" 1580: 1380: 1354:were rare. On 7 July 1945, a 1250:German Jews had been deported 1103:Mauthausen concentration camp 877:Auxiliaries in German service 418:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke 409:On 30 March 1941, Hitler said 232: 10101:Eastern Front (World War II) 9950:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre 9604:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS 9565:Army Group Rear Area Command 8478:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8167:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 7485:Independent State of Croatia 5976:Army Group Rear Area Command 5750:. Penguin Publishing Group. 5495:. Bern, 24 March 2023]. 5091:(2023). "The Holocaust". In 2539:, pp. 522–523, 578–579. 7: 10027:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 10022:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 9766:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 9462:End of World War II in Asia 9302:Western invasion of Germany 8809:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8786:Second Battle of El Alamein 8356:Hundred Regiments Offensive 8328:Battle of the Mediterranean 8181:Italian invasion of Albania 6355:Air warfare of World War II 6181:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 6176:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 5807:German Historical Institute 5608:. Oxford University Press. 5306:. Oxford University Press. 5209:Blank & Quinkert (2021) 5200:Blank & Quinkert (2021) 5191:Blank & Quinkert (2021) 5182:Blank & Quinkert (2021) 5173:Blank & Quinkert (2021) 1509:breakup of the Soviet Union 984:German defeat at Stalingrad 951:, who were involved in the 535:at the collection points. 10: 10147: 10058:Hitler's Generals on Trial 9388:Naval bombardment of Japan 8756:First Battle of El Alamein 8675:Battle of Christmas Island 8620:Japanese invasion of Burma 8384:Italian invasion of Greece 8300:German invasion of Belgium 8272:German invasion of Denmark 8245:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8114:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 6378:Comparative military ranks 5994:Georgian uprising on Texel 5947:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 5364:Cambridge University Press 1458:Italian military internees 1384: 1175:, Norway, after liberation 1140:tattooing prisoner numbers 1059:Soviet wider-gauge railway 1022: 880: 735: 564:German gender expectations 467:soldiers captured between 439: 154:In June 1941, Germany and 10035: 10004: 9963: 9935: 9886: 9784: 9756: 9712:Police Battalion (PB) 309 9678: 9627: 9591: 9563: 9477: 9309:Bratislava–Brno offensive 9249: 9240:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8977: 8864:Allied invasion of Sicily 8818: 8724:Aleutian Islands campaign 8696:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 8643: 8634:Greek famine of 1941–1944 8529:Second Battle of Changsha 8434:German invasion of Greece 8402: 8279:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 8254: 8192: 8087: 7968: 7694: 7604: 7452: 7155: 7146: 6904: 6729: 6621:North and Central Pacific 6582: 6344: 6337: 6264: 6194: 6143: 6127: 6088: 6067: 6012: 5986: 5952:Allgemeines Wehrmachtsamt 5939: 5218:Cohen, Laurie R. (2013). 5072:Blank & Quinkert 2021 5060:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4988:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4898:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4697:[Compensation?]. 4682:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4640:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4557:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4479:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4467:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4455:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4431:Blank & Quinkert 2021 4419:Blank & Quinkert 2021 3471:Blank & Quinkert 2021 3169:Blank & Quinkert 2021 3142:Blank & Quinkert 2021 2392:Blank & Quinkert 2021 2177:, pp. 172, 188, 190. 2033:Blank & Quinkert 2021 1970:Blank & Quinkert 2021 1469:Legacy and historiography 863:non-commissioned officers 795: 697:(pictured in August 1941) 520:refused to take prisoners 267:preventative killings. 119: 111: 87: 79: 71: 63: 47: 39: 34: 9592:Commanding organisations 8901:Allied invasion of Italy 8878:Solomon Islands campaign 8627:Third Battle of Changsha 8224:First Battle of Changsha 8130:Second Sino-Japanese War 7070:German military brothels 6936:United States war crimes 5644:Indiana University Press 5395:Cornell University Press 5372:10.1017/CBO9781139034180 5222:. Boydell & Brewer. 3695:, pp. 260–261, 263. 1716:, pp. 479–480, 483. 1542: 1399:, German-occupied Poland 1254:Security Service reports 1111:Nazi concentration camps 823:Nazi concentration camps 634:Nazi concentration camps 382:Planning and legal basis 351:caused the German defeat 250:invaded the Soviet Union 207:Nazi concentration camps 159:invaded the Soviet Union 10126:Soviet prisoners of war 10051:Hitler’s Bandit Hunters 9878:2nd SS Infantry Brigade 9873:1st SS Infantry Brigade 9323:Second Guangxi campaign 9178:Philippines (1944–1945) 8682:Battle of the Coral Sea 8585:Fall of the Philippines 8231:Battle of South Guangxi 8137:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 7543:Italian Social Republic 5964:Quartermaster-general, 5960:Oberkommando des Heeres 5933:Soviet prisoners of war 5465:Oxford University Press 5101:Oxford University Press 5036:Meier & Winkel 2021 4670:Meier & Winkel 2021 1321:State Defense Committee 1075:construction battalions 1045:Soviet POWs at work in 750:entered the German Army 584:military administration 336:communist functionaries 284:laws and customs of war 167:laws and customs of war 9814:Police Regiment Centre 9665:Max von Schenckendorff 8908:Armistice of Cassibile 8710:Battle of Dutch Harbor 8661:Battle of the Java Sea 8564:Attack on Pearl Harbor 8464:Syria–Lebanon campaign 8457:Battle of South Shanxi 8427:Invasion of Yugoslavia 8210:Battle of the Atlantic 7824:Korean Liberation Army 7537:(until September 1943) 7494:(until September 1944) 7472:(until September 1944) 6101:1929 Geneva Convention 6047:North Caucasian Legion 6014:Military collaboration 6004:Mühlviertler Hasenjagd 5652:10.2307/j.ctv22fqbjk.8 5511:10.1515/mgzs-2023-0063 5048:Otto & Keller 2019 3933:Otto & Keller 2019 3558:Otto & Keller 2019 1482: 1454:German-occupied Norway 1400: 1287: 1276: 1234: 1176: 1116:German-occupied Poland 1106: 1050: 1031:1929 Geneva Convention 977:German-occupied Poland 969:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 959: 892: 773: 700: 692:, the headquarters of 680:Hunger and mass deaths 625: 604: 579: 476: 457: 449: 242: 83:Captured Soviet troops 9927:Nazi security warfare 9832:Police Regiment South 9809:Police Regiment North 9552:Army Group Rear Areas 9072:Second Battle of Guam 8968:Bengal famine of 1943 8938:Second Battle of Kiev 8894:Battle of the Dnieper 8599:Battle of Wake Island 8471:East African campaign 8413:Battle of South Henan 8058:atrocities by Germans 7831:Korean Volunteer Army 6812:Occupation of Germany 6566:Music in World War II 6203:Empire of Destruction 6151:Anti-partisan warfare 6096:1907 Hague Convention 6075:NKVD filtration camps 5571:Yale University Press 5535:10.3167/9781845451868 4397:, pp. 51–52, 54. 