617:
264:
655:. Gaiseric sent a fleet of 500 Vandal ships against the Romans, losing 340 ships in the first engagement, but succeeded in destroying 600 Roman ships in the second battle, during which fireships were employed by Gaiseric to devastating effect. This catastrophic defeat of the Roman fleet by Gaiseric's forces was claimed to have cost the imperial coffers upwards of 64,000 pounds of gold and 700,000 pounds of silver. The Romans abandoned the campaign and Gaiseric remained master of the western Mediterranean until his death, ruling from the
551:
639:, where the Vandal ships burned the imperial boats at their moorings, again proving himself "more than a match for the imperial establishments of both West and East." Then in early 462, Gaiseric sent the empress Eudoxia with her daughters Eudocia and Placidia—captured during the sack of Rome—back to Constantinople from Carthage in an act of reconciliation with the Empire, likely intending to preserve the marriage of his son Huneric to Eudocia.
571:
of the
Jupiter Capitolinus temple—but more significant was the capture of important figures and dignitaries in the city, whose return remained a bargaining point between the Vandals and the Empire for many years to come. Routine Vandal raids along the coast of Italy and the Mediterranean characterized the situation during the first years after Gaiseric's successful seizure of Rome.
570:
implored him not to destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants. Gaiseric agreed and the gates of Rome were thrown open to him and his men. Once inside the city, the invaders plundered it thoroughly, to the extent that
Procopius noted how the Vandals had even stripped the gold from the ceiling
310:
Gunderic's death in 428 paved the way for
Gaiseric's ascension to king of the Vandals; his rise to power was accompanied by continued hostilities against competing powers begun by his brother. He likewise sought ways of increasing the power and wealth of his people (Vandals and some Alans), who then
562:
Goths had carried out in 410. Historian
Michael Kulikowski notes that unlike Alaric, who besieged Rome as an itinerant barbarian general in "desperate straits," Gaiseric was the king of a flourishing polity and was therefore able to systematically conduct the sack. More than just systematically
693:
authority. After enjoying just a few short years of peace, Gaiseric died at
Carthage in 477, succeeded by his son Huneric, who did not have his father's enviable reputation and Vandal authority began to diminish. Nonetheless, the peace established by Zeno between Vandal-controlled Carthage and
478:
and as such, Gaiseric made
Carthage his new residence. Inheriting an already economically efficient and effective state, the tax revenues from his new lands enabled the Vandal conqueror to construct a large fleet that challenged imperial control over the Mediterranean. Gaiseric presided over a
305:
Gaiseric...was a man of moderate height and lame in consequence of a fall from his horse. He was a man of deep thought and few words, holding luxury in disdain, furious in his anger, greedy for gain, shrewd in winning over the barbarians and skilled in sowing the seeds of dissension to arouse
473:
Despite the blow to the imperial coffers caused by
Gaiseric's seizure of African revenue and the corresponding grain supply, the Vandal king had no intention of depriving Italy of Africa's grain, but instead wished to sell it to the emperor for profit. Meanwhile, his new status was that of
384:
Crossing at the
Straits of Gibraltar, Gaiseric led not only his Vandal brethren and army, but was likely accompanied by a contingent of Alans and Goths. Once there, he won many battles over the weak and divided Roman defenders and quickly overran the territory now comprising modern
814:
Two consecutive decades' worth of conflict between the
Vandals and the two Empires followed the sack of Rome, until they eventually reached peace in 476. The subsequent deaths of both the last Roman Emperor of the West (Romulus) and Gaiseric—atop the succession of inept barbarian
330:, and not long after taking power, Gaiseric decided to leave Hispania to his rivals. In fact, he seems to have started building a Vandal fleet for a potential exodus even before he became king. Before he could make his move to Africa, Gaiseric was attacked by a large force of
445:, striking a devastating blow at imperial power, taking advantage of the fact that Aetius remained preoccupied with affairs in Gaul. Classical scholar Stewart Oost observed, "Thus he undoubtedly achieved what had been his purpose since he first crossed to Africa." Historian
