Maritime republics

985: 1250: 127: 810:

ascent, while the other cities were still experiencing the long gestation that would lead them to their autonomy and to follow up on their seafaring vocation. After the 11th century, Amalfi and Gaeta declined rapidly, while Genoa and Venice became the most powerful republics. Pisa followed and experienced its most flourishing period in the 13th century, and Ancona and Ragusa allied to resist Venetian power. Following the 14th century, while Pisa declined to the point of losing its autonomy, Venice and Genoa continued to dominate navigation, followed by Ragusa and Ancona, which experienced their golden age in the 15th century. In the 16th century, with Ancona's loss of autonomy, only the republics of Venice, Genoa, and Ragusa remained, which still experienced great moments of splendor until the mid-17th century, followed by over a century of slow decline that ended with the

4504: 2003: 1086:

Genoa, Ancona, Pisa" and the "Settlement of the great Italian Navy". For the second class, at the beginning of the year, the teacher was arranged to recall the period in which the maritime republics grew and flourished. Every time the school programs were renewed, the study of the phenomenon of the maritime republics was always confirmed. In 1875, the ministerial indication was also followed up in the history program for technical institutes. That year, Carlo O. Galli claimed in a scholastic textbook that "among all the peoples of Europe, the one who in the Middle Ages rose first to great power" in navigation was the Italian people, and he attributed this to the independence enjoyed by "the maritime republics of Italy, among which Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, Ancona, Venice, Naples and Gaeta deserve more mention".

1082:, established immediately after the achievement of national unity and therefore only in 1861, there were heated contrasts between the various pre-unification navies: Sardinian, Tuscan, papal and Neapolitan. The exaltation of the seafaring spirit that united the maritime republics made it possible to highlight a common historical basis and overcome divisions. This necessitated the removal of ancient rivalries; in this regard, of great significance was the return of chains that had closed Pisa's port, which had been stolen by Genoa during the medieval fights. Their return in 1860 was a sign of fraternal affection and of the now indissoluble union between the two cities, as can be read on the plaque affixed after the return. 1073:, in particular to those aspects that seemed to prefigure national glory and the struggle for independence. The phenomenon of the "maritime republics" was then reinterpreted, freed from negative prejudice and placed side by side with the glorious history of the medieval communes; thus it also established itself on a popular level. Celebrating history, the Italian maritime cities did not consider their mutual struggles so much as their common seafaring enterprise. In fact, in the post-unification cultural climate, it was considered essential for the formation of the modern Italian people to remember that within the maritime republics and municipalities arose the industriousness that inaugurated the new civilization. 3111: 888: 7207: 4496: 1741: 4239:, without the Byzantine sovereign being called into question. Venice acquired power from the development of commercial relations with the Byzantine Empire, of which it was formally still part, to remain even later on as an ally in the fight against the Arabs and Normans. The definitive break with Constantinople came only with the war of 1122-1126, when the doge Domenico Michiel declared war on the Eastern Empire following his refusal to renew the commercial privileges already guaranteed to his Venetian vassal as a reward for the help offered in the war against the Normans in 1082. This war led to complete independence, in law and in fact, institutionalized in 1143 with the 1166: 7231: 1951: 4680: 5940: 1050: 952: 1629: 4532: 3119: 4173: 3744: 1809: 3448: 5453: 1792: 1773: 865: 7165: 924: 1869: 5232: 1440: 1732: 1620: 3732: 7195: 1980: 1838: 1687: 1401: 4956: 1818: 4691: 3724: 1369: 1544: 7127: 3417: 2027:

sometimes complementary, sometimes overlapping competences, which over the centuries showed a decided tendency to change - not without a certain degree of instability - and to centralize power. Thus the government became the privilege of the merchant nobility in Venice (from 1297) and the duke in Amalfi (from 945). However, even Gaeta, which never had a republican order, and Amalfi, which became a duchy in 945, are also called maritime republics, as the term republic should not be understood in its modern meaning: until

4195: 1551: 7219: 7152: 5053: 3968: 1878: 47: 4707: 5193: 1035: 4699: 1360: 1603: 1274:, combined with hazardous mainland trading routes, enabled the development of major commercial routes along the Mediterranean coast. The growing autonomy acquired by some coastal cities gave them a leading role in this development. As many as six of these cities — Amalfi, Venice, Gaeta, Genoa, Ancona, and Ragusa — began their own history of autonomy and trade after being almost destroyed by terrible looting, or were founded by refugees from devastated lands. These cities, exposed to 1941: 3436: 5061: 5369: 38: 1097:, which was widely circulated and described the military exploits of the maritime cities in chronological order of origin and decay, from Amalfi to Pisa, Genoa and Ancona to Venice. In 1899, historian Camillo Manfroni wrote on Italy's maritime history, identifying the period of the maritime republics as that history's most glorious phase. At the end of the 19th century, the history of the maritime republics was thus consolidated and consigned to the 20th century. 4972: 4184: 8790: 3949: 4165: 7181: 4142: 5723: 3988: 1715: 1449: 7139: 3976: 3425: 3713: 4964: 4512: 1924: 1527: 8779: 5900:

recent studies consider the Venetian period of Ragusa not a real subjection, but a sort of protectorate. Furthermore, in 1277 the Venetians attacked the port of Ancona, however suffering a resounding defeat: thus a new war began, which ended in 1281 with the Treaty of Ravenna. The 14th century saw the end of the Venetian domination of Ragusa in 1358, which was thus able to reconfirm its ancient alliance with Ancona.

662: 5673: 5079: 5069: 2050:

only one to dominate territories very far from the coast, up to occupying eastern Lombardy. Amalfi, Gaeta, Ancona, Ragusa and Noli, on the other hand, extended their dominion only to a part of the territory of their region, configuring themselves as city-states; however, all the republics had their own colonies and warehouses in the main Mediterranean ports, except Noli, which used those of the Genoese.

2046:, but with the Crusades thousands of inhabitants of the seaside cities poured into the East, creating warehouses, colonies and commercial establishments. They exercised great political influence at the local level: Italian merchants set up trade associations in their business centers with the aim of obtaining jurisdictional, fiscal and customs privileges from foreign governments. 4661: 4520: 2121:

power, territorial possessions, and periods of temporary subjection to foreign powers. A different colour has been used for Noli to indicate the period of its incomplete independence. The dates placed at the beginning and at the end of each time line respectively indicate the year in which autonomy began and ended; any intermediate date indicates the year in which

1314:. The forms of independence that were created in these cities were varied, and the modern approach to considering political relations, which clearly distinguishes between administrative autonomy and political freedom, makes it difficult to orient itself among them. For this reason, in the table below there are two dates relating to independence: one refers to the 3690:. After the Norman conquest, the decline was not immediate, becoming in the meantime a seaport of the Norman-Swabian state. However, the commercial basin of Amalfi was reduced to the western Mediterranean and gradually the city was supplanted, locally by Naples and Salerno, and at the Mediterranean level by Pisa, Venice and Genoa. 4948: 4754:. Some of the survivors moved 25 kilometres (16 miles) north to a small island near the coast where they founded a new settlement, Lausa. It has been claimed that a second raid by the Slavs in 656 resulted in the total destruction of Epidaurum. Slavs settled along the coast in the 7th century. The city remained under 4477: 5247:. The Genoese occupied it in 1255, sacked the Venetian neighbourhood and sank the ships docked there. Venice first agreed to an alliance with Pisa regarding their common interests in Syria and Palestine, but then counter-attacked, destroying the fortified monastery. The flight of the Genoese and of the baron 3694: 4929: 5034: 5899:

In the 13th century, the tensions continued: Venice took possession of Ragusa in 1205 and therefore directed its destinies for more than a century, slowing down its maritime expansion. Ragusa reacted by developing a dense network of commercial relations with the interior of the Balkan peninsula. Some

5172:

Relationships between the maritime republics arose from their nature as states dedicated to navigation and maritime commerce. These relationships were often expressed as political or economic agreements aimed at shared profit from a trade route or mutual non-interference. In the first centuries, when

2053:

If the absence of a strong central authority had been the premise for the birth of the merchant republics, their end was vice versa due to the affirmation of a powerful centralized state. Usually independence could last as long as trade was able to ensure prosperity and wealth, but when these ceased,

2049:

Only Venice, Genoa and Pisa had territorial expansion overseas, i.e. they possessed large regions and numerous islands along the Mediterranean coasts. Genoa and Venice also came to dominate their entire region and part of the neighboring ones, becoming capitals of regional states. Venice was then the

5177:

saw Genoa, Gaeta, Pisa and Amalfi aligned side by side. But this situation was short-lived: after a few decades, the competition for the control of the commercial routes with the East and in the Mediterranean unleashed bloody fratricidal wars and a real selection among the maritime republics. Amalfi

4769:

In the 7th century, Ragusa began to develop active trade in the eastern Mediterranean. Starting from the 11th century, it established itself as a mercantile city, especially in the Adriatic, and began its alliance with Ancona, necessary to resist the Venetian tendency to consider the Adriatic as its

3655:

from Amalfi. Despite the tenacious tradition that originated, a correct reading of Biondo's passage reveals that Flavio Gioia never existed, and that the glory of the Amalfi people was not that of inventing the compass (actually imported from China), but of having been the first to spread its use in

1306:, which isolated it and allowed it to devote itself undisturbed to maritime traffic. This led to a gradual administrative autonomy and, in some cases, to total independence from the central powers, which for some time were no longer able to control the peripheral provinces: the Byzantine Empire, the 1085:

In 1860, the study of the maritime republics as a unitary phenomenon was introduced in the school curriculum, further popularizing the concept. From that year forward, the high school program required students to address the "causes of the rapid resurgence of Italian maritime trade - Amalfi, Venice,

5607:

There was a pause in the conflict on Frederick's fourth descent into Italy, but it resumed soon after his departure. Peace was reached on 6 November 1175 with the return of the Holy Roman Emperor to Italy. The agreement favoured Genoa, expanding its overseas territories. Pisa and Genoa took part in

4591:

In the defense of its freedom, Ancona emerged victorious several times, such as in the siege of 1173, in which Germanic imperial troops surrounded the city from the sea while Venetian ships occupied the port. There was an eclipse of freedom in the period from 1348 to 1383; the city was conquered by

1105:

The number "four", which still often occurs today associated with maritime republics, is, as can be seen, not original: the short list of maritime republics was limited to two (Genoa and Venice) or three cities (Genoa, Venice and Pisa); the long list included Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Ancona, Amalfi and

4828:

Ragusa, basing its prosperity on maritime trade, became the major power in the southern Adriatic. It reached its apogee in the 16th century, thanks to convenient tax exemptions for goods and an extensive network of warehouses. The mint of Ragusa, active from 1088 to 1803, issued coins with various

2026:

families. The governments were therefore an expression of the merchant class, which constituted the backbone of their power. For this reason, these cities are sometimes referred to with the more generic term of "merchant republic". They were endowed with an articulated system of magistracies, with

