German colonial empire

3654:. The numerous cases of mixed offspring upset the German colonial administration, which was concerned with maintaining "racial purity". Eugen Fischer studied 310 multiracial children, calling them "Rehoboth bastards" of "lesser racial quality". Fischer also subjected them to numerous racial tests such as head and body measurements, and eye and hair examinations. In conclusion of his studies he advocated genocide of alleged "inferior races", stating that "whoever thinks thoroughly the notion of race, can not arrive at a different conclusion". Fischer's actions (at the time considered) scientific and his torment of the children were part of a wider history of abusing Africans for experiments, and echoed earlier actions by German anthropologists who stole skeletons and bodies from African graveyards and took them to Europe for research or sale. An estimated 3000 skulls were sent to Germany for study. In October 2011, after 3 years of talks, the first skulls were due to be returned to Namibia for burial. Other experiments were made by Doctor Bofinger, who injected Herero who were suffering from scurvy with various substances including arsenic and opium. Afterward, he researched the effects of these substances by performing autopsies on dead bodies. 2808: 3343:) of 1879 had granted German consuls overseas jurisdiction over German citizens in specific circumstances. The Protectorate Law specified that the regulations on consular jurisdiction would also apply in the colonies. In so far as they were relevant to consular jurisdiction, therefore, various important legal provisions of civil law, criminal law, legal procedure, and due process also came into force in the colonies. Alongside this, over time, further special provisions of colonial law were established. For indigenous people in the colonies, the Kaiser initially held all legislative power. Over the following years, the Imperial Chancellor and other officials empowered by him were also given the authority to regulate the administration, jurisdiction, policing, etc. of the colonies. Thus, in the German colonies there was, at a fundamental level, a dual legal structure, with different laws for the Europeans and the indigenous people. No colonial criminal law code was codified during German colonial rule. 3224: 1574: 2574: 2562: 3768: 3058: 1032: 3239: 2997:" was drawn up and agreed to by the British War Cabinet (with the French and Italians in tow), a device by which conquered enemy territory would be held not as a possession but as "sacred trusts". But "far from envisaging the eventual independence of the German colonies, Allied statesmen at the Paris Conference regarded 1919 as the renewal, not the end, of an imperial era." In deliberations the British "War Cabinet had confidence that natives everywhere would opt for British rule"; however, the cabinet acknowledged "the necessity to prove that its policy toward the German colonies was not motivated by aggrandizement" since the Empire was seen by America as a "land devouring octopus" with a "voracious territorial appetite". 738: 346: 2606: 1840: 3182:, established in 1936, under Franz Ritter von Epp absorbed all colonial organizations and was meant to raise procolonial sentiments, and build public interest in former German colonies. However, no new overseas colonial enterprises took place and with the onset of World War II in 1939 the organization entered a decline. It was disbanded by decree in 1943 for "activity irrelevant to the war". Although it tolerated the colonialists, the Nazi government focused on territorial gains inside Europe. At no time did it negotiate or demand from London or Paris the return of any lost colony. According to Willeke Sandler: "Between 1933 and 1943, 3216: 2891:, now in Britain's small War Cabinet, spoke of German schemes for world power, militarization and exploitation of resources, indicating Germany threatened western civilization itself. While propaganda was said about both sides it was here in Africa where Germany saw a crushing defeat. It was at Togoland where the Germans were quickly outnumbered leaving them to flee the capital which led to a large pursuit of German forces by allied armies leading to the eventual surrender of German forces on 26 August 1914. Smuts' warnings were repeated in the press. The idea took hold that they should not be returned to Germany after the war. 3449: 93: 3523: 4595: 4719: 10877: 4619: 4246: 2457: 2769: 2077: 4258: 1520:. The reason for this was the fear of tariffs that Hamburg traders might have to pay if the whole of West Africa were to come under British or French control. Finally a secret request from the Chamber of Commerce to Bismarck for the establishment of a colony in West Africa was submitted to Bismarck on 6 July 1883, stating that "through such acquisitions, German trade in Trans-Atlantic lands could only be given a firmer position and a surer support, while without political protection trade cannot now thrive and progress." 4631: 2855:

will dash from cover to harry and destroy our commerce, and maybe, to raid our coasts." The British position that Germany was a uniquely brutal and cruel colonial power originated during the war; it had not been said during peacetime. The German overseas Colonies began to fall one by one to the allied forces. The first to go was Togoland to the British and to the French. Germany's colonies put up a stout fight but by 1916 Germany lost most of its colonies, except German East Africa, where a German force of General

815: 108: 4571: 9154: 2639:, "improbably advanced and humane administrations emerged." Dernburg went on tours of the colonies, to learn about their problems first-hand and find solutions. Capital investments by banks were secured with public funds of the imperial treasury to minimize risk. Dernburg, as a former banker, facilitated such thinking; he saw his commission to also turn the colonies into paying propositions. He oversaw large-scale expansion of infrastructure. Every African protectorate built rail lines to the interior. 2796: 3208: 2139: 4559: 79: 2438: 2275: 4325: 2631:, who was placed in charge of the Colonial Department in September 1906 and retained the role as Secretary of State of the revamped Colonial Office until 1910. Entrenched incompetents were screened out and summarily removed from office and "not a few had to stand trial. Replacing the misfits was a new breed of efficient, humane, colonial civil servant, usually the product of Dernburg's own creation, the ... Colonial Institute at Hamburg." In African protectorates, especially 514: 2753: 1592: 3888: 2671: 4451: 2828: 3070: 3686: 4475: 4198: 4427: 4210: 4370: 4463: 1308: 4675: 4234: 4607: 4583: 4439: 4313: 1666:. Such exploratory missions required security measures that could be solved with small private, armed contingents recruited mainly in the Sudan and usually led by adventurous former military personnel of lower rank. Brutality, hanging and flogging prevailed during these land-grab expeditions under Peters' control as well as others as no-one "held a monopoly in the mistreatment of Africans", and in April 1885, the brothers 4222: 1789: 3574:

had engendered, often brought a spiritual crisis with it and the indigenous people sought comfort and support from the god of the new rulers, who appeared to have proven his superiority. Since the goal of the missionaries was the conversion of the indigenous peoples and they emphasized the virtue of neighborly love, they often had cause to protest against their abuse and exploitation by the colonial administration and

3701:, a Bantu group in Cameroon, readily welcomed German policies. The number of German-speaking Africans increased in four West African German colonies prior to 1914. The Duala leadership in 1884 placed the tribe under German rule. Most converted to Protestantism and were educated along German lines. Colonial officials and businessmen preferred them as inexpensive clerks to German government offices and firms in Africa. 3441: 1563: 4773: 1608:. Following the British model, Bismarck placed many possessions of German merchants under the protection of the German empire. He took advantage of a period of foreign peace to begin the "colonial experiment", which he remained skeptical of. The transition to official acceptance of colonialism and to colonial government thus occurred during the last quarter of Bismarck's tenure of office. 2541:. The subduing of the Maji Maji uprising in German East Africa in 1905 was prominently published. The rejection of a supplementary budget to provide further funding for colonial conflicts at the end of 1906 led to the dissolution of the Reichstag and new elections. "A wave of anti-colonial feeling began to gather momentum in Germany" and resulted in large voter turnouts in the so-called " 3604:, studied vegetable pests and ran courses in agronomy for settlers and natives and performed a host of other tasks. Successful German plantation operators realized the benefits of systematic scientific inquiry and instituted and maintained their own stations with their own personnel, who further engaged in exploration and documentation of the native fauna and flora. 3017: 1728:) among the German populace. Although the colonial movement was not very strong institutionally, it succeeded in bringing its position into the public debate. A memorandum authored by Adolph Woermann and sent to Bismarck by the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce on 6 July 1883 is considered to have been particularly important in this respect. The approach of the 2884:, with virtually no resistance. One reason these colonies fell so easily is because of the departure of Admiral von Spee's fleet. In other parts of the Pacific Western Samoa, another German colony fell without a fight to a New Zealand force. Later on an Australian invasion of Neu-Pommern beat the Germans seizing the entire colony within a few weeks. 1535:, Bremen, and Hamburg for their opinions. In their answer, the Hamburg merchants demanded the acquisition of colonies in West Africa. In December 1883, Bismarck let Hamburg known that an Imperial commissioner would be sent to West Africa to secure the safety of German trade and to conclude a treaty with "independent Negro states". A warship, the 2023:, as foreign minister and chancellor, sanctioned the acquisition of further Pacific Ocean colonies and provided substantial treasury assistance to existing protectorates to employ administrators, commercial agents, surveyors, local "peacekeepers" and tax collectors. This accorded with the expansionistic policy and a forced upgrade of the 777:, which departed Germany at the end of 1859, was tasked with concluding trade treaties in Asia for Prussia and the other states of the Zollverein and with occupying Formosa. However, this task was not carried out, due to the limited strength of the expedition forces and because they did not wish to preclude a trade treaty with 1873:

colonize African areas inhabited by aggressive tribes, whereas their colonial neighbors had more docile peoples to contend with. At that time, the German penchant for giving muscle priority over patience contributed to continued unrest. Several of the African colonies remained powder kegs throughout this phase (and beyond).

1856:

these deals, however, because the long negotiations with the colonizers and the ritual act of signing a treaty enormously enhanced their authority. These treaties were approved by the German government, which granted complete authority without oversight to the colonial companies, while retaining for itself only ultimate

2993:, the prime ministers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The principle of "self-determination" embodied in the League of Nations covenant was not considered to apply to these colonies and was "regarded as meaningless". To "allay President Wilson's suspicions of British imperialism", the system of " 2723:

support from Germany, the colonies became or were on track to become financially independent. By 1914, only German New Guinea, Kiautschou, and the African Schutztruppen were subsidized. "The colonial economy was thriving ... and roads, railways, shipping and telegraph communications were up to the minute."

3399:), modeled on consular courts. Jurisdiction over indigenous peoples, especially in criminal cases, was invested in the colonial officials in the colonies. In noncriminal matters, indigenous authorities were granted jurisdiction over their communities and could render judgment in accordance with local law. 969:

them, entirely apart from the fact that it is difficult to justify placing significant tax burdens on the whole nation for the benefit of individual commercial and industrial interests. On the other hand, is not sufficiently developed to be able to undertake the task of firmly protecting distant states.

6585:

Lewthwaite, pp. 149–151, in Samoa "German authorities implemented policies to draw into the stream of economic life", the colonial government enforced that native cultivable land could not be sold; Miller, p. 20, in German East Africa "new land laws sharply curtailed expropriation of tribal acreage"

3693:

On the other hand, Germany's cultural-missionary project boasted that its colonial programs were humanitarian and educational endeavors. Colonial German physicians and administrators tried to make a case for increasing the native population, in order to also increase their numbers of laborers. Eugene

3573:

These missionary societies established stations in the colonies, where they instructed the indigenous people in basic education, modern agricultural techniques, and Christianity. They had substantial success, since the breakdown of precolonial society, which the German land seizures and colonial wars

3534:

The German colonizers conceived of the indigenous populations as "children": people at a lower level of development, who had to be protected, educated, and raised up. German missionary societies were already concerning themselves with the education and conversion of overseas populations in the 1820s.

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in 1913, when German citizenship was first introduced. They were not considered Imperial citizens, but only subjects or wards of Germany. German laws applied to them only if explicitly stated by the individual statute. In particular, they were shut out of the court system. They had no right of appeal

2745:

Idealists often volunteered for selection and appointment to government posts; the commercially minded, to grow dividends at home for the Hanseatic trading houses and shipping lines. Subsequent historians would commend German colonialism in those years as "an engine of modernization with far-reaching

1863:

However, this strategy failed within a few years. The poor financial situation of almost all of the "protectorates" as well as the precarious security situation (indigenous revolts broke out in South West Africa and East Africa in 1888, while in Cameroon and Togo border conflicts with the neighboring

1855:

following demonstrations of military power. Indigenous rulers ceded vast areas, which they often had no legal claim to, in exchange for vague promises of protection and laughably low purchase prices. Details of the treaties often remained unclear to them due to the language barrier. They engaged with

1472:

to Bismarck in September of the same year. The proposed territorial acquisitions were almost all taken or claimed as colonies four years later. Those Pacific territories that were claimed in 1884 but not taken were finally brought under German colonial administration in 1899. Significantly, Hausemann

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On the one hand, the benefits which one might derive from colonies for the Motherland's trade and industry are mostly illusory. Then, the costs which the foundation, maintenance, and especially the establishment of claims to colonies entail very often exceed the utility which the Motherland gets from

3681:

for world power. German colonial rule in Africa 1884–1914 was an expression of nationalism and moral superiority that was justified by constructing an image of the natives as "Other". German colonization was characterized by the use of repressive violence in the name of 'culture' and 'civilization'.

2585:

As a result of the colonial wars in South West Africa and East Africa, which had been caused by poor treatment of native peoples, it was considered necessary to change the German colonial administration, in favor of a more scientific approach to the employment of the colonies that improved the lives

2520:

To minimize dissent the German Colonial Press Law (written 1906–1912) kept the pugnacious settler press under control with censorship and prohibition of unauthorized publications. However, in Togoland, African writers avoided the law by publishing critical articles in the adjacent British Gold Coast

1744:

thesis, which holds that the colonial expansion served to "divert" social tensions created by economic crisis to the foreign sphere and helped to reinforce Bismarck's authority. The so-called "Crown-prince thesis" holds that Bismarck was attempting to deliberately worsen the German relationship with

1182:

Bismarck remained opposed to these arguments and preferred an informal commercial imperialism, in which German companies carried out profitable trade with areas outside Europe and made economic inroads without the occupation of territories or the construction of states. Bismarck and many deputies in

6759:

German South West Africa was the only African colony designated as a Class C mandate, meaning that the indigenous population was judged incapable of even limited self-government and the colony to be administered under the laws of the mandatory as an integral portion of its territory, however, South

3668:

Social Darwinism is the theory "that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature." According to numerous historians, an important ideological component of German nationalism as developed by the intellectual

3630:

as a public health threat to Germany and its colonies. To fight it in Germany doctors used biopolitics to educate and regulate the bodies of likely victims. Propaganda campaigns did not work well in the colonies, so they imposed a much greater degree of supervision and coercion over targeted groups

3493:

and Indian descent who lived in German East Africa, the governors had the ability to issue special regulations. According the Protectorate Law, however, it was possible for "natives" to be granted Imperial citizenship and to pass that citizenship on to their children. The cause of this was the fact

2854:

Once war was declared in late July 1914 Britain and its allies promptly moved against the colonies. The public was informed that German colonies were a threat because "Every German colony has a powerful wireless station – they will talk to one another across the seas, and at every opportunity they

2842:

In the years before the outbreak of the World War, British colonial officers viewed the Germans as deficient in "colonial aptitude", but "whose colonial administration was nevertheless superior to those of the other European states". Anglo-German colonial issues in the decade before 1914 were minor

2722:

exports from German East Africa increased tenfold. The total trade between Germany and its colonies increased from 72 million marks in 1906 to 264 million marks in 1913. Due to this economic growth, the income from colonial taxes and duties increased sixfold. Instead of being dependent on financial

2397:

The forcefulness with which the German colonial rulers imposed their claim to control led to ever more revolts by the indigenous population. The native population was forced into unequal treaties by the German colonial governments. This led to the local tribes and natives losing their influence and

1872:

whose lucrative slaving activities seemed at risk. German native military forces initially engaged in dozens of punitive expeditions to apprehend and punish freedom fighters, at times with British assistance. The author Charles Miller offers the theory that the Germans had the handicap of trying to

3820:

The final remains of the Protectorate Law survived until the legal expiration of the Colonial Society in 1975 and fiscal adjustments in 1992. Colonial history continues to be commemorated by colonial monuments, street names, and buildings related to German colonial history. In many places this has

3431:

After World War I, the military and "undesired persons" were expelled from the German protectorates. In 1934 the former colonies were inhabited by 16,774 Germans, of whom about 12,000 lived in the former Southwest African colony. Once the new owners of the colonies again permitted immigration from

3007:

as "'residuary trustee' for the colonies" captured and occupied by "rapacious conquerors". The victors retained the German overseas possessions and did so with the belief that Australian, Belgian, British, French, Japanese, New Zealand, Portuguese and South African rule was superior to Germany's.

2980:

British placement of surrogate responsibility for former German colonies on white-settler dominions was at the time determined to be the most expedient option for the British government – and an appropriate reward for the Dominions having fulfilled their "great and urgent imperial service" through

2705:

There were no further major revolts in the German colonies after 1905 and the economic efficiency of the overseas possessions rapidly increased, as a result of these new policies and improvements in shipping, especially the establishment of scheduled services with refrigerated holds, increased the

2501:

by the end of November 1904, while thousands more fled to the northernmost parts of South West Africa, and into the desert. The Herero population is estimated at 50,000, of which around half had died by 1908. The Nama suffered 10,000 deaths, also around half of their population. They had fought on

2418:

strategy, they destroyed villages, prevented economic activity, and withheld any protection against wild animals. Through these actions, they forced the population to flee into inhospitable regions, where many starved to death. Through this conscious strategy, the Germans caused lasting changes to

1901:

In 1889, Bismarck considered withdrawing Germany from colonial policy, wishing to entirely end Germany's activities in East Africa and Samoa, according to eyewitnesses. It was further reported that Bismarck wanted nothing more to do with the administration of the colonies and intended to hand them

1038:

caricature, 1884. Bismarck sits atop the globe, smoking a long pipe and reading a book entitled "Social Reforms", while personifications of Britain, France, Russia, and other nations quarrel below. The title reads "The South Seas are the Mediterranean of the Future" and the caption says "I'm fine

4048:

and especially the former colonialists' intelligence services could not acquire without recruiting local spy rings. BND covert activities in the Third World also laid the groundwork for friendly relations that Gen. Gehlen attempted to use to steer local governments into taking an anti-Soviet and

3714:

In recent years scholars have debated the "continuity thesis" that links German colonialist brutalities to the treatment of Jews, Roma, Poles and Russians during World War II. Some historians argue that Germany's role in southwestern Africa gave rise to an emphasis on racial superiority at home,

2666:

was abolished. Every colony in Africa and the Pacific established the beginnings of a public school system, and every colony built and staffed hospitals. In some colonies, native agricultural holdings were encouraged and supported. In January 1909, Derburg said "The goal must be colonies closely

1331:

reasons. In the very next year Bismarck shed personal involvement when "he abandoned his colonial drive as suddenly and casually as he had started it" – as if he had committed an error in judgment that could confuse the substance of his more significant policies. "Indeed, in 1889, tried to give

1330:

Although Bismarck "remained as contemptuous of all colonial dreams as ever", in 1884, he consented to the acquisition of colonies by the German Empire, in order to protect trade, safeguard raw materials and export-markets and to take advantage of opportunities for capital investment, among other

1410:

and several nearby island groups). The northeastern region of the island of New Guinea was called Kaiser-Wilhelmsland; the Bismarck Archipelago to the islands' east also contained two larger islands named New Mecklenburg and New Pomerania. They also acquired the Northern Solomon Islands. These

3750:. Here also the German settlement would be implemented, and the whole governmental organization was developed to serve German needs while controlling the local ethnically diverse population. While the African colonies were too isolated and not suitable for mass settlement of Germans, areas in 3578:

owners. In order to support themselves and to model good behavior, the missionaries themselves often had plantations, which were dependent on the indigenous people's skill and willingness to work. These goals often came into conflict. The missionaries were generally rather tolerant regarding

2402:

laborers. The result was several military and genocidal campaigns by the Germans against the natives. Both the colonial authorities and settlers were of the opinion that native Africans were to be a lower class, their land seized and handed over to settlers and companies, while the remaining

1784:

It is no longer believed that the initiation of colonial expansion represented a radical reversal of Bismarck's politics. The liberal-imperialist ideal of an overseas policy grounded in private economic initiatives, which he had held from the beginning, was not changed much by placing German

2938:, a sliver of German East Africa. German South West Africa was taken under mandate by the Union of South Africa. In terms of the population of 12.5 million people in 1914, 42 percent were transferred to mandates of Britain and its dominions, 33 percent to France, and 25 percent to Belgium. 1804:

As Bismarck was converted to the colonial idea by 1884, he favored "chartered company" land management rather than establishment of colonial government due to financial considerations. He used official letters of protection to transfer the commerce and administration of individual "German

3694:

Fischer, an anthropologist at the University of Freiburg, agreed with that notion saying that they should only be supported as necessary and as they prove to be useful. Once their use is gone, Europeans should "allow free competition, which in my (Fischer's) opinion means their demise."