804:
Some of the treasures taken back to
Carthage by Gaiseric included valuables acquired from the Roman sack of Jerusalem from 70 AD. Additionally, Gaiseric led an incursion near Agrigento in 456 but was repulsed there and defeated by Ricimer in a naval battle off the coast of
251:
in 468. As a result, the Romans abandoned their campaign against the Vandals and concluded peace with Gaiseric. Gaiseric died in Carthage in 477 and was succeeded by his son, Huneric. Through his nearly fifty years of rule, Gaiseric raised a relatively inconsequential
642:
While rhetorical writing from the period still distinguished between "barbarian" and Romans and the imperial state attempted to exercise control over the empire and its peripheries, the elite population in the lands controlled by the likes of the Germanic chieftains
372:
in 428/429; some scholars claim that this figure represents an exaggeration and the number was probably closer to 20,000. Whatever the true numbers, there are indications that the Vandals under Gaiseric may have been invited by the Roman governor
486:) in 440 AD but was repulsed. Hunnic invasions into the lower Danube forced Constantinople to withdraw forces from Sicily to the benefit of Gaiseric. In a 442 treaty with Rome, the Vandals were recognized as the independent rulers of
267:
A 16th century perception of the Vandals, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by
650:
In 468, Gaiseric's kingdom was the target of the last concerted effort by the two-halves of the Roman Empire. They wished to subdue the Vandals and end their pirate raids, so Emperor Leo sent an armada from Constantinople led by
563:
attack Rome, Gaiseric's invasion was a devastating blow to the empire itself, so much so that historian Michael Grant claims, "Gaiseric contributed more to the collapse of the western Roman Empire than any other single man."
1827:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"
479:
mixture of Vandals, Alans, Goths and Romans in Africa, relying on an ad-hoc administration under auspices of the imperial government to legitimize his rule. Latin literary culture even flourished in Carthage.
416:
was concluded in 435, and in return for recognizing Gaiseric as king of the lands he had conquered, the Vandals would desist from further attacks on Carthage, pay a tribute to the Empire, and Gaiseric's son
449:
argues that Gaiseric's conquest of Carthage presaged Rome's later collapse. The Romans were caught unaware, and Gaiseric captured a large part of the western Roman navy docked in the port of Carthage. The
594:, as well as riches from the city. Across Italy, the shock of the Vandal sack of Rome and the ongoing presence of the Vandals paralyzed the imperial government. Eudocia married Gaiseric's son
786:
Nonetheless, Gaiseric's military success had long been and certainly remained dependent upon the continued support of not only his Vandal kin, but that of his allied Suebi, Alans, and Goths.
574:
Petronius Maximus, who was foremost among those vying for power in the wake of Valentinian III's murder, fled rather than fight the Vandal warlord. Although history remembers the Vandal
635:
began collecting an invasion fleet for an assault against the Vandals. Once Gaiseric received word of this initiative, he preempted the attack by sending vessels from Carthage to
1826:
538:
that was exploited by the Vandal king. Gaiseric was of the opinion that these acts voided his 442 peace treaty with Valentinian, and on 31 May, he and his men landed on
558:
Responding to the actions of Petronius Maximus, Gaiseric moved a large seaborne force from Carthage to Italy and sacked the city in a more thorough manner than even
858:, the total invasion force consisted of 100,000 men with a fleet drawn from the whole of the eastern Mediterranean. For more on this, see: Procopius,
616:
795:
Maximus was killed by a Roman mob outside the city, fatally struck it seems by a roof tile hurled at him and then his body torn limb for limb.
647:
and Gaiseric, preferred the certainties of their leadership over "the vagaries and ineptitude of the would-be imperial government in Italy."
2156:
709:
582:
a term for any wantonly destructive act—in actuality, the Vandals did not wreak great destruction in the city; they did, however, take
777:
452.107. Historian Peter Heather suggests a figure of 50,000 people—including more than 10,000 warriors—were moved to Africa in 429.