5794:, third Duke of Apulia, in October 1126 the administrators of Amalfi reached a profitable commercial agreement with neighbouring Pisa, to collaborate in the protection of their common interests in the Tyrrhenian. This agreement was the outcome of a decades-old friendship with the Tuscan republic. 5113:

Just ten years after its founding, the consuls of the newborn municipality decided to ally themselves with the nearby and much more powerful Republic of Genoa: in 1202 Noli became its protectorate, a condition that would last for its entire existence. This made Noli an anomalous maritime republic

5014:

Due to the importance of maritime traffic, the duchy adopted a peculiar organization, in which the power of the duke was limited by the weight of the aristocracy and of a people that was becoming ever stronger, more conscious and more prosperous. Freed from a Saracen siege in 846 with the help of

781:

Uniformly scattered across the Italian peninsula, the maritime republics were important not only for the history of navigation and commerce: in addition to precious goods otherwise unobtainable in Europe, new artistic ideas and news concerning distant countries also spread. From the 10th century,

5141:

But the prosperity of Noli was linked to the Crusades: when these ended, its geographical position, so useful in the 13th century, proved unsuitable for the traffic of greater cabotage of 15th-century ships. The people of Noli, cut off from maritime trade, ceased all mercantile activity and they

809:

Over the centuries, the maritime republics — both the best known and the lesser known but not always less important — experienced fluctuating fortunes. In the 9th and 10th centuries, this phenomenon began with Amalfi and Gaeta, which soon reached their heyday. Meanwhile, Venice began its gradual

5797:

However, Amalfi had no army of its own to protect its commercial interests. Therefore Amalfian ships are not often reported to have been engaged in military action against other maritime republics. In fact it was the Pisan army that broke the pact with Amalfi, by attacking the coastal city on 4

5208:

The relationship between Genoa and Venice was almost continuously competitive and hostile, both economically and militarily. Until the beginning of the 13th century, hostilities were limited to rare acts of piracy and isolated skirmishes. In 1218 Venice and Genoa reached an agreement to end the

2120:

The following table compares the different duration of the maritime republics, their golden periods (indicated with more intense colours), and the periods of rise and decline (more or less light colours), determined by the wars won or lost, the commercial colonies in the Mediterranean, economic

1025:

in the siege of 1173, which the city obtained against the imperial troops of Federico Barbarossa; that victory entered the national imagination as an anticipation of the struggles of Italian patriots against foreign rulers. The episode, however, was included in the municipal epic and not in the

5896:, among other measures, regulated the relations between the forces participating in the siege of Ancona. About twenty years later, in 1195, ships from Pisa and Ancona attempted to free navigation in the Adriatic from Venetian control, but were put to flight and chased as far as Constantinople. 5872:

Although Venice and Ancona had been allied against the Saracens in the 11th century, the commercial competition of Venice on one side and Ancona with Ragusa on the other soon prevailed, since all three cities overlooked the Adriatic Sea. On more than one occasion it came to open confrontation:

4566:

The Republic of Ancona is distinct in that it never attacked another maritime city, continuously needed to defend itself, was totally devoted to navigation, and was completely uninterested in territorial expansion. Above all, it had to beware of the aims of the Holy Roman Empire (from which it

3474:, during a war against the Byzantines, conquered the city, and deported the population. When he died in a palace conspiracy, the Amalfi people rebelled, drove out the Lombard garrison and formed the free republic of Amalfi. The people of Amalfi were governed by a republican order governed by 5594:

This reignited Genoa's resentment and rivalry, which once again developed into open conflict with clashes of mixed fortunes. Genoa, weakened by factional clashes and wars for control of the Oltregiogo, suffered a series of naval defeats. To remedy this, it made an alliance with Lucca in the

5561:

The papal concessions to the Pisan archbishop greatly increased the Tuscan republic's fame throughout the Mediterranean, but at the same time aroused Genoese envy, which soon developed into clashes for the control of Corsica. Genoa attacked Pisa twice in 1066 and 1070, but was defeated.

5117:

The small republic experienced a period of flourishing expansion throughout the 13th and 14th centuries, in which it built many new towers, built a wall and extended its borders to the neighboring towns of Orco, Mallare, Segno and Vadocittà. A strongly Guelph city, it adhered to the

5565:

The war resumed in 1119 when the Genoese attacked some Pisan galleys, beginning a bloody war on sea and land. It lasted until 1133, interrupted by several truces that were sometimes observed and sometimes violated. The clashes were brought to an end by sharing authority over the

5947:

In 1955, to commemorate the glorious deeds of the four best-known maritime republics, the municipal administrations of Venice, Genoa, Amalfi and Pisa decided to establish the Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics, a rowing competition preceded by a historical procession.

5350:, which put an end to the war, caused opposing effects: Genoa, defeated once and for all, was able to keep Cyprus, but took the road of a decline which lasted until the 16th century; Venice, exhausted victor, had to come to terms with its rival's allies and cede Dalmatia to 4555:, but gradually acquired autonomy until it became fully independent in the 11th century. Although hampered by Venice, which intended to monopolize the Adriatic, Ancona maintained its independence and economic prosperity thanks to its alliances with the Byzantine Empire, the 3173:

From the East, the maritime republics imported a vast range of goods unobtainable in Europe, which they then resold in other cities of Italy and central and northern Europe, creating a commercial triangle between the Arab East, the Byzantine Empire, and Italy. Until the

5443:

Genoa and Pisa had many exchanges given their proximity. Initially, relations were one of collaboration and alliance in dealing with the looming and increasingly threatening Muslim expansion. Later, however, rivalries flared up and dominated the western Mediterranean.

5951:

The event takes place annually between the end of May and the beginning of July, and is hosted on a rotating basis in the aforementioned cities. To date, the team with the most victories according to the roll of honor is Venice, followed by Amalfi, Genoa, and Pisa.

5924:

from 1202 to the end of its independence, a choice that allowed it not to be crushed by the immense superiority of its neighbour, albeit with some conditioning in foreign policy. Noli reciprocated the protection by helping Genoa in its wars against Pisa and Venice.

4138:, a mathematician from Pisa, well expresses the profitable relationship between commerce, navigation and culture typical of the maritime republics; he reworked and disseminated Arab scientific knowledge in Europe, including ten-digit numbering, and the use of zero. 1133:

resumed the previous long list of maritime republics: Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Ancona, Gaeta, and the Dalmatian Ragusa. Noli's status as a small maritime republic would only come into focus in later decades after previously being affirmed only at an academic level.

5774:

affairs, and in 1206 Pisa and Venice concluded a treaty in which they reaffirmed the respective zones of influence. Despite their friendship, Venice did not assist Pisa in its crisis, resulting in the loss of an ally and the strengthening of its rival Genoa.

5702:

The Battle of Meloria greatly reduced the power of the Pisan Republic, which never regained its leading role in the western Mediterranean. Pisa had lost thousands of young men in the battle, causing a population collapse. About fifty years later, Pisan lord

5880:'s imperial army to besiege Ancona. The Venetians blocked Ancona's port, while the imperial troops surrounded the city from the ground. After a few months of dramatic resistance, the Anconitans, supported by the Byzantines, managed to send a small squad to 1117:

In the 1930s, a list made up of four names was consolidated: Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice. This finally led to the inclusion of the symbols of the four cities in the Italian Navy's flag. The flag, approved in 1941, would not be adopted until 1947 due to

1109:

Crucial for the diffusion of the list of four maritime republics was a publication by Captain Umberto Moretti, who was tasked by the Royal Navy in 1904 with documenting the maritime history of Amalfi. The volume was released under the significant title

5786:

Amalfi had already lost complete autonomy beginning in the second half of the 11th century, although it continued running its commercial routes and enjoyed a large degree of administrative autonomy, at least in this period. Under the protection of the

5849:, in which they destroyed the large Arab-Berber colony of Garigliano and blocked Muslim expansion in Italy. Finally, in 1087, Amalfi and Gaeta combined their fleets with those of Pisa, Genoa and Salerno and successfully attacked the Tunisian port of 738:, enjoyed political autonomy and economic prosperity brought about by their maritime activities. The term, coined during the 19th century, generally refers to four Italian cities, whose coats of arms have been shown since 1947 on the flags of the 5767:. Relationships between Pisa and Venice were not always characterized by rivalry and antagonism. Over the centuries, the two republics signed several agreements concerning their zones of influence and action, to avoid hindering each other. 5173:

they had not yet become strong enough to oppose each other, the maritime republics were often allied in order to free their routes from Saracen corsairs: such allegiances include Genoa and Pisa, Venice and Ancona, and Amalfi and Pisa. The

5105:

and above all enormous wealth, with which it was able to gradually buy the various marquis rights from the Marquises of the Carretto House, on whom it depended. Noli gained complete independence in 1192, made official four years later by

5497:

The many disputes, even the armed ones, were set aside in 1087 when they reunited to fight their common enemy. In the summer of the same year, a massive fleet composed of two hundred galleys from Genoa and Pisa, with some from Gaeta,

2065:; Genoa and Ragusa also had a very long history, from the 1000s to the Napoleonic Age; Noli lasted as long, but stopped trading as early as the 15th century. However, Pisa and Ancona had a long life, remaining independent until the 5810:, who controlled Amalfi. That war ended in favour of Roger II, who gained recognition of his rights over the territories of South Italy, but it was a severe blow for Amalfi, which lost both its fleet and its political autonomy. 5434:

Nonetheless, the Ottoman Empire later made many Genoese and Venetian colonies capitulate and forced the two republics to seek a new destiny: Genoa found it in nascent international finance, and Venice in terrestrial expansion.

5873:

Venice, aware of its greater economic and military power, disliked competition from other maritime cities in the Adriatic. To resist Venetian rule, Ancona and Ragusa made multiple and lasting alliances, almost a federation.

2088:

11th century: By adding Ancona, Genoa, Pisa and Ragusa in the first decades, there are seven maritime republics; however, the century also saw the end of Amalfi's independence (1031) and the beginning of Noli's maritime

5603:

now stands. The alliance between Lucca and Genoa would be renewed at other times, but the tower was then destroyed by the Pisans in 1170 during another series of clashes, in which Florence also intervened to help Pisa.