2067:

put it in a speech to the Reichstag on 6 December 1897), which entailed the possession of colonies and a right to have a say in other colonial matters. This policy focussed on national prestige sharply contrasted with the pragmatic colonial policy advanced by Bismarck in 1884 and 1885.

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Miller, p. 21, school system in German East Africa; Garfield, p. 83, "hundreds of thousands of African children were in school"; Schultz-Naumann, p. 181, school system and Chinese student enrollment in Kiautschou; Davidson, p. 100, New Zealand building on the German educational

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voted against it. The charge that Germany had failed to "civilize" the peoples under its control was seen as particularly outrageous – this had played a central role in German colonialism's self-legitimation. This protest achieved nothing – in the final version of the

3682:

Techniques included genocide in parts of Africa. Furthermore, the wide acceptance among intellectuals of social Darwinism justified Germany's right to acquire colonial territories as a matter of the 'survival of the fittest', according to historian Michael Schubert.

2734:, which was published in 1913. Travelers and newspaper reporters brought back stories of black and brown natives serving German managers and settlers. There were also suspicions and reports of colonial malfeasance, corruption and brutality in some protectorates, and 1174:

Moreover, German public opinion in the late-19th century viewed colonial acquisitions as a true indication of having achieved full nationhood, and eventually arrived at an understanding that prestigious African and Pacific colonies went hand-in-hand with dreams of a

1599:

The year 1884 marks the beginning of actual German colonial acquisitions, building on the overseas possessions and rights that had been acquired for the German Empire since 1876. In one year, Germany's holdings became the third-largest colonial empire, after the

3418:

The German colonial population numbered 5,125 in 1903, and about 23,500 in 1913. The German pre–World War I colonial population consisted of 19,696 Germans in Africa and the Pacific colonies in 1913, including more than 3,000 police and soldiers, and 3,806 in

1867:

Although temperate zone cultivation flourished, the demise and often failure of tropical low-land enterprises contributed to changing Bismarck's view. He reluctantly acquiesced to pleas for help to deal with revolts and armed hostilities by often powerful

1720:

The causes of Bismarck's sudden shift to a policy of colonial acquisition remain a matter of controversy among historians. There are two dominant schools of thought: one which focusses on German domestic politics and one which focusses on foreign affairs.

1245:"in the name of the Empire". The German occupation of these places was revoked in January 1879 with the conclusion of a treaty of friendship between the local rulers and Germany. On 19 November 1878, von Werner established a treaty with the leaders of 3502:." As sexual relationships between the population groups had grown increasingly common, the colonies gradually banned "civil marriage between whites and natives" from 1905. Extra-marital sexual relationships were socially unacceptable, as leading to " 2476:

spread their surviving cattle out over the area of the colony. However, these new pastures had been bought by settlers, who now claimed the Herero's cattle for themselves. In 1904, the situation finally escalated into the revolt of the Herero and the

2847:—still considered a moderate in 1911—was willing to "study the map of Africa in a pro-German spirit". Britain further recognized that Germany really had little of value to offer in territorial transactions; however, advice to Grey and Prime Minister 2342: 3779:. However, individual west German politicians proposed undertaking late or postcolonial enterprises, especially the management of trusts in Tanganyika or Togo. Even within the African freedom movement, these suggestions co-existed with calls for 3476:

criteria. The "whites" (i.e. the German and European inhabitants of the colonies) formed a small, highly privileged minority – rarely reaching even 1% of a colony's total population. They enjoyed all the rights, privileges, and duties of normal

3471:

The relationship between the Germans and the indigenous populations in the German colonies was characterized by legal and social inequalities. There were two separate legal systems and people were assigned to one or the other on the basis of

3130:. In 1925, some settlers also returned to their plantations in Cameroon, which they had bought the previous year with financial support from the Foreign Office. In anticipation of the recovery of the colonies, the Colonial Women's School of 3008:

Several decades later during the collapse of the then existing colonial empires, Africans and Asians cited the same arguments that had been used by the Allies against German colonial rule – they now simply demanded "to stand by themselves".

1315:." The caption reads: "Must I then participate in the fashion? – Have courage, good lady! Even if you are a bit embarrassed by the novel to start with, it will give you a brilliant appearance on the outside." At left in the background, the 2752: 3758:

offered better potential for German settlement. Other scholars are skeptical and challenge the continuity thesis. Additionally, however, only one former colonial officer gained an important position in the Nazi administrative hierarchy.

4106:

The German language remains a popular subject of study for students in all three nations. Furthermore, a lasting legacy of Imperial German rule remains in the significant number of German language borrowings in the Tanzanian dialect of

1542:

would be sent to provide military protection. Additionally, Bismarck requested suggestions on this plan and asked for Adolph Woermann's advice personally on what instructions should be given to the Imperial commissioner. In March 1884,

6446:

Sarkin, Jeremy, and Carly Fowler. "Reparations for Historical Human Rights Violations: The International and Historical Dimensions of the Alien Torts Claims Act Genocide Case of the Herero of Namibia." Human Rights Review 9.3 (2008):

3807: 2266:

which gave England the right to veto any Siamese concessions to a third power, so Kedah, which was a vassal of the Bangkok government, was prevented from loaning Langkawi to the German government. The Kaiser's attempt to acquire the

6680: 3427:

and 1,643 in Cameroon. In the Pacific colonies in 1913 there were 1,645 Germans. After 1905 a ban on marriage was enacted forbidding mixed couples between German and native population in South West Africa, and after 1912 in Samoa.

1193: 1076: 610:" in Europe and on securing German interests on the continent. However, by 1891 the Germans were mostly united under Prussian rule. They also sought a more clear-cut "German" state, and saw colonies as a good way to achieve that. 7556:"Germans return skulls to Namibia. On Friday, Germany will return the first 20 of an estimated 300 skulls of indigenous Namibians butchered a century ago during an anti-colonial uprising in what was then called South West Africa" 2655:". Whatever the Germans constructed in their colonies was made to last. Scientific and technical institutions for colonial purposes were established or expanded, in order to develop the colonies on these terms. Two of these, the 2685:, who was Colonial Secretary from 1911 until 1918, also undertook tours in Africa in 1912 and 1913. The resulting impressions informed his colonial plans, which included an expansion of the powers of the governors and a ban on 1446:, along with the consuls of Britain and America. In the 1880s, Bismarck would unsuccessfully attempt to annex Samoa several times. The western Samoan islands, which included Apia, the main city, became a German colony in 1899. 2058:

in March 1899 he stated the alleged dilemma clearly: "... Germany has begun her colonial enterprise very late, and was, therefore, at the disadvantage of finding all the desirable places already occupied." Under the new

626:

founded in 1834, there was some call from private and economic interests for the establishment of German colonies, especially in the 1840s. However, governments had no such aspirations. In 1839, private interests founded the

597:

territory. Without a blue-water navy, a would-be colonial power could not reliably defend, supply or trade with overseas dependencies. The German states prior to 1870 had retained separate political structures and goals, and

1972:(it was hoped that the river would enable overland transport between German South West Africa and German East Africa). In these circumstances, further German colonial aspirations in South East Africa were brought to an end. 498:

under the administration, although not sovereignty, of one of the Allied powers. Talk of regaining the last Kaiser's lost colonies persisted in Germany until 1943, but never became an official goal of the German government.

2701:

in the colonies. He secured support for this comparatively peaceful colonial policy, instead of the highly militarized approach that had been taken up to this point, from all parties in the Reichstag, except for the right.

1826: 1500:

on the southwest African coast. In February and November 1883, he asked the British government whether the United Kingdom would provide protection to Lüderitz's trade station. Both times the British government refused.

3153:

stated that all allegations which the Allies had published during the war about the German colonial empire were, without exception, baseless fabrications. German colonial revisionists spoke of a "Colonial Guilt Myth."

1864:

British colonies were feared, and in general the demands of efficient administration overwhelmed the colonial companies) compelled Bismarck and his successors to implement direct and formal rule in all the colonies.

8683: 6576:; Haupt, p. 30, photograph of Dar es Salaam hospital; Schultz-Naumann, p. 183, Qingdao European and Chinese hospital; Schultz-Naumann, p. 169, Apia hospital wing expansion to accommodate growing Chinese labor force 2516:

The lack of any true war in Togoland led some in Europe to call it Germany's "model colony." But it saw its own share of bloodshed. The Germans used forced labor and harsh punishment to keep the Africans in line.

1082: 4099:. Close relations with West Germany were restored immediately following Rwandan independence and German military advisors helped train the Rwandan armed forces. The Goethe-Institute opened in the capitol city of 1438:, he acknowledged the "Treaty of Friendship" agreed between the Samoan chiefs and the German consul in Samoa in January 1879, with the result that the consul assumed control of the administration of the city of 7003: 6934: 3378:). These were comparable to the districts in size, but the native rulers were allowed far more power in residencies than in districts, helping to keep the costs of German administration as low as possible. 3595:

In her African and South Seas colonies, Germany established diverse biological and agricultural stations. Staff specialists and the occasional visiting university group conducted soil analyses, developed

3106:, the former Governor of Togo. Brückner's policy was that the return of Togo, Cameroon, and German East Africa were the most likely. In 1925, the Colonial Imperial Society ('Korag') was established as an 3027:

In Germany after the First World War, the general public opinion was that the seizure of the colonies had been unlawful and that Germany had a right to its colonies. Nearly all the parties elected to the

670:). About 7400 settlers were involved. The venture proved a complete failure. There was a constant lack of supplies and land and around half of the colonists died. The plan was definitively ended with the 8588:

8057: 8001: 7898: 1211:, guaranteeing all usage rights of the specified area to the German Empire, but leaving the King of Tonga's sovereignty untouched. No actual colonization occurred. On 16 July 1878, the commander of the 6433:

Jeremy Sarkin, and Carly Fowler, "Reparations for Historical Human Rights Violations: The International and Historical Dimensions of the Alien Torts Claims Act Genocide Case of the Herero of Namibia."

6019: 2907:

and divided between Belgium, the United Kingdom, and certain British Dominions, France and Japan with the determination not to see any of them returned to Germany – a guarantee secured by Article 119.

798:

in South America to investigate its prospects as a colony, since the Prussian naval command in particular were interested in the establishment of a naval strong point on the South American coast. The

1881:

After 1885, Bismarck opposed further colonial acquisitions and maintained his policy focus on maintaining good relationships with the Great Powers of England and France. In 1888, when the journalist

984:

to protect the global trade interests of the Confederation through a kind of informal imperialism. In 1867, it was decided to establish five overseas bases. Accordingly, in 1868, land was bought in

2131:

and the area within 50 km of Jiaozhou Bay became a "Neutral Zone" in which Chinese sovereignty was limited in favor of Germany. Furthermore, Germany received mining and railway concessions in

3836:, whose ancestors were killed in their thousands in German-administered Southwest Africa between 1904 and 1908, have taken legal action against Germany in the American courts. In January 2017, a 1093: 828:. From the 1830s, German shipping participated in trade with Africa and established factories there. From the 1850s, trade and plantation agriculture were undertakend by German companies in the 2485:

were not able to quell. The German government therefore dispatched a naval expeditionary force and subsequently reinforcement Schutztruppe. In total, around 15,000 men under Lieutenant-general

7346: 7151: 3863:

aimed to bring about "revived awareness of colonialism in political, legal, and psychological spheres" to a wider group of readers and scholars, as the editor Asiye Öztürk put it. In 2015,

2981:

military intervention at the behest of and for Great Britain. It also meant that British colonies now had colonies of their own – which was very much influenced at the Paris proceedings by

3642:

children of Herero women and German men as test subjects. Together with Theodor Mollison he also experimented upon Herero prisoners. Those experiments included sterilization, injection of

3791:

proposing that the territories of German Togoland taken by the British and the French be reunited and led towards independence together. While this initiative was not accepted, in 1960,

2697:, governor of East Africa from 1912, proclaimed that "the dominant feature of my administration ... the welfare of the natives entrusted into my care." Solf also advocated a network of 5425:

stated in debate in 1878 that whenever there is talk of "colonization" he would recommend to keep pocketbooks out of sight, "even if the proposal is for the acquisition of paradise". .

5255:

Deutschland und Übersee. Der deutsche Handel mit den anderen Kontinenten, insbesondere Afrika, von Karl V. bis zu Bismarck. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Rivalität im Wirtschaftsleben

5227:

Deutschland und Übersee. Der deutsche Handel mit den anderen Kontinenten, insbesondere Afrika, von Karl V. bis zu Bismarck. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Rivalität im Wirtschaftsleben

3166:'s speeches sometimes did mention return of the lost colonies, as a bargaining point, but at all times his real target was Eastern Europe. In 1934, the Nazi Party established its own 2331: 3514:, resulting in most parties agreeing that miscegenation should be legalized. However, no law on this was ever enacted. The ban remained in effect until the end of the German Empire. 2726:

The colonies were romanticized. Geologists and cartographers explored what were then unmarked regions on European maps, identifying mountains and rivers, and demarcating boundaries.

578:

with chiefs and/or other tribal leaders. These early agreements with local entities later formed the basis for annexation treaties, diplomatic support and military protection by the

1000:

in China as a military port in 1897, Yokohama remained the base of the German fleet in East Asia. It later proved useful following the acquisition of colonies in the Pacific and in

5048: 3194:, among others, hindered colonialists' publicity activities, seeing them as representative of a discarded past and as irrelevant when compared with Eastern European 'Lebensraum.'" 1948:

with Britain on 1 July 1890, in which Germany renounced all remaining claims north of German East Africa. In this way, he established a balance with Great Britain. Renouncing the

1893:

sense, Bismarck replied that his priority was rather the protection of the recently won national unity, which he considered to be under threat due to Germany's central location:

3715:

which in turn was used by the Nazis. They argue that the limited successes of German colonialism overseas led to a decision to shift the main focus of German expansionism into

5435: 2347: 1198: 1430:

policy on the protection of the German economy from foreign competition. The beginning of his colonial policy in connection with the Schutzzollpolitik was the acquisition of

11152: 628: 8212:

Deutschland und seine Kolonieen; Wanderungen durch das Reich und seine überseeischen Besitzungen, unter Mitwirkung von Arthur Achleitner, Johannes Biernatzki [etc.]

3812: 3548: 2807: 1060: 1219: 1135: 3844:. The statement of claim speaks of over 100,000 fatalities. In March 2017, it became known that the Namibian government was considering an action against Germany in the 2662:

Dernburg declared that the indigenous population in the protectorates "was the most important factor in our colonies" and this was affirmed by new laws and initiatives.

1461:, but was rejected by the Reichstag. The bill would have provided German financial support to a private German colonial trade company that had fallen into difficulties. 6586:

and "African cultivators were encouraged to grow cash crops, with technical aid from agronomists, guaranteed prices and government assistance in marketing the produce."

2509:

The Maji-Maji rebellion broke out in German East Africa in 1905/6 and its suppression led to an estimated 100,000 native deaths, many from famine resulting from German

1662:, "emerging from the bush with X-marks on documents ... for some 160,000 km (60,000 sq mi) of the Zanzibar Sultanate's mainland property." which became 864:

and the Philippines, offered to place his islands under Prussian and then Imperial German control, but both times he was rebuffed. Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, the Sultan of

11147: 3875:

in Cameroon established a joint-research project on "Colonial links", which culminated in an exhibition in Düsseldorf in 2017. After that, the exhibition traveled to

8978:

Gemeaux (de), Christine,(dir., présentation et conclusion): "Empires et colonies. L'Allemagne du Saint-Empire au deuil post-colonial", Clermont-Ferrand, PUBP, coll.

8756: 6991: 6922: 5179: 5074: 1524: 3384:

were stationed in the colonies of Cameroon, Southwest Africa, and East Africa for internal military security. The police forces in the colonies were police troops (

3045:, Germany was required to give up all its colonies. With the exception of German Southwest Africa, where some descendants of German settlers still live today (the 806:

which the commander of the ship decided to return to Germany due to the exhaustion of the men after the year-long expedition and the need for repairs to the ship.

6298: 6211: 11127: 8049: 7997: 7895: 5587: 5448: 2706:

amount of agricultural products from the colonies, exotic fruits and spices, that were sold to the public in Germany. Between 1906 and 1914, the production of

1281: 5629: 3339:) in 1900 after further changes. It introduced German law in the German colonies for Europeans, through consular jurisdiction. The Consular Jurisdiction Law ( 1134:, so that they would not be lost to the nation. Since the diaspora had mainly emigrated to English-speaking areas up to this point, the prominent colonialist 10756: 7766:

Germany subsequently tried to turn Europe into its colonial possession by practicing a migrations form of colonialism that was reworked into the ideology of

2375:

became profitable and self-sufficient; the balance sheet for the colonies as a whole revealed a fiscal net loss for Germany. Despite this, the leadership in

7563: 3619:. Medical doctors the world over benefited from pioneering work into tropical diseases and German pharmaceutical discoveries "became a standard therapy for 3615:

and other scientists was funded by the imperial treasury and was freely shared with other nations. More than three million Africans were vaccinated against

6367:

Dominik J. Schaller: "'Ich glaube, dass die Nation als solche vernichtet werden muss': Kolonialkrieg und Völkermord in 'Deutsch-Südwestafrika' 1904–1907",

5355: 3410:). In Togo, the size of the European population made an upper court impractical, so the upper court of Kamerun also acted as the appellate court for Togo. 1897:

Your map of Africa is very pretty, but my map of Africa lies in Europe. Here is Russia, here is France, and we are in the middle. That is my map of Africa.

3103: 2027:. Colonial acquisition became a serious factor in German domestic politics. The German colonial society was joined in 1891 by the extremely nationalistic 11122: 8767: 7388: 4957: 3324:

The legal situation in the colonies was first regulated by the 1886 law concerning the legal relationships of the German protectorates, which became the

1420: 11046: 6108:

Roy M. MacLeod, Milton James Lewis: Disease, medicine, and empire: Perspectives on western medicine and the experience of the european expansion, 1988,

1092:

was founded, which included the "acquisition of agricultural and commercial colonies for the German Empire" in its founding statute. In 1882, the first

1059:

in 1871, Bismarck maintained his earlier position. During the 1870s, colonialist propaganda achieved increasing public profile in Germany. In 1873, the

7080: 5835: 3325: 2482: 1087: 996:) was established there by the navy as the first overseas base, with a permanent presence of German warships. Until the German Empire's acquisition of 920: 7252:

Strafrecht und Strafrechtspflege in den deutschen Kolonien von 1884 bis 1914 Ein Rechtsvergleich innerhalb der Besitzungen des Kaiserreichs in Übersee

5810: 5717: 7343: 6809: 4013: 1163: 1149: 869: 543: 6992:"Das völkerrechtliche Ende des deutschen Kolonialreichs. Globale Neuordnung und transnationale Debatten in den 1920er Jahren und ihre Nachwirkungen" 6923:"Das völkerrechtliche Ende des deutschen Kolonialreichs. Globale Neuordnung und transnationale Debatten in den 1920er Jahren und ihre Nachwirkungen" 9031: 7490:

Daniel J. Walther, "Sex, Public Health and Colonial Control: The Campaign Against Venereal Diseases in Germany's Overseas Possessions, 1884–1914."

2327:. This acquisitive German colonial policy led to the increasing isolation of Germany among the Great Powers, seen in Germany as an "encirclement". 1831: 1291:

and the German Consul for the South Seas Islands, Gustav Godeffroy Junior established a treaty of commerce and friendship with "the government" of

7878: 7145: 3268:), which was headed by the Imperial Chancellor. In 1907, the Colonial Division was separated from the Foreign Office and became its own ministry ( 3223: 1941:, in favor of France and Britain respectively. In 1886, Germany and Britain agreed on the boundaries of their spheres of interest in East Africa. 3879:

and to various German cities, where it was augmented with aspects of local relevance. Finally, a volume on the exhibition was published in 2019.

1917:

held in Berlin from 1884 to 1885, he divied Africa up between the Great Powers. In 1884, a treaty was concluded in the name of Lüderitz with the

1170:. Through this and through the emigration of the overly rebellious masses to the colonies the internal unity of the nation would be strengthened. 2406:

Since the Germans were materially and technologically superior but had only a minimal military presence, the indigenous peoples largely adopted

6207: 3037: 2758:

Postcards depicted romanticized images of natives and exotic locales, such as this early 20th-century card of the German colonial territory in

2361: 1860:

and a few unspecified rights to intervene. In this way, state financial and administrative engagement with the colonies was kept to a minimum.