368:
After defending the aforementioned Suebian attack at Mérida, Gaiseric led most of his people—possibly as many as 80,000 persons to
377:, who wished to use the military strength of the Vandals in his struggle against the imperial government under the Roman general,
2151:
2146:
199:
2141:
1951:
1912:
1893:
1854:
1815:
1796:
1777:
1738:
1719:
1639:
1601:
1562:
531:
263:
2063:
602:—Gaiseric's grandson—who later played a critical role in Emperor Justinian's sixth-century conquests of north Africa.
2042:
2010:
1697:
1678:
2136:
293:, Gaiseric became the second most powerful man among the Vandals, after the newly appointed king, his half-brother
217:
359:
923:
1620:
825:
534:
to his own son; the latter had formerly been promised to Gaiseric's son, Huneric, which contributed a possible
620:
Pope Leo the Great attempts to persuade Gaiseric, prince of Vandals, to abstain from sacking Rome. (miniature
2121:
590:
and many other things of value. Gaiseric also took with him Empress Eudoxia and her daughters, Eudocia, and
757:
409:. Gaiseric and his forces then began subduing the interior of Numidia. A peace between Gaiseric and the
297:. His status as a noble of the king's family occurred before his more formal accession to the kingship.
1666:
753:
723:
832:—even dealt a naval defeat to Gaiseric's fleet at Sicily in 464–465, albeit acting on his own accord.
510:, and his fleet soon came to control much of the western Mediterranean. During 455, the Roman emperor
343:
2126:
439:
421:
was sent—as a hostage—to Rome. Gaiseric's treaty with the Romans also included Vandal retention of
273:
17:
135:
1903:
Schwarcz, Andreas (2004). "The Settlement of Vandals in North Africa". In A.H. Merrills (ed.).
235:, led the Vandal king to invade Italy. The invasion culminated in his most famous exploit, the
689:
through a treaty negotiated by the Constantinopolitan Senator, Severus, who was acting under
406:
290:
845:
except for a toehold on the far west coast, Lilybaeum, which was ceded in 491 to Theodoric.
1577:
History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
686:
611:
363:
221:
99:
470:. The subsequent sermons of Quodvultdeus paint a "dark picture of the Vandal plunderers."
8:
2131:
2116:
2111:
895:
656:
644:
2090:
1999:
1765:
575:
402:
236:
2094:
2059:
2038:
2006:
1974:
1947:
1930:
1908:
1889:
1869:
1850:
1811:
1792:
1773:
1753:
1734:
1715:
1693:
1674:
1654:
1635:
1616:
1597:
1580:
1558:
717:
519:
257:
193:
122:
682:, hacked them to pieces, and threw the body parts overboard on the way to Carthage.
2082:
894:
Numismatic evidence indicates that Gaiseric had coins minted in his likeness. See:
882:
667:
495:
394:
316:
2053:
1824:
929:
678:
at Kenipolis with heavy losses. In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at
527:
511:
413:
369:
253:
228:
2031:
1994:
690:
410:
378:
269:
213:
185:
115:
95:
41:
1934:
815:
leadership—diminished the threats to the ever more powerful Byzantine Empire.
2105:
2073:
Nsiri, Mohamed-Arbi (2018). "Genséric fossoyeur de la Romanitas africaine?".
1982:
1922:
1873:
1757:
1707:
1658:
1594:
Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700
1584:
446:
550:
841:
He occupied Sicily in 468 for 8 years until the island was ceded in 476 to
660:
467:
455:
398:
335:
312:
240:
91:
2001:
Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584 : the Techniques of Accommodation
1905:
Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa
1886:
Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa
950:
1884:(2004). "The Vandals: Fragments of a Narrative". In A.H. Merrills (ed.).
