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small material objects. Pyke suggested that 4 or 6 inches (100 or 150 mm) pipes would handle smaller equipment and larger objects could be passed through two-foot pipes. Furthermore, there was no reason why the pipes should stop at the shore, they could be extended inland as required. Bernal gave a cautious endorsement to the idea, adding that it would require a great deal of investigation. Pyke's idea was similar to the cleaning brushes that are sometimes forced along pipes by the pressure of the fluid and to the
539:, citing humanitarian reasons. Pyke campaigned for Christian leaders to make simultaneous public statements condemning the Nazis, raising money to set up an organisation to combat anti-Semitism. He wrote a number of magazine articles on the irrationality of prejudice and started work on a book. In his published letters and articles, Pyke insisted that it was necessary to collect data and this struck a chord with other thinkers who would – giving full credit for the germ of an idea to Pyke – go on to establish the
516:. It fostered the individual development of children; children were given great freedom and were supported rather than punished. The teachers were seen as observers of the children, who were seen as research workers. For a short time, The Maltings was a critical if not a commercial success; it was visited by many educationists and it was the subject of a film documentary. Pyke had ambitious plans for the school and began to interfere with the day-to-day running, whereupon Susan Isaacs left The Maltings.
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845:. A biography of Pyke by David Lampe indicates that he had decided to use ice reinforced with wood fibres, but other accounts make it clear that this is not the case. Pyke was not the first to suggest a floating mid-ocean stopping point for aircraft, nor the first to suggest that such a floating island could be made of ice, German scientist Dr. A. Gerke of Waldenburg in Germany proposed the idea and carried out some preliminary experiments in Lake Zurich in 1930.
559:(VIAS) organisation, encouraging individuals with little money to contribute their time and skills instead. This was opposed by trade unionists who believed that unpaid work might set a dangerous precedent, but Pyke persisted. By October 1938, twenty-five vehicles had been sent to Spain including two mobile blood transfusion units, and by the end of the war, more than seventy vehicles had been contributed. Organised by
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cost about the same as an equivalent energy in the form of coal and that while Europe had plenty of sugar and unemployed people, there was a shortage of coal and oil. He recognised that such a use of human muscle power was in some ways distasteful, but could not see that the logic of arguments about calories and coal were unlikely to be sufficiently persuasive.
904:; this could be self-powered or towed to where it would be used. He also suggested the use of pykrete to make breakwaters and landing stages. At the time, Max Perutz thought the ideas were practical and that the preceding research on pykrete was sufficiently advanced to allow Pyke's plan to be executed. The plan was not put into action, but for the allied
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on previous escapes, and together with Falk, made a decision to escape, following a regime of calisthenic exercise to prepare. On the afternoon of 9 July 1915, Pyke and Falk crept into a hut and hid under tennis nets, using glare from the sunset to blind the patrolling guard. Successful, they waited until dark and climbed over the perimeter fences.
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theatre and fundamental to the 1943 decision to invade France by landing on the beaches of
Normandy, with no harbours and a 24-foot tide. Pyke's idea was to use pipes of the type that were used to transport fuel from ship to shore, to move sealed containers that would contain any type of sufficiently
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Pyke then proposed that his idea for "Power-Driven Rivers" could be extended to the transport of personnel. The pipes would need to be at least two feet in diameter and the pressures would have to be high. He worked out ideas for supplying the passengers with oxygen and suggested that the problem of
836:
from ice that was either frozen naturally or artificially. Whereas conventional aircraft carriers were restricted to relatively small, specialised aircraft, these could launch and land conventional fighters and bombers. As such, they could provide air cover for convoys in mid-Atlantic, staging posts
722:
based on an old patent called the
Armstead snow motor. This consisted of a pair of lightweight cylinders, shaped like very large artillery shells, to support the weight of the vehicle. These cylinders have a spiral flange that digs into the snow; when the cylinders turn (in opposite directions), the
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to avoid attention and higher stock broking charges. The Pykes had a son, David Pyke (1921–2001), and Pyke became preoccupied by the question of his son's education. In
October 1924, to create an education that differed from his own and promoted curiosity whilst equipping young people to live in the
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and food poisoning, but recovered in summer. Despite illness, he thought about the possibility of escape and repeatedly questioned fellow inmates. Most were pessimistic about escape, but an
Englishman, Edward Falk, agreed despite the low success rate of other attempts. Pyke compiled statistical data
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in secret by sending volunteers to
Germany to interview ordinary people. He would train the volunteers personally. The plan was that the interviewers should pose as golfers on a tour of Germany and that interviews should be informal, with the questions being inserted into everyday conversation; the