9613: 3291:) was placed alongside the Colonial Division. It contained representatives of the Colonial Societies and experts appointed by the Chancellor. 3145:

to Germany, but most Germans did not accept this and many saw the confiscation of the colonies by the Allies as a theft, especially after the

785:

was "released from carrying out the part of his task concerned with identification of overseas settlements suitable for Prussian settlement."

5150: 2213: 1991:, also of Leipzig, researched African languages. Leipzig established a professorship of Anthropology, Ethnography, and Pre-history in 1901 ( 2403:

population was to be put in reservations; the Germans planned to make a colony inhabited predominantly by whites: a "new African Germany".

1949: 1516:, engaged in extremely confidential negotiations with the Foreign Office, which was headed by Bismarck, for the acquisition of a colony in 1450: 1253:

islands of Lebon and Letahalin, granting privileges like the exclusive right to establish a coal station. An official German colony in the

2521:

Colony. In the process they built an international network of sympathizers. Exposés followed in the print media throughout Germany of the

2003:

was director of the "Institute for Colonial Geography". In 1919, the Seminar for Colonial geography and colonial policy" was established.

589:, the German states had not concentrated on the development of a navy, and this essentially had precluded German participation in earlier 7091: 5045: 2768: 2232: 1234: 1230: 7707:

Weikart, Richard (7 May 2003). "Progress through Racial Extermination: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and Pacifism in Germany, 1860–1918".

7303: 4044:. This made it possible for the BND to easily receive highly detailed and accurate intelligence reports from these regions in which the 7680:

Michael Schubert, "The 'German nation' and the 'black Other': social Darwinism and the cultural mission in German colonial discourse,"

2844: 1757: 908: 11162: 10749: 4503: 886:, article 4.1 declared "colonization" as one of the areas under the "oversight of the Confederation", which remained the case in the 17: 6674:

Die k.u.k. Luftfahrtruppe – Die Entstehung, der Aufbau und die Organisation der österreichisch-ungarischen Heeresluftwaffe 1912–1918

5155:

Kolonialpolitik und Marine. Die Rolle der Kaiserlichen Marine bei der Gründung und Sicherung des deutschen Kolonialreiches 1884–1914

1847:

were pretty much the only goods produced for the German and international markets in Togo, as in the other German tropical colonies.

1573: 769:

for the undertaking, since France was also seeking to acquire colonies in East Asia at that time. Since French interests focused on

11132: 2561: 1531:

were laid out without consideration of other trading nations. In response the German government asked the senates of the cities of

8544: 6217: 5865:

Das Ringen um den nationalen Staat. Die Gründung und der innere Ausbau des Deutschen Reiches unter Otto von Bismarck 1850 bis 1890

3638:, a German scientist, came to the concentration camps to conduct medical experiments on race, using children of Herero people and 1984: 8940:

Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15", Band 6, "Aufgabe der Zentralregionen", Windhoek 2017,

7850: 7827: 5480: 3142: 2019:, was willing to maintain the colonial burden of what already existed, but opposed new ventures. Others who followed, especially 8564:

Reimann-Dawe, Tracey. "The British Other on African soil: the rise of nationalism in colonial German travel writing on Africa,"

3864: 2185:

became a German protectorate. Simultaneously, the control of existing colonies was extended inland; for example the kingdoms of

7611: 7393:

Einbürgern und ausschließen. Die Nationalisierung der Staatsangehörigkeit vom Deutschen Bund bis zur Bundesrepublik Deutschland

3033: 2573: 2031:. In addition to the arguments previously made in support of colonialism, it was now argued that Germany had a duty to end the 1736:, which supported colonialism, to himself, have also been proposed as domestic factors in the adoption of the colonial policy. 1052: 633: 3494:

that the children of mixed marriages automatically received German citizenship. This was perceived as a threat to the "German

677:

Starting in the 1850s German commercial enterprises spread into areas that would later become German colonies in West Africa,

10815: 10566: 9948: 8987: 8965: 8955: 8945: 8935: 8925: 8915: 8905: 8895: 8885: 8871: 8846: 8787: 8776: 8669: 8407: 8293: 8231: 8191: 8032: 7259: 5735:"... da und dort ein junges Deutschland gründen". Rassismus, Kolonien und kolonialer Gedanke vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert. 5241:

Die Nikobaren: Colonial-Geschichte und Beschreibung nebst motivirtem Vorschlage zur Colonisation dieser Inseln durch Preussen

4797: 4132: 3032:

on 19 January 1919, voted in favor of a resolution which demanded the return of the colonies on 1 March 1919, i.e. while the

2565:

German Colonial Secretary Bernhard Dernburg (2nd from right) on an inspection tour in East Africa, with British officials at

1902:

over to the admiralty. In May 1889, Bismarck offered to sell the German possessions in Africa to the Italian Prime Minister,

8950:

Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15", Band 7, "Der Ring schließt sich", Windhoek 2018,

8920:

Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15", Band 4, "Der Süden ist verloren", Windhoek 2015,

3771:

West German vice minister of workfare, Wilhelm Claussen (left), with Paul Armegee, transport minister of Togo, in Bonn, 1961

1435: 10742: 9024: 4807: 1468:

to produce a report on German colonial goals in the Pacific and the possibility of enforcing them. Hansemann submitted his

508: 10472: 7656:

Richard Weikart, "Progress through racial extermination: Social Darwinism, eugenics, and pacifism in Germany, 1860–1918."

6677: 6260: 5171: 5066: 3423:(1910), of which 2,275 were navy and military staff. In Africa (1913), 12,292 Germans lived in Southwest Africa, 4,107 in 2926:, the United Kingdom obtained by far the greater landmass of this colony, thus gaining the "missing link" in the chain of 1975:

German interest in African colonies was accompanied by a growth of scholarly interest in Africa. In 1845, the orientalist

1145:

held that if they were allowed to leave, the Anglo-Saxon race would irretrievably overtake the German one demographically.

11018: 10908: 10903: 8960:

Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15", Band 8, "Das Ende bei Khorab", Windhoek 2018,

8594: 8093:

The General was a Spy: The Truth about General Gehlen, 20th-century Superspy who served Hitler, the CIA, and West Germany

7539:

Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of European Blacks, Africans and African Americans During the Nazi Era

5025: 4812: 3980: 3792: 3623:

and relapsing fever. The German presence (in Africa) was vital for significant achievements in medicine and agriculture.

2859: 1724:

In terms of internal politics, the key aspect is the public pressure which led to the development of a "Colonial fever" (

1123:

for German industrial products and thus provide a substitute for the decreasing consumer demand in Germany following the

2193:

were added to German East Africa. However, from 1891, German efforts in this regard encountered sharp resistance in the

10618: 9618: 8930:

Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15", Band 5, "Aufgabe der Küste", Windhoek 2016,

8650: 6637:

Detzner, Hermann, (Oberleut.) "Kamerun Boundary: Die nigerische Grenze von Kamerun zwischen Yola und dem Cross-fluss."

3860: 3788: 1098: 1031: 7952: 7928: 4095:, German colonial rule was nostalgically glorified and positively contrasted with the region's subsequent rule by the 9262: 8910:

Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15", Band 3, "Kämpfe im Süden", Windhoek 2014,

8828: 8509: 8354: 7413: 7297: 6964: 6342: 6162: 6113: 6096: 5985: 5872: 5278: 5138: 4032:

at a considerable advantage in dealing with the newly independent governments of post-colonial Africa, Asia, and the

3767: 1999:

school of African research) and a professorship for "Colonial geography and colonial policy" in 1915. The researcher

1449:

In April 1880, Bismarck actively intervened in domestic politics in favor of colonial matters, when he presented the

887: 7039: 5919:

once the military command was able to harness this aggressiveness through training, the German Askari forces of the

3057: 11003: 4871: 4827: 3238: 2154: 2147: 1733: 599: 10876: 9153: 8741:

Walther, Daniel J. "Sex, Race and Empire: White Male Sexuality and the" Other" in Germany's Colonies, 1894–1914."

7664: 7640: 5997: 2851:

hardened by early 1914 "to stop the trend of what the advisors considered Germany's taking and Britain's giving."

1929:

in Zululand. However, the claim was dropped as part of a concession to Britain in May 1885, along with a claim to

1335:

away to the British. It was, he said, a burden and an expense, and he would like to saddle someone else with it."

832:. Some of these economic enterprises eventually formed the basis for the regions' conversion into German colonies. 11117: 10244: 9179: 9017: 8583: 7974: 7749: 7555: 5386: 5096: 4687: 3559: 3527: 3299: 3227: 3167: 3135: 2422:

The most significant of these actions against local populations were reprisals against the Chinese following the

2128: 2081: 1659: 1108: 1001: 782: 9406: 7173:

Grenzfälle. Staatsangehörigkeit, Rassismus und nationale Identität unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft, 1884–1914

3859:

The publication of edited volumes on the themes of colonialism (2012) and German Colonial History (2019) by the

2799:

Austrian lieutenant Paul Fiedler bombarding a South African military camp at the railway station of Tschaukaib,

2323:. In the end they were given parts of northwestern French Congo, which were added to German Cameroon and dubbed 10842: 9040: 6286: 6065: 4891: 4861: 4837: 4600: 3845: 3627: 3371: 3355:, who was aided by a chancellor (as deputy and assistance in legal matters), secretaries, and other officials. 2659:

and the German Colonial School are predecessor organizations of the modern universities of Hamburg and Kassel.

2647:

grew into the "prettiest city in western Africa", and Qingdao in China was, "in miniature, as German a city as

2497:), under which the surviving Herero were driven into the wilderness. 1800 of the survivors had reached British 2336: 2320: 2209: 2054:

Wilhelm himself lamented his nation's position as colonial followers rather than leaders. In an interview with

2047:. Pre-eminent, however, was the matter of German national prestige and the belief that Germany was locked in a 1945: 1065: 231: 5331:

Die deutsche Yangtse-Patrouille. Deutsche Kanonenbootpolitik in China im Zeitalter des Imperialismus 1900–1914

3663: 2843:

and both the British and German empires took conciliatory attitudes toward one another. Foreign Secretary Sir

1111:

was established with the goal of actually undertaking colonization. The two societies merged in 1887 into the

737: 92: 10682: 9055: 8900:

Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15", Band 2, "Naulila", Windhoek 2012,

8890:

Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15", Band 1, 2. Auflage Windhoek 2012,

8643:

The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa

8135: 8096: 4953: 4941: 4881: 3673:. It gave an impetus to German assertiveness as a world economic and military power, aimed at competing with 3062: 2835: 2730:

and one Captain Nugent, R.A., had charge of a joint project to demarcate the British and German frontiers of

2586:

of the people in them. Therefore, the highest authority in colonial administration, the Colonial Department (

1750: 1019:. William was very interested in this suggestion, but the matter was forgotten following the outbreak of the 931: 476: 401: 388:

had occurred in preceding centuries, but Bismarck resisted pressure to construct a colonial empire until the

5239: 4072:

worldwide, the first foreign branches were founded in 1961, in the last Kaiser's former African colonies of

3122:, founded the "Interparty Colonial Union", which included members of the whole political spectrum, from the 1756:

In terms of foreign policy, the decision to colonize is seen as an extension of the concept of the European

1224: 1140: 404:. The German colonial empire encompassed parts of several African countries, including parts of present-day 10677: 10561: 9191: 8304: 6521:; Haupt, p. 66, Kamerun northern and main line; Haupt, p. 56, map of rail lines in German South West Africa 4886: 3914:, the Germans left very few traces of their own language, institutions or customs in its former colonies. 3389: 3388:), organized on military lines. In the Kiautschou Leased Bay Territory, which was under the control of the 3303: 2542: 1976: 1729: 345: 6801: 3489:

against decisions of the colonial authorities or first-instance judgments. For the 10,000 or so people of

2605: 2591: 2549:

in January 1907. The conservative Bülow government barely survived, but in January 1907 the newly-elected

2379:

committed the nation to the financial support, maintenance, development and defense of these possessions.

2015:(1888–1918) was keen for Germany to expand its colonial holdings. Bismarck's immediate successor in 1890, 654:

for its worldwide shipping interests and therefore gave no political support to the Colonial Society. The

10995: 10765: 10687: 9724: 8448:

Kennedy, Paul M. "German Colonial Expansion. Has the" Manipulated Social Imperialism" Been Ante-Dated?."

7212: 4045: 2538: 2450: 2427: 1839: 1513: 1070:

was established, which considered exploration of Africa its main function. In 1878 the foundation of the

10820: 2051:

competition with the other Great Powers, in which Germany as a "late-comer" had to claim her due share.

10987: 8839:

Grenzfälle – Staatsangehörigkeit, Rassismus und nationale Identität unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft.

7875: 7338: 6420:

Lauman, Dennis (2003). "A Historiography of German Togoland, or the Rise and Fall of a "Model Colony".

6396:: "Völkermord und Gedenken. Der Genozid an den Herero und Nama in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904–1908". In 6354:

Tilman Dedering: "The German-Herero War of 1904: Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography?"

5005: 4896: 4876: 4817: 3926: 3716: 3544: 2904: 2656: 2112: 2012: 1806: 1768:. Improving relations with France through a "colonial entente" that would divert French attention from 1299:, which granted the German fleet the right to anchor at all harbors on the island, among other things. 1008: 992:

for a German naval hospital, which remained in operation until 1911. In 1869 the "East Asian Station" (

883: 1547:

was named as the Imperial Commissioner for the West African Coast and set sail for West Africa in the

879:

to establish a Prussian protectorate over his lands, but this request was never considered in Berlin.

11142: 11013: 10645: 9793: 9357: 8612: 5011: 4822: 3553: 3540: 3215: 2994: 2667:

bound to the Fatherland, administratively independent, intellectually self-sufficient, and healthy."

2498: 2465: 2268: 1810: 1474: 1458: 1454: 1184: 1012: 958: 957:

In 1868, Bismarck made his opposition to any colonial acquisitions clear in a letter to the Prussian

912: 606:(1815–1898; in office as Prussian Foreign Minister from 1862 to 1890) concentrated on resolving the " 495: 392:

in 1884. Claiming much of the remaining uncolonized areas of Africa, Germany built the third-largest

84: 10866: 976:

The policy of the North German Confederation at this time focussed on the acquisition of individual

11137: 10913: 10811: 10807: 10603: 10578: 10428: 10087: 10082: 9164: 9080: 7776:

Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction Robert Young Published 2001 Blackwell Publishing page 2

7044: 4975: 4832: 4792: 4624: 4513: 4337: 4251: 3992: 3942: 3780: 3029: 2869: 2800: 2595: 2526: 2356:, to provide agricultural training to people for settlement in the colonies. It is now part of the 2032: 1822: 1793: 1627: 1379: 1355: 1332: 517: 433: 35: 2262:. The deal fell through when the British government intervened based on a secret 1897 treaty with 2063:("Global policy"), a "place in the Sun" was sought for the "latecoming nation" (as the chancellor 734:

arrived at the Nicobars in 1858, but the Austrians did not subsequently lay claim to the islands.

11157: 10795: 10670: 10551: 10092: 10045: 9988: 9687: 9631: 9379: 8678:

Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge von. "Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion under Bismarck"

8369: 8109: 6514: 6380: 5378:

Hartmut Pogge Von Strandmann, "Domestic origins of Germany's colonial expansion under Bismarck."

4866: 4096: 4025: 3996: 3946: 3802:

Efforts to revive the Colonial War League after the Second World War led to the establishment in

3743: 3448: 3420: 3362:), the largest administrative subdivisions of a colony, were administered by a District Officer ( 3095: 2866: 2856: 2831: 2812: 2000: 1926: 1286: 1112: 8688:

von Strandmann, H. Pogge. "The German Role in Africa and German Imperialism: A Review Article."

7907: 6376: 5120:

Biskup, Thomas; Kohlrausch, Martin. "Germany 2: Colonial Empire". Credo Online. Credo Reference.

3795:, the last Imperial German governor of Togo, was invited to Togo's independence celebrations by 3522: 3134:

was founded in 1926. In 1931, an Institute for Foreign and Colonial Forestry was founded at the

11008: 10850: 10692: 10588: 10276: 10224: 10144: 10077: 9981: 9966: 9859: 9626: 9580: 9421: 9308: 7695:

The Discourse Strategies of Imperialist Writing: The German Colonial Idea and Africa, 1848–1945

7064: 6335:

Völkermord in Deutsch-Südwestafrika. Der Kolonialkrieg (1904–1908) in Namibia und seine Folgen.

3929:

and there are numerous German placenames and architectural structures in the country. A 30,000

3903: 3330: 3261: 3191: 3099: 2931: 2820: 1996: 1961: 1605: 1493: 1316: 821: 586: 8599:

Smith, Woodruff. "The Colonial Novel as Political Propaganda: Hans Grimm's 'Volk Ohne Raum'."

8221: 7088: 6075: 2899:

Germany's overseas empire was dismantled following defeat in World War I. With the concluding

1753:

to the German throne in order to prevent him from instituting liberal English-style policies.

1039:

with the others keeping themselves busy down there. Then there will finally be peace up here."

78: 30:

This article is about colonies of the German Empire. For the territories of Nazi Germany, see

10982: 10951: 10623: 10583: 10396: 10271: 9335: 9325: 9284: 9255: 9000: 7287: 5360: 4498: 4263: 3976: 3872: 3720: 3674: 3107: 2178: 2092: 1402:). Germany was also active in the Pacific, annexing a series of islands that would be called 1375: 487: 429: 10511: 6957:

Das Selbstverständnis der Weimarer Kolonialbewegung im Spiegel ihrer Zeitschriftenliteratur.

2064: 2020: 1944:

After Bismarck had ended the policy of colonial acquisition in March 1890, he concluded the

10918: 10898: 10893: 10824: 10716: 10546: 10516: 10391: 10322: 10293: 10212: 9546: 9384: 9374: 9009: 8571:

Sanderson, George Neville. "The European partition of Africa: Coincidence or conjuncture?"

8558: 3503: 3175: 3065:, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the declaration of the Southwest African protectorate 3042: 2970: 2900: 2357: 2024: 1885:

urged him to acquire further colonies for Germany, so that it would not fall behind in the

1805:

protectorates" to private companies. The administration of these areas was assigned to the

1647: 1465: 1425: 1266: 837: 774: 762: 619: 547: 483: 283: 10734: 10496: 7479:

White Falcon. The House of Godeffroy and its Commercial and Scientific Role in the Pacific

3016: 1189:

had no interest in making colonial conquests merely to acquire square miles of territory.

8: 11062: 10846: 10803: 10408: 10288: 10254: 10156: 9976: 9971: 9783: 9502: 9438: 9313: 9298: 8418: 5860: 5222: 3958: 3119: 2927: 2663: 2490: 2461: 2456: 2431: 2392: 1886: 1797: 1761: 1686: 1643: 1048: 1020: 925: 671: 389: 270: 10124: 10114: 9104: 8864:

Koloniale Verhandlungen. Gerichtsbarkeit, Verwaltung und Herrschaft in Kamerun 1884–1916

8855:

Unter Kaisers Flagge, Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute

7238:

Koloniale Verhandlungen. Gerichtsbarkeit, Verwaltung und Herrschaft in Kamerun 1884–1916

7199:

Koloniale Verhandlungen. Gerichtsbarkeit, Verwaltung und Herrschaft in Kamerun 1884–1916

7186:

Koloniale Verhandlungen. Gerichtsbarkeit, Verwaltung und Herrschaft in Kamerun 1884–1916

6247:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History

3406:) had jurisdiction in first instance and there was a right of appeal to an upper court ( 1934: 1651: 1419:

The shift in Bismarck's policy on the acquisition of colonies began as part of his 1878

1159:

put it, a "cultural mission" to spread its supposedly superior culture across the globe.

10941: 10838: 10785: 10780: 10521: 10501: 10484: 10435: 10300: 10109: 10060: 9993: 9911: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9798: 9768: 9660: 9558: 9426: 9401: 9085: 9063: 8715: 8704: 8664:. Translated by Bernd Zöllner. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International. 8629: 8480: 8165: 7724: 7427:„Schwarze Bestien, rote Gefahr". Rassismus und Antisozialismus im deutschen Kaiserreich 7051: 6302: 6150: 5832:

Von der „Deutschen Doppelrevolution" bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges 1845/49–1914

5773:

Von der "Deutschen Doppelrevolution" bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges 1845/49–1914

5407:

Von der „Deutschen Doppelrevolution" bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges 1845/49–1914

5266: 4993: 4906: 4842: 4382: 4069: 3485: 3424: 3179: 3111: 2923: 2636: 2411: 2186: 2124: 2116: 2091:

After 1890, Germany succeeded in acquiring only relatively minor territories. In 1895,

2076: 1980: 1869: 1818: 1741: 1737: 1690: 1663: 1528: 1339: 1212: 1154: 1056: 874: 853: 849: 770: 750: 472: 350: 31: 8810:

Kamerun Boundary: Die nigerische Grenze von Kamerun zwischen Yola und dem Cross-fluss.