1881:
1808:
From Rome to Byzantium, AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome
1770:
The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy
671:
405:
had recently been bishop and who died during the siege), taking it after
243:
to reclaim North Africa, inflicting devastating defeats on the forces of
2086:
239:
in June 455. Gaiseric repulsed two major attempts by both halves of the
652:
567:
422:
374:
323:. The Vandals had suffered greatly from attacks from the more numerous
248:
1712:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
694:
Constantinople lasted until 530, when Justinian's conquests broke it.
1572:
1495:
1493:
855:
679:
579:
431:
339:
327:
324:
148:
1927:
Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800
1752:. Translated by Charles C. Mierow. London: Oxford University Press.
829:
703:
632:
599:
591:
559:
499:
487:
463:
451:
442:
347:
320:
298:
294:
244:
158:
111:
59:
1490:
998:
877:
842:
728:
675:
595:
523:
503:
491:
462:, since Gaiseric demanded that all his close advisors follow the
426:
418:
390:
386:
232:
205:
130:
69:
1772:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1731:
Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe
1517:
1379:
1319:
526:
the throne. Petronius Maximus also married Valentinian's widow,
587:
554:
Gaiseric Sacking Rome, a painting by Karl Briullov (1833–1836).
515:
483:
459:
286:
1944:
The Last of the Romans: Bonifatius – Warlord and Comes Africae
1307:
1022:
1651:
The Age of Attila: Fifth Century Byzantium and the Barbarians
1391:
1343:
1148:
986:
938:
539:
507:
331:
209:
1408:
1406:
1331:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1165:
1163:
1046:
583:
342:. However, this Suebic army was later defeated during the
1529:
1466:
1430:
1418:
1403:
1266:
1187:
1175:
1160:
1070:
758:
Nicoletta Onesti, "The Language and Names of the Vandals"
1355:
962:
866:(Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1979), vol. 2 p. 55.
1987:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1478:
1367:
1295:
1235:
754:
Nicoletta Onesti, "Tracing the Language of the Vandals"
393:. His Vandal army defeated the Bonifatius' army in the
1454:
1097:
1010:
896:
https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/126957
272:
in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the
1690:
Deep into Mani: Journey to the Southern Tip of Greece
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1136:
1114:
1112:
1087:
1085:
974:
530:, and likewise wedded the imperial couple's daughter
1687:
1505:
1499:
1283:
1223:
1868:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
1596:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
1442:
1199:
1124:
911:
231:, who had betrothed his daughter to Gaiseric's son
2030:
1998:
1247:
1211:
1109:
1082:
1058:
1034:
605:
285:After his father's death in a battle against the
2103:
1733:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1714:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1557:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
598:after arriving in Carthage. That union produced
2005:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
1653:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
438:In a surprise move on 19 October 439, Gaiseric
2019:
1688:Greenhalgh, Peter; Eliopoulos, Edward (1986).
197:
2028:
1929:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
1844:
1523:
1385:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1028:
1004:
992:
944:
773:. 300.28 Lem. 77; Prosper 395.1278. Cf. also
1866:Galla Placidia Augusta: A Biographical Essay
301:described Gaiseric in the following manner:
1981:
1941:
1052:
1764:
1535:
1472:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1397:
1349:
1277:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1154:
1076:
968:
710:Augustine: The Decline of the Roman Empire
27:King of the Vandals and Alans (r. 428–477)
1971:Das Vandalenreich. Aufstieg und Untergang
1810:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1902:
1747:
980:
956:
756:, 16 pages, 22 February 2015. Also see:
670:defeat, the Vandals tried to invade the
615:
549:
435:(allies under special treaty) of Rome.
262:
2020:Gwatkin, H.; Whitney, J., eds. (1957).
1993:
1968:
1921:
1845:Merrills, Andy; Miles, Richard (2010).
1728:
1706:
1142:
1103:
1016:
14:
2104:
1907:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
1888:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
1786:
1648:
1591:
1552:
1511:
1484:
1229:
932:Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations
545:
2072:
2051:
1665:
1634:. Nashville, TN: B & H Academic.