5646:, offered to escort the French, Spanish and Lombard prelates to defend them from the Ghibellines, with the help of Venice and the papacy. But the imperial fleet, assisted by that of Pisa, destroyed them between the 5864:. The Islamic countries were the main trading partners of the two duchies and they could, depending on the circumstances, be useful for preserving the duchies' independence against the Greek or the German emperor. 4026:

Originally, Pisa was governed by a Viscount, whose power was limited by the Bishop. In the 11th century, entering into the struggles between these two powers, the city, governed by a Council of Elders, acquired a

5582:

came to Italy to oppose the power of the Italian cities, Genoa gave its support to the imperial cause, although with slight reservations, while Pisa made its support conditional on the emperor taking part in the

1282:

autonomously, coupling the exercise of maritime trade with that of their armed protection. Thus, in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, they were able to go on the offensive, obtaining numerous victories over the

5026:. For the following sixty years, independent dukes alternated with Capuan vassals. In 1100, new Norman dukes freed the city and kept it independent until 1135, when the last duke, Richard III, bequeathed it to 3858:. The republic was weakened by the state's own arrangement, which, based on private agreements between the main families, led to incredibly short and unstable governments and very frequent factional strife. 4580:. The maritime laws of Ancona were the Statutes of the Sea, gradually formed during the 12th century and keeping in mind the main medieval maritime codes. Its territory was between the Adriatic, the rivers 5266:, a puppet state of the Venetians that ruled the city. Genoa therefore replaced Venice in the monopoly of commerce with the Black Sea territories. The Battle of Curzola in 1298 saw the capture of Admiral 3350:. Although an artistic current common to all of them and exclusive to them cannot be described, a characterizing trait was the mixture of elements of the various Mediterranean artistic traditions, mainly 3341:

The maritime republics' great prosperity deriving from trade had a significant impact on the history of art, to the point that five of them (Amalfi, Genoa, Venice, Pisa and Ragusa) are today included in

5494:. Once that was achieved, disputes soon broke out over control of the conquered territories. Due to the limited forces available, the alliance was unable to occupy the large Tyrrhenian island for long. 3776:

Meanwhile, its alliance with Pisa allowed the liberation of the western Mediterranean from Saracen pirates. The fortunes of the municipality increased considerably thanks to its participation in the

4123:

and in 1494 reconstituted itself as an autonomous republic, restoring its own currency and magistracy. However, after 16 years of serious war, Florence managed to reconquer it definitively in 1509.

3757:

had revived at the dawn of the 10th century when, following the city's destruction by the Saracens, its inhabitants returned to the sea. In the mid-10th century, entering the dispute between

1114:. From that moment on, the name of Amalfi definitively joined that of the other republics in the short list, shifting the imbalance towards the centre-north of the country with its presence. 782:

they built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, giving them an essential role in reestablishing contacts between

3640:

The far-sighted dukes of Amalfi were able to safeguard their power over the centuries, allying themselves, depending on the circumstances, with the Byzantines, the Pope, or the Muslims.

1015:

In Italy, up until the unification, this determined a negative judgment on the maritime cities, because their history of mutual struggles appeared in stark contrast to the spirit of the

1000:

was coined by nineteenth-century historiography, almost coinciding with the end of the last of them: none of these states had ever defined itself as a maritime republic. Swiss historian

5142:

became fishermen. This is another peculiarity of the history of Noli: from 1400 onward, it ceased to be a seafaring state, while retaining its independence for another four centuries.

4100:. Unlike Genoa, Pisa needed to control a hinterland, which saw the rival cities of Lucca and Florence nearby: this subtracted forces from their navy and brought the republic to ruin. 5704: 3682:, summoned by the Amalfi people against Salerno, conquered the duchy. Amalfi remained substantially autonomous and often rebelled against the regents until 1100, when the last duke 3892:, because it found itself under the influence of the main neighboring powers, first the French and the Spanish, then the Austrians and the Savoys. The republic collapsed following 4817:. The Republic profited from the suzerainty of Louis of Hungary, whose kingdom was not a naval power, and with whom they would have little conflict of interest. The last Venetian 5778:

Between 1494 and 1509, during the siege of Pisa by Florence, Venice went to rescue of the Pisans, following a policy of safeguarding Italian territory from foreign intervention.

5553:

from the Muslims. As a sign of gratitude, the pope granted many privileges to the two republics. The Pisan archbishop was granted primacy over Sardinia, in addition to Corsica.

3861:

Following the plagues and foreign dominations of the 14th and 15th centuries, the city experienced a second apogee upon regaining self-government in 1528 through the efforts of

3842:

The 14th century marked a serious economic, political and social crisis for Genoa, which, weakened by internal strife, lost Sardinia to the Aragonese, was defeated by Venice at

126: 3920: 5834:

is considered by some eminent historians to be the first real military league between Italian states and the greatest victory of a Christian fleet over the Muslims until the

5114:

compared to the others: it never minted its own money nor had independent warehouses, relying on the Genoese for these assets, while maintaining total internal independence.

4840:

in 1526, Ragusa passed under the formal supremacy of the sultan, obliging itself to pay him a symbolic annual tribute, a move which allowed it to safeguard its independence.

4296:. Venice thus reached the peak of its power, dominating commercial traffic between Europe and the East: it had warehouses throughout the eastern Mediterranean and was called 5403:

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire after the fall of Constantinople jeopardized the eastern trade of the two republics. Therefore, they abandoned their rivalry to join the

5262:, formed by the Byzantines who were driven out of Constantinople by the Venetians during the Fourth Crusade and aimed to take it back. In 1261, the Nicaeans overthrew the 3621:, and in terms of population (probably 80,000 inhabitants) and prosperity, the only one able to compete with the great Arab metropolises: it minted its own gold coin, the 4261:

Institutionally, Venice was governed by an oligarchy of the main merchant families, under the presidency of the doge and numerous articulated magistracies, including the

1008:. In Sismondi's text, the maritime republics were seen as cities dedicated above all to fighting each other over issues related to their commercial expansion, unlike the 6382:"BRINDISI DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA CARLO AZEGLIO CIAMPI IN OCCASIONE DEL PRANZO DI STATO IN ONORE DI SUA MAESTA' LA REGINA ELISABETTA II E DEL DUCA DI EDIMBURGO" 7254: 5740:. The two republics had moved late: five months after the Crusader conquest of Jerusalem, they had not even reached the Holy Land, but were wintering in the waters of 5304:

to attack the Genoese city of Alghero in Sardinia: the battle of the Lojera was the greatest Genoese defeat at the time. The Genoese regrouped in 1354 at the islet of

5481: 5411:. Most of the Christian fleet consisted of Venetian ships, around 100 galleys. Genoa sailed under the Spanish flag, as the Republic of Genoa lent all its ships to 4991:, who inaugurated the Docibile dynasty. By the 10th century, the city would reach the acme of economic, political and artistic power, to the point of being called 4634:

influences and was one of the cradles of the Adriatic Renaissance, in which the rediscovery of classical art was accompanied by formal continuity with Gothic art.

2095:

15th century: With Pisa's loss of independence and the end of Noli's maritime activity, four maritime republics remain, namely Ancona, Genoa, Ragusa, and Venice.

1053:

The chains of the port of Pisa, removed by the Genoese after the battle of Meloria and returned as a sign of Italian brotherhood in two different moments of the

6209: 5856:

The two republics always maintained excellent relations with the Islamic countries despite the repression of privateering, as the Saracens were not subjects of

2112: 984: 5093:: its particular geographical position in fact made it an important port for the construction of ships and the transport of men and provisions directed to the 4910:), and Italian, were among the common languages. Since it was mainly used in speech, it is poorly documented. Its use started declining in the 15th century. 4379:

Artistically, Venice had European resonance for centuries: in the Middle Ages by fusing Romanesque, Gothic and Byzantine styles in its architecture; in the

5595:

mid-1160s: in exchange for a land attack against Pisa in combination with a naval one, the Genoese would build the Motrone Tower for the Luccans along the

4003:

The Republic of Pisa was born in the 11th century. In this historical period, Pisa intensified its trade in the Mediterranean Sea, allied itself with the

5770:

On 13 October 1180, the Doge of Venice and a representative of the Pisan consuls signed an agreement for the reciprocal non-interference in Adriatic and

6617:

Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic; Or Contributions to the Modern History of Hungary and Transylvania, Dalmatia and Croatia, Servia and Bulgaria

4081:

Pisa reached the peak of its splendor between the 12th and 13th centuries, when its ships controlled the western Mediterranean and was able to express

3897: 1911: 1508: 778:, are also considered maritime republics; in certain historical periods, they had no secondary importance compared to some of the better known cities. 4469:, whose place of birth is uncertain (Gaeta, Castiglione Chiavarese or Savona), but who acquired Venetian citizenship, was the first European to reach 5748:, commander of the Pisan fleet, was defeated by the Venetian bishop Eugenio Contarini, thus ensuring the Venetian monopoly of trade with Byzantium. 9636: 3659:

The close bond that tied the city of Amalfi to the East is also testified by the art that flourished in the centuries of independence and in which

1249: 7849: 5288:

The Genoese expansion in the Black Sea led to the outbreak of a new conflict with Venice, whose fleet, allied with the Eastern Empire and led by

1299:

maritime powers, with which a complex relationship of competition and collaboration was established for the control of the Mediterranean routes.

460: 6098:

With 751, the year of the Exarchate of Ravenna's collapse, the gradual process that led to Venice's independence began; in 840, the year of the

3147:, which had not been used for centuries, were minted, new exchange and accounting practices were developed, and thus international finance and 4902:

that was spoken on the Dalmatian coast following the end of the Roman Empire, with elements of old Slavic vernacular, commonly referred to as

4111:

coast, and made peace with Genoa. However, in 1406, the city was besieged by the Milanese, Florentines, Genoese and French and annexed to the

9631: 7881: 5254:

Just one year later, the three maritime powers clashed in an unequal struggle in the waters facing Saint-Jean d'Acre. Almost all the Genoese

5153:, which condemned Noli to a long decline destined to last until the end of independence, which took place in 1797 with the annexation to the 1302:

Each of the cities was favored by its geographical position, far from the main routes of passage of the armies and protected by mountains or

484: 5818:

Amalfi and Gaeta were often allied, along with other southern states, to counter the Saracen corsairs. In 846, together with the duchies of

5714:

signed treaties with Genoa. In spite of these, the Genoese assisted the Florentines in the 1406 siege of Pisa, spelling the republic's end.

5400:. Due to the rivalry of the Italian States, two great coalitions were formed, and foreign intervention in the peninsula steadily increased. 8512: 7864: 7104: 472: 6825: 5346:

to Venice. But the Venetians managed to set up a new fleet and in turn besiege the Genoese in Chioggia, who were forced to surrender. The

305: 8826: 5826:, they defeated the Muslims for the first time in the Battle of Licosa. In 849, the two cities joined the Campania League (together with 5015:

Naples and Amalfi, Gaeta defeated the Muslims at Ostia in 849 and on the Garigliano in 915; it also availed itself of their help against

4503: 5209:

piracy and to safeguard each other. Genoa was guaranteed the right to trade in the eastern imperial lands, a new and profitable market.

8476: 7406: 7249: 5934: 5681: 5312:. The following year, the two republics stipulated a not-too-onerous peace, undertaking not to send ships to the Tana for three years. 5222: 2098:

16th—-18th century: With Ancona's loss of autonomy, the three longest-lived maritime republics remain active: Genoa, Ragusa and Venice.