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The greater his gains, the more he invested until he began to see himself and the people who ran the Great Ormond Street office as a gang of economic corsairs, youthful
Bloomsbury intellectual buccaneers slashing through the City and coming away with all its money, and with it endowing a worthwhile
332:
Hunger – real hunger – not your going without afternoon tea, or no-eggs-at-breakfast sort of affair – can, when a man is utterly without occupation, make life one continual aching weary desire. If the desire is not satisfied, or does not abate of its own
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After World War II, Pyke's inventions continued. One suggestion for the problems of energy-starved post-war Europe was to propel railway wagons by human muscle power – employing 20 to 30 men on bicycle-like mechanisms to pedal a cyclo-tractor. Pyke reasoned that the energy in a pound of sugar
427:
Pyke arranged for some food parcels to be sent to friends in
Ruhleben; the boxes contained details of his method of escape concealed in false bottoms. Although his parcels arrived, no prisoner attempted to repeat his methods. As an escaped prisoner of war, he was exempt from conscription and his
323:
In early
October, 1914, after six days in Germany, Pyke was arrested in his bed-sitting room, and was taken away leaving a letter written in English on his desk. Confined to a small cell in solitary confinement, he believed that he might not be executed after all; remarking that "the German
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Pyke's memorandum included a couple of cover notes. The first requested that
Mountbatten should read the suggestions himself before allowing it to fall into the hands of "that damned fool Lushington". The second, longer, note asked that Mountbatten read the first thirty pages of the memorandum
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He remained always the knight-errant, from time to time gathering round him a small band of followers but never a leader of big movements. Because of the very greatness of his ideas most of his life was one of frustration and disappointment, but he has left behind to all who knew him and were
853:, concluded that Pyke's main proposals were feasible. In December 1942, Prime Minister Churchill issued a directive that research on the project should be pressed forward with the highest priority and he expressed the opinion that nature be allowed to do as much of the work as possible.
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wrote to
Mountbatten recommending that Pyke's Norway scheme, originally rejected by Keyes, be re-examined and that Mountbatten should take Pyke onto his staff. Mountbatten valued Pyke's ideas, and for liberalising other staff, eventually adopted the plan. The scheme became
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In late 1943, Pyke submitted to Mountbatten a memorandum, nearly fifty pages long, explaining his ideas for a solution to the problem of unloading stores from ships where no proper port facilities are available and few roads inland. This circumstance was common in the
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and worked on a number of ideas for practical inventions. Inspired by the sight of barrage balloons, he conceived the idea of using them to mount microphones allowing the location of aircraft to be ascertained by triangulation. Pyke was unaware that the development of
640:, Pyke recalled all his agents and they arrived back in England over the following few days. Pyke's original idea had been to present Hitler with an account of the true feelings of the German people, but this did not materialise with the outbreak of war. Raleigh and
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for use by labourers. He published aggressive propaganda brochures pointing out that British workers were not to consider their contributions a form of charity while Spanish people were fighting and dying for their fellow workers. To answer a shortage of
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to send him to Berlin. He used the passport obtained from an American sailor by travelling via Denmark. In Germany, he conversed with local Germans, and eavesdropped on other people's conversations, witnessing the mobilisation of Germans for war with the
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before deciding whether it was worthwhile to continue "It may be gold: it may only glitter. I can't tell. I have been hammering at it too long and am blinded". Mountbatten handed it to Brigadier Wildman-Lushington, and Lushington with the assistance of
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In January 1915, he was transferred to another prison where he was able to mix with other prisoners and buy newspapers, learning that thousands of foreigners had passed through this prison for a period of quarantine before being transferred to the
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found his body the following Monday morning. The coroner gave a verdict of suicide at a moment of mental unbalance. Before consuming the pills, he had written private letters that made it clear that his death was premeditated. An obituary in
401:. As they rested, they were discovered by a soldier and tried to talk their way out of the encounter, only to discover the soldier was Dutch and they were already 50 yards (46 m) inside the Netherlands. From here, made their way to
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Lampe gives very few details of Pyke's time in prison, although he mentions a period of 112 days of solitary confinement – 16 weeks. This is longer than Pyke's 13 weeks to which might be added a further 10 days at other
405:. Pyke visited his news editor to confess that his mission had failed. However, the editor told Pyke that the story of his escape, based on a long telegraph report Pyke had sent from Amsterdam, had become one of the biggest
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accord (as it very often does), it can have disastrous effects on a man's mind. It has been known to make men think very seriously about the rights of property, and a few have become so unbalanced as to become socialists.