1629:
1610:
1289:
917:
685:In 474, Gaiseric made peace with the
482:Gaiseric besieged Panormus (Palermo,
1880:
1863:
1579:. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan.
1571:
1448:
1373:
1361:
1301:
1241:
1205:
1130:
1091:
1064:
1040:
862:III.6.1. Translated by H.B. Dewing,
578:as extremely brutal—making the word
2157:5th century in the Byzantine Empire
1946:. London and New York: Bloomsbury.
1805:
1460:
1260:
1217:
1118:
752:See the following for more detail:
566:Before Gaiseric marched upon Rome,
280:
24:
1962:
1942:Wijnendaele, Jeroen W. P. (2014).
1789:Rome in Late Antiquity: AD 312–609
25:
2168:
176:– 25 January 477), also known as
1555:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire
1500:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1986
769:This figure is drawn from Hyd.,
1849:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
1545:
888:
869:
848:
835:
818:
808:
798:
789:
780:
763:
360:Vandal conquest of Roman Africa
256:tribe to the status of a major
212:from 428 to 477. He ruled over
2152:5th-century monarchs in Europe
2147:5th-century monarchs in Africa
2022:The Cambridge Medieval History
1969:Diesner, Hans-Joachim (1966).
1750:The Gothic History of Jordanes
1613:L'Afrique vandale et byzantine
746:
606:Later exploits and final years
494:. In 455, Gaiseric seized the
397:and laid siege to the city of
346:and its leader drowned in the
237:capture and plundering of Rome
13:
1:
2037:. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
824:The rogue military commander
734:
631:Sometime in 460, the Emperor
621:
216:and played a key role in the
170:
83:
2142:5th-century Arian Christians
2029:O'Donnell, James J. (1985).
904:
674:but were driven back by the
407:14 months of bitter fighting
350:River while trying to flee.
227:The murder of Roman Emperor
7:
1692:. London: Faber and Faber.
697:
10:
2173:
724:Battle of Agrigentum (456)
609:
357:
338:, who had managed to take
2058:. John Wiley & Sons.
1787:Lançon, Bertrand (2001).
1649:Gordon, Colin D. (1966).
1632:A History of Christianity
1592:Conant, Jonathon (2012).
1524:Merrills & Miles 2010
1386:Merrills & Miles 2010
1338:Merrills & Miles 2010
1326:Merrills & Miles 2010
1314:Merrills & Miles 2010
1029:Merrills & Miles 2010
1005:Merrills & Miles 2010
993:Merrills & Miles 2010
945:Merrills & Miles 2010
760:2009, 3, 22 February 2015
353:
154:
144:
121:
105:
79:
75:
65:
55:
47:
39:
34:
1553:Bunson, Matthew (1995).
739:
274:Ghent University Library
224:during the 5th century.
109:25 January 477 (aged 87)
2137:Africa (Roman province)
2024:. Cambridge: Macmillan.
1791:. New York: Routledge.
1729:Heather, Peter (2012).
875:See the translation of
198:
2052:Mills, Andrew (2010).
1989:. New York: Macmillan.
1864:Oost, Stewart (1968).
1673:. New York: Scribner.
1630:Early, Joseph (2015).
628:
555:
344:Battle of MĂ©rida (428)
308:
277:
190:Gaisericus, Geisericus
189:
1615:. Turnhout: Brepols.
619:
553:
334:under the command of
303:
291:Crossing of the Rhine
266:
2122:Kings of the Vandals
1611:Duval, Noël (2003).
1364:, pp. 254, 327.
1007:, p. 264, fn95.
687:Eastern Roman Empire
612:Vandal War (461-468)
454:bishop of the city,
364:Vandal War (439-442)
222:Western Roman Empire
100:Western Roman Empire
2087:10.1017/lis.2018.12
1766:Kulikowski, Michael
1526:, pp. 123–126.
1463:, pp. 121–122.
1400:, pp. 219–220.
1388:, pp. 110–111.
1376:, pp. 287–290.
1352:, pp. 214–215.