1123: 690: 633: 6911: 5003:, which was widely diffused in the Italian markets. Gaeta controlled an area roughly corresponding to the western part of the current 4269:(1297), with which those who did not belong to the most important merchant families were excluded from the government. In Venice, the 2105: 2104: 8610: 5695:, were forced to retreat to the port of Pisa. Prisoners taken by the Genoese were in the order of thousands. Among them was the poet 4870:

came into use in the 1420s. Both languages were used in official correspondence by the Republic. The Republic was influenced by the

2109: 8517: 4300:(The Most Serene). By the end of the 14th century, Venice had become one of the richest states on the continent: its currency, the 4062:, thanks to which it was able to establish numerous warehouses in the Holy Land. Pisa was always the most fervent supporter of the 3670:

Towards the middle of the 11th century, the power of the duchy began to fade: in 1039, due to internal strife, it was conquered by

2081:

As highlighted in the following chronological table, the number of maritime republics has changed over the centuries, as follows:

9594: 8082: 5546: 2107: 5908:

Relations between the two maritime republics of central Italy varied greatly depending on the circumstances: they fought in the

5300:. The two clashed again in the 1352 Battle of the Bosphorus, with an indecisive outcome. In 1353, the Venetians allied with the 2103: 7294: 5488:

from the coasts of Sardinia, where it had settled temporarily between 1015 and 1016, threatening the survival of the Sardinian

4574:

officially defined it as a republic in 1447. The currency of Ancona, accepted in all Mediterranean commercial squares, was the

2042:

offered the opportunity to expand trade. Amalfi, Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Ancona and Ragusa were already engaged in trade with the

3170:: the maps of the 14th and 15th centuries that are still in use today all belong to the schools of Genoa, Venice, and Ancona. 2106: 2002: 9651: 9399: 8760: 7923: 6965: 6534: 6519: 5131: 3664: 3175: 5687:

From 1282 to 1284, Genoa and Pisa reverted to fighting each other. The decisive episode of these clashes was the long naval

4058:. At the same time, Pisa's economic and political power increased considerably with the commercial rights acquired with the 9666: 9646: 8557: 7832: 7640: 4353:. Venice was therefore the largest of the maritime republics, as well as the most powerful state on the Italian peninsula. 1903: 1767: 1582: 1502: 290: 3139:; their history is intertwined both with the launch of European expansion towards the East and with the origins of modern 2110: 9341: 7886: 7749: 5515: 4280:(1202-1204) allowed Venice to conquer the most commercially important seaside resorts of the Byzantine Empire, including 3374: 2054:

an economic decline was triggered, ending with the annexation, not necessarily violent, to a strong and organized state.

1261: 6062:

To France from 1499 to 1506. After a period of extreme political weakness, Andrea Doria re-established autonomy in 1528.

4847:

which almost completely destroyed it, and to the increase in the tribute to be paid to the Sublime Porta, set at 12,500

4821:

left, apparently in a hurry. Although under the Visegrád agreement Dubrovnik was formally under the jurisdiction of the

4601: 2108: 1001: 9641: 9195: 8605: 8190: 7817: 7650: 7411: 6796: 6766: 6600: 6591: 5709: 4921:. Ragusa is the only former maritime republic city not to be part of the Italian state: its modern-day territory is in 3135:

The maritime republics reestablished contacts between Europe, Asia and Africa, which were almost interrupted after the

638: 344: 4600:

and by serious fires. It then passed under the control of the Church in 1353 through the work of the warrior cardinal

59:'s coat of arms (left) features the coats of arms of the best known maritime republics (from top left and clockwise): 7837: 7812: 7655: 6857: 6667: 6217: 5699:, who met Marco Polo (captured during the Battle of Curzola) and wrote down the adventures of the Venetian explorer. 5567: 4608:

that kept Ancona submissive was destroyed by a popular furor, and the ancient regime of autonomy was re-established.

4159: 2070: 348: 17: 6165:

To Venice from 1205 to 1207, from 1211 to 1215, and from 1217 to 1230. To the Despotate of Epirus from 1230 to 1232.

9326: 8921: 8209: 7490: 7376: 7097: 5971: 5639: 5248: 5123: 4729: 3136: 603: 6437: 9351: 8954: 8819: 8333: 8245: 8092: 8087: 7918: 7786: 7259: 6831: 5877: 5756: 5587:. In 1162 and 1163, Frederick I granted Pisa great privileges, such as control of the Tyrrhenian coast as far as 5431:

was fought from midday on 7 October 1571 until the following dawn and ended in victory for the Christian League.

5022:

In 1032, following a dynastic crisis, the Docibiles, who had reigned up to that moment, had to cede Gaeta to the

4373: 505: 3515:

in the 10th century. In the 11th century, Amalfi reached the height of its maritime power and had warehouses in

9138: 8971: 8909: 8281: 7869: 7346: 6739: 6690: 6640: 5803: 4619:

placed Ancona under the direct administration of the Church with an astute manoeuvre, and attempts to regain a

683: 573: 228: 6337:

Medioevo latino, bollettino bibliografico della cultura europea da Boezio a Erasmo (secoli VI – XV), volume 28

3633:, date back to that time; in Jerusalem, the noble merchant Mauro Pantaleone built the hospital from which the 3503:. Amalfitan merchants wrested the Mediterranean trade monopoly from the Arabs and founded mercantile bases in 9424: 9346: 9255: 8532: 8363: 8250: 7781: 7776: 4711: 4266: 3110: 1093:, founder of the Italian Naval League and better known as a writer under the pseudonym Jack la Bolina, wrote 887: 478: 420: 415: 399: 6450: 6271:, Casa Editrice Sansoni, Firenze & Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara (p. 31); Pietro Zampetti, in 5841:

But the definitive victory over the Muslims came in 915, when Amalfi and Gaeta formed the Roman League with

5485: 8291: 8230: 8215: 8067: 7928: 7381: 5609: 5107: 4813:

sovereignty, but the local nobility continued to rule with little interference from the Hungarian court at

4032: 3905: 1897: 608: 541: 6980:

La prima repubblica marinara d'Italia: Amalfi: con uno studio critico sulla scoperta della bussola nautica

6566: 4979:

The Duchy of Gaeta acquired administrative autonomy from the Byzantine Empire in 839, under the co-hypati

9626: 9469: 9434: 9305: 9300: 8916: 8635: 8353: 8199: 7981: 7891: 7791: 7677: 7645: 7330: 7090: 6129:

To the Principality of Capua from 1032 to 1039. To Salerno from 1040 to 1045. To Capua from 1058 to 1061.

5996: 5764: 4039: 3938: 2092:

12th—-14th century: With the end of Gaeta's independence (1137), there are six active maritime republics.

1165: 654: 495: 5845:, Naples, Capua, Salerno, Benevento, the Kingdom of Italy and the Byzantine Empire and won the decisive 5691:

on 6 August 1284. The Genoese emerged victorious, while the Pisan galleys, receiving no assistance from

5672: 4495: 2057:

The longevity of the various maritime republics was quite varied: Venice had the longest life, from the

1740: 1628: 9514: 9361: 9356: 8812: 8690: 8318: 8138: 8045: 8018: 7953: 7827: 7361: 7287: 5791: 5097:. By participating in the Crusades, Noli obtained numerous privileges from the Christian sovereigns of 4452: 3869:. This definition was not due to maritime trade, but to the impressive banking penetration lent by the 3792: 3686:

was deposed by the Normans. This left Amalfi only an administrative autonomy, later revoked in 1131 by

3683: 588: 547: 6356: 5251:, ruler of the Christian principality of Syria, concluded the first phase of the punitive expedition. 1291:

in 849. The traffic of these cities reached Africa and Asia, effectively inserting itself between the

9661: 9656: 9392: 9331: 9085: 9046: 8720: 8486: 8409: 8373: 7391: 7356: 7351: 5830:, Naples and Sorrento) to defend the port of Ostia and therefore Rome from the Saracen invasion. The 5692: 5187: 4852: 4844: 4679: 4461: 4425: 4346: 4092:, which marked the beginning of Pisan decline; Pisa ceded Corsica to Genoa in 1299, and in 1324, the 3128: 1989: 676: 618: 583: 578: 106: 5939: 5334:, which triggered the Venetians' reaction. After an initial success, the Venetians were defeated in 2018:

From an institutional point of view, in line with their municipal origins, the maritime cities were

822:

The table below shows the periods of activity of the various maritime republics over the centuries.

8735: 8725: 8705: 8675: 8630: 8328: 8170: 8102: 8072: 8052: 7933: 7609: 7574: 7371: 5688: 5677: 5667: 5377: 5267: 4720: 4623:

freedom were bloodily repressed. However, economic prosperity lasted until the end of the century.

4356:

Venice's dominance in the eastern Mediterranean in the following centuries, despite the victory of

4089: 3796: 3500: 1042: 598: 333: 191: 76: 6946:, edizioni Biblioteca di storia patria, (Ente per la diffusione e l'educazione storica), Rome 1967 5424: 1049: 794:, which had been interrupted during the early Middle Ages. They also had an essential role in the 9336: 8994: 8615: 8378: 8235: 8205: 8180: 8097: 8057: 7996: 7895: 7660: 7630: 7064:

Ragusa e il Mediterraneo: ruolo e funzioni di una repubblica marinara tra Medioevo ed età Moderna

5655: 5643: 5625: 5503: 5174: 5098: 4063: 3717: 3587: 3114:

Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Grazioso Benincasa (1482), of Ancona's cartographic school

1212: 1090: 491: 363: 280: 6892:

History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V

5258:

were sunk and 1,700 fighters and sailors were killed. The Genoese responded by allying with the

1940: 1543: 951: 9160: 8989: 8313: 8301: 8077: 8062: 7754: 7396: 5579: 5347: 5178:

would be sacked by Pisa, which would be destroyed by Genoa, which would be defeated by Venice.

4612: 4093: 3118: 1696: 623: 5736:

The first clash between Pisa and Venice was triggered by competition for participation in the

4364:

and by the shifting of trade to the Atlantic. Thus began a slow decline, culminating with the

3743: 2028: 9599: 9509: 9429: 9240: 9105: 8620: 8547: 8527: 8441: 8390: 8148: 8128: 7938: 7532: 7500: 7386: 7366: 7280: 5991: 5966: 5542: 5389: 5244: 5023: 4855:

assigned the city to France: the city was occupied by French troops in 1806, and entered the

4787: 4660: 4605: 4187: 4120: 3992: 3671: 3485: 3335: 1199:

Autonomy, economics, politics, and culture essentially based on navigation and maritime trade

613: 593: 515: 152: 5452: 4551:

was devastated by the Saracens in 839; slowly recovering, around 1000 it became part of the

4345:

made up of overseas possessions, including Istria, Dalmatia (except Ragusa), almost all the

1021:. The only exception was considered the very difficult and finally victorious resistance of 9534: 9385: 9295: 9290: 9230: 9165: 9070: 8471: 8286: 8175: 8153: 7807: 7705: 7589: 7457: 6906: 6886: 6655: 5846: 5730: 5102: 4988: 4980: 4899: 4891: 4797:

forced Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia. The city accepted the mild hegemony of King

4312: 4219: 4112: 4043: 3942: 3934: 3874: 3870: 3828: 3758: 3607: 3544: 3249: 3198: 2085:

9th—10th century: There are only three maritime republics, namely Amalfi, Gaeta and Venice.