960:
Pyke proposed that this system could be used to move people from ship to shore, from island to island, through swamps and over mountains and anywhere where conventional transport was difficult. The idea was never used.
337:
During confinement, Pyke longed for books, writing material and socialising. When allowed out for exercise, he moved around the yard and exchanged words with other inmates. He pieced together poems from memory –
633:. Raleigh suggested that there were enough of Pyke's golfers in Germany to challenge the Frankfurt golf club to a match. Pyke concluded that this would be an excellent idea, and put this new plan into action.
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which he thought could be used as a weapon of war: pumped from a ship it could be used to instantly form bulwarks of ice or even be sprayed directly onto enemy soldiers. However, such ideas were according to
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vehicle is propelled forwards. Pyke envisaged that a small force of highly mobile soldiers could occupy the attentions of many enemy soldiers who would be required to guard against possible points of attack.
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It is not only this country but the whole world which, as compared with knowledge of other natural phenomena, lacks knowledge of snow and ice. This is fortunate, for whoever gets there first may get a great
813:; Pyke knew that Perutz had previously worked on the physical properties of snow with regard to the difficulties of Operation Plough. Perutz proposed a solution and in a footnote his memorandum noted that:
523:. The Malting House School was forced to close, Margaret Pyke had to take a job as a headmistress's secretary; she left Geoffrey although they were never divorced. Already suffering from periodic fits of
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Pyke tried to generate interest in his opinion poll results and in repeating the exercise in Germany using people from neutral countries. He got little support, but did attract the attention of
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389:
Pyke and Falk took a tram into Berlin, buying clothes and camping equipment and then traveled west. Within 80 miles (130 km) of the Dutch border, they decided to walk, traversing
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sent a memorandum about Habakkuk to Mountbatten. Pyke returned from Canada. Pyke's original memorandum mentioned other applications for pykrete such as building landing ships for the
275:, was a Jewish lawyer who died when Pyke was only five, leaving his family with no money. His mother quarrelled with relatives and made life "hell" for her children. She sent Pyke to
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work. Certainly, no individual in the strange company ever made any noticeable personal profit, and Pyke's high salary was always paid immediately into the Malting House account.
981:. He remained eager to convey his unconventional ideas, and continued to both write and broadcast them. He campaigned against the death penalty, and for government support of
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twentieth century, he set up an infants' school in his Cambridge home. His wife, Margaret, was a strong supporter of the school and its ideas. Pyke recruited a psychologist,
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The whole experience (of riding in a pipe) however should be far less unpleasant, and take very much less time to become used to, than parachute jumping, or being bombed.
563:, workers were, with the assistance of sympathetic employers who lent the use of machines and premises, able to produce useful items of equipment. Pyke also invented a
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motorcycles that were then plentifully available second-hand, and persuaded workers to make the sidecars free of charge with the results being sent out to Spain.
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by spraying an existing building with pykrete liquid that would freeze into a thick layer. Many of these ideas relied upon a misplaced faith in the qualities of
397:. Approaching the border, they consumed what remained of their food and discarded their equipment apart from some rope made from string, deciding to cross the
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2498:"A Description of the Iceberg Aircraft Carrier and the Bearing of the Mechanical Properties of Frozen Wood Pulp upon Some Problems of Glacier Flow"
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A screw-propelled prototype of the Weasel (probably an Armstead snow motor fitted on a Fordson tractor together with a lightweight driver's cabin)
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416:. Pyke refused, citing lost interest in being a war correspondent. He divided his time between lecturing on his experiences and writing for the
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Pyke also assisted in arranging for the manufacture of mattresses for the Spanish government, for the collection of redundant horse-drawn
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The Malting House school building photographed in 2008. The building is on the corner of Newnham Road and Malting Lane and overlooks the
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of the war. Pyke was the first Englishman to get into Germany and out again, and he was encouraged to write a series of articles for the
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In September 1942, Pyke sent a 232-page memorandum to Mountbatten detailing his ideas. It suggested a number of uses for ice and for
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These details only appear in the 2002 reprint, Pyke did not reveal his escape method in the original work published during the war.
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Pyke's snow vehicle project was superseded by Canadian development of the Weasel tracked personnel carrier, produced first for the
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and burdened with huge debts to his brokers, he withdrew from normal life altogether and survived on donations from close friends.