8541:

A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires

8080:

African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918

7847: 7824: 7787:

Continuities and German Colonialism: Colonial Experience and Metropolitan Developments

7590:

The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism.

7451:

Horst Gründer: "'Gott will es'. Eine Kreuzzugsbewegung am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts."

6126:

More than Merchants: A History of the German-speaking Community in Penang, 1800s–1940s

6017:

Horst Gründer: "'Gott will es'. Eine Kreuzzugsbewegung am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts,"

5477: 1621: 1548: 10861: 10830: 10630: 10526: 10462: 10457: 10386: 10283: 9998: 9926: 9921: 9763: 9692: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9465: 9416: 9132: 8983: 8961: 8951: 8941: 8931: 8921: 8911: 8901: 8891: 8881: 8867: 8842: 8824: 8783: 8772: 8665: 8646: 8633: 8505: 8403: 8350: 8311:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

8289: 8249: 8227: 8187: 8169: 8157: 8028: 7409: 7293: 7255: 6960: 6782:

Australia in effective control, formally together with United Kingdom and New Zealand

6372: 6338: 6282: 6158: 6109: 6092: 5981: 5960: 5868: 5274: 5134: 4999: 4487: 4058: 3907: 3620: 3277: 3004: 2966: 2816: 2742:

missionaries dispatched disturbing reports to their mission headquarters in Germany.

2739: 2624: 2486: 2190: 2143: 2028: 1705: 1403: 1319: 1270: 1026: 981: 961: 894: 857: 790: 714: 603: 377: 205: 8548: 8272:

Berghahn, Volker Rolf. "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler"

7603: 6624:. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1984, S. 281 f.; Wilfried Westphal: 5465:

Die deutschen Schutzgebiete. Erwerb, Organisation und Verlust aus juristischer Sicht

1489: 1269:

in December 1878, which would become a component part of the future protectorate of

10479: 10266: 10261: 10217: 10204: 10134: 10102: 10097: 9961: 9956: 9938: 9899: 9832: 9815: 9756: 9746: 9741: 9682: 9638: 9608: 9568: 9551: 9534: 9497: 9248: 8731:

Uzoigwe, Godfrey N. "Reflections on the Berlin West Africa Conference, 1884–1885."

8621: 8147: 7716: 6510: 6234:

Absolute destruction: military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany

6174: 5017: 4901: 4636: 4564: 4508: 4084:

opened a Goethe Institute branch immediately after achieving independence from the

4065: 4041: 3930: 3796: 3776: 3775:

Regaining the former German colonies played no significant role in the politics of

3731: 3670: 3284: 3231: 3046: 2946: 2942: 2881: 2877: 2271:

from Mexico as another naval base for the German fleet in the Pacific also failed.

2174: 2158: 2048: 1914: 1903: 1890: 1697: 1682:. With this, the first wave of German colonial acquisitions was largely completed. 1667: 1544: 1407: 1254: 1167: 1115:. Generally, four arguments were advanced in favor of the acquisition of colonies: 532: 157: 7896:"Verhandlungen zwischen Deutschland und Namibia: Die Kolonialzeit holt Berlin ein" 7121:

The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–1936

6853:

General J. C. Smuts is often identified as the inventor of the idea of "mandates"

6402:

Völkermord. Genozid und Kriegsverbrechen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts

3432:

Germany, the numbers rose in the following years above the pre–World War I total.

2619:

The creator of the new colonial policy was a successful banker and private-sector

1257:

was only established in 1885. Von Werner also acquired a harbor on the islands of

1203:

was signed in 1876, which provided for the establishment of a coal station on the

1043:

A French proposal after the Franco-Prussian War to hand over the French colony of

10936: 10697: 10665: 10538: 10506: 10489: 10445: 10440: 10418: 10413: 10371: 10364: 10339: 10199: 10194: 10035: 9916: 9810: 9805: 9773: 9598: 9588: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9455: 9411: 9293: 9279: 9068: 8325:

We men who feel most German: a cultural study of the Pan-German League, 1886–1914

8299:

Boianovsky, Mauro. "Friedrich List and the economic fate of tropical countries."

8266:

Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: The Duala and their Hinterland, c. 1600–c.1960

7956: 7932: 7902: 7882: 7854: 7831: 7753: 7741:

Jonathan Derrick, "The 'Germanophone' Elite of Douala under the French Mandate."

7668: 7644: 7542: 7350: 7155: 7095: 6684: 6229: 5484: 5390: 5052: 4576: 4029: 3918: 3822: 3171: 3087: 3083: 2935: 2873: 2727: 2694: 2423: 2251: 2162: 2040: 2016: 1773: 1701: 1671: 1635: 1527:

between the United Kingdom and France was published, in which the two countries'

1505: 1363: 1296: 1176: 1131: 1072:

Central Society for Commercial Geography and Promotion of German Interests Abroad

989: 943: 841: 814: 723: 663: 662:

in 1842, sought to expand the German settlements into a colony of "New Germany" (

639: 607: 491: 393: 365: 218: 169: 165: 144: 121: 58: 10119: 8568:(2011) 45#5 pp 417–433, the perceived hostile force was Britain, not the natives 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 3583:, which was widespread in Africa and the Pacific. The exception to this was the 2872:

on Germany in 1914 and quickly seized several of Germany's island colonies, the

2240: 1843:

Cotton transport in Togo, c. 1900. Coffee, cacao, cotton, and products from the

1616: 1612: 1566: 1322:

is depicted as a governess. Engraving by Gustav Heil for the satirical magazine

939: 11036: 10964: 10956: 10946: 10834: 10640: 10635: 10598: 10573: 10556: 10467: 10452: 10423: 10381: 10229: 10189: 10184: 10139: 10065: 10025: 10015: 10005: 9820: 9699: 9593: 9460: 9342: 8762: 8725: 6760:

Africa never annexed the country outright although Smuts did toy with the idea.

6393: 5422: 4778: 4085: 3984: 3911: 3899: 3755: 3751: 3739: 3678: 3252:

Between 1890 and 1907, the uppermost leadership of the empire's protectorates (

3000: 2986: 2911: 2795: 2510: 2415: 2218: 2182: 1957: 1907: 1852: 1814: 1601: 1120: 1051:, was rejected by Bismarck and a majority of the delegates in the North German 946:. This desire to avoid antagonising the United States also led him to reject a 818: 682: 397: 385: 8463: 8152: 8025:

Koloniale Verbindungen. Das Rheinland in Deutschland und das Grasland Kameruns

7505:

When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda

4061:

by both encouraging and favoring West German trade and corporate investment.

4009: 2138: 2035:

in the colonies and free indigenous people from their Muslim enslavers. These

1192:

As a result, the first colonial enterprises abroad were extremely hesitant: a

1011:, which had been established in southwestern Africa for several decades asked 907:

to show the flag of the North German Confederation. At the personal urging of

11111: 10721: 10608: 10403: 10376: 10349: 10327: 10305: 10072: 10055: 10040: 9884: 9837: 9825: 9751: 9643: 9517: 9512: 9487: 9369: 8343: 8161: 7585: 6397: 4925: 4397: 3841: 3829: 3735: 3635: 3511: 3499: 3314: 3207: 3187: 3115: 3020: 2919: 2848: 2640: 2620: 2578: 2522: 2502:

the German side against the Herero until the end of 1904. This was the first

2473: 2442: 2414:

involving colonial powers: they waged war against the whole population. In a

2312: 2236: 2108: 1969: 1965: 1776:, which had been annexed by Germany in 1871, has also been seen as a motive. 1124: 643: 579: 567: 539: 373: 107: 10149: 10129: 8662:

German Imperialism in Africa: From the Beginnings Until the Second World War

3868: 3587:

culture of the East African coast, which the missionaries strongly opposed.

3484:

The 13 million or so "natives" of the German colonial empire did not become

2437: 1933:. Also in 1885, Germany waived its claim to the west African territories of 1166:– workers would commit themselves to an absorbing national task and abandon 840:

in 1864, colonialist societies in Prussia aspired to take possession of the

749:

The next state-sponsored attempt to acquire a colony occurred in 1859, when

722:

on the Novara Expedition, which aimed to explore and take possession of the

467:

Germany lost control of most of its colonial empire at the beginning of the

11094: 11085: 10974: 10854: 10799: 10613: 10354: 10344: 10310: 10239: 10234: 10161: 9951: 9933: 9894: 9889: 9869: 9864: 9736: 9729: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9603: 9541: 9522: 9507: 9443: 9223: 9137: 8335: 7949: 7925: 5921: 5031: 4970:

Sofern nicht anders vermerkt, beziehen sich alle Angaben auf das Jahr 1912.

4911: 4847: 4802: 4643: 4017: 3988: 3969: 3965: 3954: 3837: 3698: 3651: 3612: 3597: 3495: 3453: 3381: 3163: 3146: 2982: 2962: 2958: 2686: 2682: 2372: 2353: 2316: 2243:. These islands were placed under the administration of German New Guinea. 2120: 2055: 2036: 1930: 1918: 1844: 1434:, where there were significant German economic interests. In June 1879, as 1274: 1262: 1246: 1081:

was established, which sought to acquire colonies for Germany, and in 1881

803: 766: 727: 555: 381: 244: 161: 8469:

Lewthwaite, Gordon R. (1962). James W. Fox; Kenneth B. Cumberland (eds.).

7632:

Richard Weikart, "The Origins of Social Darwinism in Germany, 1859–1895."

7048:(in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 280–281 5834:. C.H. Beck, München 1995, p. 985; Gründer 2004, p. 58 f.; 5021: 2274: 1913:

Bismarck also found the colonies useful as bargaining chips. Thus, at the

848:

possession. For its part, Denmark unsuccessfully proposed to exchange the

513: 372:) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies, and territories of the 10885: 10332: 10317: 10166: 9879: 9788: 9778: 9704: 9352: 9347: 6308: 4520: 4040:

militaries and foreign intelligence services were largely trained by BND

4037: 4033: 4004: 3887: 3833: 3639: 3608: 3563: 3473: 3435: 3295: 3183: 3150: 2990: 2941:

In the Pacific, Japan gained Germany's islands north of the equator (the

2735: 2689:

for Africans. As governor of Samoa, he had referred to the islanders as "

2534: 2478: 2472:

After the outbreak of a cattle disease in South West Africa in 1897, the

2446: 2388: 2198: 2060: 1988: 1857: 1765: 1655: 1626:') was placed under the protection of the German Empire in April 1884 as 1591: 1517: 1104: 1044: 947: 899: 678: 655: 590: 521: 468: 257: 8746: 8736: 8432: 8277: 7026:

Deutschland jenseits des Äquators? – Die NS-Kolonialplanungen für Afrika

3806:

in 1955 of a "Union of Former Colonial Troops," ancestor of the current

3086:, there were voices calling for the return of the colonies – among them 2675: 2670: 2410:

tactics. The German colonial forces reacted similarly to other cases of

1654:

on the west African coast. In February, imperialist and "man-of-action"

11028: 10359: 10176: 10050: 10010: 9943: 9218: 9096: 8604: 8580:

Empire in the Heimat: Colonialism and Public Culture in the Third Reich

8443: 8366:

Samoa mo Samoa, the Emergence of the Independent State of Western Samoa

7767: 7728: 7661: 7637: 7134:

Empire in the Heimat: Colonialism and Public Culture in the Third Reich

6978:

Deutschland jenseits des Äquators? Die NS-Kolonialplanungen für Afrika.

6265: 5925:

demonstrated that fierce spirit in their élan and war time performance

5046:

Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee, von Matthias Heine

4456: 3968:, many of the activists for Tanganyika's independence were the sons of 3784: 3689:

Map showing the location of the various Duala ethnic groups of Cameroon

3601: 3575: 3536: 3478: 3440: 3123: 2827: 2759: 2711: 2324: 2255: 2205: 2194: 2170: 2096: 1992: 1882: 1769: 1746: 1536: 1497: 1478: 1414: 1016: 977: 935: 829: 778: 686: 651: 623: 536: 461: 453: 173: 8693: 8553:

Poiger, Uta G. "Imperialism and empire in twentieth-century Germany."

8453: 7970: 7746: 6572:

Miller, p. 68, German East Africa, Tanga, shelling of hospital by HMS

5739:

Deutschland jenseits des Äquators? Die NS-Kolonialplanungen für Afrika

5647:

Germans in the Cameroons 1884–1914. A Case Study in Modern Imperialism

5383: 3949:

exists among the Black population, who were brought up as children in

3685: 3069: 2693:" (our brown charges), who could be guided but not forced. Similarly, 951: 856:

in 1865. In 1866 and then again in 1876, Jamal ul-Azam, Sultan of the

482:, Germany's colonial empire was officially confiscated as part of the 10249: 10020: 9904: 9874: 9655: 9529: 9320: 9109: 8610:

Smith, W.D. (1974). "The Ideology of German Colonialism, 1840–1906".

4108: 3849: 3131: 2888: 2628: 2407: 2259: 1960:

also improved relations with Italy, one of Germany's partners in the

1938: 1312: 1015:

for protection and suggested the establishment of a naval station at

904: 795: 781:. In a cabinet order of 6 January 1862, the expedition's ambassador, 704: 531:

Germans had traditions of foreign sea-borne trade dating back to the

7720: 2537:

between 50% and 70% of the Herero population perished, known as the

1836:

nor the Syndicate for West Africa were willing to take on the role.

1611:

First, Adolf Lüderitz's trading post in the Bay of Angara Pequena ('

1532: 1208: 773:, not Formosa, Prussia could seek to acquire the island. A Prussian 558:

showed interest in overseas engagements. The Hanseatic republics of

9650: 9433: 9391: 9330: 9114: 9073: 8625: 8527:

Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856-1918: A Political Biography

8210: 6089:

Geschenkte Kolonien. Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft.

4987: 4480: 4391: 4270: 4203: 4081: 4073: 4054: 4021: 3950: 3747: 3723:. German colonialism, therefore, turned to the European continent. 3643: 3616: 3580: 3579:

traditional customs and practices. For example, they often allowed

3567: 3352: 2950: 2915: 2731: 2707: 2698: 2632: 2503: 2368: 2247: 2224: 2132: 2044: 1922: 1889:

with the other Great Powers for colonies, which he understood in a

1817:

in the Marshall Islands (1888–1906). Bismarck would have liked the

1675: 1639: 1631: 1577: 1391: 1367: 1351: 1307: 985: 865: 825: 809: 698: 694: 551: 421: 413: 8458:

Lahti, Janne. "German Colonialism and the Age of Global Empires."

5292:

Preparing for Weltpolitik. German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era

5211:

Preparing for Weltpolitik. German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era

3995:, to seek the advice of their fathers' former commanding officer, 3570:

missionary societies were allowed to operate in the colonies too.

1732:

and Bismarck's desire to strengthen his own position and bind the

1569:(around 1900), the first colonial acquisition of the German Empire 1027:

Debate and tentative steps under the new German Empire (1871–1878)

11041: 9563: 9492: 9448: 9303: 9184: 9090: 8438:

Henderson, W. O. "Germany's Trade with Her Colonies, 1884–1914."

7870:

Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst. "Koloniale Spuren im städtischen Raum."

7771: 7406:

Moderne Imperialisten. Das Kaiserreich im Spiegel seiner Kolonien

5817:, fifth edition, Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2004, p. 55. 4981: 4696: 4432: 4375: 4346: 4215: 4166: 4016:, the premature end of the German colonial empire in 1918 placed 3933:

resides in the country. In a long-term legacy of the East German

3922: 3892: 3876: 3853: 3803: 3510:). In 1912, the Reichstag held a debate about the possibility of 3318: 3091: 3074: 2834:'s force stops fighting the Allies on 25 November 1918 after the 2648: 2566: 2530: 2399: 2104: 2085: 1953: 1788: 1509: 1387: 1359: 1343: 1292: 1162:

The acquisition of colonies provided a possible solution for the

997: 845: 754: 710: 647: 575: 559: 441: 417: 405: 9364: 6663:. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press. 1977, p. 271 6279:

History in Three Keys: The Boxers As Event, Experience, and Myth

5618:

Imperialismus. Deutsche Kolonial- und Weltpolitik 1880 bis 1914.

4289: 3098:

from 1931 to 1933. From 1924 there was a Colonial Office in the

2785: 2644: 2364:

was established in Hamburg to train naval and colonial doctors.

10791: 9396: 9271: 8880:

Karl Waldeck: "Gut und Blut für unsern Kaiser", Windhoek 2010,

4535: 4530: 4525: 4468: 4403: 4175: 4100: 4092: 3972: 3742:

during World War I, Germany acquired vast territories with the

3647: 2719: 2715: 2652: 2376: 1851:

These areas were brought into German possession with extremely

1584: 1562: 1485: 1347: 1338:

Following 1884, Germany invaded several territories in Africa:

1258: 973:

He also repeatedly stated "... I am no man for colonies"

861: 758: 719: 690: 594: 563: 535:; German emigrants had flowed eastward in the direction of the 409: 353: 131: 8385:

Cameroon's Tycoon: Max Esser's expedition and its consequences

7188:. Campus, Frankfurt am Main/New York 2012, pp. 44 f. 5724:. 5. Auflage, Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2004, p. 52. 2343:

Deutsche Kolonialschule für Landwirtschaft, Handel und Gewerbe

2111:

of 1 November 1897, in which two German missionaries from the

2006: 10928: 10030: 8543:(Edinburgh UP, 2008), "Germany and its colonies" pp 198–261. 8208: 8022: 5708:, Sebastian Conrad, p. 146, Cambridge University Press, 2012. 5165: 5163: 4724: 4680: 4612: 4588: 4444: 4318: 4279: 4239: 3938: 3934: 3584: 3458: 3392:, marines of the 3rd Sea Battalion were stationed as police. 2974: 2954: 2315:

in 1911, the German government attempted to get the whole of

2228: 2166: 2100: 1745:

the United Kingdom before the anticipated succession of the "

1709: 1679: 1443: 1431: 1399: 1371: 1250: 1242: 1238: 1204: 659: 525: 457: 449: 425: 177: 9039: 5578:. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2001, pp. 649 and 694. 5305:

Imperialismus. Deutsche Kolonial- und Weltpolitik 1880–1914.

5131:

Imperialismus. Deutsche Kolonial- und Weltpolitik 1880–1914.

2643:

evolved into "the showcase city of all of tropical Africa,"

2246:

In 1900, the Imperial Navy attempted to lease the island of

2039:

demands, with their clear anti-Muslim bias turned the 1888 "

1876: 1779: 10764: 8771:. Translated by Arnold J. Pomerans. Westport, CT: Preager. 6060:

Imperialismus. Deutsche Kolonial- und Weltpolitik 1880–1914

5436:

Freundschaftsvertrag zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und Tonga

4652: 4330: 4284: 4227: 4077: 4050: 3490: 3366:). In turn, a district was divided into district branches ( 2263: 1785:

merchants' possessions under the protection of the Empire.

1439: 1395: 1383: 642:

east of New Zealand and settle German emigrants there, but

574:, concluding treaties and land purchases in Africa and the 445: 437: 9240: 8471:

Life, Land and Agriculture to Mid-Century in Western Samoa

7995: 7848:"Gestorben: Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7395:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2003, p. 303. 5552:, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln/Berlin 1968, p. 346. 5160: 5055:"Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich" 3840:

against the German government was submitted to a court in

3370:). Another form of administration in the colonies was the 2419:

the whole landscape, making it uninhabitable for decades.

1685:

The raising of German flags on Pacific islands claimed by

1557: 1302: 613: 376:. Unified in 1871, the chancellor of this time period was 8712:

The rise and fall of Germany's colonial empire, 1884–1918

8427:

Henderson, W. O. "The German Colonial Empire, 1884–1918"

6628:. C. Bertelsmann, München 1984, S. 262–265, 287–288. 6185:, Vol. 2). Oldenbourg, München 1989, pp. 35–38. 5737:

dtv, München 1999, S. 68 u. ö.; Karsten Linne:

5634:

Friedrich Fabri und der Imperialismus in der Bismarckzeit

5607:. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2001, pp. 2 f. 5563:

Friedrich Fabri und der Imperialismus in der Bismarckzeit

5257:. Georg Westermann Verlag, Braunschweig 1950, p. 92. 4103:

in 2009 and has since expanded into a separate building.