1718: 1664: 1606: 1487: 1138: 1070: 803: 431: 222: 146: 4770:

exclusive domain. The republic's territory consisted of a very thin coastal strip between

4531: 1254: 1169:

The maritime republics built the ships they needed in their own arsenals. Pictured is the

864: 75:. On the right is a map with the locations and coats of arms of the maritime republics of 8: 9569: 9459: 9260: 9190: 9133: 9050: 8876: 8755: 8745: 8700: 8466: 8431: 8426: 8143: 7764: 7700: 7620: 5961: 5760: 5696: 5511: 5393: 4918: 4641:, who sailed in search of evidence of the past and is therefore considered the father of 4536: 4172: 4047: 3930: 3913: 3747: 3634: 3471: 3447: 3370: 3347: 2010: 1012:, which instead fought together against the Empire courageously defending their freedom. 393: 381: 358: 260: 6890: 4843:

With the 17th century, a slow decline began for the Republic of Ragusa, mainly due to a

4833: 4038:

In 1016, an alliance of Pisa and Genoa defeated the Saracens, conquered Corsica and the

3578:

at San Salvatore in 872. Furthermore, for only three years (from 831 to 833), the dukes

3158:

were also encouraged; important in this regard was the improvement and diffusion of the

923: 9489: 9464: 9366: 9270: 9054: 9006: 8904: 8894: 8851: 8843: 8730: 8715: 8695: 8552: 8493: 8446: 8368: 8225: 8195: 8185: 8160: 8133: 8040: 8033: 7969: 7725: 7437: 7236: 7211: 7170: 6553: 5909: 5807: 5412: 5404: 5351: 5309: 5283: 5231: 5218: 5027: 5004: 4984: 4879: 4856: 4810: 4798: 4759: 4674: 4650: 4638: 4593: 4560: 4556: 4490: 4177: 4155: 4075: 3909: 3687: 3381:

descend, at least in part, from the colonies of the maritime republics, as well as the

3378: 3214: 3013: 2742: 2647: 2355: 2006: 1934: 1868: 1808: 1725: 1613: 1414: 1279: 1022: 989: 965: 957: 944: 940: 931: 912: 908: 895: 880: 775: 759: 755: 294: 88: 84: 72: 60: 6937:

Storia del commercio dei popoli latini del Mediterraneo sino alla fine delle Crociate,

6324:

The Italian Riviera: Its Scenery, Customs, and Food, with Notes Upon the Maritime Alps

5161: 4007:'s nascent power, and clashed several times with the Saracen ships, defeating them in 3731: 3178:

they were therefore essential nodes of trade between Europe and the other continents.

1791: 1772: 9589: 9245: 9220: 9200: 9180: 9170: 9060: 9042: 9011: 8944: 8861: 8835: 8680: 8670: 8542: 8456: 8421: 8348: 8338: 8116: 7986: 7900: 7730: 7710: 7684: 7672: 7467: 7462: 7447: 7442: 7427: 7144: 6961: 6853: 6792: 6762: 6735: 6686: 6663: 6636: 6596: 6586: 6530: 6515: 5835: 5823: 5613: 5428: 5397: 5373: 5363: 5226: 5154: 5135: 4907: 4883: 4871: 4726: 4552: 4369: 4357: 4240: 4168:

The Basin of San Marco in a painting by Francesco Guardi, painted in the 18th century

4004: 3901: 3812: 3800: 3754: 3707: 3675: 3579: 3567: 3495:

As early as the end of the 9th century, the duchy developed extensive trade with the

2450: 1927: 1855: 1731: 1679: 1619: 1530: 1433: 1426: 1307: 1145:... The Italy of the maritime republics ... reopened the ways of the world to Europe. 961: 935: 899: 763: 747: 499: 309: 141: 92: 64: 5289: 4736:) was founded, probably in the 7th century, by the inhabitants of the Roman city of 4690: 4085:

in the field of art, a mixture of Western, Eastern, Islamic and classical elements.

3723: 1979: 1837: 1686: 1439: 1400: 1004:

introduced the expression and focused on the corresponding concept in his 1807 work

9579: 9499: 9454: 9449: 9439: 9235: 9150: 9095: 9065: 9016: 8976: 8959: 8949: 8884: 8856: 8750: 8572: 8522: 8503: 8498: 8451: 8358: 8296: 8276: 8264: 8220: 8023: 8003: 7991: 7854: 7735: 7452: 7315: 7307: 7223: 7157: 6311:

La repubblica di Noli e l'importanza dei porti minori del Mediterraneo nel Medioevo

5981: 5893: 5745: 5726: 5647: 5550: 5507: 5259: 5192: 5047: 4895: 4887: 4867: 4851:. Ragusa survived its Venetian rival, which was conquered by Napoleon in 1797. The 4829:

denominations, which followed the ups and downs of the republic's formal dominion.

4779: 4755: 4616: 4597: 4567:

suffered three sieges), of Venice (in the course of five wars), and of the Papacy.

4524: 4448: 4441: 4412: 4396: 4232: 4215: 4199: 4082: 4055: 3962: 3781: 3769:

independence in 958, which was then made official in 1096 with the creation of the

3583: 3532: 3496: 3440: 3366: 3235: 2925: 2552: 2058: 1983: 1862: 1841: 1690: 1537: 1410: 1404: 1296: 1292: 1170: 1009: 916: 903: 767: 751: 720: 708: 115: 80: 68: 7822: 7015:

Storia della Repubblica di Pisa: le quattro stagioni di una meravigliosa avventura

6381: 6156:

From the 15th century onward, the Republic of Noli ceased its maritime activities.

4515:

The Palazzo degli Anziani, seat of the municipal bodies, built in the 13th century

27:

Sea-based city-states on the Italian peninsula and Dalmatia during the Middle Ages

9275: 9250: 9038: 9021: 8866: 8660: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8537: 8461: 8323: 7842: 7740: 7625: 7525: 7432: 7131: 6786: 6756: 6729: 6680: 6630: 6582: 5831: 5819: 5631: 5538: 5457: 5420: 5416: 5321: 5301: 5127: 5008: 4794: 4741: 4416: 4408: 4342: 4262: 4258:

and placing those regions and their principal townships under Venetian dominion.

4224: 4207: 4008: 3980: 3847: 3736: 3679: 3603: 3563: 3463: 3455: 3416: 3411: 3382: 3275: 1669: 1368: 1353: 1288: 872: 743: 535: 338: 6102:, Venice was already capable of autonomously signing agreements with the Empire. 5502:

and Amalfi, set sail for the Mediterranean coast of Africa. The fleet mounted a

5145:

Commercial isolation was added to continuous wars with the neighboring towns of

4527:(expanded in the 13th century) and the Arch of Trajan (built in the 2nd century) 4337: 3163: 9564: 9539: 9504: 9494: 9479: 9225: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9185: 9175: 9090: 9033: 8926: 8889: 8793: 8740: 8710: 8655: 8562: 8436: 8383: 8343: 8013: 8008: 7859: 7759: 7715: 7667: 7615: 7569: 7537: 7495: 7472: 7199: 5881: 5771: 5635: 5584: 5385: 5297: 5119: 5052: 5016: 4955: 4942: 4875: 4837: 4822: 4654: 4646: 4637:

Ancona's contribution to maritime exploration and trade is well represented by

4627: 4571: 4437: 4361: 4308: 4277: 4229: 4051: 3996: 3967: 3855: 3762: 3595: 3516: 3504: 3489: 3359: 3319: 3253: 3167: 3148: 2830: 2062: 1877: 1817: 1802: 1550: 876: 466: 270: 250: 185: 5164:, an explorer of the African coasts, was born in Noli, but this is debatable. 4913:

The wealth of artistic testimonies of the Republic of Ragusa is recognized by

4706: 4194: 3919:

The artistic importance of Genoa has been recognized by UNESCO by listing the

2022:

republics, generally governed, in a more or less declared manner, by the main

46: 9620: 9559: 9321: 9120: 8665: 8306: 7876: 7564: 7542: 7401: 5986: 5788: 5737: 5588: 5530: 5526: 5150: 5072: 4996: 4698: 4631: 4433: 4400: 4301: 4141: 4088:

Pisa's rivalry with Genoa sharpened in the 13th century and led to the naval

3777: 3660: 3644: 3626: 3559: 3351: 2032: 1645: 1387: 1222: 1034: 728: 628: 179: 158: 7069: 6263:, vol. Marche, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara 1982 (p. 74); AA.VV. 5384:

Around the mid-15th century, Genoa stipulated an alliance with Florence and

5239:

The first major conflict between the two republics broke out in the city of

9549: 9280: 9110: 8981: 8899: 8783: 8590: 8395: 8165: 7769: 7635: 7584: 7559: 5921: 5263: 5240: 5197: 4684: 4544: 4324: 4247: 4127: 4116: 3862: 3832: 3652: 3508: 3223: 2035:, "republic" was synonymous with "State", and was not opposed to monarchy. 1795: 1776: 1602: 1311: 1181: 1119: 1078: 1017: 739: 666: 387: 216: 172: 56: 3435: 1359: 1221:

Use of its own currency accepted throughout the Mediterranean and its own

9554: 9408: 9265: 9143: 9128: 9100: 8936: 8685: 8625: 8595: 7948: 7579: 5842: 5827: 5799: 5651: 5408: 5368: 4995:. Gaeta traded with the most important Italian cities, had consulates in 4745: 4380: 4222:'s collapse in 751. Progress was made in 840 with the stipulation of the 3630: 3618: 3512: 3429: 3355: 3239: 2066: 1271: 1066: 817: 735: 528: 441: 196: 9444: 5308:

in the Peloponnese, but were unable to take advantage of the victorious

4971: 4802: 4783: 4476: 4183: 9574: 9519: 9419: 9028: 7943: 7552: 6307:

Dinamiche territoriali e commerciali nella Noli signorile e comunale...

5271: 5235:

A Venetian galley during the Battle of Curzola (19th century engraving)

5204:

of the two most powerful and rival maritime republics: Genoa and Venice

4947: 4928: 4806: 4642: 4539:(built in the 15th century), seat of merchant meetings and negotiations 4466: 4456: 4392: 4164: 3948: 3791:

The apogee of Genoese fortunes came in the 13th century, following the

3693: 3540: 3386: 3267: 3155: 3140: 3123: 2129:

independence. The notes refer to periods of temporary loss of freedom.

799: 521: 7180: 6478:

Genoa, 'La Superba': The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Pirate Superpower

5060: 5033: 4657:

school of Ancona, one of the most important of the fifteenth century.