3782:, pp. 11, 13–15. 2023:, "Prisoners of War". 1528:resistance activities 1491:the first major study 1476: 1439:July and October 1942 1429:'s 2.8 to 3 million. 1394: 1282: 1274: 1225: 1170: 1163:Deportation elsewhere 1134:at Sachsenhausen and 1124:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 1100: 1044: 1002:forces for the army, 946: 898:anti-partisan warfare 890: 881:Further information: 871:attempted mass escape 763: 687: 619: 602: 577: 570:Prisoner-of-war camps 555:ordered the execution 525:German military court 463: 455: 447: 388:1907 Hague Convention 240: 58:, Ukraine (July 1941) 9776:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 9358:Surrender of Germany 8836:Battle of West Hubei 8793:Guadalcanal campaign 8763:Battle of Stalingrad 8689:Battle of Madagascar 7463:Albania protectorate 7250:(formerly Swaziland) 6959:Wehrmacht war crimes 6775:Expulsion of Germans 6559:Art and World War II 6457:British contribution 6406:Governments in exile 6216:Tamurbek Dawletschin 5814:(Fall 2023): 91–98. 5579:10.2307/j.ctv1z9n1qs 5421:10.7591/j.ctv1ffpcrj 5103:. pp. 190–216. 4939:, pp. 236, 400. 4699:An Unrecht Erinnern 4373:, pp. 180, 234. 4177:, pp. 231, 233. 3285:, pp. 213, 216. 3018:, pp. 332, 589. 2880:, pp. 255, 256. 2602:, pp. 190, 192. 2201:, pp. 248, 253. 2153:, pp. 148, 153. 2062:, pp. 172, 183. 1533:Wehrmacht exhibition 1462:in Finnish captivity 1173:Saltdal Municipality 1085:, and mining in the 1049:, Belarus, July 1941 924:, eight each in the 867:killed at Mauthausen 344:Soviet nationalities 276:war of extermination 194:political commissars 163:war of extermination 10017:War of annihilation 9660:Edwin von Rothkirch 9448:Potsdam Declaration 9337:Italy (Spring 1945) 9100:Liberation of Paris 8557:Siege of Sevastopol 7575:(until August 1944) 7478:Wang Jingwei regime 7300:from September 1943 7260:from September 1944 7198:from September 1944 7058:Romanian war crimes 7049:Persecution of Jews 7035:Croatian war crimes 7005:Japanese war crimes 6819:Occupation of Japan 6768:First Indochina War 6480:Military production 6392:Declarations of war 6171:War of annihilation 5766:Wachsmann, Nikolaus 5604:Moore, Bob (2022). 5457:Hartmann, Christian 5429:Hartmann, Christian 5211:, pp. 240–257. 5202:, pp. 224–239. 5193:, pp. 206–223. 5184:, pp. 194–205. 5175:, pp. 172–193. 5135:Bloomsbury Academic 5127:Beorn, Waitman Wade 5038:, pp. 229–230. 5026:, pp. 237–238. 5014:, pp. 161–162. 4915:, pp. 235–236. 4888:, pp. 72, 125. 4813:, pp. 226–227. 4777:, pp. 229–230. 4583:, pp. 384–385. 4520:, pp. 381–382. 4228:, pp. 244–245. 4090:, pp. 221–222. 4063:, pp. 230–231. 3908:, pp. 278–279. 3869:, pp. 213–214. 3833:, pp. 616–617. 3731:, pp. 134–135. 3719:, pp. 133–134. 3683:, pp. 577–578. 3659:, pp. 575–576. 3596:, pp. 125–126. 3526:, pp. 243–244. 3461:, pp. 235–236. 3297:, pp. 206–207. 3273:, pp. 121–122. 3261:, pp. 107–108. 3105:, pp. 219–220. 2994:, pp. 218–219. 2950:, pp. 225–226. 2787:, pp. 584–585. 2689:, pp. 227–228. 2677:, pp. 583–584. 2665:, pp. 218–219. 2650:, pp. 163–164. 2626:, pp. 524–525. 2590:, pp. 159–160. 2495:, pp. 346–347. 2382:, pp. 527–528. 2266:, pp. 165–166. 2189:, pp. 630–631. 2129:, pp. 146–147. 2074:, pp. 240–241. 2008:, pp. 571–572. 1996:, pp. 212–213. 1943:, pp. 481–482. 1888:, pp. 221–222. 1876:, pp. 167–168. 1847:, pp. 176–177. 1835:, pp. 181–182. 1787:, pp. 180–181. 1755:, pp. 201–202. 1743:, pp. 121–122. 1704:, pp. 175–176. 1692:, pp. 174–175. 1513:Russian nationalist 1450:General Governorate 1344:special settlements 1214:, where many died. 1037:In the Soviet Union 1012:anti-aircraft units 990:late that year. By 973:extermination camps 932:, and seven in the 710:Vyazma, and Bryansk 624:, June or July 1941 557:of captured Soviet 473:Volodymyr-Volynskyi 328:secretly controlled 290:were issued by the 221:in Eastern Europe. 9971:High Command Trial 9922:Mogilev conference 9868:SS Cavalry Brigade 9680:Security Divisions 9645:Kuno-Hans von Both 9441:Surrender of Japan 9274:Battle of Iwo Jima 9123:Belgrade offensive 8536:Siege of Leningrad 8420:Battle of Shanggao 8349:British Somaliland 8314:Dunkirk evacuation 8265:Norwegian campaign 8203:Invasion of Poland 8030:Japanese prisoners 6998:Italian war crimes 6929:British war crimes 6844:Soviet occupations 6628:South-West Pacific 6515:Allied cooperation 6473:Military equipment 6032:Azerbaijani Legion 5887:]. Wallstein. 5794:Westermann, Edward 5489:University of Bern 5356:Gerlach, Christian 4684:, pp. 87, 89. 4481:, pp. 77, 80. 4469:, pp. 71, 75. 1483: 1425:'s 3 million, and 1423:Christian Hartmann 1401: 1363:veterans' benefits 1288: 1277: 1235: 1177: 1107: 1051: 960: 916:: fourteen in the 893: 774: 756:Selective killings 748:. About one-third 701: 626: 612:Housing conditions 605: 580: 514:Summary executions 477: 458: 450: 426:invasion of France 396:military education 368:besieged Leningrad 316:Nazi racial theory 280:complete disregard 243: 161:and carried out a 115:2.8 to 3.3 million 102:summary executions 10088: 10087: 9964:War crimes trials 9908:Barbarossa Decree 9771:Friedrich Jeckeln 9614:Army Group Centre 9599:Army High Command 9556:German–Soviet War 9515: 9514: 9473: 9472: 9316:Battle of Okinawa 9215:Burma (1944–1945) 9049:Mariana and Palau 8829:Tunisian campaign 8654:Fall of Singapore 8578:Fall of Hong Kong 8321:Battle of Britain 8174:Operation Himmler 8083: 8082: 7747:Dutch East Indies 7390:Southern Rhodesia 7142: 7141: 7042:Genocide of Serbs 6945:German war crimes 6922:Soviet war crimes 6915:Allied war crimes 6761:Division of Korea 6740:Chinese Civil War 6538:Strategic bombing 6450:Manhattan Project 6224: 6223: 6128:War crimes trials 6110:Barbarossa Decree 5894:978-3-8353-0989-0 5785:978-0-374-11825-9 5757:978-1-101-56495-0 5733:978-3-486-70739-7 5698:978-3-7003-2170-5 5661:978-0-253-06091-4 5646:. pp. 1–37. 5632:Overmans, Rüdiger 5623:978-0-19-257680-4 5588:978-0-300-26253-7 5544:978-1-84545-186-8 5474:978-0-19-966078-0 5448:978-3-486-70226-2 5412:978-1-5017-6005-1 5381:978-0-521-70689-6 5321:978-0-19-251914-6 5229:978-1-58046-469-7 5163:978-3-86331-582-5 5144:978-1-4742-3219-7 5118:978-0-19-288683-5 5093:Gellately, Robert 4532:, pp. 42–43. 