3808:

Traditional league of former colonial and overseas troops

3738:, Ukraine, and Poland. Subsequently, after the defeat of 3127: 2553:

imposed a "complete overhaul" upon the colonial service.

2493:. Von Trotha issued the so-called "extermination order" ( 942:. Bismarck rejected the acquisition, due to the American 915:, and without Bismarck's knowledge, the commander of the 27:

Colonial empire governed by Germany between 1884 and 1918

8751:

Wehler, Hans-Ulrich "Bismarck's Imperialism 1862–1890,"

8536:(2010) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany. 8520:

German Naval Strategy, 1856–1888: Forerunners to Tirpitz

8502:

Battle for the Bundu. The First World War in East Africa

5499:. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2001, pp. 3 and 6. 3517: 3351:

At the top of the administration of each colony was the

3346: 2123:

and its chief port Qingdao on the southern coast of the

1825:

to be administered in this way as well, but neither the

1642:

followed, then the northeastern section of New Guinea ('

1194:

Treaty of Friendship between the German Empire and Tonga

656:

Society for the Protection of German Immigrants to Texas

5649:. Yale University Press, New Haven 1938, S. 34–39. 4126: 3211:

Political diagram of the German Empire and its colonies

3197: 2718:

production of the African colonies quadrupled, and the

950:

offer to establish a naval base on the Dutch island of

8473:. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcomb & Tombs Ltd. 7210: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6802:"New Zealand goes to war: The Capture of German Samoa" 6416: 6414: 4068:

was founded to encourage German-language learning and

3436:

Relationship between German and indigenous populations

2382: 1968:, which extended German South West Africa east to the 1809:(1885–1890), the German Witu Company (1887–1890), the 1595:

German colonies in Africa and Papua New Guinea in 1885

1496:

and requested protection for a trade station south of

7968: 7429:. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 125 f. 7342:(1920), Band I, S. 312 (Bevölkerungsstand 1913; 7201:. Campus, Frankfurt am Main/New York 2012, 49 f. 7108:

Hitler's war aims: The establishment of the new order

6408:. Vol. 8). Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2004, pp. 37–76. 6139:

The British Acquisition of Siamese Malaya (1896–1909)

5662:. Handelskammer Hamburg, Hamburg 1990, S. 79–81. 5333:, Verlag Dr. Dieter Winkler, Bochum 2004, p. 24. 3987:

and Robert Gaudi, these activists often travelled to

3402:

For Germans and other Europeans, the district court (

3313:

The highest legal authority for the colonies was the

3036:

was still in progress. Only seven delegates from the

2300: Neukamerun, annexed to French Equatorial Africa 2227:

island. The next day, he also claimed the islands of

11153:

1920 disestablishments in the German colonial empire

8420:

The German colonial empire, its beginning and ending

8330:

Churchill, William. "Germany's Lost Pacific Empire"

7379:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, S. 44 f. und 61. 7063:

The standard work on this 'Colonial Guilt Myth' was

6264:

73, Heft 2 (2015), S. 333–348, hier S. 338–341 (via

5951:, fourth ed., München 1976, pp. 408, n. 2. 5294:. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1997, p. 98. 5213:. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1997, p. 68. 5200:

Washausen, p. 67-114; the West and East Africa firms

4768: 3178:

and was a very active grass roots organization. The

3049:), all Germans were required to leave the colonies. 2903:, Article 22, German colonies were transformed into 2556: 2294: Kamerun, annexed to British Southern Cameroons 2288: Kamerun, annexed to British Northern Cameroons 2204:

On 6 March 1901, as part of preparatory work by the

1470:

Memorandum on Colonial Aspirations in the South Seas

1415:

Bismarck moves towards a colonial policy (1878–1883)

8768:

Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914

8482:

Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies 1914–1919

7601: 6833: 6411: 5980:. 5. Auflage, Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2004, 5636:, Atlantis Verlag, Freiburg 1975, pp. 316–318. 5594:. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2001, p. 695. 4133:

List of former German colonies § German Empire

3234:

of South West Africa (toasting to each other), 1896

2398:power and eventually forced some of them to become 1650:'). In January 1885, the German flag was raised at 1107:for colonialist propaganda. In 1887, the competing 980:, not colonies. With these it would be able to use 8479: 8342: 8136:""Nusu kaputi" – die deutsche Sprache in Tansania" 6492: 6490: 6488: 6141:. White Lotus, Huay Yai 1997, pp. 25, 26, 33. 5344:Herrenmenschen – Frauen im deutschen Kolonialismus 3481:. Non-German Europeans were legally their equals. 3310:), not the Foreign Office or the Colonial Office. 2594:and, in May 1907, it became its own ministry, the 2483:Imperial Schutztruppe for German South West Africa 2330:For the academic development of the colonies, the 761:). Prussia had already sought the approval of the 705:First state-sponsored colonial venture (1857–1862) 11148:1884 establishments in the German colonial empire 7481:. Palo Alto, California: Pacific Books, p. 51-101 6607: 6605: 6406:Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust 6324:. second edition, Beck, München 2012, p. 53. 5788:. Schöningh, Paderborn 2009, pp. 229 f. 5754:. Schöningh, Paderborn 2009, pp. 228 f. 5524: 5454:. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2001, p. 2. 4495:Including Imperial German Pacific Protectorates: 3856:were sought in the region of 30 billion dollars. 3395:In the colonies, there were Protectorate Courts ( 2910:In Africa, the United Kingdom and France divided 2489:defeated the Herero forces in August 1904 at the 11109: 8394:(1977) focuses on political and economic history 8209:Achleitner, Arthur; Johannes Biernatzki (1902). 7789:Historisches Seminar, Universität Hannover 2004. 7774:was a form of colonialism brought home to Europe 7240:. Campus, Frankfurt am Main/New York 2012, 49 f. 7083:, "Die koloniale Schuldlüge," in Hans H. Kempe, 6599:. New York: F&S Publishing Co., 1932, p. 231 6531: 6529: 6527: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6464: 6462: 3746:and created several administrative regions like 1764:would also reinforce its position as one of the 1311:Cartoon on Bismarck's colonial policy: "The new 1273:in 1884. On 20 April 1879, the commander of the 810:Bismarck's rejection of colonization (1862–1871) 788:Despite this, one ship from the expedition, the 8852: 8821:Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918 8722:Origins of modern German colonialism, 1871–1885 8047: 7541:(Crosscurrents in African American History) by 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7271: 6485: 5670: 5668: 5409:. C.H. Beck, München 1995, pp. 980 f. 4064:At the same time, however, when West Germany's 3626:By the late 1880s German physicians identified 1827:Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft für Südwestafrika 1512:bulkgoods trader, shipowner, and member of the 1411:islands were given the status of protectorate. 1083:West German Society for Colonization and Export 8532:Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. 8263: 8023:Albert Guaffo; Stefanie Michels, eds. (2019). 7798:Volker Langbehn and Mohammad SalamaRace, eds. 7507:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 12 7211:Fachhochschule Potsdam, ed. (9 October 2018). 7162:, Vol. 3, Leipzig 1920, pp. 317–319. 6602: 5938:, fourth ed, München 1976, p. 423 f. 5565:, Atlantis Verlag, Freiburg 1975, p. 198. 5157:. Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 2002, p. 27. 4944:Statistische Angaben zu den deutschen Kolonien 3283:By an Imperial decree of 10 October 1890, the 3219:The way to the governor's palace in Togo, 1904 3078:of 1922, "Give us our colonies back! – Samoa." 3061:Colonial Memorial Day on 24 April 1924 at the 2319:as compensation for German recognition of the 524:colony (1683–1717) in the territory of modern 11128:States and territories disestablished in 1918 10750: 9256: 9025: 7442:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 91 f. 6524: 6471: 6459: 5369:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 18 f. 5229:. Georg Westermann Verlag, Braunschweig 1950. 4123:(literally: half broken = full anesthesia). 3664:Causes of World War I § Social Darwinism 3413: 2862:against the Allies until the end of the war. 2786:End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918) 2115:were murdered, Kaiser Wilhelm dispatched the 1964:. In exchange for this, Germany acquired the 1700:were also claimed and finally several of the 316:2,953,161 km (1,140,222 sq mi) 164:(Burundi, Rwanda, Buha kingdom in Tanzania), 11092: 11083: 10713:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 8733:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 8573:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 8264:Austen, Ralph A.; Derrick, Jonathan (1999). 8186:Campus, Frankfurt a. M./New York 2010, 7366:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, S. 44 und 61. 7268: 6036:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, S. 35 f. 5775:. C.H. Beck, München 1995, pp. 985–990. 5665: 5478:Die deutsche Verwaltung Neuguineas 1884–1914 5116: 5114: 5064: 3023:from 1921, "Give Germany its colonies back!" 1925:, which would have given Germany a claim to 1704:in October 1886. In 1888, Germany ended the 1689:between August and October 1885 sparked the 938:with a view to establishing a naval base at 745:, one of the ships of the East Asia Squadron 471:in 1914, but some German forces held out in 50: 8460:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 8285:Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935 7249: 7085:Die Bilanz: 10 Jahre Vertrag von Versailles 7037: 6980:Ch. Links, Berlin 2008, pp. 23 f. 6661:The Rulers of German East Africa, 1884–1914 6128:. Areca Books, Penang 2006, pp. 70–71. 3825:and to calls for modification or renaming. 2007:The empire under Kaiser Wilhelm (1890–1914) 1796:1884/1885 in Berlin laid the basis for the 1693:, in which Germany ultimately backed down. 11123:States and territories established in 1884 10757: 10743: 9263: 9249: 9032: 9018: 8468: 8320:(Routledge, 2014) looks at all the powers. 8091:Heinz Höhne & Hermann Zolling (1972), 6304:Kolonialgeschichte: Gewisse Ungewissheiten 5867:. Vol. 7, Part 1, Propyläen, Berlin 1993, 5550:Probleme der Reichsgründungszeit 1848–1879 5467:. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2002, pp. 94–96. 3917:Currently, no country outside Europe uses 3898:Unlike other colonial empires such as the 3202: 2790: 2071: 1760:to a global context. Participating in the 106: 34:. For the Templer colonies in Israel, see 9211: 8761: 8640: 8340: 8201: 8151: 8110:"Germany and Rwanda: Bilateral relations" 7453:Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 7285: 6020:Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 5901:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 30–35. 5801:. Schöningh, Paderborn 2009, p. 231. 5660:325 Jahre Handelskammer Hamburg 1665–1990 5111: 3730:, the idea developed in full swing under 3011: 2430:in 1904–1905, and the suppression of the 2362:Institute for Naval and Tropical Medicine 2282: Kamerun, annexed to French Cameroon 1877:Halt to colonial acquisitions (1888–1890) 1800:, the colonial division of the continent. 1780:Company land acquisitions and stewardship 112:German colonies and protectorates in 1914 9041:Former German colonies and protectorates 8659: 8645:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8534:German Colonialism and National Identity 8416: 8397: 8363: 8219: 7468:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, S. 91–97. 7217:Archivführer deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 6989: 6920: 6517:; Haupt, p. 82, Togoland coast line and 6258:Susanne Kuß, "Kolonialkriege und Raum." 6071: 5888:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, p. 26–30. 3891:Examples of German language on signs in 3886: 3787:people submitted in a memorandum to the 3766: 3684: 3521: 3447: 3439: 3272:), called the Imperial Colonial Office ( 3237: 3222: 3214: 3206: 3157: 3118:, who had been Colonial Minister in the 3068: 3056: 3015: 2826: 2806: 2794: 2669: 2604: 2572: 2560: 2455: 2436: 2273: 2235:, followed on 12 April by the island of 2146:before (in blue) and after (in red) the 2137: 2075: 1838: 1787: 1658:accumulated vast tracts of land for his 1590: 1572: 1561: 1306: 1030: 813: 736: 512: 344: 10537: 8861: 8376:Eley, Geoff, and Bradley Naranch, eds. 8133: 7706: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7526: 6333:Jürgen Zimmerer, Joachim Zeller (ed.): 6102: 3704: 3590: 3444:German colonial leader in Togo, c. 1885 3094:. Adenauer was Deputy President of the 2930:stretching from South Africa to Egypt ( 1583:during the bombardment of Hickorytown ( 1558:Colonization under Bismarck (1884–1888) 1464:In May 1880, Bismarck asked the banker 1303:Establishment of the empire (1884–1890) 1130:Colonies would provide a space for the 685:, the unexplored north-east quarter of 646:had a preexisting claim to the island. 614:German Confederation and the Zollverein 356:soldier holding Germany's colonial flag 14: 11110: 8698: 8499: 8392:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914 8282: 8220:Esherick, Joseph W. (18 August 1988). 8140:Informationen Deutsch Als Fremdsprache 7998:"Koloniale Verbindungen (Ausstellung)" 7815:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, p. 173. 7566:from the original on 27 September 2011 7175:. Frankfurt/Main 2007, pp. 41–46. 6911:. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, p. 156. 2341:was established in 1896. In 1898, the 2197:in Cameroon and the conflict with the 1995:, who established an ethnological and 1906:– who countered with an offer to sell 10738: 9244: 9013: 8823:. . Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. 8818: 8609: 8539:Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., 8490: 8477: 8048:Johannes Häfner (20 September 2019). 7874:69. Jg., 40–42/2019, pp. 40–45 ( 7292:(2 ed.). Routledge. p. 34. 6812:from the original on 14 November 2016 6220:, 2016 (accessed on 20 January 2021). 6218:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 5967:. Band 17, Leipzig 1909, p. 587. 5767:. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 1969; 5741:. Ch. Links, Berlin 2008, S. 12. 5182:from the original on 14 December 2019 5077:from the original on 14 December 2019 4798:Cologne in the German colonial empire 3991:, during the last decades before the 3921:as an official language, although in 3783:. At the end of 1952, members of the 3518:Evangelism, education, and healthcare 3347:Administration of individual colonies 3242:Askari troops in German East Africa, 2306: Kamerun, annexed to French Chad 1985:Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft 1646:') and the neighboring islands ('the 1119:Once developed, colonies would offer 697:, and the mainland coast across from 566:sent traders across the globe. Their 9172: 8866:. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. 7770:(...) Aime Cesaire pointed out that 7523: 7326:German Colonialism: A Short History. 5244:, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Berlin 1867. 5065:Biskup, Thomas; Kohlrausch, Martin. 4808:German colonial projects before 1871 4127:List of German colonies (as of 1912) 3709: 3198:Administration and colonial policies 3141:The treaty of Versailles attributed 1615:') and the surrounding hinterland (' 509:German colonial projects before 1871 475:until the end of the war. After the 8841:Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang Verlag. 8701:Bismarck, The Man and the Statesman 7996:Heinrich-Heine-Universität (2017). 7562:. South Africa. 27 September 2011. 7520:University Press of America, p. 153 7213:"Das III. Seebataillon in Tsingtau" 7071:. Sachers und Kuschel, Berlin 1924. 7028:Ch. Links, Berlin 2008, p. 38. 6622:Die Deutschen und ihr Kolonialreich 6356:Journal of Southern African Studies 6157:. Ballantine Books, New York 1985, 6062:, dtv, München 1994, S. 73–88. 5965:Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon 5706:German Colonialism: A Short History 5318:Bismarck. The Man and the Statesman 5273:fourth edition, dtv, München 1976, 4960:from the original on 10 August 2014 4854: 4813:German colonization of the Americas 3762: 3657: 3466: 2383:Anticolonial Resistance (1897–1905) 2043:" on the East African coast into a 1477:for the acquisition of colonies in 570:conducted themselves as successful 24: 8794:German women for empire, 1884-1945 8378:German Colonialism in a Global Age 8287:. Berkeley: U of California Press. 8226:. University of California Press. 8060:from the original on 27 March 2022 8004:from the original on 27 March 2022 7977:from the original on 27 March 2022 7800:the Holocaust, and Postwar Germany 7328:Cambridge University Press, p. 158 7289:Studies in German colonial history 6659:Gann, L. H. & Duignan, Peter. 6509:Miller, p. 23, German East Africa 6213:Koloniale Gewalt und Kolonialkrieg 5169: 4024:foreign intelligence service, the 3861:Federal Agency for Civic Education 3789:United Nations Trusteeship Council 3734:and his political activity in the 3052: 852:for some of the lost territory in 25: 11174: 8994: 8853:Schultz-Naumann, Joachim (1985). 8402:. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. 8223:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising 7944:Anne-Sophie Friedel: "Editorial" 7306:from the original on 4 April 2022 7040:"Schnee, Albert Hermann Heinrich" 7006:from the original on 4 April 2022 6967:, p. 12, pp. 51 f. 6937:from the original on 4 April 2022 6626:Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien 6261:Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 6183:Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 5978:Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien 5842:. Beck, München 2008, p. 23. 5815:Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien 5722:Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien 3726:While a minority view during the 3462:outrigger canoe in the foreground 2557:New colonial policies (1905–1914) 1950:German claims to the Somali coast 753:attempted to claim the island of 554:; and North German merchants and 11163:1920 disestablishments in Africa 10875: 9152: 8176: 8127: 8102: 8085: 8072: 8041: 8027:. Bielefeld: Transcript-Verlag. 8016: 7989: 7962: 7938: 7914: 7888: 7864: 7841: 7818: 7805: 7792: 7779: 7759: 7735: 7700: 7687: 7674: 7650: 7626: 7614:from the original on 28 May 2019 7595: 7578: 7548: 7510: 7497: 7484: 7471: 7458: 7445: 7432: 7419: 7398: 7382: 7369: 7356: 7331: 7318: 7286:Henderson, William Otto (1962). 7243: 7230: 7204: 7191: 7178: 7165: 7139: 7126: 7113: 7100: 7074: 7057: 7031: 7018: 6983: 6970: 6949: 6914: 6901: 6892: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6824: 6794: 6785: 6776: 6763: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6699: 6690: 6666: 6653: 6644: 6631: 6614: 6589: 6579: 6566: 6556: 6547: 5828:Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 5769:Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 5403:Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 4872:German Academic Exchange Service 4828:History of German foreign policy 4771: 4717: 4673: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4368: 4323: 4311: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 3941:guerrillas during the 1967–1989 2774:Colonial postcard from Qingdao, 2767: 2751: 2609:Tsingdao with German buildings, 2332:Kolonialwirtschaftliches Komitee 1366:(including parts of present-day 882:In the 1867 constitution of the 91: 77: 11133:History of European colonialism 8857:. . Munich: Universitas Verlag. 8431:20#78 (1935), pp. 151–158 8256: 8242:Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte 8184:Das Ende eines Kolonialreiches. 7946:Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte. 7922:Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte. 7872:Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte. 7634:Journal of the History of Ideas 7455:28 (1977), pp. 218 f. 6672:Reinhard Karl Boromäus Desoye: 6538: 6503: 6450: 6440: 6427: 6386: 6381:doi:10.1080/1462352042000265864 6361: 6348: 6327: 6314: 6292: 6271: 6252: 6239: 6223: 6201: 6188: 6179:Deutsche Außenpolitik 1871–1918 6168: 6144: 6131: 6118: 6081: 6052: 6039: 6026: 6011: 6002: 5991: 5970: 5954: 5941: 5928: 5913: 5904: 5891: 5878: 5854: 5845: 5820: 5804: 5791: 5778: 5757: 5744: 5727: 5711: 5699: 5690: 5677: 5652: 5639: 5623: 5610: 5597: 5581: 5568: 5555: 5542: 5533: 5515: 5502: 5489: 5470: 5457: 5442: 5428: 5412: 5395: 5372: 5349: 5346:, Rowohlt, Hamburg 1990, p. 82. 5336: 5323: 5310: 5297: 5284: 5271:Bismarck und der Imperialismus. 5260: 5247: 5232: 5216: 5203: 5194: 5097:North German Missionary Society 4688:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory 3983:. According to his biographers 3560:North German Missionary Society 3528:North German Missionary Society 3341:Konsulargerichtsbarkeitsgesetz 3317:(Imperial Court of Justice) in 3136:Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry 3114:emerged in 1933. Also in 1925, 3082:Even in the early phase of the 2977:went to Australia as mandates. 2894: 2129:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory 2099:in Hankau and Tientsin (modern 2080:The German leased territory of 1660:Society for German Colonization 1523:After this, in March 1883, the 1148:Germany had, as the theologian 1109:Society for German Colonization 1094:Society for German Colonization 783:Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg 689:with its adjacent islands, the 638:, which sought to purchase the 602:up to and including the age of 8808:Detzner, Hermann, (Oberleut.) 8796:(Duke University Press, 2001). 8660:Stoecker, Helmut, ed. (1987). 8349:. New York: The Viking Press. 8097:Coward, McCann & Geoghegan 7969:Martin Doll (Curator) (2017). 6996:Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 6927:Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 6358:, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1993, p. 80. 5949:Bismarck und der Imperialismus 5936:Bismarck und der Imperialismus 5765:Bismarck und der Imperialismus 5620:dtv, München 1994, p. 37. 5307:dtv, München 1994, S. 32. 5144: 5123: 5102: 5089: 5058: 5039: 4838:List of former German colonies 4785: 4601:Federated States of Micronesia 3846:International Court of Justice 3793:Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg 2321:French protectorate in Morocco 2181:of 1899, the west part of the 1819:German colonies in west Africa 1457:. It had been endorsed by the 674:by the United States in 1845. 13: 1: 8462:17.1 (2016). historiography; 8390:Gann, L., and Peter Duignan. 8276:40#1 (2017) pp. 147–162 8268:. Cambridge University Press. 8215:. Berlin, Germany: H. Hilger. 8114:German Federal Foreign Office 8050:"Rezension zu Guaffo/Michels" 7254:. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač. 7158:. In: Heinrich Schnee (Ed.): 7110:(WW Norton, 1974) pp 404–405. 6281:, Columbia University Press, 5605:Die deutsche Südsee 1884–1914 5592:Die deutsche Südsee 1884–1914 5576:Die deutsche Südsee 1884–1914 5497:Die deutsche Südsee 1884–1914 5452:Die deutsche Südsee 1884–1914 5172:"Germany: 2. Colonial empire" 4954:Deutsches Historisches Museum 4028:(BND) and its founding chief 3256:) was the Colonial Division ( 3243: 3063:Humboldt University of Berlin 2965:was assigned to New Zealand; 2934:), and Portugal received the 2815:'s troops defeat Portugal at 2775: 2714:in the colonies doubled, the 2610: 2581:, German East Africa, c. 1910 2367:Of the German colonies, only 2155:German–Spanish Treaty of 1899 1473:was a founding member of the 1103:was established, which was a 844:which had previously been in 8972: 8801: 8301:History of Political Economy 8283:Boahen, A. Adu, ed. (1985). 7545:, page 50-51 Routledge 2002. 7250:Steinkröger, Julian (2019). 6369:Journal of genocide research 6023:28 (1977), pp. 210–224. 5067:"Germany 2: Colonial Empire" 4918: 4059:West German economic miracle 3927:recognized national language 3607:Research by bacteriologists 3390:German Imperial Naval Office 2254:for fifty years through the 1977:Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer 1730:1884 German federal election 930:conducted negotiations with 868:asked the Prussian traveler 7: 10766:States of the German Empire 9270: 8313:(1938) looks at newspapers. 7920:Asiye Öztürk: "Editorial." 7813:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 7466:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 7440:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 7377:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 7364:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 6990:Authaler, Caroline (2019). 6921:Authaler, Caroline (2019). 6909:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 6322:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 6034:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 5899:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 5886:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 5840:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 5799:Das Bismarckreich 1871–1890 5786:Das Bismarckreich 1871–1890 5752:Das Bismarckreich 1871–1890 5367:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte 5178:. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 4764: 4046:Central Intelligence Agency 3634:During the Herero genocide 3539:organizations included the 2678:, Namibia, pictured in 2006 2539:Herero and Namaqua Genocide 2428:Herero and Namaqua genocide 1514:Hamburg Chamber of Commerce 1350:, and the mainland part of 10: 11179: 8641:Steinmetz, George (2007). 8341:Crankshaw, Edward (1981). 8099:, New York. Pages 220–221. 7743:Journal of African History 7518:The Geography of Genocide. 7492:Social history of medicine 7339:Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon 7160:Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon 6456:Gründer 2004, S. 241. 6379:, pp. 395–430, at p. 385, 6196:Deutschlands Schutzgebiete 4892:Germany–Tanzania relations 4877:German language in Namibia 4862:Cameroon–Germany relations 4818:German East Africa Company 4130: 4088:later in that same year. 4053:stance during the ongoing 3717:Central and Eastern Europe 3661: 3549:Leipzig Missionary Society 3545:Rhenish Missionary Society 3452:German trading station at 3414:German colonial population 2905:League of Nations mandates 2865:In the Pacific, Britain's 2691:unsere braunen Schützlinge 2674:Railway station (1914) in 2657:Hamburg Colonial Institute 2386: 2210:underwater telegraph cable 2148:1899 German-Spanish treaty 2113:Society of the Divine Word 1946:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty 1807:German East Africa Company 1587:), Cameroon, December 1884 1061:African Society in Germany 1009:Rhenish Missionary Society 884:North German Confederation 506: 502: 452:, as well as northeastern 380:. Short-lived attempts at 232:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty 29: 11071: 11055: 11027: 11014:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 10973: 10927: 10884: 10873: 10773: 10706: 10658: 10175: 9579: 9278: 9204: 9163: 9148: 9125: 9054: 9047: 9003:("German Protectorates") 9001:Deutsche-Schutzgebiete.de 8613:Journal of Modern History 8491:Louis, Wm. Roger (1963). 8478:Louis, Wm. Roger (1967). 8442:9#1 1938, pp. 1–16. 8400:The Meinertzhagen Mystery 8153:10.1515/infodaf-2009-0503 8082:, Caliber. Pages 416–417. 7602:Encyclopædia Britannica. 7503:Mamdani, Mahmood. (2001) 7477:Spoehr, Florence. (1963) 7324:Conrad, Sebastian (2012) 6791:Louis (1967), pp. 117–130 6771:Modern England: 1885–1945 6741:Louis (1967), pp. 102–116 6696:Louis (1967), pp. 17, 35. 6498:The Meinertzhagen Mystery 5463:Norbert Berthold Wagner: 4882:Germany–Namibia relations 4823:German New Guinea Company 4057:and further assisted the 3937:'s covert backing of the 3882: 3865:Heinrich Heine University 3821:led to discussions about 3541:Berlin Missionary Society 3230:with the German governor 3168:Office of Colonial Policy 2746:effects for the future." 2590:) was separated from the 2481:, which the understaffed 2466:Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert 2269:Baja California peninsula 1811:German New Guinea Company 1715: 1481:and the Pacific in 1882. 913:North German Federal Navy 496:League of Nations mandate 339: 329: 325: 320: 312: 307: 303: 293: 280: 267: 254: 241: 228: 215: 202: 198: 190: 137: 127: 117: 105: 73: 68: 45: 18:German colonies in Africa 10821:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 8862:Schaper, Ulrike (2012). 8692:69#277 (1970): 381–389. 8500:Miller, Charles (1974). 8440:Economic History Review, 8417:Giordani, Paolo (1916). 8398:Garfield, Brian (2007). 8364:Davidson, J. W. (1967). 8296:(1990 Abridged edition). 7971:"Koloniale Verbindungen" 7955:30 December 2021 at the 7931:30 December 2021 at the 7881:17 November 2021 at the 7830:28 December 2017 at the 7825:"Das deutsche Schicksal" 7643:10 December 2019 at the 7516:Cooper, Allan D. (2008) 7136:(Oxford UP, 2018) p. 10. 7069:Die koloniale Schuldlüge 7045:Neue Deutsche Biographie 6732:Louis (1967), pp. 16, 36 6683:16 November 2019 at the 6400:, Susanne Meinl (edd.): 6155:The Zimmermann Telegramm 6091:Ch. Links, Berlin 2006, 5389:19 November 2021 at the 4976:German South-West Africa 4887:Germany–Rwanda relations 4833:Imperial Colonial Office 4793:Brandenburger Gold Coast 4625:Northern Mariana Islands 4514:Northern Mariana Islands 4338:German South West Africa 4252:Central African Republic 3993:Decolonisation of Africa 3947:German-speaking minority 3943:South African Border War 3302:was administered by the 3280:as its state secretary. 3090:, who was then mayor of 3030:Weimar National Assembly 2801:German South West Africa 2596:Imperial Colonial Office 2527:German South West Africa 2441:A photograph of chained 2212:, the colonial official 1712:and annexed the island. 1628:German South West Africa 1488:-based tobacco merchant 1380:Central African Republic 1356:German South West Africa 1333:German South West Africa 932:José María Castro Madriz 629:Hamburg Colonial Society 622:founded in 1815 and the 434:Central African Republic 386:individual German states 8980:Politiques et Identités 8720:Townsend, Mary Evelyn. 8710:Townsend, Mary Evelyn. 8699:Taylor, A.J.P. (1967). 