4134:

floods, was located north of the current city of Livorno. The life of

3458:, the first maritime republic to reach a leading importance, acquired 37: 9584: 9544: 9524: 9474: 9075: 7082: 5889: 5600: 5534: 5490: 5464:, built by the Republic of Pisa as a defence against Saracene pirates 5305: 5094: 4737: 4733: 4570:

Ancona had its period of greatest splendor in the 15th century, when

4429: 4388: 4236: 4214:

in the 5th century, began a gradual process of independence from the

4135: 3933:. The indissoluble link between Genoa and navigation is testified by 3816: 3785: 3331: 3261: 3186: 3144: 2019: 1122:. In 1955, the four cities represented in the navy flag inspired the 731: 208: 202: 8804: 6275:, vol. Marche, edited by Neri Pozza, Editrice L'Espresso, Rome, 1980 6071:

Austrian occupation in 1746, which ended following a popular revolt.

5722: 4368:

conquest of 1797, which reduced it to a city-state dependent on the

4304:, was minted in gold and was one of the most influential in Europe. 3987: 9529: 9285: 9080: 8600: 8585: 8580: 8481: 7515: 7510: 6712:

The Treaty of Viségrad: the Foundation of the Republic of Dubrovnik

6290:

Arte in Italia: guida ai luoghi ed alle opere dell'Italia artistica

5976: 5912:, but allied themselves against Venice twice, in 1195 and in 1257. 5477: 5473: 5339: 5201: 5090: 4825:, the city successfully resisted both the royal and ban authority. 4576: 4365: 4328: 4255: 4107:, maintaining its independence and essentially the dominion of the 4104: 4071: 4059: 3893: 3882: 3804: 3390: 3315: 3206: 3202: 2039: 2023: 1754: 1472: 1253:

Galley carrying pilgrims to the Holy Land - from the travelogue of

1234: 1227: 1192: 811: 795: 771: 404: 6788:

Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe

6758:

Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe

3975: 3643:

On the basis of an erroneous reading of a passage by the humanist

3424: 3122:

The harvesting of pepper; from the 15th century French edition of

2076: 1714: 1208:

Establishment of a city-state that would eventually expand further

1141:

summed up the maritime republics' historic role with these words:

9155: 8966: 7547: 7272: 7001:

Storia della repubblica di Genova: dalla sua origine sino al 1814

6339:, Sismel Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2007, (p. 1338); Giuseppe Gallo, 5885: 5519: 5499: 5331: 5212: 4963: 4922: 4775: 4763: 4511: 4404: 4332: 4108: 4016: 3843: 3824: 3820: 3648: 3614: 3591: 3575: 3548: 3520: 3297: 3279: 3257: 3210: 3159: 1284: 1203: 1186: 1038: 6292:, Electa, 1983 (p. 243); Salvatore Aurigemma, Angelo de Santis, 5357: 5274:, and despite Genoa's victory, both rivals were left exhausted. 5078: 5068: 4307:

Between the 14th and 18th centuries, Venice, in response to the

4103:

In the fourteenth century, Pisa passed from a municipality to a

3881:, were tied to loans from Genoese bankers and its currency, the 3712: 3629:, a code of maritime law which remained in force throughout the 3622: 3574:, donated by the Byzantines as a reward for having defeated the 1923: 1526: 1448: 1382: 9377: 8240: 6815:, Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1964 6267:, edited by Valerio Lugoni, Aristea, Milano; Guido Piovene, in 5861: 5850: 5806:, aided by the republics of Genoa and Pisa, against the Norman 5751:

Subsequently, the Venetian fleet contributed to the capture of

5741: 5469: 5327: 5293: 5255: 5146: 4914: 4585: 4548: 4470: 4447:

Among the most important Venetian navigators and travelers are

4421: 4384: 4350: 4320: 4316: 4251: 4097: 4020: 4012: 3851: 3836: 3727:

Panorama of Genoa and its port in a nineteenth-century aquatint

3599: 3536: 3524: 3343: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3231: 3194: 3190: 2069:. Amalfi and Gaeta were instead the first to fall, having been 2043: 1303: 1275: 1267: 1238: 791: 783: 6551:, publisher: Biblioteca di storia patria, Rome, 1967 (chapter 6035:

To France from 1396 to 1409. To the Visconti from 1421 to 1436

2102: 7520: 7303: 6595:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 665. 5928: 5752: 5343: 4863: 4848: 4818: 4581: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4067: 3878: 3625:, which was current in all the main Mediterranean ports; the 3571: 3552: 3528: 3476: 3394: 3327: 3323: 3293: 3289: 3227: 3219: 1649: 6996:

Artemisia Progetti Editoriali, 2008, Vol. 2, pp. 84, 91

4507:

Panorama of Ancona from the sea, painted in the 16th century

3166:. Navigation owes much to the maritime republics as regards 8028: 7505: 7050:

Ancona repubblica marinara, Federico Barbarossa e le Marche

5857: 5461: 5335: 5167: 5086: 4814: 4771: 4211: 4131: 3873:, which made it an authentic world economic power: several 3285: 3271: 3245: 1278:

raids and neglected by central powers, organized their own

787: 6410:, Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, 2013. ISBN 9788858655887. 5326:

Towards the end of the 14th century, the Genoese occupied

4273:, one of the first navigation codes, was written in 1256. 4074:: its currency, the aquiline, always bore the name of the 1218:

Presence of foreign warehouses and consuls in its own port

974: 6341:

La Repubblica di Genova tra nobili e popolari (1257–1528)

4588:

and Aspio, and defended by the twenty castles of Ancona.

4519: 4360:, was threatened and compromised by the expansion of the 3467: 3451:

Interior of the Amalfi Arsenal, built in the 11th century

6852:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 39-40. 5661: 4758:

domination until 1204, with the exception of periods of

4246:

Around the year 1000, Venice began its expansion in the

3803:(1298)). "The Superb", a name for the city derived from 1006:

History of the Italian Republics of the Middle Centuries

3162:

by the Amalfi people and the Venetian invention of the

3143:

as a mercantile and financial system. In these cities,

3105: 798:

and produced renowned explorers and navigators such as

6951:

Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia

6874:

Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia

6288:

Touring Editore, 1981 (p. 743); Giovanna Bergamaschi,

5541:

asked Pisans and Genoese to organize a crusade in the

5415:. The imposing Christian League fleet gathered in the 5292:, attempted to drive the Genoese from their colony of 5056:

The Noli flag bears the Cross of San Giovanni Battista

4959:

The Gaetan flag consists of quartered gules and argent

2115: 1177:

Elements that characterized a maritime republic were:

818:

Periodization of the history of the maritime republics

6120:

Under the direct rule of the Church from 1353 to 1383

4801:. On 27 May 1358, the final agreement was reached at 4649:, and finally by navigator and maritime cartographer 3865:, to the point that the following century was called 3773:, a union of merchants and feudal lords of the area. 1061:

In the first decades after Italian unification, post-

6216:(in Italian). Ministero della Difesa. Archived from 1244: 7787:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

6239:

The International Geographic Encyclopedia and Atlas

5556: 4250:, defeating the pirates who occupied the coasts of 3904:in 1797, it was annexed to France in 1805 with the 6514:, publisher: Seminar Press, London-New York, 1972 5892:, who drove out the Venetian-imperial troops. The 4702:Church of San Salvatore, built in the 16th century 4145:Maximum expansion of Pisa in the Mediterranean Sea 3400: 6876:– Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1998, p. 255 6423:, publisher Consorzio Venezia nuova, 2003, p. 63. 4683:The Ragusan flag bears the image and initials of 3885:, became one of the most important in the world. 1202:Possession of a fleet of ships, built in its own 9618: 6708:Višegradski ugovor – temelj Dubrovačke Republike 6017:To the Principality of Salerno from 1039 to 1052 5608:the campaign commanded by Frederick's successor 4878:. The population spoke the local variant of the 4866:was used in official documents of the Republic. 4774:and Oštra, also including the islands of Mljet, 3888:However, the republic was then only independent 2974: 2972: 2970: 988:Nautical chart of the Eastern Mediterranean, by 6705: 6576: 6574: 6451:"Genova "la Superba": l'origine del soprannome" 6436:, publisher Guida Editori, 1991 (Google books, 6434:Geografia, cartografia e storia del Mezzogiorno 6265:Meravigliosa Italia, Enciclopedia delle regioni 4459:, famous for his account of his trip to China, 3811:(1358) in which he described it, dominated the 3674:, who would be expelled in 1052 by his brother 2077:Number of maritime republics over the centuries 1975:: 11th century (gradual acquisition of freedom) 1764:: 11th century (gradual acquisition of liberty) 1579:: 11th century (gradual acquisition of freedom) 6313:, Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2004 (p. 9) 5744:, where they came to battle in December 1099. 5447: 5354:, but managed to recover in the 15th century. 5213:War of Saint Sabas and the conflict of 1293–99 4987:. They were supposedly deposed towards 875 by 4790:that rivalled Venice in the eastern Adriatic. 4066:cause, thus opposing the Guelphs Genoa, Noli, 1467:Griphus ut has angit, sic hostes Ianua frangit 9393: 8820: 7288: 7098: 7074: 6580: 6567:World Vexilology and Heraldry: Italy – Centre 5423:to clash with the Turkish fleet commanded by 5358:Land battles and gathering in the Holy League 4999:, had its own laws and its own currency, the 4975:The Castle of Itri, built by Duke Docibilis I 4917:, which has declared its historical center a 4740:(modern Cavtat) after its destruction by the 3088: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3033: 2840: 2789: 2771: 2762: 2727: 2666: 2657: 2610: 2572: 2537: 2475: 2466: 2365: 758:. In addition to the four best known cities, 684: 6571: 6245:(p. 27), Springer, 1979. ISBN 9781349050024. 5867: 3086: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2507: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 1318:freedom acquired, the other to that of law. 6581:Krekić, Bariša; Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). 5943:The four boats participating in the Regatta 4967:The Church of San Michele Arcangelo in Itri 4898:, are all based. Old Ragusan, a variant of 4718: 3739:, built between the 12th and 14th centuries 3042: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2870: 2775: 2773: 2725: 2670: 2668: 2608: 2581: 2535: 2533: 2486: 2484: 2395: 9400: 9386: 8827: 8813: 7295: 7281: 7250:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics 7105: 7091: 7029:La repubblica del leone: Storia di Venezia 6953:, Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1998. 6939:Unione tipografico-editrice Torinese, 1915 6512:Dubrovnik (Ragusa): A Classical City-state 5935:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics 5929:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics 5638:in Rome to confirm the excommunication of 5525:That same victorious expedition persuaded 5160:According to some scholars, the navigator 5134:in 1239 and the donation of the island of 4031:autonomy, which was then made official by 3780:, which procured great privileges for the 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 2955: 2868: 2866: 2849: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2583: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2393: 2391: 2374: 1827:code: part of the Statutes of Gaeta (1356) 1124:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics 691: 677: 6784: 6754: 6723: 6721: 6714:]. Golden marketing. pp. 99–100. 6504: 6502: 6500: 5798:August 1135 during the war waged by Pope 5007:and for some years had dominion over the 3617:, Amalfi was the most prosperous city of 3244:Perfumes and odorous substances to burn: 1908:15th century (end of maritime activities) 1266:The economic recovery that took place in 7052:; Città di Castello, Arti grafiche, 1972 6847: 6785:Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007). 6780: 6778: 6755:Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007). 5938: 5721: 5671: 5451: 5367: 5230: 5191: 5168:Relations between the maritime republics 5077: 5067: 5059: 5051: 5032: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4927: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4678: 4659: 4530: 4518: 4510: 4502: 4494: 4475: 4193: 4182: 4171: 4163: 4140: 3986: 3974: 3966: 3947: 3742: 3730: 3722: 3711: 3692: 3598:from Saracen pirates, defeating them at 3558:Amalfi's land borders extended from the 3446: 3434: 3423: 3415: 3181:Among the most important products were: 3117: 3109: 1960:Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro 1248: 1164: 1048: 1033: 983: 9637:19th-century disestablishments in Italy 6811:Salvatore Aurigemma, Angelo de Santis, 6529:, publisher: Saqi Books, 2006. p. 127, 6309:, in: Mauro Darchi, Francesca Bandini, 6255: 6253: 6251: 6089:Briefly reconstituted from 1494 to 1509 5884:. They enlisted the aid of troops from 4832:In the face of Hungary's defeat in the 4311:'s aggressive policy, conquered a vast 3809:Itinerarium breve de Ianua ad Ierusalem 1846:1140 (annexation to the Norman Kingdom) 1478:Regulae et ordinamenta officii gazariae 1458:Respublica superiorem non recognoscens; 975:Conceptualization of maritime republics 14: 9619: 7112: 7062:Sergio Anselmi e Antonio Di Vittorio, 6727: 6718: 6678: 6628: 6497: 6175: 6173: 6171: 5200:(as well as the 10,000 lira) bore the 3750:, once the seat of the homonymous bank 3594:. The Amalfi fleet helped to free the 1587:1406 (military occupation of Florence) 9381: 8834: 8808: 7276: 7086: 7073: 6885: 6805: 6775: 6609: 5662:Battle of Meloria and the end of Pisa 5658:marked the apex of Ghibelline power. 5537:would be possible. Around the 1110s, 5277: 5132:Roman Catholic Diocese of Savona-Noli 4882:, the same dialect upon which modern 4786:peninsula. Ragusa was one of the few 4596:in 1348, when it was weakened by the 3488:assumed power and proclaimed himself 3420:Amalfi's flag bears the Maltese cross 3393:and the extinct Italian community of 1885:code: Statutes of Noli (12th century) 1673:), 1122-1126 (Venetian-Byzantine War) 1560:Urbis me dignum pisane noscite signum 9632:10th-century establishments in Italy 7833:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 6850:Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291 6660:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571 6351: 6349: 6248: 5506:on 6 August 1087. On 21 April 1092, 4626:Ancona preserves monuments in which 3566:, while to the west it bordered the 3106:Importance of the maritime republics 1910:1797 (end of the republic, with the 1112:The First Maritime Republic of Italy 9425:Austronesian maritime trade network 9342:History of the Mediterranean region 6210:"La Bandiera della Marina Militare" 6168: 6111:To the Malatestas from 1348 to 1353 5876:In 1173, Venice joined forces with 5813: 5619: 5504:successful offensive against Mahdia 5181: 4993:The Little Venice of the Tyrrhenian 4766:(1081–1085, 1172, 1189–1190) rule. 4645:, by Benvenuto Stracca, founder of 2116:Rises, golden periods, and declines 1891:: 1192 (birth of the free commune); 1563:currency: aquilino or grosso pisano 1262:History of the Mediterranean region 1045:which saw Genoa's victory over Pisa 1029: 24: 7302: 6912:The History of the Siege of Ancona 6592:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 6475: 6343:, edizioni De Ferrari, 1997, p. 44 6326:, Doubleday, Doran, 1927 (p. 159). 5903: 5781: 5717: 5642:; Genoa, then in the hands of the 5549:was very successful and freed the 5419:under the command of the Spaniard 5315: 5223:Byzantine–Venetian War (1296–1302) 4115:. During Florence's crisis in the 3912:decreed Genoa's annexation to the 3795:and the double victory over Pisa ( 1949: 1939: 1896:: 1196 (confirmation of rights by 1876: 1867: 1816: 1807: 1739: 1730: 1618: 1549: 1447: 1438: 1367: 1358: 1160: 979: 922: 886: 863: 25: 9678: 6958:Storia delle Repubbliche marinare 6346: 6080:To the Visconti from 1399 to 1402 6026:To the Visconti from 1353 to 1356 5915: 5468:Saracen armies had advanced into 5438: 4809:Ivan Saraka. The city recognized 4615:, which weakened trade. In 1532, 4419:; in the eighteenth century with 4160:History of the Republic of Venice 3443:, constructed in the 11th century 1636:Pax tibi, Marce, evangelista meus 1333:Motto, currency and maritime code 1245:Origins, affirmation and duration 9407: 9327:Bibliography of European history 8922:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 8789: 8788: 8777: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7179: 7163: 7150: 7137: 7125: 6960:, Odoya, Bologna 2010, 240 pp., 6706:Janeković Römer, Zdenka (2003). 6147:Protectorate of Genoa since 1202 5972:List of historic states of Italy 5755:while Dagobert became the first 5557:First war between Pisa and Genoa 4730:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos 4611:Ancona's decline began with the 4054:; a century later they took the 3667:influences harmoniously merged. 3137:fall of the Western Roman Empire 2001: 1978: 1922: 1836: 1790: 1781:1532 (papal military occupation) 1771: 1758:code: Statutes of the Sea (1387) 1713: 1685: 1627: 1601: 1542: 1525: 1409:1131 (following the war between 1399: 1002:Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi 950: 660: 125: 45: 36: 9352:History of Western civilization 8955:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8518:Orders, decorations, and medals 7003:, Tipografia d'Y. Gravier, 1836 6924: 6900: 6879: 6866: 6841: 6748: 6699: 6672: 6649: 6622: 6615:Andrew Archibald Paton (1861). 6560: 6541: 6484: 6469: 6443: 6426: 6413: 6406:Indro Montanelli, Mario Cervi, 6400: 6182: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6132: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6047: 6038: 6029: 6020: 6011: 5705:Fazio Novello della Gherardesca 5392:. Meanwhile, Venice sided with 3850:and subjected several times to 3819:and controlled a large part of 3484:were in charge until 945, when 3401:History of individual republics 1963:currency: various denominations 1663:: acquired gradually after the 1378:Descendit ex patribus romanorum 1322: 1100: 742:and the Italian Merchant Navy: 79:: Venice, Genoa, Amalfi, Pisa, 9196:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9139:Christianity in the modern era 8910:Christianity in late antiquity 6848:Marshall, Christopher (1994). 6374: 6329: 6316: 6299: 6278: 6232: 6202: 5804:Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor 5264:Latin Empire of Constantinople 5130:with the establishment of the 4050:, and acquired control of the 1917:maritime republic: 2 centuries 1833:: 839 (acquisition of liberty) 1486:: 958 (with the concession of 1396:: 839 (acquisition of liberty) 1155: 1067:rediscovery of the Middle Ages 229:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 13: 1: 9347:History of the European Union 7036:Storia documentata di Venezia 6992:Aldo Padovano; Felice Volpe, 6791:. Logos Verlag. p. 235. 6761:. Logos Verlag. p. 240. 6388:(in Italian). 