1328:, pp. 116–117.
1304:, pp. 284–290.
1244:, pp. 283–290.
1157:, pp. 204–205.
657:Strait of Gibraltar
546:Sack of Rome in 455
1806:Lee, A.D. (2013).
881:, fragment 42 and
629:
556:
278:
204:) was king of the
1975:Kohlhammer Verlag
1953:978-1-78093-847-9
1914:978-0-75464-145-2
1895:978-0-75464-145-2
1856:978-1-44431-807-4
1817:978-0-74862-790-5
1798:978-0-41592-975-2
1779:978-0-67466-013-7
1748:Jordanes (1915).
1740:978-0-19-989226-6
1721:978-0-19515-954-7
1641:978-1-43368-363-3
1603:978-0-52119-697-0
1564:978-0-19510-233-8
1316:, pp. 60–67.
1055:, pp. 89–92.
1031:, pp. 52–55.
995:, pp. 52–54.
947:, pp. 49–50.
718:Barbarians Rising
666:Following up the
520:Petronius Maximus
164:
163:
42:Vandals and Alans
16:(Redirected from
2164:
2098:
2069:
2048:
2036:
2025:
2016:
2004:
1990:
1978:
1957:
1938:
1918:
1899:
1877:
1860:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1825:Lucas de Heere.
1821:
1802:
1783:
1761:
1744:
1725:
1703:
1684:
1662:
1645:
1626:
1607:
1588:
1568:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1487:, p. 120fn.
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1053:Wijnendaele 2014
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
927:
921:
915:
898:
892:
886:
883:Candidus Isaurus
873:
867:
852:
846:
839:
833:
822:
816:
812:
806:
802:
796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
767:
761:
750:
626:
623:
496:Balearic Islands
458:, was exiled to
395:battle of Calama
317:Hispania Baetica
281:Path to kingship
203:
192:; reconstructed
175:
172:
88:
85:
32:
31:
21:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2127:Vandal warriors
2102:
2101:
2066:
2045:
2013:
1995:Goffart, Walter
1965:
1963:Further reading
1960:
1954:
1915:
1896:
1857:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1799:
1780:
1741:
1722:
1700:
1681:
1671:History of Rome
1642:
1623:
1604:
1565:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1536:Kulikowski 2019
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1473:Kulikowski 2019
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1437:Kulikowski 2019
1435:
1431:
1425:Kulikowski 2019
1423:
1419:
1413:Kulikowski 2019
1411:
1404:
1398:Kulikowski 2019
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1350:Kulikowski 2019
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1278:Kulikowski 2019
1276:
1267:
1259:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:, pp. 254.
1204:
1200:
1194:Kulikowski 2019
1192:
1188:
1182:Kulikowski 2019
1180:
1176:
1170:Kulikowski 2019
1168:
1161:
1155:Kulikowski 2019
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1077:Kulikowski 2019
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
969:Kulikowski 2019
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
939:
930:Lucas de Heere,
928:
924:
916:
912:
907:
902:
901:
893:
889:
874:
870:
853:
849:
840:
836:
823:
819:
813:
809:
803:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
768:
764:
751:
747:
742:
737:
700:
659:all the way to
624:
614:
608:
548:
528:Licinia Eudoxia
512:Valentinian III
414:Valentinian III
370:Northern Africa
366:
358:Main articles:
356:
311:resided in the
283:
229:Valentinian III
173:
140:
110:
89:
86:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2075:Libyan Studies
2070:
2065:978-1405160681
2064:
2049:
2043:
2026:
2017:
2011:
1991:
1983:Gibbon, Edward
1979:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1939:
1923:Wickham, Chris
1919:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1878:
1861:
1855:
1842:
1822:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1784:
1778:
1762:
1745:
1739:
1726:
1720:
1708:Heather, Peter
1704:
1698:
1685:
1679:
1667:Grant, Michael
1663:
1646:
1640:
1627:
1621:
1608:
1602:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:, p. 244.