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In April 1942, Pyke was presented with the problem of how to prevent the icing of ships in Arctic waters. He took the problem to
490:, to run the school, and although Pyke had many original ideas regarding education, he promised her that he would not interfere.
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832:(water that has been cooled below its freezing point while remaining liquid) and the suggestion of the construction of gigantic
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bags could be used as a substitute for cotton dressings. Soon, moss collected by volunteers in Britain was on its way to Spain.
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434:, and published in 1916. Because the war was still on at that time, Pyke omitted some details of his escape from his account.
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On the evening of Saturday 21 February 1948 in Steele's Road, Hampstead, Pyke shaved his beard and consumed a bottleful of
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on my keep if it was going to be faced with burial expenses on the fifth day". During captivity, he reflected on hunger:
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was employed. Pyke's plans hint that he had some knowledge of the Mulberry plans, perhaps through his contacts with
381:. They supplied him with extra clothes, food, books and other amenities. Pyke soon became ill and he nearly died of
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In September 1943, Pyke proposed a slightly less ambitious plan for pykrete vessels to be used in support of an
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By 21 August, Pyke had ten interviewers working in Germany. On 25 August, following hints from contacts at the
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2060:"Proposals and inventions of Mr Geoffrey Pyke; gravity propelled ball bomb, pykrete and power driven rivers",
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Between the First and Second World Wars, Pyke attempted a number of money-making schemes, speculating on the
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mainly for the sons of Army officers. At his mother's insistence, Pyke maintained the dress and habits of an
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673:. Pyke's friends concluded that nothing would come of the scheme and persuaded Pyke to let the matter drop.
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The death of Geoffrey Pyke removes one of the most original if unrecognised figures of the present century.
783:, which trained first for Norway but was actually deployed in Italy. The US built hundreds of these as the
718:, Pyke considered the problem of transporting soldiers rapidly over snow. He proposed the development of a
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in which they contrasted the mood in Germany with that in London, and Pyke prepared a report for the
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738:. This changed the character of the department and Mountbatten allowed unusual talents and ideas.
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when he was thirteen. The persecution he suffered instilled in him a hatred of and contempt for "
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358: – and recited them loudly in the darkness. During this time, Pyke questioned his sanity.
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295:". After two years at Wellington, he was withdrawn, tutored privately and then admitted to
246:. He had travelled to Germany under a false passport, and was soon arrested and interned.
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481:, using his own system of financial management and working through a number of different
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2375:"Science, nature, and hatred: 'finding out' at the Malting House Garden School, 1924–29"
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mentions that Pyke suffered from leukaemia, but this is not given in other sources.
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to carry medical supplies or a patient. He raised funds to pay for American-built
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Pyke continued with his city speculations which funded the Malting House School.
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views had begun to drift towards pacifism. He wrote a memoir of his experiences,
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indirectly affected by him the vision he created for making all things possible.
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Pyke came to public attention when he escaped from internment in Germany during
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200 feet (61 m) long and 50 feet (15 m) wide mounting a single naval
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Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen
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2609:"Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour"
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Churchill's Iceman: The True Story of Geoffrey Pyke: Genius, Fugitive, Spy
2170:, Europe's Coal Famine, Manchester, UK, p. 4 column F, 24 August 1945
2152:, Europe's Coal Famine, Manchester, UK, p. 4 column F, 21 August 1945
2134:, Europe's Coal Famine, Manchester, UK, p. 4 column F, 20 August 1945
1539:
1378:"Englishmen Escape From German Camp; Amazing "Walking Tour" From Berlin".
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a system of preconstructed concrete breakwaters and landing stages called
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At the outbreak of the First World War, Pyke quit his studies to become a
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was based on the theories of the American philosopher and educationist
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The project to build a large aircraft carrier of pykrete was known as
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Never in the history of human conflict will so few immobilize so many.
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Margaret was the daughter of a Hampshire doctor, studied history at
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The Armstead Snow Motor Company put out this product demo in 1924.
1532:"Comparisons in Early Years Education: History, Fact, and Fiction"
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praised him and lamented his passing, beginning with the words:
860:, and Pyke was sent to Canada with a personal introduction from
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project that set out to document the lives of ordinary Britons.
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2110:"Men in Pipeline – The Idea That Was Never Carried Out",
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and, characteristically, made his contribution as a part of a
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Pyke was given a commission to look into the problems of the
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might be alleviated by travelling in pairs and by the use of
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Initially, Pyke's idea was rejected. Then, in October 1941,
2224:(letter to the editor), p. 5 column E, 31 January 1948
2206:(letter to the editor), p. 5 column F, 3 December 1947
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366:. Five days later, he was transferred to a third prison in
2296:(25 February 1948). "Mr Geoffrey Pyke – An Appreciation".