2701:, pp. 38–40. 2466:, pp. 50–51. 2213:, pp. 34–35. 2165:, pp. 95–96. 1261:Soviet propaganda 1218:Public perception 1055:German rear areas 938:Idel-Ural Legions 768:crematorium with 742:ethnically German 694:Army Group Center 548:partisan movement 544:summary execution 346:in the long run. 264:natural resources 202:female combatants 179:Geneva Convention 130: 129: 16:(Redirected from 10138: 10005:Related articles 9670:Joachim Witthöft 9650:Franz von Roques 9619:Army Group South 9609:Army Group North 9542: 9535: 9528: 9519: 9518: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9491:World portal 9489: 9488: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9411: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9351:Prague offensive 9346: 9344:Battle of Berlin 9339: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9290: 9288:Vienna offensive 9283: 9276: 9269: 9267:Battle of Manila 9262: 9242: 9233: 9224: 9217: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9157: 9148: 9141: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9051: 9044: 9035: 9026: 9017: 9010: 9008:Korsun–Cherkassy 9003: 8992: 8970: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8850:Bombing of Gorky 8845: 8838: 8831: 8811: 8804: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8717:Battle of Midway 8712: 8705: 8703:Battle of Gazala 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8613:Battle of Borneo 8608: 8606:Malayan campaign 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8550:Bombing of Gorky 8545: 8543:Battle of Moscow 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8395: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8307:Battle of France 8302: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8160:Munich Agreement 8155: 8148: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8116: 8109: 8094: 8093: 8076: 8069: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8045:Soviet prisoners 8039: 8032: 8025: 8016: 8009: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7985:German prisoners 7981: 7961: 7952: 7945: 7938: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7523: 7521:French Indochina 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7445: 7436: 7429: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7368:from August 1944 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7251: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7153: 7152: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7094: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7060: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7012:Nanjing Massacre 7007: 7000: 6991: 6989:Nuremberg trials 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6722: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6593:Asia and Pacific 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6524: 6522:Mulberry harbour 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6364: 6357: 6342: 6341: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6144:Related articles 6052:Turkestan Legion 6042:Idel-Ural Legion 5926: 5919: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5864: 5830: 5828: 5805:Bulletin of the 5802: 5789: 5761: 5737: 5709: 5707: 5690: 5673: 5627: 5600: 5556: 5525:. 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3076: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2974: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2702: 2699:Harrisville 2021 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2344: 2338: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1773: 1767: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1637: 1631: 1618: 1612: 1599: 1593: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1487:military history 1435:killings of Jews 1421:'s 3.3 million, 1419:Christian Streit 1410:People's Militia 1336:filtration camps 1329:Yalta Conference 1313: 1285:Hemer labor camp 1231:Heinrich Himmler 1209: 1190: 971:, worked in the 930:Georgian Legions 918:Turkestan Legion 883:Hiwi (volunteer) 806:danger when the 800: 799: 688:At the camps in 649:Hermann Reinecke 589:Heinrich Himmler 533: 489:Battle of Moscow 485:cauldron battles 141:prisoners of war 52: 32: 31: 21: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10031: 10000: 9981:Krasnodar Trial 9959: 9931: 9912:Commissar Order 9904:Criminal orders 9882: 9780: 9752: 9674: 9655:Karl von Roques 9635:Erich Friderici 9623: 9587: 9559: 9546: 9516: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9483: 9481: 9469: 9460: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9407: 9402:Atomic bombings 9400: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9245: 9238: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9160: 9151: 9144: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9105: 9098: 9093:Eastern Romania 9091: 9086:Warsaw Uprising 9084: 9079:Tannenberg Line 9077: 9070: 9065:Western Ukraine 9063: 9054: 9047: 9038: 9029: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8995: 8986: 8973: 8966: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8922: 8915: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8857:Battle of Kursk 8855: 8848: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8814: 8807: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8745: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8668:St Nazaire Raid 8666: 8659: 8652: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8492: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8450:Anglo-Iraqi War 8448: 8441:Battle of Crete 8439: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8398: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8370:Eastern Romania 8368: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8188: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8112: 8105: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8012: 8005: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7964: 7957: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7931:Western Ukraine 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7875:Northeast China 7873: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7581:Slovak Republic 7579: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7552:Empire of Japan 7550: 7541: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7461: 7448: 7441: 7432: 7425: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7254: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7138: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7097: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7064:Sexual violence 7063: 7056: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6833: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6794: 6787: 6782:Greek Civil War 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6725: 6718: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6607:South-East Asia 6605: 6598: 6591: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6466:Military awards 6464: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6360: 6353: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6260: 6255: 6225: 6220: 6210:Keine Kameraden 6190: 6139: 6123: 6114:Commissar Order 6106:Criminal orders 6084: 6068:Soviet response 6063: 6037:Georgian Legion 6027:Armenian Legion 6008: 5982: 5935: 5930: 5895: 5872: 5870:Further reading 5867: 5851:(47): 103–112. 