1528:
1516:
1504:
1489:
1477:
1475:, p. 241.
1465:
1453:
1451:, p. 410.
1441:
1439:, p. 222.
1429:
1427:, p. 221.
1417:
1415:, p. 220.
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1340:, p. 118.
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1292:, p. 432.
1282:
1280:, p. 215.
1265:
1263:, p. 121.
1246:
1234:
1222:
1220:, p. 117.
1210:
1198:
1196:, p. 268.
1186:
1184:, p. 267.
1174:
1172:, p. 205.
1159:
1147:
1135:
1133:, p. 259.
1123:
1121:, p. 116.
1108:
1106:, p. 292.
1096:
1081:
1079:, p. 197.
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1019:, p. 176.
1009:
997:
985:
973:
971:, p. 196.
961:
959:, p. 98 .
949:
937:
922:
920:, p. 116.
909:
908:
906:
903:
900:
899:
887:
868:
847:
834:
828:—who ruled in
817:
807:
797:
788:
779:
762:
744:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
714:
706:
699:
696:
610:Main article:
607:
604:
547:
544:
355:
352:
282:
279:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
127:
125:
119:
118:
116:Vandal Kingdom
107:
103:
102:
96:Pannonia Prima
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2169:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:(1): 93–119.
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2044:0-8057-6609-X
2040:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2012:0-691-05303-0
2008:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:(1896–1902).
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:. Stuttgart:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1699:0-57113-524-2
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1680:0-684-15986-4
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1514:, p. 32.
1513:
1508:
1502:, p. 21.
1501:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1232:, p. 40.
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1145:, p. 87.
1144:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 40.
1093:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1067:, p. 39.
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1043:, p. 38.
1042:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
994:
989:
983:, p. 50.
982:
981:Schwarcz 2004
977:
970:
965:
958:
957:Jordanes 1915
953:
946:
941:
934:
933:
926:
919:
914:
910:
897:
891:
884:
880:
879:
872:
865:
861:
857:
854:According to
851:
844:
838:
831:
827:
821:
811:
801:
792:
783:
776:
772:
766:
759:
755:
749:
745:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:
715:
712:
711:
707:
705:
702:
701:
695:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
648:
646:
640:
638:
637:Carthago Nova
634:
618:
613:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
569:
564:
561:
552:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:on orders of
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
477:
476:Proconsularis
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
447:Chris Wickham
444:
441:
436:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
411:Roman Emperor
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:and northern
388:
382:
380:
376:
371:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
275:
271:
270:Lucas d'Heere
265:
261:
259:
258:Mediterranean
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
201:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
168:
160:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
126:
124:
120:
117:
113:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2078:
2074:
2054:
2032:
2021:
2000:
1986:
1970:
1943:
1926:
1904:
1885:
1882:Pohl, Walter
1865:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1831:lib.ugent.be
1830:
1807:
1788:
1769:
1749:
1730:
1711:
1689:
1670:
1650:
1631:
1612:
1593:
1576:
1554:
1546:Bibliography
1531:
1519:
1507:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1150:
1143:Wickham 2005
1138:
1126:
1104:Heather 2005
1099:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1017:Heather 2012
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
931:
925:
913:
890:
876:
871:
863:
859:
850:
837:
820:
810:
800:
791:
782:
774:
770:
765:
748:
716:
708:
684:
665:
661:Tripolitania
649:
641:
636:
630:
576:sack of Rome
573:
565:
557:
535:
490:and part of
481:
475:
472:
468:Christianity
456:Quodvultdeus
437:
430:
425:and part of
399:Hippo Regius
383:
367:
336:Heremigarius
319:in southern
315:province of
309:
304:
284:
241:Roman Empire
226:
181:
177:
166:
165:
92:Lake Balaton
40:King of the
29:
2055:The Vandals
1847:The Vandals
1512:Conant 2012
1485:Gordon 1966
1230:Lançon 2001
826:Marcellinus
775:Chron. Gall
672:Peloponnese
625: 1475
536:casus belli
289:during the
247:in 460 and
56:Predecessor
2132:Mauretania
2117:477 deaths
2112:389 births
2106:Categories
1935:1025811203
1622:2503512755
1573:Bury, J.B.