8557:17.1–2 (2005): 117–143 8493:Ruanda-Urundi 1884–1919 8387:(Berghahn Books, 2001). 8370:Oxford University Press 8318:The scramble for Africa 8316:Chamberlain, Muriel E. 8134:Degener, Janna (2009). 7684:(2011) 45#5 pp 399–416. 7608:Encyclopædia Britannica 7592:Faber and Faber, p. 225 7416:, pp. 219 ff. 7349:24 October 2021 at the 6595:Churchill, Llewella P. 5483:11 January 2014 at the 5141:, pp. 18 & 22. 5051:19 October 2017 at the 4867:GDR Children of Namibia 4097:Belgian colonial empire 4026:Bundesnachrichtendienst 3997:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 3828:Representatives of the 3744:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3203:Colonial administration 3096:German Colonial Society 2857:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2832:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2813:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2791:Conquest in World War I 2206:Imperial postal service 2157:, Germany acquired the 2072:Acquisitions after 1890 1983:and others founded the 1525:Sierra Leone Convention 1342:(including present-day 1220:Bartholomäus von Werner 1136:Wilhelm Hübbe-Schleiden 1113:German Colonial Society 1013:King William of Prussia 911:, the commander of the 897:dispatched the warship 494:. Each colony became a 477:German defeat in World 396:at the time, after the 370:Deutsches Kolonialreich 52:Deutsches Kolonialreich 11118:German colonial empire 11093: 11084: 11079:German colonial empire 11009:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 8837:Nagl, Dominik (2007). 8819:Haupt, Werner (1984). 8303:45.4 (2013): 647–691. 8202:Sources and references 7894:Stefan Reis Schweize: 7065:Heinrich Albert Schnee 5998:www.gkr.uni-leipzig.de 5603:Hermann Joseph Hiery: 5574:Hermann Joseph Hiery: 5495:Hermann Joseph Hiery: 5476:Hermann Joseph Hiery: 5281:, pp. 367 f. 5238:Franz Theodor Maurer: 4897:Germany–Togo relations 4692:Pachtgebiet Kiautschou 4111:. Examples include as 3931:German ethnic minority 3895: 3772: 3690: 3531: 3463: 3445: 3249: 3235: 3220: 3212: 3192:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3100:Federal Foreign Office 3079: 3066: 3034:Paris Peace Conference 3024: 3012:Colonialism after 1918 2839: 2824: 2821:Portuguese East Africa 2804: 2679: 2616: 2582: 2570: 2535:military interventions 2525:rebellions in 1904 in 2469: 2453: 2308: 2150: 2088: 1997:biological determinist 1899: 1848: 1801: 1734:National Liberal Party 1596: 1588: 1570: 1484:In November 1882, the 1327: 1040: 971: 833: 746: 709:In 1857, the Austrian 667: 528: 369: 362:German colonial empire 357: 295:• Disestablished 51: 47:German colonial empire 10683:Medieval great powers 8743:German Studies Review 8735:12.3/4 (1984): 9–22. 8603:6.2 (1983): 215–235. 8601:German Studies Review 8593:9.3 (2008): 331–360. 8566:Patterns of Prejudice 8309:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 8274:German Studies Review 8078:Robert Gaudi (2017), 7802:(Columbia U.P., 2011) 7752:2 August 2020 at the 7709:German Studies Review 7682:Patterns of Prejudice 7660:26.2 (2003): 273–294 7658:German Studies Review 7636:54.3 (1993): 469–488 7584:Erichsen, Casper and 7494:26.2 (2013): 182–203. 7425:Frank Oliver Sobich: 7408:. Böhlau, Köln 2003, 7119:Gerhard L. Weinberg, 7094:18 March 2022 at the 6773:(4th ed. 1948) p. 413 6620:Hans Georg Steltzer: 6165:, pp. 27 f. 6124:Khoo Salma Nasution: 5988:, pp. 80 f. 5253:Percy Ernst Schramm: 4499:North Solomon Islands 4342:Deutsch-Südwestafrika 4264:Republic of the Congo 3981:East African Campaign 3975:, who had fought for 3890: 3873:University of Dschang 3799:, President of Togo. 3770: 3688: 3662:Further information: 3631:such as prostitutes. 3525: 3451: 3443: 3397:Schutzgebietsgerichte 3304:Imperial Naval Office 3241: 3226: 3218: 3210: 3158:Nazi period 1933–1945 3108:umbrella organization 3072: 3060: 3019: 2830: 2810: 2798: 2673: 2608: 2576: 2564: 2506:of the 20th century. 2460:"Battle of Mahenge", 2459: 2440: 2277: 2179:Tripartite Convention 2141: 2079: 1895: 1842: 1813:(1885–1899), and the 1791: 1696:In October 1885, the 1594: 1576: 1565: 1475:New Guinea Consortium 1406:(part of present-day 1310: 1034: 994:Ostasiatische Station 966: 890:established in 1871. 888:Imperial constitution 817: 740: 618:In the states of the 600:German foreign policy 593:scrambles for remote 585:However, until their 516: 348: 138:Common languages 11056:Imperial Territories 10909:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 10904:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 10825:Starostwo of Draheim 10693:European colonialism 10678:Ancient great powers 8813:M. Teuts. Schutzgeb. 8755:, (1970) 48: 119–55 8555:History & Memory 8452:54 (1972): 134–141. 8334:10.2 (1920): 84–90. 7908:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 7811:Winfried Speitkamp, 7464:Winfried Speitkamp: 7438:Winfried Speitkamp: 7375:Winfried Speitkamp: 7362:Winfried Speitkamp: 7154:3 March 2019 at the 7038:Ralph Erbar (2007), 6907:Winfried Speitkamp. 6898:Louis (1967), p. 160 6889:Louis (1967), p. 159 6880:Louis (1963), p. 233 6871:Louis (1967), p. 157 6830:Louis (1967), p. 132 6723:Louis (1967), p. 37. 6714:Louis (1967), p. 31. 6705:Louis (1967), p. 30. 6650:Louis (1963), p. 178 6437:9.3 (2008): 331–360. 6337:Links, Berlin 2003, 6032:Winfried Speitkamp: 5947:Hans-Ulrich Wehler: 5934:Hans-Ulrich Wehler: 5897:Winfried Speitkamp: 5884:Winfried Speitkamp: 5826:Hans-Ulrich Wehler: 5763:Hans-Ulrich Wehler: 5685:Battle for the Bundu 5588:Hermann Joseph Hiery 5449:Hermann Joseph Hiery 5401:Hans-Ulrich Wehler: 5382:42 (1969): 140–159. 4091:In post-World War I 3705:Post-colonial legacy 3600:, experimented with 3591:Medicine and science 3176:Franz Ritter von Epp 3043:Treaty of Versailles 2971:Bismarck Archipelago 2901:Treaty of Versailles 2823:on 25 November 1917. 2358:University of Kassel 2208:for laying a German 2025:Imperial German Navy 1648:Bismarck Archipelago 1466:Adolph von Hansemann 1282:Karl August Deinhard 1267:Duke of York Islands 838:Second Schleswig War 802:had already reached 620:German Confederation 550:and westward to the 484:Treaty of Versailles 284:Treaty of Versailles 11019:Waldeck and Pyrmont 10688:Modern great powers 8591:Human Rights Review 8582:(Oxford UP, 2018). 8332:Geographical Review 8323:Chickering, Roger. 7667:2 July 2020 at the 7148:Schutzgebietsgesetz 6959:LIT, Münster 1998, 6769:J. A. R. Marriott, 6641:. 26 (13): 317–338. 6639:M. Teuts. Schutzgeb 6435:Human Rights Review 6289:(1997), pp. 185–185 5861:Wolfgang J. Mommsen 5290:Lawrence Sondhaus: 5223:Percy Ernst Schramm 5209:Lawrence Sondhaus: 5133:dtv, München 1994, 5073:. Credo Reference. 4036:. This is why many 3959:Peaceful Revolution 3852:. It was said that 3456:with a Marshallese 3368:Bezirksnebenstellen 3337:Schutzgebietsgesetz 3170:, which was led by 3120:Scheidemann cabinet 2928:British possessions 2664:Corporal punishment 2491:Battle of Waterberg 2462:Maji-Maji rebellion 2432:Maji Maji Rebellion 2393:Maji-Maji Rebellion 2352:was established in 2223:took possession of 2095:were acquired from 1798:Scramble for Africa 1762:Scramble for Africa 1644:Kaiser-Wilhelmsland 1529:spheres of interest 1436:Imperial Chancellor 1021:Franco-Prussian War 672:annexation of Texas 572:Privatkolonisatoren 518:Groß-Friedrichsburg 390:Scramble for Africa 271:Maji Maji Rebellion 10843:Schleswig-Holstein 8792:Wildenthal, Lora. 8753:Past & Present 8705:Random House, Inc. 8682:(1969) 42:140–159 8680:Past & Present 8578:Sandler, Willeke. 8549:entire text online 8529:(Oxford UP, 2004). 8522:(Routledge, 2004). 8518:Olivier, David H. 8495:. Clarendon Press. 8486:. Clarendon Press. 8450:Past & Present 8423:. London: G. Bell. 8327:(Routledge, 2019). 8250:WorldStatesmen.org 7901:8 May 2021 at the 7853:8 May 2017 at the 7697:(Routledge, 2016). 7604:"Social Darwinism" 7123:(1970) pp 276–281. 6862:Louis (1967), p. 6 6844:Louis (1967), p. 7 6750:Louis (1967), p. 9 6320:Sebastian Conrad: 6299:Bartholomäus Grill 6151:Barbara W. Tuchman 6058:Michael Fröhlich: 5616:Michael Fröhlich: 5530:Crankshaw, p. 397. 5380:Past & Present 5356:Winfried Speitkamp 5329:Cord Eberspächer: 5303:Michael Fröhlich: 5267:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 5129:Michael Fröhlich: 4994:German East Africa 4907:Kandt House Museum 4843:Reichskolonialbund 4492:Deutsch-Neu-Guinea 4383:German East Africa 4161:Current countries 4070:cultural diplomacy 3896: 3773: 3691: 3532: 3464: 3446: 3425:German East Africa 3250: 3236: 3221: 3213: 3180:Reichskolonialbund 3112:Reichskolonialbund 3080: 3067: 3025: 2924:German East Africa 2840: 2825: 2805: 2680: 2637:German East Africa 2617: 2583: 2571: 2543:Hottentot election 2495:Vernichtungsbefehl 2470: 2454: 2426:in 1901–1902, the 2412:asymmetric warfare 2309: 2258:company, based in 2151: 2127:. This became the 2125:Shandong peninsula 2117:East Asia Squadron 2089: 2065:Bernhard von Bülow 2021:Bernhard von Bülow 1981:Leipzig University 1849: 1802: 1742:social imperialism 1738:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 1664:German East Africa 1638:'s possessions in 1597: 1589: 1571: 1340:German East Africa 1328: 1057:German Unification 1041: 860:, located between 850:Danish West Indies 834: 747: 529: 473:German East Africa 358: 32:Reichskommissariat 11105: 11104: 10732: 10731: 10654: 10653: 10619:Polish–Lithuanian 9794:Gurjara-Pratihara 9238: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9200: 9199: 9146: 9145: 9081:South West Africa 8988:978-2-84516-436-9 8966:978-99916-909-9-5 8956:978-99916-909-7-1 8946:978-99916-909-5-7 8936:978-99916-909-4-0 8926:978-99916-909-2-6 8916:978-99916-872-8-5 8906:978-99916-872-3-0 8896:978-99916-872-1-6 8886:978-99945-71-55-0 8873:978-3-593-39639-2 8847:978-3-631-56458-5 8815:26 (13): 317–338. 8788:978-0-275-95138-2 8778:978-0-275-95137-5 8671:978-0-391-03383-2 8620:(1974): 641–663. 8575:3.1 (1974): 1–54. 8409:978-1-59797-041-9 8294:978-0-520-06702-8 8233:978-0-520-90896-3 8192:978-3-593-39184-7 8034:978-3-8376-4529-3 7861:, 11 August 1969. 7389:Dieter Gosewinkel 7261:978-3-339-11274-3 7132:Willeke Sandler, 6676:, 1999, page 76 ( 6422:History in Africa 6392:Reinhart Kößler, 6008:Washausen, p. 162 5851:Washausen, p. 116 5797:Beate Althammer: 5784:Beate Althammer: 5750:Beate Althammer: 5630:Klaus Jürgen Bade 5521:Washausen, p. 115 5002:: 240,000 km 5000:German New Guinea 4996:: 995,000 km 4984:: 495,000 km 4978:: 835,100 km 4762: 4761: 4744:2,658,161 km 4488:German New Guinea 4406:(1916, temporary) 4387:Deutsch-Ostafrika 4158:German population 4042:military advisors 3964:After the end of 3721:Mitteleuropa plan 3710:Continuity thesis 3621:sleeping sickness 3278:Bernhard Dernburg 3274:Reichskolonialamt 3258:Kolonialabteilung 3110:, from which the 3005:League of Nations 2967:German New Guinea 2918:. Belgium gained 2625:Bernhard Dernburg 2600:Reichskolonialamt 2588:Kolonialabteilung 2487:Lothar von Trotha 2449:prisoners during 2144:German New Guinea 2107:). Following the 2029:Pan-German League 1504:From March 1883, 1442:on the island of 1421:Schutzzollpolitik 1404:German New Guinea 1320:Ludwig Windthorst 1271:German New Guinea 982:gunboat diplomacy 962:Albrecht von Roon 895:Otto von Bismarck 658:, established in 604:Otto von Bismarck 580:German government 378:Otto von Bismarck 343: 342: 16:(Redirected from 11170: 11143:Overseas empires 11098: 11089: 11004:Schaumburg-Lippe 10999: 10991: 10961: 10879: 10858: 10828: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10736: 10735: 10535: 10534: 10200:Austro-Hungarian 9900:Chagatai Khanate 9265: 9258: 9251: 9242: 9241: 9227: 9209: 9208: 9170: 9169: 9156: 9105:Kapitaï and Koba 9099: 9052: 9051: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9011: 9010: 9006: 8877: 8858: 8834: 8782: 8707: 8675: 8656: 8637: 8515: 8496: 8487: 8485: 8474: 8435:, historiography 8424: 8413: 8380:(Duke UP, 2014). 8373: 8360: 8348: 8288: 8269: 8246: 8237: 8216: 8195: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8155: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8106: 8100: 8089: 8083: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7966: 7960: 7942: 7936: 7918: 7912: 7892: 7886: 7868: 7862: 7845: 7839: 7822: 7816: 7809: 7803: 7796: 7790: 7783: 7777: 7763: 7757: 7745:(1980): 255–267 7739: 7733: 7732: 7704: 7698: 7691: 7685: 7678: 7672: 7654: 7648: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7599: 7593: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7552: 7546: 7536: 7521: 7514: 7508: 7501: 7495: 7488: 7482: 7475: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7443: 7436: 7430: 7423: 7417: 7404:Birthe Kundrus: 7402: 7396: 7386: 7380: 7373: 7367: 7360: 7354: 7335: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7283: 7266: 7265: 7247: 7241: 7236:Ulrike Schaper: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7208: 7202: 7197:Ulrike Schaper: 7195: 7189: 7184:Ulrike Schaper: 7182: 7176: 7169: 7163: 7143: 7137: 7130: 7124: 7117: 7111: 7104: 7098: 7089:pp. 103 ff. 7081:Alfred Zintgraff 7078: 7072: 7061: 7055: 7052:full text online 7049: 7035: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6987: 6981: 6974: 6968: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6918: 6912: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6890: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6863: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6831: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6806:nzhistory.net.nz 6798: 6792: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6774: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6688: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6642: 6635: 6629: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6536: 6533: 6522: 6511:Usambara Railway 6507: 6501: 6494: 6483: 6480: 6469: 6466: 6457: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6431: 6425: 6418: 6409: 6390: 6384: 6365: 6359: 6352: 6346: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6296: 6290: 6275: 6269: 6256: 6250: 6243: 6237: 6227: 6221: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6186: 6175:Klaus Hildebrand 6172: 6166: 6148: 6142: 6135: 6129: 6122: 6116: 6106: 6100: 6087:Helmut Strizek: 6085: 6079: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6050: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6024: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5974: 5968: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5939: 5932: 5926: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5836:Sebastian Conrad 5824: 5818: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5776: 5761: 5755: 5748: 5742: 5731: 5725: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5663: 5658:Kurt Grobecker: 5656: 5650: 5645:Harry R. Rudin: 5643: 5637: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5585: 5579: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5487: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5455: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5416: 5410: 5399: 5393: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5353: 5347: 5342:Martha Mamozai: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5301: 5295: 5288: 5282: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5236: 5230: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5170:Biskup, Thomas. 5167: 5158: 5148: 5142: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5109: 5108:Washusen, p. 61. 5106: 5100: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5062: 5056: 5043: 5037: 5018:Caroline Islands 5006:Marshall Islands 4990:: 87,200 km 4972: 4967: 4965: 4938: 4902:Goethe Institute 4855:Post-Colonialism 4781: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4637:Marshall Islands 4635: 4633: 4632: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4565:Papua New Guinea 4563: 4561: 4560: 4509:Caroline Islands 4504:Marshall Islands 4479: 4477: 4476: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4401: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4155:Total population 4137: 4136: 4066:Goethe Institute 3945:, a significant 3816: 3797:Sylvanus Olympio 3777:Post-war Germany 3763:Federal Republic 3732:Erich Ludendorff 3671:Social Darwinism 3658:Social Darwinism 3628:venereal disease 3557: 3467:Legal inequality 3334: 3326:Protectorate Law 3285:Colonial Council 3248: 3245: 3232:Theodor Leutwein 3047:German Namibians 3001:President Wilson 2943:Marshall Islands 2922:in northwestern 2914:(Cameroons) and 2882:Marshall Islands 2780: 2777: 2771: 2755: 2615: 2612: 2533:today) where in 2351: 2340: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2222: 2159:Caroline Islands 2084:and the port of 2049:Social Darwinist 1935:Kapitaï and Koba 1915:Congo Conference 1908:Italy's colonies 1904:Francesco Crispi 1891:social Darwinian 1853:unequal treaties 1835: 1823:southwest Africa 1794:Congo conference 1758:balance of power 1698:Marshall Islands 1691:Carolines Crisis 1652:Kapitaï and Koba 1625: 1545:Gustav Nachtigal 1429: 1408:Papua New Guinea 1290: 1255:Marshall Islands 1228: 1202: 1168:social democracy 1158: 1144: 1102: 1091: 1080: 1069: 929: 921:Franz Kinderling 878: 775:naval expedition 637: 587:1871 unification 533:Hanseatic League 480: 110: 95: 81: 62: 54: 43: 42: 21: 11178: 11177: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11138:New Imperialism 11108: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11067: 11063:Alsace–Lorraine 11051: 11023: 10997: 10989: 10969: 10959: 10923: 10919:Weimar-Eisenach 10899:Hesse-Darmstadt 10880: 10871: 10823:and the former 10819:(including the 10818: 10789: 10769: 10763: 10733: 10728: 10717:American Empire 10702: 10698:African empires 10650: 10533: 10225:Central African 10171: 9989:Romano-Germanic 9575: 9309:Middle Assyrian 9282: 9274: 9269: 9239: 9230: 9221: 9196: 9159: 9142: 9121: 9095: 9069:Kionga Triangle 9043: 9038: 9004: 8997: 8975: 8970: 8874: 8831: 8804: 8799: 8779: 8763:Wesseling, H.L. 8745:(2010): 45–71. 8690:African Affairs 8672: 8653: 8512: 8410: 8357: 8259: 8254: 8244: 8234: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8182:Michael Pesek: 8181: 8177: 8132: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8090: 8086: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8021: 8017: 8007: 8005: 7994: 7990: 7980: 7978: 7967: 7963: 7957:Wayback Machine 7943: 7939: 7933:Wayback Machine 7919: 7915: 7903:Wayback Machine 7893: 7889: 7883:Wayback Machine 7869: 7865: 7855:Wayback Machine 7846: 7842: 7838:, 27 June 1956. 7832:Wayback Machine 7823: 7819: 7810: 7806: 7797: 7793: 7784: 7780: 7764: 7760: 7754:Wayback Machine 7740: 7736: 7721:10.2307/1433326 7705: 7701: 7693:Felicity Rash, 7692: 7688: 7679: 7675: 7669:Wayback Machine 7655: 7651: 7645:Wayback Machine 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7600: 7596: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7543:Clarence Lusane 7537: 7524: 7515: 7511: 7502: 7498: 7489: 7485: 7476: 7472: 7463: 7459: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7433: 7424: 7420: 7403: 7399: 7387: 7383: 7374: 7370: 7361: 7357: 7351:Wayback Machine 7336: 7332: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7300: 7284: 7269: 7262: 7248: 7244: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7209: 7205: 7196: 7192: 7183: 7179: 7170: 7166: 7156:Wayback Machine 7144: 7140: 7131: 7127: 7118: 7114: 7105: 7101: 7096:Wayback Machine 7087:, Berlin 1929, 7079: 7075: 7062: 7058: 7036: 7032: 7024:Karsten Linne: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6988: 6984: 6976:Karsten Linne. 6975: 6971: 6955:Joachim Nöhre. 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6919: 6915: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6685:Wayback Machine 6671: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6636: 6632: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6525: 6515:Central Railway 6508: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6481: 6472: 6467: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6412: 6391: 6387: 6371:, Vol. 6, 2004 6366: 6362: 6353: 6349: 6332: 6328: 6319: 6315: 6311:, 11 June 2016. 6297: 6293: 6277:Cohen, Paul A. 6276: 6272: 6257: 6253: 6245:A. Dirk Moses, 6244: 6240: 6230:Hull, Isabel V. 6228: 6224: 6206: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6149: 6145: 6136: 6132: 6123: 6119: 6107: 6103: 6086: 6082: 6072:Esherick (1988) 6070: 6066: 6057: 6053: 6044: 6040: 6031: 6027: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5992: 5976:Horst Gründer: 5975: 5971: 5959: 5955: 5946: 5942: 5933: 5929: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5879: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5830:, Vol. 3: 5825: 5821: 5809: 5805: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5771:, Vol. 3: 5762: 5758: 5749: 5745: 5733:Horst Gründer: 5732: 5728: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5666: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5640: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5611: 5602: 5598: 5586: 5582: 5573: 5569: 5561:Klaus J. Bade: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5543: 5539:Taylor, p. 221. 5538: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5494: 5490: 5485:Wayback Machine 5475: 5471: 5462: 5458: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5429: 5417: 5413: 5405:, Vol. 3: 5400: 5396: 5391:Wayback Machine 5377: 5373: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5324: 5315: 5311: 5302: 5298: 5289: 5285: 5265: 5261: 5252: 5248: 5237: 5233: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5176:Credo Reference 5168: 5161: 5149: 5145: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5063: 5059: 5053:Wayback Machine 5044: 5040: 5034:: 2,570 km 5028:: 2,376 km 5026:Mariana Islands 4963: 4961: 4940: 4939: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4857: 4852: 4788: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4718: 4716: 4690: 4674: 4672: 4646: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4577:Solomon Islands 4570: 4568: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4547:242,776 km 4534: 4529: 4524: 4494: 4490: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4426: 4424: 4415:995,000 km 4402: 4396: 4395: 4385: 4369: 4367: 4358:835,100 km 4340: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4288: 4283: 4273: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4197: 4195: 4186:495,000 km 4169: 4135: 4129: 4030:Reinhard Gehlen 4014:Hermann Zolling 3977:the last Kaiser 3885: 3823:cultural memory 3810: 3765: 3712: 3707: 3666: 3660: 3593: 3551: 3520: 3486:German citizens 3469: 3438: 3416: 3358:The districts ( 3349: 3328: 3308:Reichsmarineamt 3266:Auswärtiges Amt 3246: 3228:Hendrik Witbooi 3205: 3200: 3172:Heinrich Schnee 3160: 3104:Edmund Brückner 3088:Konrad Adenauer 3084:Weimar Republic 3055: 3053:Weimar Republic 3014: 2936:Kionga Triangle 2897: 2887:South Africa's 2803:, December 1914 2793: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2763: 2756: 2728:Hermann Detzner 2695:Heinrich Schnee 2613: 2559: 2424:Boxer Rebellion 2395: 2387:Main articles: 2385: 2360:. In 1900, the 2345: 2334: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2252:Sultan of Kedah 2216: 2201:in East Africa 2173:for 17 million 2163:Mariana Islands 2074: 2017:Leo von Caprivi 2009: 1987:. The linguist 1962:Triple Alliance 1879: 1829: 1782: 1774:Alsace-Lorraine 1718: 1702:Solomon Islands 1672:Gustav Denhardt 1636:Adolph Woermann 1619: 1560: 1506:Adolph Woermann 1459:Federal Council 1423: 1417: 1364:German Cameroon 1324:Berliner Wespen 1317:German Centrist 1305: 1297:Society Islands 1284: 1222: 1196: 1177:High Seas Fleet 1164:Social Question 1152: 1150:Friedrich Fabri 1138: 1132:German diaspora 1121:captive markets 1096: 1085: 1074: 1063: 1055:in 1870. After 1049:Alsace–Lorraine 1029: 959:Minister of War 944:Monroe Doctrine 934:, President of 923: 909:Prince Adalbert 872: 870:Richard Brenner 842:Nicobar islands 812: 724:Nicobar islands 707: 668:Neu Deutschland 640:Chatham Islands 631: 616: 608:German question 511: 505: 492:Weimar Republic 478: 469:First World War 394:colonial empire 332: 296: 286: 273: 260: 247: 234: 221: 219:Abushiri revolt 208: 186: 183: 182: 154: 122:Colonial empire 113: 101: 100: 99: 96: 88: 87: 82: 64: 63: 56: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11176: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11158:Former empires 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11090: 11081: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11059: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11033: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10993: 10985: 10979: 10977: 10975:Principalities 10971: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10933: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10890: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10762: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10739: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10554: 10549: 10543: 10541: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10499: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10455: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10320: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10281: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10264: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10227: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10181: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10112: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9739: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9585: 9583: 9581:Post-classical 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9561: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9436: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9380:Middle Kingdom 9377: 9367: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9336:Neo-Babylonian 9333: 9328: 9326:Old Babylonian 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9301: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9276: 9275: 9268: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9215: 9213: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9189: 9188: 9187: 9180:Kiautschou Bay 9176: 9174: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9083: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9060: 9058: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9037: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9014: 9008: 9007: 8996: 8995:External links 8993: 8992: 8991: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8958: 8948: 8938: 8928: 8918: 8908: 8898: 8888: 8878: 8872: 8859: 8850: 8835: 8829: 8816: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8790: 8777: 8759: 8749: 8739: 8729: 8718: 8708: 8696: 8686: 8676: 8670: 8657: 8652:978-0226772431 8651: 8638: 8626:10.1086/241266 8607: 8597: 8586: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8551: 8537: 8530: 8525:Perras, Arne. 8523: 8516: 8510: 8497: 8488: 8475: 8466: 8456: 8446: 8436: 8425: 8414: 8408: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8361: 8355: 8338: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8297: 8280: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8238: 8232: 8217: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8175: 8146:(5): 429–434. 