5844:Russian History 5835:Zemskov, Viktor 5826: 5800: 5786: 5758: 5734: 5705: 5699: 5688: 5662: 5624: 5589: 5545: 5475: 5449: 5413: 5382: 5322: 5247: 5245: 5230: 5164: 5145: 5119: 5083: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4249: 4241: 4232: 4224: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3545: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3341: 3333: 3316: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3221: 3213: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2163:Westermann 2023 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1776: 1768: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1640: 1632: 1621: 1613: 1602: 1594: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1471: 1397:Dęblin Fortress 1389: 1383: 1352:Death sentences 1309: 1305:'s indictment. 1269: 1252:. According to 1238:Nazi propaganda 1220: 1212:Channel Islands 1203: 1184: 1165: 1095: 1079:eastern Galicia 1063:German standard 1039: 1027: 1021: 957:Warsaw Uprising 947:Members of the 934:North Caucasian 922:Armenian Legion 885: 879: 837:, Flossenbürg, 787:Security Police 779:Asian-appearing 758: 738: 682: 614: 597: 572: 527: 516: 491:in late 1941. 442: 384: 292:German military 288:criminal orders 248:and its allies 235: 143:(POWs) held by 90: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10144: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10037: 10036:Historiography 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10008: 10006: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9967: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9901: 9896: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9847: 9829: 9811: 9806: 9799:Einsatzgruppen 9795: 9793: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9762: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9684: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9569: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9545: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9522: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9437: 9436: 9435: 9421: 9418:South Sakhalin 9414: 9413: 9412: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9255: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9218: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9158: 9149: 9142: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9052: 9045: 9036: 9027: 9018: 9011: 9004: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8955: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8897: 8890: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8843:Battle of Attu 8839: 8832: 8824: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8805: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8734: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8649: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8592:Battle of Guam 8588: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8515:Battle of Kiev 8511: 8504: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8408: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8260: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8198: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8133: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8102: 8100: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8054: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8026: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8014:United Kingdom 8010: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7982: 7974: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7946: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7827: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7700: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7610: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7466: 7458: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418:British Empire 7411:United Kingdom 7407: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7252: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7227:Czechoslovakia 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7161: 7159: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7127: 7124:Rape of Manila 7120: 7113: 7106: 7095: 7080: 7073: 7061: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7045: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7001: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6976: 6962: 6955: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6910: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6895:United Nations 6891: 6884: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6840: 6831: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6754:Decolonization 6750: 6743: 6735: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6700: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6446: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6430: 6427:United Kingdom 6423: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6350: 6348: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6273: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6254: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6196: 6195:Historiography 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5943: 5941: 5940:Responsibility 5937: 5936: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5847:(in Russian). 5831: 5790: 5784: 5762: 5756: 5738: 5732: 5710: 5697: 5674: 5670:j.ctv22fqbjk.8 5660: 5628: 5622: 5601: 5587: 5557: 5543: 5527:Berghahn Books 5515: 5505:(2): 405–413. 5479: 5473: 5453: 5447: 5425: 5411: 5386: 5380: 5352: 5326: 5320: 5296: 5274:10.1086/686155 5268:(2): 342–379. 5254: 5234: 5228: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5162: 5149: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5064: 5062:, p. 125. 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 5002:, p. 160. 4992: 4977: 4975:, p. 224. 4965: 4963:, p. 375. 4953: 4951:, p. 237. 4941: 4929: 4927:, p. 165. 4917: 4902: 4900:, p. 121. 4890: 4878: 4876:, p. 294. 