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868:. While he was away, an Admiralty committee headed by the
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provided a much better means of achieving this effect.
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2727:(biography), Our World, Compuserve, archived from
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2320:"Shiver me timbers: The coolest warship ever made"
2116:, Manchester, UK, p. 8 column G, 7 March 1951
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535:In 1934, Pyke opposed the wave of antisemitism in
224:(9 November 1893 – 21 February 1948) was an
934:which today are used for cleaning and telemetry.
876:and for quickly constructing fortifications at a
837:for long flights over seas or as launch pads for
438:was republished in 2002. In March 1918, Pyke met
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2281:(obituary), p. 6 column D, 26 February 1948
1190:http://www.lander.odessa.ua/doc/HenryHemming.pdf
2164:"III – The Organisation of Muscle-Power",
370:, and then to the internment camp at Ruhleben.
2888:World War I civilian detainees held by Germany
2275:"Mr Geoffrey Pyke – Fearless Innovator",
694:Operation Plough / First Special Service Force
2774:2 million ton pykrete aircraft carrier in WW2
2382:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
1476:(obituary), p. 14 column G, 21 June 1966
1156:(revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
1147:"Pyke, Geoffrey Nathaniel Joseph (1893–1948)"
1093:and receive an OBE. She died on 19 June 1966.
253:, Pyke proposed the newly invented material,
1924:(published October 1932), 27 February 2008,
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519:In 1927, Pyke lost all his money and became
373:At Ruhleben, Pyke met fellow graduates from
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629:. Pyke travelled to Frankfurt where he met
625:first German city to be targeted would be
2733:. Brief biography and list of inventions.
2521:
2317:
2035:
1089:and would later serve as chairman of the
916:, who was one of Mulberry's progenitors.
760:, he noted in the minutes of the meeting:
644:did make a broadcast on the newly formed
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1630:, Manchester, UK, p. 6, 2 June 1938
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1016:John Bernal, who knew Pyke well, wrote:
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2318:Battersby, Stephen (22 December 2012).
2188:, p. 5 column F, 11 September 1947
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1153:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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2182:"Recruitment And Training of Nurses",
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587:in Spain, he suggested that sun-dried
2903:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
2613:Archives of the Trades Union Congress
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1916:"Ice Island in Mid-Atlantic Proposed"
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2466:. University of Roehampton, London.
1612:, p. 11 column A, 7 April 1938
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620:regime. His idea was to perform an
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324:government was not going to waste 4
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1958:"Ocean Airports of Artificial Ice"
1851:US Army JFK Special Warfare Museum
1782:"Armsted Snow Motors Product Demo"
1673:"Letter: Voluntary Industrial Aid"
1422:, p. 4 column A, 15 June 1918
710:The M29 Weasel eventually produced
557:Voluntary Industrial Aid for Spain
547:Voluntary Industrial Aid for Spain
302:
25:
2934:
2923:War correspondents of World War I
2687:
2536:I Wish I'd Made You Angry Earlier
2146:"II – A Solution Outlined",
2128:"I – The Problem Analysed",
311:. He persuaded the editor of the
30:For those of a similar name, see
2883:Drug-related suicides in England
2843:20th-century British journalists
2795:Ship of Ice – Geoffrey Pyke
2760:
2720:
2692:
2678:Dictionary of National Biography
2675:Morris, Peter, "Geoffrey Pyke",
1670:
1032:
608:In 1939, before the outbreak of
207:
41:
2848:20th-century English memoirists
2310:
2286:
2268:
2241:
2211:
2193:
2175:
2157:
2139:
2121:
2103:
1950:
1908:
1839:
1774:
1664:
1617:
1599:
1463:
1439:
1409:
1371:
1079:
1070:
1060:
919:
2908:20th-century British inventors
2878:Escapees from German detention
2863:British people of World War II
2853:Activists against antisemitism
2591:. 8 March 1948. Archived from
2473:Secret Weapons of World War II
2353:JD Bernal: The Sage of Science
1981:, p. 33, September 1932,
1183:
222:Geoffrey Nathaniel Joseph Pyke
101:Geoffrey Nathaniel Joseph Pyke
32:Geoffrey Pike (disambiguation)
13:
1:
2344:10.1016/S0262-4079(12)63270-9
1973:, vol. 121, no. 3,
1847:"First Special Service Force"
1606:"Engineers And Spanish War",
1099:
874:prospective invasion of Japan
839:amphibious assaults on France
266:
1177:UK public library membership
7:
2804:The Papers of Geoffrey Pyke
2708:To Ruhleben – And Back
2556:To Ruhleben – and Back
2538:, Oxford University Press,
1677:Warwick Digital Collections
1382:. 26 July 1915. p. 4.