1290:Grant 1978
918:Early 2015
885:in Gordon.
735:References
653:Basiliscus
568:Pope Leo I
423:Mauretania
375:Bonifacius
325:Visigothic
249:Basiliscus
174: 389
87: 389
51:428 – 477
2095:158445490
2033:Augustine
1874:561770132
1836:25 August
1758:463056290
1659:314897401
1585:963903029
1449:Bury 1923
1374:Bury 1923
1362:Bury 1923
1302:Bury 1923
1242:Bury 1923
1206:Bury 1923
1131:Oost 1968
1092:Pohl 2004
1065:Pohl 2004
1041:Pohl 2004
905:Citations
864:Procopius
856:Procopius
680:Zakynthos
668:Byzantine
645:Theodoric
580:vandalism
432:foederati
403:Augustine
340:Lusitania
328:federates
214:a kingdom
200:*Gaisarīx
149:Godigisel
66:Successor
1997:(1980).
1925:(2005).
1768:(2019).
1710:(2005).
1669:(1978).
1575:(1923).
1461:Lee 2013
1261:Lee 2013
1218:Lee 2013
1119:Lee 2013
860:De Bello
830:Dalmatia
805:Corsica.
704:Alaric I
698:See also
633:Majorian
600:Hilderic
592:Placidia
560:Alaric's
516:murdered
500:Sardinia
488:Byzacena
466:form of
452:Catholic
443:Carthage
440:captured
348:Guadiana
321:Hispania
299:Jordanes
295:Gunderic
254:Germanic
245:Majorian
194:Vandalic
182:Genseric
178:Geiseric
167:Gaiseric
159:Arianism
155:Religion
112:Carthage
60:Gunderic
35:Gaiseric
18:Genseric
878:Priscus
843:Odoacer
729:Odoacer
676:Maniots
596:Huneric
540:Italian
532:Eudocia
524:usurped
504:Corsica
492:Numidia
427:Numidia
419:Huneric
401:(where
391:Algeria
387:Morocco
306:enmity.
260:power.
233:Huneric
220:of the
218:decline
206:Vandals
131:Huneric
70:Huneric
2093:
2062:
2041:
2009:
1950:
1933:
1911:
1892:
1872:
1853:
1814:
1795:
1776:
1756:
1737:
1718:
1696:
1677:
1657:
1638:
1619:
1600:
1583:
1561:
691:Zeno's
588:silver
542:soil.
522:, who
506:, and
484:Sicily
460:Naples
379:Aetius
354:Africa
287:Franks
145:Father
2091:S2CID
771:Chron
740:Notes
508:Malta
464:Arian
332:Suebi
313:Roman
210:Alans
186:Latin
136:Gento
123:Issue
90:Near
48:Reign
2060:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1931:OCLC
1909:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1870:OCLC
1851:ISBN
1838:2020
1812:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1754:OCLC
1735:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1655:OCLC
1636:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1581:OCLC
1559:ISBN
584:gold
514:was
362:and
208:and
106:Died
80:Born
2083:doi
429:as
180:or
2108::
2089:.
2079:49
2077:.
1829:.
1492:^
1405:^
1268:^
1249:^
1162:^
1111:^
1084:^
663:.
622:c.
586:,
502:,
498:,
381:.
196::
188::
171:c.
114:,
98:,
94:,
84:c.
2097:.
2085::
2068:.
2047:.
2015:.
1977:.
1956:.
1937:.
1917:.
1898:.
1876:.
1859:.
1840:.
1820:.
1801:.
1782:.
1760:.
1743:.
1724:.
1702:.
1683:.
1661:.
1644:.
1625:.
1606:.
1587:.
1567:.
935:.
713:.
627:)
276:.
184:(
169:(
20:)
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