4866: 4851: 4849:, p. 153. 4839: 4827: 4825:, p. 172. 4815: 4803: 4801:, p. 154. 4791: 4789:, p. 789. 4779: 4767: 4765:, p. 107. 4755: 4753:, p. 104. 4743: 4741:, p. 103. 4728: 4726:, p. 214. 4716: 4686: 4674: 4672:, p. 230. 4659: 4657:, p. 252. 4655:Latyschew 2021 4644: 4629: 4627:, p. 394. 4612: 4610:, p. 143. 4600: 4598:, p. 141. 4585: 4573: 4571:, p. 388. 4561: 4549: 4547:, p. 140. 4534: 4522: 4510: 4495: 4493:, p. 144. 4483: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4445:, p. 201. 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4385:, p. 368. 4375: 4363: 4361:, p. 233. 4351: 4349:, p. 221. 4339: 4337:, p. 254. 4327: 4325:, p. 215. 4312: 4310:, p. 243. 4300: 4298:, p. 246. 4288: 4286:, p. 542. 4276: 4274:, p. 249. 4264: 4247: 4245:, p. 655. 4230: 4215: 4213:, p. 232. 4203: 4201:, p. 248. 4191: 4189:, p. 228. 4179: 4167: 4165:, p. 214. 4155: 4153:, p. 231. 4143: 4141:, p. 204. 4128: 4126:, p. 165. 4116: 4114:, p. 232. 4104: 4102:, p. 219. 4092: 4080: 4078:, p. 222. 4065: 4053: 4051:, p. 285. 4049:Wachsmann 2015 4041: 4039:, p. 284. 4037:Wachsmann 2015 4029: 4027:, p. 269. 4025:Wachsmann 2015 4017: 4015:, p. 223. 4002: 4000:, p. 283. 3998:Wachsmann 2015 3990: 3988:, p. 282. 3986:Wachsmann 2015 3975: 3973:, p. 230. 3960: 3958:, p. 230. 3937: 3925: 3923:, p. 229. 3910: 3906:Wachsmann 2015 3898: 3896:, p. 280. 3894:Wachsmann 2015 3886: 3884:, p. 278. 3882:Wachsmann 2015 3871: 3859: 3857:, p. 212. 3847: 3845:, p. 202. 3835: 3823: 3821:, p. 616. 3811: 3809:, p. 242. 3799: 3797:, p. 245. 3784: 3772: 3770:, p. 263. 3757: 3755:, p. 131. 3745: 3743:, p. 137. 3733: 3721: 3709: 3707:, p. 261. 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3647:, p. 227. 3637: 3635:, p. 125. 3625: 3623:, p. 260. 3613: 3611:, p. 126. 3598: 3586: 3584:, p. 253. 3574: 3572:, p. 210. 3562: 3543: 3541:, p. 166. 3528: 3516: 3514:, p. 192. 3499: 3497:, p. 164. 3487: 3485:, p. 235. 3475: 3463: 3451: 3449:, p. 232. 3436: 3434:, p. 161. 3424: 3422:, p. 163. 3412: 3410:, p. 234. 3400: 3398:, p. 231. 3388: 3386:, p. 206. 3373: 3371:, p. 231. 3358: 3356:, p. 207. 3339: 3337:, p. 226. 3314: 3312:, p. 237. 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3249:, p. 236. 3236: 3234:, p. 216. 3219: 3217:, p. 223. 3200: 3198:, p. 121. 3188: 3186:, p. 213. 3173: 3161: 3159:, p. 149. 3146: 3134: 3132:, p. 229. 3119: 3117:, p. 592. 3107: 3095: 3093:, p. 591. 3083: 3081:, p. 227. 3071: 3069:, p. 199. 3056: 3054:, p. 224. 3044: 3042:, p. 198. 3032: 3030:, p. 191. 3020: 3008: 3006:, p. 218. 2996: 2981: 2979:, p. 590. 2964: 2962:, p. 219. 2952: 2940: 2938:, p. 588. 2928: 2926:, p. 222. 2911: 2909:, p. 409. 2899: 2897:, p. 221. 2882: 2870: 2868:, p. 582. 2858: 2856:, p. 583. 2843: 2841:, p. 224. 2831: 2829:, p. 221. 2816: 2814:, p. 212. 2801: 2799:, p. 158. 2789: 2777: 2775:, p. 220. 2762: 2760:, p. 210. 2750: 2748:, p. 239. 2738: 2736:, p. 208. 2726: 2724:, p. 222. 2703: 2691: 2679: 2667: 2652: 2640: 2638:, p. 205. 2628: 2616: 2614:, p. 512. 2604: 2592: 2580: 2578:, p. 581. 2568: 2566:, p. 579. 2556: 2554:, p. 188. 2541: 2529: 2527:, p. 204. 2514: 2512:, p. 206. 2497: 2485: 2483:, p. 202. 2468: 2456: 2444: 2442:, p. 187. 2423: 2421:, p. 203. 2411: 2409:, p. 225. 2396: 2384: 2372: 2370:, p. 520. 2360: 2345: 2343:, p. 211. 2328: 2326:, p. 575. 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2254:, p. 220. 2239: 2237:, p. 215. 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2117:, p. 207. 2100: 2098:, p. 184. 2088: 2086:, p. 124. 2076: 2064: 2052: 2050:, p. 242. 2037: 2025: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1984:, p. 235. 1974: 1962: 1960:, p. 569. 1945: 1933: 1931:, p. 226. 1914: 1912:, p. 146. 1902: 1900:, p. 142. 1890: 1878: 1866: 1864:, p. 190. 1849: 1837: 1825: 1823:, p. 181. 1813: 1811:, p. 174. 1801: 1799:, p. 614. 1789: 1774: 1772:, p. 159. 1757: 1745: 1733: 1718: 1706: 1694: 1682: 1680:, p. 173. 1667: 1665:, p. 201. 1655: 1638: 1636:, p. 568. 1619: 1617:, p. 167. 1600: 1598:, p. 240. 1584: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1470: 1467: 1414:Viktor Zemskov 1382: 1379: 1356:Supreme Soviet 1298:scorched-earth 1268: 1267:End of the war 1265: 1219: 1216: 1164: 1161: 1094: 1091: 1067:Hermann Göring 1038: 1035: 1020: 1017: 920:, nine in the 878: 875: 803:Soviet Muslims 797:Einsatzgruppen 757: 754: 737: 734: 681: 678: 613: 610: 596: 593: 571: 568: 515: 512: 508:permanent camp 441: 438: 383: 380: 372:Jewish ghettos 300:Soviet Germans 234: 231: 128: 127: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 91: 88: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 53: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10143: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10046: 10045: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10012:The Holocaust 10010: 10009: 10007: 10003: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9976:Kharkov Trial 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9640:Ludwig Kübler 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9543: 9538: 9536: 9531: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9463: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9425:Kuril Islands 9422: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9371: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9299: 9296: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9192:Syrmian Front 9189: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9147: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9138:Market Garden 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8997:Monte Cassino 8994: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8363:Baltic states 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8007:United States 8004: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7943:Quốc dân Đảng 7940: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7643:Liechtenstein 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427:United States 7424: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7117:Comfort women 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7101: / 7100: 7096: 7093: 7090: / 7089: 7086: / 7085: 7081: 7078: 7077:Camp brothels 7074: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966:The Holocaust 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952:forced labour 6949: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6805:Marshall Plan 6802: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6658:Eastern Front 6655: 6652: 6651:Western Front 6648: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6545:Puppet states 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487:Naval history 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6434:United States 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6166:The Holocaust 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089:Legal aspects 6087: 6081: 6080:Order No. 270 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5966:Eduard Wagner 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5050:, p. 17. 