1091:Family Planning Association
1025:
870:Chief of Naval Construction
781:First Special Service Force
436:To Ruhleben – And Back
364:internment camp at Ruhleben
297:Pembroke College, Cambridge
10:
2939:
2777:, Metacafe, archived from
2615:. Warwick Digital Library.
2457:"The Malting House School"
1624:"Workers' Aid For Spain",
794:
470:
29:
27:English inventor & spy
2833:20th-century English Jews
2808:Churchill Archives Centre
2746: – Habakkuk project.
2523:10.1017/S0022143000007796
2502:The Journal of Glaciology
2455:Lawrence, Evelyn (1949).
1144:Morris, Peter JT (2004).
531:Work against antisemitism
215:
206:
201:
197:
187:
180:
166:
162:
152:
134:
115:
96:
89:
2764:Experiments with pykrete
2583:"Everybody's Conscience"
2450:, London: Evans Brothers
2448:Pyke, the Unknown Genius
2218:"Helping The Children",
1493:, pp. 35–36, 51–53.
1356:, p. 150, footnote.
1054:
896:. He proposed a pykrete
616:actually thought of the
2552:Pyke, Geoffrey (2002),
2424:Hemming, Henry (2014),
2373:Cameron, Laura (2006).
2357:Oxford University Press
2299:The Manchester Guardian
1380:The Manchester Guardian
975:National Health Service
720:screw-propelled vehicle
488:Susan Sutherland Isaacs
52:is written like a story
18:Geoffrey Nathaniel Pyke
2471:Pawle, Gerald (1978),
2351:Brown, Andrew (2005),
1162:10.1093/ref:odnb/92810
1023:
1014:
958:
826:
823:Perutz quoted by Lampe
766:
711:
703:
604:Spying on Nazi Germany
585:bandages and dressings
506:
468:
431:To Ruhleben – And Back
335:
2868:Suicides in Hampstead
2838:20th-century atheists
2738:"The Floating Island"
2701:at Wikimedia Commons
2629:Pickover, Clifford A.
2446:Lampe, David (1959),
2302:. p. 3 column C.
2200:"The Death Penalty",
2068:The National Archives
1470:"Mrs Margaret Pyke",
1018:
1010:
948:
815:
762:
753:. When presented to
709:
701:
495:
458:
330:
66:neutral point of view
2918:Former Orthodox Jews
2798:(video), Bright cove
2721:Hall, Peter 'Pete',
2635:, Harper Perennial,
1939:on 24 September 2019
1416:"The Chelsea Fair",
955:Pyke quoted by Lampe
906:invasion of Normandy
807:Cavendish Laboratory
743:Member of Parliament
660:Member of Parliament
610:the Second World War
510:Malting House School
473:Malting House School
451:Malting House School
58:rewrite this article
2514:1948JGlac...1...95P
2394:2006EnPlD..24..851C
2336:2012NewSc.216...63B
2238:, pp. 205–206.
1979:Bonnier Corporation
1596:, pp. 173–182.
1575:, pp. 168–171.
1528:Drummond, Mary Jane
1505:, pp. 120–121.
736:Combined Operations
681:Pyke then wrote on
677:Military inventions
555:, Pyke founded the
192:Military technology
2781:on 28 January 2011
2731:on 10 October 2004
2715:on 26 October 2009
2654:English Eccentrics
2430:Preface Publishing
1788:. 26 December 2008
1368:, pp. 207–14.
1299:, pp. 94–103.
1050:, his first cousin
965:After World War II
894:amphibious assault
830:super cooled water
716:invasion of Norway
712:
704:
565:motorcycle sidecar
469:
440:Margaret Amy Chubb
418:Cambridge Magazine
273:Lionel Edward Pyke
157:Margaret Amy Chubb
62:encyclopedic style
2697:Media related to
1812:, pp. 87–88.
1771:, pp. 91–95.
1759:, pp. 81–83.
1747:, pp. 79–80.
1735:, pp. 77–78.
1723:, pp. 70–77.