8126: 8101: 8084: 8071: 8040: 8033: 8015: 7988: 7961: 7937: 7913: 7887: 7863: 7840: 7817: 7804: 7791: 7778: 7758: 7734: 7715:(2): 273–294. 7699: 7686: 7673: 7649: 7625: 7594: 7577: 7547: 7522: 7509: 7496: 7483: 7470: 7457: 7444: 7431: 7418: 7397: 7381: 7368: 7355: 7330: 7317: 7298: 7267: 7260: 7242: 7229: 7203: 7190: 7177: 7171:Dominik Nagl: 7164: 7138: 7125: 7112: 7099: 7073: 7056: 7030: 7017: 6982: 6969: 6948: 6933:(40–42): 5 f. 6913: 6900: 6891: 6882: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6832: 6823: 6793: 6784: 6775: 6762: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6689: 6665: 6652: 6643: 6630: 6613: 6601: 6588: 6578: 6565: 6563:infrastructure 6555: 6546: 6537: 6523: 6519:Hinterlandbahn 6502: 6484: 6470: 6468:Miller, p. 19. 6458: 6449: 6439: 6426: 6424:. 30: 195–211. 6410: 6394:Henning Melber 6385: 6360: 6347: 6326: 6313: 6291: 6270: 6251: 6238: 6222: 6200: 6187: 6167: 6143: 6130: 6117: 6101: 6080: 6064: 6051: 6045:Louis (1963), 6038: 6025: 6010: 6001: 5990: 5969: 5953: 5940: 5927: 5912: 5903: 5890: 5877: 5875:, p. 523. 5853: 5844: 5819: 5803: 5790: 5777: 5756: 5743: 5726: 5710: 5698: 5689: 5676: 5664: 5651: 5638: 5622: 5609: 5596: 5580: 5567: 5554: 5548:Helmut Böhme: 5541: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5501: 5488: 5469: 5456: 5441: 5427: 5423:Friedrich Kapp 5411: 5394: 5371: 5348: 5335: 5322: 5309: 5296: 5283: 5259: 5246: 5231: 5215: 5202: 5193: 5159: 5143: 5122: 5110: 5101: 5088: 5057: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779:History portal 4766: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4728: 4727: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4684: 4683: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4640: 4639: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4484: 4483: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4389: 4379: 4378: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4334: 4333: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4301:87,200 km 4299: 4296: 4293: 4277: 4267: 4266: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4149:Disestablished 4147: 4144: 4141: 4128: 4125: 4086:British Empire 3985:Leonard Mosley 3884: 3881: 3781:decolonization 3764: 3761: 3756:Eastern Europe 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3679:British Empire 3659: 3656: 3592: 3589: 3566:had subsided, 3526:School of the 3519: 3516: 3468: 3465: 3437: 3434: 3415: 3412: 3404:Bezirksgericht 3386:Polizeitruppen 3364:Bezirksamtmann 3348: 3345: 3262:Foreign Office 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3159: 3156: 3102:, directed by 3054: 3051: 3013: 3010: 2987:William Massey 2912:German Kamerun 2896: 2893: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2773: 2766: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2740:Roman Catholic 2592:Foreign Office 2558: 2555: 2511:scorched earth 2464:, painting by 2434:in 1905–1907. 2416:scorched earth 2384: 2381: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2183:Samoan islands 2177:. Through the 2073: 2070: 2008: 2005: 1878: 1875: 1815:Jaluit Company 1781: 1778: 1726:Kolonialfieber 1717: 1714: 1606:French empires 1559: 1556: 1494:Foreign Office 1492:contacted the 1490:Adolf Lüderitz 1416: 1413: 1304: 1301: 1172: 1171: 1160: 1146: 1128: 1036:Kladderadatsch 1028: 1025: 819:Woermann-Linie 811: 808: 718:departed from 706: 703: 683:Samoan Islands 650:relied on the 615: 612: 568:trading houses 504: 501: 341: 340: 337: 336: 333: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 291: 290: 287: 281: 278: 277: 274: 268: 265: 264: 261: 255: 252: 251: 248: 242: 239: 238: 235: 229: 226: 225: 222: 216: 213: 212: 209: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 185: 184: 155: 150: 149: 147: 141: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 111: 103: 102: 97: 90: 89: 83: 76: 75: 74: 71: 70: 66: 65: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11175: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11097: 11096: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10994: 10992: 10990:(Junior Line) 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10963: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10886:Grand Duchies 10883: 10878: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10822: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10767: 10760: 10755: 10753: 10748: 10746: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10723: 10722:Soviet empire 10720: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707:Miscellaneous 10705: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10434: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10306:German Empire 10304: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10046:Turco-Persian 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9259: 9254: 9252: 9247: 9246: 9243: 9225: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9035: 9030: 9028: 9023: 9021: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8856: 8851: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8830:3-7909-0204-7 8826: 8822: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8795: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8511:0-02-584930-1 8507: 8504:. Macmillan. 8503: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8421: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8368:. Melbourne: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8356:0-14-006344-7 8352: 8347: 8346: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8251: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8081: 8075: 8059: 8056:. HU Berlin. 8055: 8051: 8044: 8036: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7911:18 July 2017. 7910: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7891: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7844: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7808: 7801: 7795: 7788: 7782: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7690: 7683: 7677: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7587: 7586:David Olusoga 7581: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7500: 7493: 7487: 7480: 7474: 7467: 7461: 7454: 7448: 7441: 7435: 7428: 7422: 7415: 7414:3-412-18702-X 7411: 7407: 7401: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7334: 7327: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7299:0-7146-1674-5 7295: 7291: 7290: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7233: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7129: 7122: 7116: 7109: 7106:Norman Rich, 7103: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7021: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6973: 6966: 6965:3-8258-3764-5 6962: 6958: 6952: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6877: 6868: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6772: 6766: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6711: 6702: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6662: 6656: 6647: 6640: 6634: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6611:Miller, p. 21 6608: 6606: 6598: 6592: 6582: 6575: 6569: 6559: 6553:Haupt, p. 129 6550: 6541: 6535:Miller, p. 22 6532: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6499: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6482:Miller, p. 20 6479: 6477: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6453: 6443: 6436: 6430: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6398:Irmtrud Wojak 6395: 6389: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6344: 6343:3-86153-303-0 6340: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6163:0-345-32425-0 6160: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6114:0-415-00685-6 6111: 6105: 6098: 6097:3-86153-390-1 6094: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6047:Ruanda-Urundi 6042: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6005: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5986:3-8252-1332-3 5983: 5979: 5973: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5874: 5873:3-549-05817-9 5870: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5848: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5816: 5812: 5811:Horst Gründer 5807: 5800: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5719: 5718:Horst Gründer 5714: 5707: 5702: 5696:Miller, p. 10 5693: 5686: 5680: 5671: 5669: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5536: 5527: 5518: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5345: 5339: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5280: 5279:3-423-04187-0 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5197: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5140: 5139:3-423-04509-4 5136: 5132: 5126: 5117: 5115: 5105: 5098: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014:: 515 km 5013: 5010: 5008:: 400 km 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4959: 4955: 4952:(in German). 4951: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4780: 4769: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4663:2,570 km 4662: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4648:Deutsch-Samoa 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4398:Dar es Salaam 4393: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4320: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4002:According to 4000: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3736:Baltic states 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636:Eugen Fischer 3632: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3598:plant hybrids 3588: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3530:in Togo, 1899 3529: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3512:miscegenation 3509: 3505: 3504:Kaffirization 3501: 3500:racial purity 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3442: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382:Schutztruppen 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3315:Reichsgericht 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254:Schutzgebiete 3240: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3188:Martin Borman 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147:South African 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:Johannes Bell 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955:Palau Islands 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2932:Cape to Cairo 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920:Ruanda-Urundi 2917: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2849:H. H. Asquith 2846: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641:Dar es Salaam 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2579:Dar es Salaam 2575: 2568: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Agadir Crisis 2276: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:Juye Incident 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1970:Zambezi River 1967: 1966:Caprivi Strip 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1751:Frederick III 1748: 1743: 1740:advanced the 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1422: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398:and parts of 1397: 1394:(present-day 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358:(present-day 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1326:13 March 1885 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1300: 1298: 1295:, one of the 1294: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1125:Panic of 1873 1122: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1037: 1033: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007:In 1869, the 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 970: 965: 963: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901: 896: 891: 889: 885: 880: 876: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 831: 827: 823: 820: 816: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 744: 739: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716: 712: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:Great Britain 641: 635: 630: 625: 621: 611: 609: 605: 601: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 538: 534: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 500: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 474: 470: 465: 463: 460:and numerous 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:German Empire 371: 367: 363: 355: 352: 347: 338: 334: 328: 324: 319: 315: 311: 306: 302: 298: 292: 288: 285: 279: 275: 272: 266: 262: 259: 253: 249: 246: 240: 236: 233: 227: 223: 220: 214: 210: 207: 201: 197: 193: 189: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 153: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 136: 133: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 109: 104: 94: 86: 80: 72: 67: 60: 53: 44: 41: 37: 36:German Colony 33: 19: 11095:Mitteleuropa 11086:Mittelafrika 11078: 10998:(Elder Line) 10996:Reuss-Greiz 10960:(until 1876) 10952:Coburg-Gotha 10855:West Prussia 10812:Hohenzollern 10808:Hesse-Nassau 10800:East Prussia 10593: 10473:Contemporary 10323:Indo-Persian 10311:Nazi Germany 10255:Contemporary 10157:Vijayanagara 10056:Great Seljuk 9967:Thessalonica 9895:Golden Horde 9535:Carthaginian 9314:Neo-Assyrian 9299:Neo-Sumerian 9224:Nazi Germany 9222:(claimed by 9205:Unrecognised 8979: 8863: 8854: 8838: 8820: 8812: 8809: 8793: 8766: 8752: 8742: 8732: 8721: 8711: 8703:. New York: 8700: 8689: 8679: 8661: 8642: 8617: 8611: 8600: 8590: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8554: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8501: 8492: 8481: 8470: 8459: 8449: 8439: 8428: 8419: 8399: 8391: 8384: 8383:Esser, Max. 8377: 8365: 8344: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8300: 8284: 8273: 8265: 8257:Bibliography 8241: 8240:Westermann, 8222: 8211: 8194:, pp. 86–90. 8183: 8178: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8117:. Retrieved 8113: 8104: 8092: 8087: 8079: 8074: 8062:. Retrieved 8053: 8043: 8024: 8018: 8006:. Retrieved 7991: 7979:. Retrieved 7964: 7948:40–42/2019 ( 7945: 7940: 7924:44–45/2012 ( 7921: 7916: 7906: 7890: 7871: 7866: 7858: 7843: 7835: 7820: 7812: 7807: 7799: 7794: 7786: 7785:Helmut Bley, 7781: 7765: 7761: 7742: 7737: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7694: 7689: 7681: 7676: 7657: 7652: 7633: 7628: 7616:. Retrieved 7607: 7597: 7589: 7580: 7568:. 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Retrieved 5175: 5154: 5146: 5130: 5125: 5104: 5091: 5079:. Retrieved 5071:Credo Online 5070: 5060: 5041: 5032:German Samoa 4969: 4964:29 September 4962:. Retrieved 4949: 4943: 4912:Unserdeutsch 4848:Wilhelminism 4803:Duala people 4753: 4748: 4743: 4734:(as of 1912) 4731: 4691: 4647: 4644:German Samoa 4536:Simpsonhafen 4531:Herbertshöhe 4491: 4386: 4341: 4274: 4170: 4120: 4119:(money) and 4116: 4112: 4105: 4090: 4063: 4018:West Germany 4008:journalists 4003: 4001: 3989:West Germany 3970:Schutztruppe 3966:World War II 3963: 3955:East Germany 3916: 3897: 3858: 3838:class action 3827: 3819: 3801: 3774: 3727: 3725: 3713: 3699:Duala people 3696: 3692: 3667: 3652:tuberculosis 3633: 3625: 3613:Paul Ehrlich 3606: 3594: 3572: 3562:. After the 3533: 3508:Verkaffirung 3507: 3496:body politic 3483: 3470: 3457: 3454:Jaluit Atoll 3430: 3417: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3350: 3340: 3336: 3323: 3312: 3307: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3251: 3164:Adolf Hitler 3161: 3140: 3081: 3073: 3026: 2999: 2983:W. M. Hughes 2979: 2963:German Samoa 2940: 2909: 2898: 2895:Confiscation 2886: 2870:declared war 2864: 2853: 2841: 2744: 2725: 2704: 2690: 2687:forced labor 2683:Wilhelm Solf 2681: 2661: 2621:restructurer 2618: 2599: 2587: 2584: 2550: 2546: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2499:Bechuanaland 2494: 2471: 2451:the genocide 2421: 2405: 2396: 2373:German Samoa 2366: 2354:Witzenhausen 2329: 2317:French Congo 2310: 2245: 2203: 2153:Through the 2152: 2121:Jiaozhou Bay 2090: 2056:Cecil Rhodes 2053: 2037:abolitionist 2010: 1974: 1943: 1927:St Lucia Bay 1912: 1910:to Germany. 1900: 1896: 1880: 1866: 1862: 1850: 1845:coconut palm 1803: 1783: 1766:Great Powers 1755: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1695: 1684: 1617:Lüderitzland 1613:Lüderitz Bay 1610: 1598: 1579: 1567:Lüderitz Bay 1550: 1538: 1522: 1503: 1483: 1469: 1463: 1448: 1418: 1337: 1329: 1323: 1276: 1247:Jaluit Atoll 1214: 1191: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1042: 1035: 1006: 993: 975: 972: 967: 956: 940:Puerto Limón 916: 898: 892: 881: 858:Sulu Islands 835: 804:Buenos Aires 799: 794:was sent to 789: 787: 767:Napoleon III 748: 742: 731: 728:Indian Ocean 713: 708: 676: 617: 584: 571: 556:missionaries 548:Transylvania 530: 486:between the 466: 382:colonization 361: 359: 351:East African 331:• 1912 245:Adamawa Wars 162:Rwanda-Rundi 156: 151: 98:Coat of arms 40: 11029:City-states 10988:Reuss-Gera 10867:Württemberg 10796:Brandenburg 10788:as a whole 10768:(1871–1918) 10061:Khwarezmian 9994:Carolingian 9799:Rashtrakuta 9503:Shaishunaga 9402:Hellenistic 9385:New Kingdom 9375:Old Kingdom 9165:Concessions 9086:West Africa 9064:East Africa 9005:(in German) 8245:(in German) 8064:30 December 8008:30 December 7981:30 December 7859:Der Spiegel 7836:Der Spiegel 7146:Straehler: 6309:Der Spiegel 6137:Tom Marks: 5961:Santa Lucīa 5508:Crankshaw, 5359: [ 5151:Walter Nuhn 4786:Colonialism 4707:515 km 4538:(1910–1914) 4533:(1899–1910) 4528:(1891–1899) 4523:(1884–1891) 4521:Finschhafen 4400:(1890–1916) 4394:(1885–1890) 4349:(from 1891) 4292:(1897–1916) 4146:Established 4121:nusu kaputi 4038:Third World 4034:Middle East 4010:Heinz Höhne 4005:Der Spiegel 3979:during the 3957:before the 3811: [ 3719:, with the 3650:as well as 3640:multiracial 3609:Robert Koch 3602:fertilizers 3564:Kulturkampf 3552: [ 3498:" and its " 3408:Obergericht 3329: [ 3296:treaty port 3294:The German 3289:Kolonialrat 3247: 1906 3184:Rudolf Hess 3174:, and then 3162:Chancellor 3151:Louis Botha 2991:Louis Botha 2889:J. C. Smuts 2845:Edward Grey 2779: 1900 2614: 1900 2389:Herero Wars 2346: [ 2335: [ 2311:During the 2217: [ 2214:Arno Senfft 2142:Borders of 2093:concessions 2061:Weltpolitik 2041:Arab revolt 2033:slave trade 1989:Hans Stumme 1858:sovereignty 1830: [ 1772:related to 1656:Carl Peters 1630:. In July, 1620: [ 1518:West Africa 1424: [ 1285: [ 1223: [ 1197: [ 1153: [ 1139: [ 1105:lobby group 1097: [ 1086: [ 1075: [ 1064: [ 1047:instead of 1045:Cochinchina 978:naval bases 924: [ 893:In 1867/8, 873: [ 679:East Africa 632: [ 591:imperialist 522:Brandenburg 490:and German 462:Micronesian 258:Herero Wars 206:Established 11112:Categories 10851:Westphalia 10631:Portuguese 10512:Revival Le 10502:Vietnamese 10145:Later Tran 10115:Vietnamese 10011:Singhasari 9999:Holy Roman 9623:Bulgarian 9559:Satavahana 9530:Phoenician 9466:Achaemenid 9427:Indo-Greek 9407:Macedonian 9321:Babylonian 9219:New Swabia 9212:Antarctica 9133:New Guinea 9097:Neukamerun 8119:6 November 8054:H-Soz-Kult 7768:Lebensraum 7222:11 January 6816:20 October 6597:Samoa 'uma 6496:Garfield, 6287:0231106505 6266:De Gruyter 6074:, p. 5012:Kiautschou 4749:11,979,000 4457:Mozambique 4131:See also: 4115:(school), 3925:, it is a 3908:Portuguese 3869:Düsseldorf 3728:Kaiserzeit 3669:elite was 3576:plantation 3558:, and the 3537:Protestant 3479:German law 3376:Residentur 3300:Kiautschou 3124:Nazi party 2961:in China. 2959:Kiautschou 2867:ally Japan 2760:New Guinea 2545:" for the 2325:Neukamerun 2256:Behn Meyer 2241:Helen Reef 2195:Bafut Wars 2175:gold marks 2171:Micronesia 2135:province. 2119:to occupy 2097:Qing China 2082:Kiautschou 2013:Wilhelm II 2001:Hans Meyer 1993:Karl Weule 1883:Eugen Wolf 1770:revanchism 1747:anglophile 1678:in modern 1498:Walvis Bay 1479:New Guinea 1451:Samoa Bill 1241:island of 1207:island of 1017:Walvis Bay 936:Costa Rica 836:After the 830:South Seas 779:Qing China 687:New Guinea 652:Royal Navy 624:Zollverein 507:See also: 464:islands. 454:New Guinea 335:11,979,000 321:Population 174:New Guinea 10965:Meiningen 10957:Lauenburg 10947:Altenburg 10942:Brunswick 10914:Oldenburg 10835:Rhineland 10816:Pomerania 10624:Couronian 10262:Ethiopian 10250:Manchukuo 10205:Brazilian 10051:Ghaznavid 10021:Srivijaya 9972:Trebizond 9957:Byzantine 9939:North Sea 9934:Norwegian 9922:Almoravid 9905:Ilkhanate 9875:Majapahit 9848:Muromachi 9757:Solomonic 9742:Ethiopian 9656:Caliphate 9589:Aragonese 9417:Ptolemaic 9110:Mahinland 8973:In French 8802:In German 8634:153844608 8170:185380200 8162:0724-9616 7560:TimesLIVE 7310:30 August 6377:1462-3528 6236:, pp 3ff. 5419:Reichstag 4919:Footnotes 4418:7,511,000 4304:1,003,000 4287:(1887–97) 4282:(1884–87) 4189:2,540,000 4140:Territory 4109:Kiswahili 3961:in 1989. 3850:The Hague 3260:) of the 3143:war guilt 3132:Rendsburg 2947:Carolines 2836:Armistice 2699:motorways 2629:Darmstadt 2551:Reichstag 2547:Reichstag 2513:tactics. 2408:guerrilla 2260:Singapore 2250:from the 2233:Pulo Anna 1939:Mahinland 1931:Pondoland 1706:civil war 1674:acquired 1455:Reichstag 1313:crinoline 1235:Saluafata 1231:Falealili 1229:occupied 1186:Reichstag 1053:Reichstag 905:Caribbean 854:Schleswig 796:Patagonia 693:delta in 69:1884–1920 10774:Kingdoms 10604:Japanese 10567:Scottish 10547:American 10539:Colonial 10468:Imperial 10436:Moroccan 10372:Japanese 10350:Afsharid 10209:Burmese 10195:Austrian 10150:Later Le 10125:Early Le 10110:Venetian 10036:Tiwanaku 9949:Hellenic 9912:Moroccan 9843:Kamakura 9833:Japanese 9816:Saffarid 9769:Georgian 9683:Chalukya 9661:Rashidun 9651:Calakmul 9619:Bruneian 9498:Haryanka 9476:Sasanian 9471:Parthian 9422:Bactrian 9412:Seleucid 9392:Goguryeo 9370:Egyptian 9304:Assyrian 9294:Akkadian 9285:Colonies 9192:Tientsin 9185:Tsingtao 9115:Togoland 9074:Wituland 9048:Colonies 8982:, 2010, 8765:(1996). 8345:Bismarck 8058:Archived 8002:Archived 7975:Archived 7953:Archived 7929:Archived 7899:Archived 7879:Archived 7851:Archived 7828:Archived 7750:Archived 7665:Archived 7641:Archived 7638:in JSTOR 7618:23 April 7612:Archived 7564:Archived 7347:Archived 7304:Archived 7152:Archived 7092:Archived 7004:Archived 6935:Archived 6810:Archived 6681:Archived 6447:331–360. 6404:(= 6268:Online). 6249:, p. 301 6049:, p. 163 5683:Miller, 5512:, p. 395 5510:Bismarck 5481:Archived 5387:Archived 5320:, p. 215 5316:Taylor, 5186:21 April 5180:Archived 5081:21 April 5075:Archived 5049:Archived 4988:Togoland 4958:Archived 4765:See also 4697:Tsingtau 4481:Tanzania 4392:Bagamoyo 4271:Togoland 4204:Cameroon 4082:Tanzania 4074:Cameroon 4055:Cold War 4022:Cold War 3951:Cold War 3871:and the 3842:New York 3748:Ober Ost 3677:and the 3644:smallpox 3617:smallpox 3581:polygamy 3568:Catholic 3421:Kiaochow 3372:Resident 3353:Governor 3276:), with 3149:premier 3003:saw the 2995:mandates 2951:Marianas 2916:Togoland 2878:Caroline 2860:held out 2811:General 2736:Lutheran 2732:Cameroon 2708:palm oil 2676:Lüderitz 2633:Togoland 2577:Port of 2504:genocide 2369:Togoland 2248:Langkawi 2239:and the 2225:Sonsorol 2133:Shandong 2045:holy war 1952:between 1923:Dinuzulu 1887:scramble 1676:Wituland 1640:Cameroon 1632:Togoland 1392:Togoland 1368:Cameroon 1352:Tanzania 1277:Bismarck 1249:and the 1002:Kiaochow 986:Yokohama 866:Wituland 826:Cameroon 765:Emperor 757:(modern 699:Zanzibar 695:Cameroon 595:colonial 552:Americas 540:littoral 422:Cameroon 414:Tanzania 11042:Hamburg 10929:Duchies 10847:Silesia 10804:Hanover 10786:Prussia 10781:Bavaria 10671:largest 10666:Empires 10646:Swedish 10641:Spanish 10636:Russian 10599:Italian 10574:Chinese 10562:English 10557:British 10552:Belgian 10527:Vietnam 10517:Tay son 10463:Tsarist 10458:Russian 10453:Ottoman 10419:Dzungar 10414:Khoshut 10387:Mexican 10382:Maratha 10365:Pahlavi 10345:Safavid 10340:Iranian 10267:Haitian 10230:Chinese 10190:Ashanti 10162:Wagadou 10088:Eastern 10083:Western 10066:Timurid 10026:Tibetan 10016:Songhai 10006:Serbian 9927:Almohad 9917:Idrisid 9821:Samanid 9811:Tahirid 9806:Iranian 9784:Kannauj 9764:Genoese 9700:Chinese 9693:Eastern 9688:Western 9676:Fatimid 9671:Abbasid 9666:Umayyad 9639:Burmese 9599:Ayyubid 9594:Angevin 9564:Xianbei 9552:Eastern 9547:Western 9493:Magadha 9456:Iranian 9449:Xiongnu 9434:Hittite 9343:Chinese 9331:Kassite 9280:Ancient 9272:Empires 9126:Oceania 9091:Kamerun 8724:(1921) 8714:(1930) 8584:excerpt 8545:excerpt 8464:excerpt 8429:History 7772:fascism 7729:1433326 7588:(2010) 7010:4 April 6941:4 April 6500:, p. 83 6198:, p. 85 6194:Haupt, 5421:deputy 4982:Kamerun 4710:200,000 4550:601,000 4433:Burundi 4376:Namibia 4347:Windhuk 4216:Nigeria 4171:Kamerun 4167:Kamerun 4143:Capital 3973:Askaris 3923:Namibia 3912:Spanish 3900:British 3893:Namibia 3877:Dschang 3854:damages 3804:Hamburg 3752:Central 3585:Islamic 3360:Bezirke 3319:Leipzig 3126:to the 3092:Cologne 3075:Notgeld 2874:Mariana 2817:Ngomano 2649:Hamburg 2569:in 1907 2567:Nairobi 2531:Namibia 2187:Burundi 2105:Tianjin 2086:Qingdao 2011:Kaiser 1954:Burgabo 1668:Clemens 1602:British 1510:Hamburg 1453:to the 1390:); and 1388:Nigeria 1360:Namibia 1344:Burundi 1293:Huahine 1265:in the 1237:on the 1215:Ariadne 998:Qingdao 952:Curaçao 917:Augusta 903:to the 900:Augusta 822:factory 771:Vietnam 755:Formosa 751:Prussia 726:in the 711:frigate 648:Hamburg 576:Pacific 560:Hamburg 503:Origins 442:Nigeria 418:Namibia 406:Burundi 398:British 282:• 269:• 256:• 243:• 230:• 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German colonial empire

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