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4990:, p. 87. 4989: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4843: 4837:, p. 72. 4836: 4831: 4824: 4823:Quinkert 2021 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4787:Hartmann 2012 4783: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4720: 4704: 4701:(in German). 4700: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4642:, p. 79. 4641: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4559:, p. 85. 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4508:, p. 41. 4507: 4502: 4500: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4457:, p. 71. 4456: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4433:, p. 75. 4432: 4427: 4421:, p. 73. 4420: 4415: 4409:, p. 55. 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4133: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3935:, p. 12. 3934: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3831:Hartmann 2012 3827: 3820: 3819:Hartmann 2012 3815: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3781: 3780:Overmans 2022 3776: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3681:Hartmann 2012 3677: 3670: 3669:Overmans 2022 3665: 3658: 3657:Hartmann 2012 3653: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3560:, p. 13. 3559: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3512:Quinkert 2021 3508: 3506: 3504: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3473:, p. 43. 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3171:, p. 35. 3170: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3144:, p. 37. 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3115:Hartmann 2012 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3091:Hartmann 2012 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3028:Quinkert 2021 3024: 3017: 3016:Hartmann 2012 3012: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2977:Hartmann 2012 2973: 2971: 2969: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2936:Hartmann 2012 2932: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2866:Hartmann 2012 2862: 2855: 2854:Hartmann 2012 2850: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2785:Hartmann 2012 2781: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2675:Hartmann 2012 2671: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2624:Hartmann 2012 2620: 2613: 2612:Hartmann 2012 2608: 2601: 2600:Quinkert 2021 2596: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2576:Hartmann 2012 2572: 2565: 2564:Hartmann 2012 2560: 2553: 2552:Quinkert 2021 2548: 2546: 2538: 2537:Hartmann 2012 2533: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2465: 2460: 2454:, p. 52. 2453: 2448: 2441: 2440:Quinkert 2021 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2394:, p. 27. 2393: 2388: 2381: 2380:Hartmann 2012 2376: 2369: 2368:Hartmann 2012 2364: 2358:, p. 24. 2357: 2356:Overmans 2022 2352: 2350: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2325: 2324:Hartmann 2012 2320: 2314:, p. 31. 2313: 2308: 2302:, p. 36. 2301: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2278:, p. 17. 2277: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2236: 2231: 2225:, p. 35. 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2187:Hartmann 2012 2183: 2176: 2175:Quinkert 2021 2171: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2141:, p. 23. 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2097: 2096:Quinkert 2021 2092: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2060:Quinkert 2021 2056: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2035:, p. 15. 2034: 2029: 2022: 2021:Hartmann 2013 2017: 2015: 2007: 2006:Hartmann 2012 2002: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1978: 1972:, p. 18. 1971: 1966: 1959: 1958:Hartmann 2012 1954: 1952: 1950: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1862:Quinkert 2021 1858: 1856: 1854: 1846: 1845:Quinkert 2021 1841: 1834: 1833:Quinkert 2021 1829: 1822: 1821:Quinkert 2021 1817: 1810: 1809:Quinkert 2021 1805: 1798: 1797:Hartmann 2012 1793: 1786: 1785:Quinkert 2021 1781: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1731:, p. 68. 1730: 1725: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1702:Quinkert 2021 1698: 1691: 1690:Quinkert 2021 1686: 1679: 1678:Quinkert 2021 1674: 1672: 1664: 1659: 1653:, p. 67. 1652: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1635: 1634:Hartmann 2012 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1475: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1311:Order No. 270 1306: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1293:death marches 1286: 1281: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1174: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1104: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1083:Eastern Front 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:mine clearing 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1026: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:Western Front 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 965: 958: 954: 953:Wola massacre 950: 945: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 901: 899: 889: 884: 874: 872: 869:, despite an 868: 864: 860: 856: 855:Sachsenhausen 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 809: 804: 798: 792: 788: 783: 780: 771: 767: 762: 753: 751: 747: 743: 733: 730: 725: 721: 719: 715: 714:Eduard Wagner 711: 707: 698: 695: 691: 686: 677: 675: 671: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 623: 618: 609: 601: 595:Death marches 592: 590: 585: 576: 567: 565: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 511: 509: 505: 500: 498: 492: 490: 486: 482: 474: 470: 466: 462: 454: 446: 437: 435: 431: 427: 421: 419: 415: 410: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 334:; by killing 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 265: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 239: 230: 228: 222: 220: 219:the Holocaust 216: 212: 208: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 99: 98:death marches 95: 92: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10042: 9954: 9937:Major crimes 9786:Order Police 9499:Bibliography 9482: 9295:Project Hula 9260:Vistula–Oder 9229: 9162: 9153: 9137: 9107: 9056: 9040: 9031: 9022: 8988: 8885: 8800: 8776: 8746: 8497: 8390: 8335:North Africa 8057: 8037:Soviet Union 7991:Soviet Union 7917:Soviet Union 7685:Vatican City 7595:Vichy France 7500:German Reich 7397:Soviet Union 7383:South Africa 7376:Sierra Leone 7329:Newfoundland 7148:Participants 7131:Marocchinate 6835: 6826: 6796: 6674:North Africa 6635:Indian Ocean 6494:Nazi plunder 6385:Cryptography 6258:World War II 6208: 6201: 6059:Trawniki men 5932: 5884: 5880: 5877:Keller, Rolf 5848: 5842: 5811: 5804: 5770: 5746: 5723: 5718: 5714:Pohl, Dieter 5684: 5679: 5635: 5605: 5597:j.ctv1z9n1qs 5565: 5561:Kay, Alex J. 5522: 5519:Kay, Alex J. 5502: 5496: 5460: 5438: 5433: 5390: 5359: 5334: 5303: 5283:11343/238858 5265: 5261: 5246:. Retrieved 5219: 5153: 5130: 5096: 5089:Bartov, Omer 5074:, p. 4. 