1711:, pp. 67–68.
1563:, pp. 61–63.
1517:, pp. 51–52.
1460:, pp. 32–33.
1344:, pp. 24–29.
1287:, pp. 90–94.
1239:, pp. 31–43.
1215:, pp. 16–17.
1175:(Subscription or
1087:Oxford University
882:supercooled water
862:Winston Churchill
834:aircraft carriers
758:Winston Churchill
728:Louis Mountbatten
646:BBC World Service
553:Spanish Civil War
422:Charles Kay Ogden
309:war correspondent
293:The Establishment
219:
218:
182:Scientific career
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2930:
2873:British escapees
2858:English atheists
2799:
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2711:, archived from
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1857:on 7 August 2007
1853:. Archived from
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1040:Biography portal
1037:
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1035:
989:Death and legacy
956:
889:, impractical.
858:Project Habakkuk
824:
797:Project Habakkuk
791:Project Habakkuk
751:Operation Plough
599:Second World War
541:Mass Observation
504:
479:commodity market
446:Between the wars
383:double pneumonia
299:, to study law.
251:Second World War
211:
175:Project Habakkuk
122:
119:21 February 1948
110:
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87:
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69:
60:to introduce an
45:
44:
37:
21:
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2898:Jewish atheists
2813:
2812:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2771:
2749:
2736:
2705:
2690:
2668:
2643:
2624:
2622:Further reading
2619:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2576:
2562:Collins Library
2546:
2487:
2459:
2440:
2414:
2412:
2377:
2367:
2330:(2896): 63–65.
2313:
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1970:Popular Science
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979:minority report
967:
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793:
696:
679:
671:Stafford Cripps
606:
601:
569:Harley-Davidson
549:
533:
505:
502:
475:
453:
448:
346:Rudyard Kipling
313:Daily Chronicle
305:
303:First World War
287:. He became an
271:Pyke's father,
269:
130:
124:
120:
111:9 November 1893
106:
104:
103:
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92:
79:
73:
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2790:
2769:
2758:
2755:, Combined Ops
2747:
2734:
2718:
2689:
2688:External links
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2100:, p. 168.
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2036:Battersby 2012
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2023:, p. 128.
2013:
2011:, p. 136.
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1542:on 18 May 2008
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940:claustrophobia
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866:Mackenzie King
820:
795:Main article:
792:
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755:Prime Minister
695:
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683:grand strategy
678:
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667:Clement Attlee
638:Foreign Office
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129:, London, U.K.
125:
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2699:Geoffrey Pyke
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2673:
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2667:0-7117-0683-2
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:Timpson, John
2647:
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2642:0-688-16894-9
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
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2610:
2606:
2595:on 5 May 2009
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2508:(3): 95–104.
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2439:9781848094437
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2402:10.1068/d374t
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:(6): 851–72.
2387:
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2366:0-19-851544-8
2362:
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2324:New Scientist
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2063:The Catalogue
2056:
2050:, p. 90.
2049:
2044:
2037:
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2017:
2010:
2005:
2003:
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1824:, p. 97.
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1644:, p. 66.
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1436:, p. 30.
1435:
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1406:, p. 29.
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1311:, p. 23.
1310:
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1275:, p. 74.
1274:
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1262:
1257:
1251:, p. 22.
1250:
1245:
1238:
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1227:, p. 21.
1226:
1221:
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91:Geoffrey Pyke
88:
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63:
59:
53:
50:This article
48:
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38:
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2893:British Jews
2794:
2783:, retrieved
2779:the original
2773:
2763:
2751:
2741:
2729:the original
2723:
2713:the original
2707:
2691:
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2632:
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2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2586:
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2475:, New York:
2472:
2463:
2447:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2385:
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2327:
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2311:Bibliography
2297:
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2276:
2270:
2258:
2251:, March 1948
2248:
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2167:The Guardian
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2149:The Guardian
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2131:The Guardian
2129:
2123:
2113:The Guardian
2111:
2105:
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2062:
2055:
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2016:
1990:, retrieved
1975:Harlan, Iowa
1968:
1963:Google Books
1952:
1941:, retrieved
1934:the original
1919:
1910:
1883:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1850:
1841:
1829:
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1805:
1797:
1790:. Retrieved
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1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1666:
1637:
1627:The Guardian
1625:
1619:
1607:
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1594:Hemming 2014
1573:Hemming 2014
1568:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1535:
1522:
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1503:Hemming 2014
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1113:Hemming 2014
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851:J. D. Bernal
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740:Conservative
734:as Chief of
725:
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657:Conservative
654:
635:
622:opinion poll
607:
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561:Trade Unions
550:
537:Nazi Germany
534:
518:
507:
496:
492:
483:stockbrokers
476:
435:
429:
426:
420:, edited by
413:
407:Fleet Street
388:
372:
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336:
331:
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285:Orthodox Jew
270:
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181:
121:(1948-02-21)
84:
71:
56:Please help
51:
2913:1948 deaths
2823:1893 births
2660:: Jarrold,
2566:McSweeney's
2532:Perutz, Max
2494:Perutz, Max
2265:, Epilogue.