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4973:Gerlach 2016 4968: 4956: 4949:Gerlach 2016 4944: 4937:Gerlach 2016 4932: 4925:Gerlach 2016 4920: 4913:Gerlach 2016 4893: 4886:Gerlach 2016 4881: 4869: 4864:, p. 5. 4862:Gerlach 2016 4842: 4835:Gerlach 2016 4830: 4818: 4811:Gerlach 2016 4806: 4794: 4782: 4775:Gerlach 2016 4770: 4763:Zemskov 2013 4758: 4751:Zemskov 2013 4746: 4739:Zemskov 2013 4719: 4707:. Retrieved 4698: 4689: 4677: 4603: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4525: 4513: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4371:Gerlach 2016 4366: 4359:Gerlach 2016 4354: 4342: 4330: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4206: 4194: 4187:Gerlach 2016 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4119: 4107: 4100:Kozlova 2021 4095: 4088:Kozlova 2021 4083: 4076:Kozlova 2021 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4013:Gerlach 2016 3993: 3956:Gerlach 2016 3928: 3901: 3889: 3862: 3855:Gerlach 2016 3850: 3843:Gerlach 2016 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3775: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3671:, p. 7. 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3589: 3577: 3570:Kozlova 2021 3565: 3519: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3447:Gerlach 2016 3427: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3384:Kozlova 2021 3369:Gerlach 2016 3354:Kozlova 2021 3295:Kozlova 2021 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3191: 3164: 3137: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3079:Gerlach 2016 3074: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2955: 2948:Gerlach 2016 2943: 2931: 2907:Hertner 2023 2902: 2895:Kozlova 2021 2873: 2861: 2834: 2792: 2780: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2532: 2488: 2459: 2447: 2414: 2407:Gerlach 2016 2387: 2375: 2363: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2290:, p. 4. 2283: 2271: 2259: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2091: 2079: 2067: 2055: 2028: 2001: 1989: 1982:Gerlach 2016 1977: 1965: 1936: 1929:Gerlach 2016 1905: 1893: 1886:Gerlach 2016 1881: 1869: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1748: 1736: 1729:Gerlach 2016 1709: 1697: 1685: 1658: 1651:Gerlach 2016 1569: 1560: 1551: 1524:East Germany 1517: 1502: 1496: 1484: 1443: 1431: 1402: 1360: 1340:Trawniki men 1333: 1307: 1289: 1258: 1244:". Although 1236: 1193: 1178: 1145: 1128: 1108: 1087:Donets basin 1052: 1028: 1019:Forced labor 981: 964:Trawniki men 961: 902: 894: 812: 810:approached. 784: 775: 739: 726: 722: 702: 696: 646: 627: 606: 581: 552: 537: 517: 501: 493: 478: 432:; historian 422: 400:Adolf Hitler 385: 376:black market 348: 296:High Command 269: 260:Soviet Union 253: 246:Nazi Germany 244: 223: 188: 183:encirclement 173:was for the 169:. Among the 153: 145:Nazi Germany 134:World War II 131: 120:Perpetrators 106:forced labor 42:World War II 29: 9986:Minsk Trial 9894:Hunger Plan 9792:Detachments 9554:during the 9230:Bodenplatte 9116:Gothic Line 8342:West Africa 7889:Philippines 7868:Netherlands 7733:Czech lands 7671:Switzerland 7615:Afghanistan 7566:Philippines 7434:Puerto Rico 7350:Philippines 7336:New Zealand 7322:Netherlands 7275:Free France 7026:Prosecution 6827:Osoaviakhim 6697:West Africa 6681:East Africa 6328:Conferences 6161:Hunger Plan 6022:Ostlegionen 5742:Tooze, Adam 5553:j.ctt9qd88d 5300:Edele, Mark 5258:Edele, Mark 5248:29 November 5081:Works cited 4709:5 September 4139:Keller 2021 3067:Keller 2021 3040:Keller 2021 1753:Bartov 2023 1663:Bartov 2023 1504:perestroika 1499:antifascism 1446:German Army 1427:Dieter Pohl 1371:reparations 1242:subhumanity 1204: [ 1185: [ 1157:Ravensbrück 926:Azerbaijani 839:Gross-Rosen 729:Cannibalism 670:Switzerland 665:barbed-wire 663:and double 661:watchtowers 528: [ 475:, June 1941 434:Alex J. Kay 364:German Army 340:Soviet Jews 320:World War I 286:. Numerous 227:reparations 190:Soviet Jews 149:German Army 125:German Army 89:Attack type 10095:Categories 9991:Riga Trial 9887:Milestones 9628:Commanders 9330:West Hunan 9163:Pointblank 8499:Silver Fox 8485:Summer War 8238:Winter War 8217:Phoney War 7998:Azerbaijan 7959:Yugoslavia 7854:Luxembourg 7696:Resistance 7443:Yugoslavia 7308:Luxembourg 7110:Sook Ching 6906:War crimes 6508:Technology 6501:Opposition 6443:Lend-Lease 6420:Australian 6413:Home front 6371:Blitzkrieg 6321:Casualties 6312:Commanders 6284:Operations 5491:, and the 5348:1041397012 5024:Moore 2022 5012:Edele 2017 5000:Edele 2017 4961:Edele 2016 4724:Moore 2022 4625:Moore 2022 4608:Edele 2017 4596:Edele 2017 4581:Moore 2022 4569:Moore 2022 4545:Edele 2017 4530:Edele 2017 4518:Moore 2022 4506:Edele 2017 4491:Edele 2017 4407:Edele 2017 4395:Edele 2017 4383:Edele 2016 4347:Moore 2022 4335:Moore 2022 4308:Moore 2022 4296:Moore 2022 4284:Tooze 2008 4272:Moore 2022 4226:Moore 2022 4211:Moore 2022 4199:Moore 2022 4175:Moore 2022 4151:Moore 2022 4061:Moore 2022 3971:Moore 2022 3921:Moore 2022 3807:Moore 2022 3795:Moore 2022 3768:Moore 2022 3753:Edele 2017 3741:Edele 2017 3729:Edele 2017 3717:Edele 2017 3705:Moore 2022 3693:Moore 2022 3645:Moore 2022 3633:Edele 2017 3621:Moore 2022 3609:Edele 2017 3594:Edele 2017 3582:Moore 2022 3524:Moore 2022 3335:Moore 2022 3271:Edele 2017 3259:Cohen 2013 3215:Moore 2022 3196:Edele 2017 3052:Moore 2022 2960:Moore 2022 2878:Moore 2022 2773:Moore 2022 2722:Moore 2022 2663:Moore 2022 2525:Moore 2022 2493:Edele 2016 2464:Edele 2017 2452:Edele 2017 2312:Edele 2017 2300:Edele 2017 2288:Edele 2017 2276:Edele 2017 2264:Edele 2017 2235:Moore 2022 2223:Edele 2017 2211:Edele 2017 2139:Edele 2017 2072:Moore 2022 1994:Moore 2022 1941:Tooze 2008 1741:Beorn 2018 1714:Tooze 2008 1581:References 1385:See also: 1381:Death toll 1023:See also: 905:field army 851:Neuengamme 843:Mauthausen 831:Buchenwald 657:Caucasians 559:commissars 497:Mark Edele 412:military, 255:Lebensraum 233:Background 156:its allies 94:Starvation 9558:, 1941–45 9549:Wehrmacht 9395:Manchuria 9281:Indochina 9057:Bagration 8508:Lithuania 8153:Anschluss 7950:Viet Minh 7847:Lithuania 7789:Hong Kong 7559:Manchukuo 7514:Azad Hind 7173:Australia 6973:Aftermath 6836:Paperclip 6731:Aftermath 6531:Total war 6399:Diplomacy 6362:In Europe 5857:0869-5687 5820:1048-9134 5776:Macmillan 4443:Pohl 2012 4323:Pohl 2012 4163:Pohl 2012 4112:Pohl 2012 3867:Pohl 2012 3483:Pohl 2012 3459:Pohl 2012 3408:Pohl 2012 3396:Pohl 2012 3310:Pohl 2012 3283:Pohl 2012 3247:Pohl 2012 3232:Pohl 2012 3184:Pohl 2012 3130:Pohl 2012 3103:Pohl 2012 3004:Pohl 2012 2992:Pohl 2012 2924:Pohl 2012 2839:Pohl 2012 2827:Pohl 2012 2812:Pohl 2012 2758:Pohl 2012 2746:Pohl 2012 2734:Pohl 2012 2687:Pohl 2012 2636:Pohl 2012 2510:Pohl 2012 2481:Pohl 2012 2419:Pohl 2012 2341:Pohl 2012 2252:Pohl 2012 2115:Pohl 2012 2048:Pohl 2012 1596:Pohl 2012 1479:Salaspils 1327:. At the 1316:deserters 1143:economy. 1004:air force 827:Auschwitz 770:silencers 638:Dulag 131 622:Białystok 481:defection 428:in 1940, 75:1941–1945 56:Vinnytsia 9996:Ukase 43 9945:Babi Yar 9506:Category 9455:document 9365:document 9222:Ardennes 9206:Budapest 9154:Crossbow 9032:Overlord 8871:Smolensk 8089:Timeline 7924:Slovakia 7910:Thailand 7761:Ethiopia 7726:Bulgaria 7650:Portugal 7588:Thailand 7470:Bulgaria 7248:Eswatini 7241:Ethiopia 7194:Bulgaria 7019:Unit 731 6980:Response 6797:Keelhaul 6747:Cold War 6720:Americas 6711:timeline 6704:Atlantic 6584:Theaters 5879:(2011). 5861:Archived 5837:(2013). 5824:Archived 5796:(2023). 5768:(2015). 5744:(2008). 5716:(2012). 5703:Archived 5563:(2021). 5521:(2006). 5459:(2013). 5431:(2012). 5358:(2016). 5332:(1968). 5302:(2017). 5292:26547940 5242:Archived 5129:(2018). 4874:Kay 2021 4847:Kay 2021 4799:Kay 2021 4703:Archived 4124:Kay 2021 3539:Kay 2021 3495:Kay 2021 3432:Kay 2021 3420:Kay 2021 3157:Kay 2021 2797:Kay 2021 2648:Kay 2021 2588:Kay 2021 2199:Kay 2021 2151:Kay 2021 2127:Kay 2021 2084:Kay 2006 1910:Kay 2021 1898:Kay 2021 1874:Kay 2021 1770:Kay 2021 1615:Kay 2021 1526:, where 1481:, Latvia 1437:between 1152:sabotage 1136:Zyklon B 1132:gas vans 1120:Majdanek 996:rebelled 789:and the 718:calories 690:Smolensk 653:Cossacks 642:Bobruisk 630:latrines 504:division 465:Red Army 416:officer 282:for the 272:materiel 64:Location 40:Part of 9432:Shumshu 9199:Hungary 9146:Estonia 9130:Lapland 9108:Dragoon 9041:Neptune 9023:Ichi-Go 8989:Tempest 8931:Changde 8886:Cottage 8778:Jubilee 8494:Finland 8392:Compass 8098:Prelude 8051:Finland 7937:Vietnam 7903:Romania 7775:Germany 7754:Estonia 7740:Denmark 7719:Belgium 7712:Austria 7705:Albania 7636:Ireland 7622:Andorra 7606:Neutral 7573:Romania 7507:Hungary 7492:Finland 7364:Romania 7256:Finland 7234:Denmark 7180:Belgium 7166:Algeria 6872:Romania 6858:Hungary 6614:Pacific 6338:General 6292:Leaders 6277:Battles 6270:Outline 5971:Korücks 5095:(ed.). 1061:to the 1000:pioneer 910:Cossack 859:Hinzert 819:torture 815:Gestapo 736:Release 674:Gestapo 440:Capture 308:Muslims 132:During 123:Mostly 9862:PB 320 9858:PB 315 9854:PB 304 9844:PB 314 9840:PB 303 9826:PB 322 9822:PB 316 9818:PB 307 9758:HSS-PF 9578:Centre 9409:Debate 9381:Taipei 9374:Borneo 8952:Tarawa 8146:Europe 8107:Africa 7896:Poland 7882:Norway 7861:Malaya 7840:Latvia 7782:Greece 7768:France 7664:Sweden 7629:Bhutan 7357:Poland 7343:Norway 7315:Mexico 7282:Greece 7268:France 7206:Canada 7187:Brazil 7157:Allies 7103:Serbia 7092:Poland 6865:Poland 6851:Baltic 6644:Europe 6346:Topics 6298:Allied 5987:Events 5891: 5855: 5818: 5782: 5754: 5730: 5695: 5687:] 5668: 5658: 5620: 5595: 5585: 5551: 5541: 5471: 5445: 5419: 5409: 5378: 5346: 5318: 5290: 5226: 5160: 5141: 5115: 1006:, and 857:, and 835:Dachau 655:, and 414:Abwehr 330:by an 312:Asians 200:, and 198:Asians 138:Soviet 112:Deaths 80:Target 9836:PB 45 9748:707th 9743:454th 9738:444th 9733:403rd 9728:286th 9723:285th 9718:281st 9708:221st 9703:213th 9698:207th 9693:203rd 9688:201st 9583:South 9573:North 9185:Leyte 9015:Narva 9001:Anzio 8959:Makin 8917:Burma 8801:Torch 8770:Rzhev 8731:Kiska 7817:Korea 7803:Japan 7796:Italy 7678:Tibet 7657:Spain 7535:Italy 7296:Italy 7289:India 7213:China 7088:Japan 6688:Italy 6600:China 6552:Women 5883:[ 5827:(PDF) 5801:(PDF) 5722:[ 5706:(PDF) 5689:(PDF) 5683:[ 5666:JSTOR 5593:JSTOR 5549:JSTOR 5437:[ 5417:JSTOR 5288:JSTOR 1543:Notes 1375:euros 1229:head 1208:] 1189:] 1047:Minsk 992:D-Day 865:were 847:Gusen 808:front 532:] 469:Lutsk 304:Balts 278:with 9803:PB 9 9788:and 9251:1945 8979:1944 8820:1943 8748:Blue 8738:Attu 8645:1942 8404:1941 8256:1940 8194:1939 8123:Asia 7970:POWs 7810:Jews 7528:Iraq 7454:Axis 7404:Tuva 7220:Cuba 6305:Axis 5889:ISBN 5853:ISSN 5816:ISSN 5780:ISBN 5752:ISBN 5728:ISBN 5693:ISBN 5656:ISBN 5618:ISBN 5583:ISBN 5539:ISBN 5469:ISBN 5443:ISBN 5407:ISBN 5376:ISBN 5344:OCLC 5316:ISBN 5250:2019 5224:ISBN 5158:ISBN 5139:ISBN 5113:ISBN 4711:2024 1522:and 1520:West 1406:NKVD 1325:NKVD 1122:and 1008:navy 936:and 928:and 706:Kiev 471:and 370:and 338:and 326:was 306:and 72:Date 5648:doi 5610:doi 5575:doi 5531:doi 5507:doi 5399:doi 5368:doi 5308:doi 5278:hdl 5270:doi 5105:doi 1408:or 940:. 640:in 540:OKH 404:OKW 294:'s 262:'s 213:or 10097:: 9914:* 9910:* 9860:, 9856:, 9842:, 9838:, 9824:, 9820:, 9790:SS 8999:/ 6116:* 6112:* 5859:. 5849:93 5822:. 5812:72 5810:. 5803:. 5778:. 5774:. 5701:. 5664:. 5654:. 5642:. 5616:. 5591:. 5581:. 5573:. 5569:. 5547:. 5537:. 5529:. 5503:82 5501:. 5467:. 5463:. 5415:. 5405:. 5397:. 5393:. 5374:. 5366:. 5362:. 5342:. 5338:. 5314:. 5286:. 5276:. 5266:88 5264:. 5137:. 5133:. 5111:. 5099:. 4980:^ 4905:^ 4854:^ 4731:^ 4662:^ 4647:^ 4632:^ 4615:^ 4588:^ 4537:^ 4498:^ 4315:^ 4250:^ 4233:^ 4218:^ 4131:^ 4068:^ 4005:^ 3978:^ 3963:^ 3940:^ 3913:^ 3874:^ 3787:^ 3760:^ 3601:^ 3546:^ 3531:^ 3502:^ 3439:^ 3376:^ 3361:^ 3342:^ 3317:^ 3302:^ 3239:^ 3222:^ 3203:^ 3176:^ 3149:^ 3122:^ 3059:^ 2984:^ 2967:^ 2914:^ 2885:^ 2846:^ 2819:^ 2804:^ 2765:^ 2706:^ 2655:^ 2544:^ 2517:^ 2500:^ 2471:^ 2426:^ 2399:^ 2348:^ 2331:^ 2242:^ 2103:^ 2040:^ 2013:^ 1948:^ 1917:^ 1852:^ 1777:^ 1760:^ 1721:^ 1670:^ 1641:^ 1622:^ 1603:^ 1588:^ 1511:. 1227:SS 1206:de 1197:RM 1191:. 1187:de 1118:, 900:. 853:, 849:, 845:, 841:, 833:, 829:, 791:SD 708:, 530:de 357:. 302:, 215:SS 192:, 136:, 104:, 100:, 96:, 9918:) 9906:( 9864:) 9852:( 9846:) 9834:( 9828:) 9816:( 9805:) 9801:( 9714:) 9710:( 9541:e 9534:t 9527:v 8502:) 8496:( 7370:) 7366:( 7302:) 7298:( 7262:) 7258:( 7200:) 7196:( 6250:e 6243:t 6236:v 6120:) 6108:( 5954:. 5925:e 5918:t 5911:v 5897:. 5788:. 5760:. 5736:. 5672:. 5650:: 5626:. 5612:: 5599:. 5577:: 5555:. 5533:: 5513:. 5509:: 5477:. 5451:. 5423:. 5401:: 5384:. 5370:: 5350:. 5324:. 5310:: 5294:. 5280:: 5272:: 5252:. 5232:. 5166:. 5147:. 5121:. 5107:: 4713:. 4262:. 825:— 20:)

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