2048:Perutz 2002
1961:(Online at
1943:18 February
1903:Perutz 1948
1201:Perutz 2002
1167:7 September
1048:Magnus Pyke
944:barbiturate
927:Pacific War
732:Roger Keyes
551:During the
393:fences and
391:barbed wire
351:Jabberwocky
249:During the
244:World War I
2817:Categories
2785:16 January
2294:Bernal, JD
2263:Lampe 1959
2236:Lampe 1959
2098:Lampe 1959
2081:Lampe 1959
2021:Lampe 1959
2009:Lampe 1959
1888:Lampe 1959
1876:Lampe 1959
1834:Lampe 1959
1822:Lampe 1959
1810:Lampe 1959
1792:24 January
1769:Lampe 1959
1757:Lampe 1959
1745:Lampe 1959
1733:Lampe 1959
1721:Lampe 1959
1709:Lampe 1959
1697:Lampe 1959
1642:Lampe 1959
1561:Lampe 1959
1515:Lampe 1959
1491:Lampe 1959
1458:Lampe 1959
1446:Lampe 1959
1434:Lampe 1959
1404:Lampe 1959
1342:Lampe 1959
1309:Lampe 1959
1249:Lampe 1959
1225:Lampe 1959
1179:required.)
1100:References
902:gun turret
887:Max Perutz
818:advantage.
803:Max Perutz
650:War Office
591:sewn into
580:hand-tools
525:depression
514:John Dewey
277:Wellington
267:Early life
229:journalist
139:Journalist
107:1893-11-09
2767:, Simegen
2652:(1996) ,
2410:144096364
2278:The Times
2221:The Times
2203:The Times
2185:The Times
1987:0161-7370
1930:0025-6587
1861:3 January
1609:The Times
1473:The Times
1419:The Times
1388:475890080
1366:Pyke 2002
1354:Pyke 2002
1321:Pyke 2002
1297:Pyke 2002
1285:Pyke 2002
1273:Pyke 2002
1261:Pyke 2002
1237:Pyke 2002
1213:Pyke 2002
1125:Pyke 2002
1005:The Times
878:beachhead
811:Cambridge
787:vehicle.
746:Leo Amery
730:replaced
714:With the
663:Leo Amery
627:Frankfurt
589:peat moss
461:Mill Pond
414:Chronicle
379:Cambridge
279:, then a
202:Signature
127:Hampstead
74:June 2018
2806:held at
2681:, Oxford
2631:(1999),
2534:(2002),
2496:(1948).
1977:, U.S.:
1937:(Weblog)
1384:ProQuest
1067:prisons.
1026:See also
999:landlady
953:—
910:Mulberry
821:—
774:Canadian
770:American
669:and Sir
521:bankrupt
501:—
395:quagmire
260:Habakkuk
237:inventor
147:inventor
2752:Pykrete
2742:Cabinet
2658:Norwich
2510:Bibcode
2415:11 June
2390:Bibcode
2332:Bibcode
1992:3 March
1546:30 June
946:drugs.
898:monitor
805:at the
576:ploughs
403:England
289:atheist
255:pykrete
226:English
171:Pykrete
2761:Lois,
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593:muslin
410:scoops
375:Oxford
368:Moabit
235:, and
188:Fields
153:Spouse
64:and a
2460:(PDF)
2406:S2CID
2378:(PDF)
1786:Vimeo
1055:Notes
843:Japan
688:radar
503:Lampe
2787:2011
2724:Pyke
2662:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2601:2008
2588:Time
2570:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2417:2008
2361:ISBN
2249:Time
1994:2019
1983:ISSN
1945:2009
1926:ISSN
1863:2008
1794:2013
1684:2017
1548:2008
1169:2009
779:the
618:Nazi
508:The
463:and
377:and
348:and
145:and
116:Died
97:Born
2744:(7)
2518:doi
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