16 October 2000 6195: 5573: 5472:, and were trying to conquer 5396:, who occupied the throne of 5338:by the Genoese, who occupied 5196:From 1947 to 1963, the 5,000 5126:and was rewarded for this by 4932:Expansion and trade of Ragusa 4748: 4664:Expansion and trade of Ancona 4480:Expansion and trade of Venice 4267:Serrata del Maggior Consiglio 3697:Expansion and trade of Amalfi 1287:, starting with the historic 1129:Armando Lodolini's 1967 book 339:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 9652:History of the Mediterranean 6662:Vol. 2, (Diane Publishing), 5757:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem 5482:Genoa and Pisa joined forces 5037:Expansion and trade of Gaeta 4440:, and writer and adventurer 4176:The Venetian flag bears the 3952:Expansion and trade of Genoa 2135: 2134: 400:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 7: 9667:Former monarchies of Europe 9647:Medieval history of Croatia 9306:Russian invasion of Ukraine 8917:Crisis of the Third Century 8558:Water supply and sanitation 7982:Italian geographical region 7850:Monarchy and the World Wars 7792:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 7678:War of the Sicilian Vespers 7331:Timeline of Italian history 6994:La grande storia di Genova, 6734:. Saqi Books. p. 247. 6457:(in Italian). 23 March 2015 5955: 5765:Christian King of Jerusalem 5448:Allies against the Saracens 4374:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 4372:, until the union with the 4202:, built in the 14th century 4190:, built in the 11th century 3999:, built in the 12th century 3983:, built in the 14th century 3939:Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi 1211:Presence of warehouses and 1137:In 2000, Italian president 1095:General History of the Navy 10: 9683: 9362:Military history of Europe 9357:Maritime history of Europe 8477:Inventions and discoveries 7887:Fall of the Fascist regime 7870:Fourth War of Independence 7828:Expedition of the Thousand 7818:Second War of Independence 6685:. Saqi Books. p. 61. 6635:. Saqi Books. p. 24. 6361:World History Encyclopedia 6357:"Trade in Medieval Europe" 6138:To Capua from 1068 to 1092 6053:To Milan from 1466 to 1499 5932: 5665: 5623: 5518:and placed the bishops of 5361: 5319: 5281: 5216: 5185: 5089:'s fortune began with the 5045: 4940: 4853:Peace of Pressburg of 1805 4672: 4559:, and especially with the 4488: 4407:period with the composers 4153: 3960: 3941:, and most prominently by 3793:Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261) 3705: 3409: 3369:living in Greece, Turkey, 3154:Technological advances in 1750:Ancon dorica civitas fidei 1259: 9642:Economic history of Italy 9415: 9332:Genetic history of Europe 9314: 9119: 8935: 8875: 8842: 8773: 8571: 8417: 8408: 8272: 8263: 8251:Security and intelligence 8124: 8115: 7977: 7968: 7911: 7838:Third War of Independence 7813:First War of Independence 7800: 7693: 7602: 7483: 7420: 7339: 7323: 7314: 7245: 7188: 7177: 7120: 7080: 7075:Links to related articles 6835:, Touring Club Italiano. 5868:Venice, Ancona and Ragusa 5729:sailing in a ship flying 4668: 4484: 4462:The Travels of Marco Polo 4335:; this was joined by the 4235:and the Germanic emperor 4149: 3867:El siglo de los Genoveses 3590:, including the whole of 3439:The bronze portal of the 3405: 3129:The Travels of Marco Polo 1965:code: two volumes of the 1667:'s collapse in 751, 840 ( 949: 885: 862: 734:which, starting from the 243:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 9595:Varangians to the Greeks 7929:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 7924:Institutional referendum 7255:Coat of Arms of the Navy 6004: 5668:Battle of Meloria (1284) 5570:between the two cities. 5516:metropolitan archdiocese 5378:National Maritime Museum 4936: 4721:De Administrando Imperio 4313:dominion of the mainland 4119:, Pisa revolted against 4090:Battle of Meloria (1284) 3797:Battle of Meloria (1284) 3701: 3586:also had control of the 3428:Amalfi in a painting by 2071:conquered by the Normans 1345:Duration of independence 1237:and/or the crackdown on 1131:The Republics of the Sea 334:Italy in the Middle Ages 192:Roman expansion in Italy 9435:Dvaravati–Kamboja route 9337:History of Christianity 8452:Emigration and diaspora 7661:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7646:the Sardinian Judicates 7038:editore Naratovich 1854 6956:Marc'Antonio Bragadin, 6944:Le repubbliche del mare 6813:Gaeta, Formia, Minturno 6549:Le repubbliche del mare 6294:Gaeta, Formia, Minturno 6284:Touring Club Italiano, 6273:Itinerari dell'Espresso 5626:Battle of Giglio (1241) 5484:to banish the fleet of 5376:in a painting from the 5175:Mahdia campaign of 1087 5041: 4206:Venice, founded by the 4130:, now filled in by the 3956: 3924:and the complex of the 3906:second Italian campaign 3651:was long attributed to 3647:, the invention of the 3588:Principality of Salerno 3336:gold and silver threads 2125:independence passed to 1091:Augusto Vittorio Vecchi 542:European migrant crisis 492:Italian Social Republic 407:Italy (1801–1814) 364:Guelphs and Ghibellines 9161:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8334:Science and technology 8282:Italian regions by GDP 8083:Marine protected areas 7755:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6728:Harris, Robin (2006). 6679:Harris, Robin (2006). 6629:Harris, Robin (2006). 6408:L'Italia del millennio 5944: 5878:Frederick I Barbarossa 5733: 5684: 5580:Frederick I Barbarossa 5465: 5381: 5296:, but was repelled by 5243:over ownership of the 5236: 5205: 5083: 5075: 5065: 5057: 5038: 4976: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4933: 4859:of the French Empire. 4805:between Louis and the 4762:(1000–1030) and later 4719: 4714: 4703: 4695: 4687: 4665: 4613:fall of Constantinople 4540: 4528: 4516: 4508: 4500: 4481: 4203: 4191: 4180: 4169: 4146: 4096:saw Sardinia ceded to 4094:Battle of Lucocisterna 4000: 3984: 3972: 3953: 3898:first Italian campaign 3751: 3740: 3728: 3720: 3698: 3462:independence from the 3452: 3444: 3432: 3421: 3132: 3115: 1954: 1945: 1881: 1872: 1821: 1812: 1744: 1735: 1697:Treaty of Campo Formio 1623: 1554: 1462:Pe Zena e pe San Zòrzo 1452: 1443: 1372: 1363: 1257: 1215:in Mediterranean ports 1174: 1153: 1058: 1046: 993: 927: 891: 868: 725:repubbliche mercantili 724: 712: 225:(286 AD–476 AD) 155:(12th–6th c. BC) 149:(18th–3rd c. BC) 9600:Way of the Patriarchs 9510:Polynesian navigation 9430:Canadian canoe routes 9241:Industrial Revolution 8533:Public administration 7641:the Holy Roman Empire 6432:Giovanni Brancaccio, 6386:Palazzo del Quirinale 5992:Aristocratic republic 5967:Dalmatian city-states 5942: 5725: 5675: 5543:western Mediterranean 5522:under its authority. 5455: 5390:Charles VII of France 5371: 5245:Saint Sabas monastery 5234: 5195: 5188:Venetian–Genoese Wars 5081: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5036: 5024:Principality of Capua 4974: 4966: 4958: 4950: 4931: 4788:Dalmatian city-states 4732:, Ragusa (now called 4709: 4701: 4693: 4682: 4663: 4655:nautical cartographic 4604:. In 1383, the papal 4534: 4522: 4514: 4506: 4498: 4479: 4288:(1209), and to reach 4197: 4186: 4175: 4167: 4144: 4121:Piero the Unfortunate 3990: 3978: 3970: 3951: 3746: 3734: 3726: 3715: 3696: 3672:Guaimar IV of Salerno 3450: 3438: 3427: 3419: 3121: 3113: 2073:in the 12th century. 1953: 1943: 1919:republic: 6 centuries 1880: 1871: 1820: 1811: 1743: 1734: 1622: 1553: 1451: 1442: 1371: 1362: 1336:Start of independence 1260:Further information: 1252: 1233:Participation in the 1168: 1143: 1057:: in 1848 and in 1860 1052: 1041:, the theatre of the 1037: 987: 926: 890: 867: 485:Italy in World War II 188:(509 BC–27 BC) 182:(753 BC–509 BC) 161:(8th–3rd c. BC) 153:Etruscan civilization 9535:Sepik Coast exchange 9296:European debt crisis 9291:European integration 9231:Age of Enlightenment 9071:Republic of Florence 8761:World Heritage Sites 8216:Council of Ministers 7954:Coronavirus pandemic 7352:Currency and coinage 6907:Boncompagno da Signa 6731:Dubrovnik, A History 6682:Dubrovnik, A History 6656:Kenneth Meyer Setton 6632:Dubrovnik, A History 6527:Dubrovnik: A History 6188:To Venice until 1358 5847:Battle of Garigliano 5802:and the new emperor 5599:, in the area where 5348:1381 Treaty of Turin 5082:Palazzo della Loggia 4780:Elaphiti archipelago 4694:Prospectus of Ragusa 4653:, key figure of the 4426:Giambattista Tiepolo 4220:Exarchate of Ravenna 4113:Republic of Florence 3943:Christopher Columbus 3935:Lancelotto Malocello 3931:World Heritage Sites 3871:Bank of Saint George 3829:Judicate of Logudoro 3718:Saint George's Cross 3348:World Heritage Sites 3176:discovery of America 3168:nautical cartography 1719:Archduchy of Austria 1665:Exarchate of Ravenna 1607:Republic of Florence 1488:Berengar II of Italy 1150:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 1139:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 1089:In 1895, the sailor 1071:romantic nationalism 1065:patriotism fueled a 804:Christopher Columbus 713:repubbliche marinare 579:Currency and coinage 518:(1970s–1980s) 473:Italy in World War I 384:(14th–16th c.) 219:(27 BC–286 AD) 147:Nuragic civilization 9570:Trans-Saharan trade 9460:Incense trade route 9261:Revolutions of 1848 9191:Early modern France 8972:Anglo-Saxon England 8877:Classical antiquity 8292:Automotive industry 8231:Metropolitan cities 7777:Early Modern period 7750:Kingdom of Sardinia 7701:Italian city-states 6510:Francis F. Carter, 6492:A History of Venice 6480:. Hurst; 1 edition. 6305:Giovanni Murialdo, 6220:on 27 December 2013 5962:Italian city-states 5920:Noli was a Genoese 5697:Rustichello da Pisa 5512:archdiocese of Pisa 5394:Alfonso V of Aragon 5380:, Greenwich, London 4951:Prospectus of Gaeta 4919:World Heritage Site 4537:Loggia dei Mercanti 4271:Capitulare nauticum 4040:Sardinian judicates 3914:Kingdom of Sardinia 3875:European monarchies 3748:Palazzo San Giorgio 3716:Genoa's flag bears 3635:Knights Hospitaller 3472:Sicard of Benevento 3367:Italian communities 2011:First French Empire 1705:: circa 9 centuries 1655:Capitolare nauticum 1342:End of independence 382:Italian Renaissance 359:Italian city-states 9627:Maritime republics 9490:Maritime Silk Road 9485:Maritime republics 9465:Indian Ocean trade 9367:Crusading movement 9271:Russian Revolution 9106:Hundred Years' War 9002:Maritime republics 8905:Early Christianity 8895:Hellenistic period 8852:Paleolithic Europe 8354:Telecommunications 7721:Maritime republics 7237:Republic of Ragusa 7212:Republic of Ancona 7171:Republic of Venice 7114:Maritime republics 7057:Republic of Ragusa 7043:Republic of Ancona 7022:Republic of Venice 6942:Armando Lodolini, 6930:Maritime republics 6587:Kazhdan, Alexander 6547:Armando Lodolini, 6476:Walton, Nicholas. 6421:La galea ritrovata 6261:Conoscere l'Italia 5945: 5910:War of Saint Sabas 5808:Roger II of Sicily 5734: 5685: 5676:Lithograph of the 5650:and the island of 5480:. To resist them, 5466: 5382: 5310:Battle of Sapienza 5284:War of the Straits 5278:War of the Straits 5249:Philip of Montfort 5237: 5219:War of Saint Sabas 5206: 5084: 5076: 5066: 5058: 5039: 5028:Roger II of Sicily 5005:Province of Latina 4985:Marinus I of Gaeta 4977: 4969: 4961: 4953: 4934: 4880:Shtokavian dialect 4857:Illyrian Provinces 4799:Louis I of Hungary 4715: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4675:Republic of Ragusa 4666: 4651:Grazioso Benincasa 4639:Cyriacus of Ancona 4594:House of Malatesta 4561:Republic of Ragusa 4557:Kingdom of Hungary 4541: 4529: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4491:Republic of Ancona 4482: 4383:with the painters 4265:; notable was the 4218:starting with the 4204: 4192: 4188:St Mark's Basilica 4181: 4178:Lion of Saint Mark 4170: 4156:Republic of Venice 4147: 4001: 3985: 3973: 3954: 3910:Congress of Vienna 3752: 3741: 3729: 3721: 3699: 3688:Roger II of Sicily 3606:(849), and on the 3480:, under which the 3453: 3445: 3433: 3422: 3133: 3116: 2007:Illyrian Provinces 1990:Peace of Pressburg 1955: 1946: 1882: 1873: 1822: 1813: 1745: 1736: 1624: 1555: 1453: 1444: 1415:Roger II of Sicily 1373: 1364: 1270:starting with the 1258: 1175: 1059: 1047: 998:maritime republics 994: 990:Grazioso Benincasa 928: 892: 869: 717:merchant republics 705:maritime republics 355:Maritime republics 341:(6th–8th c.) 295:Carolingian Empire 9614: 9613: 9608: 9607: 9590:Volga trade route 9515:Rome-India routes 9375: 9374: 9301:COVID-19 pandemic 9246:French Revolution 9221:Habsburg monarchy 9201:Cossack Hetmanate 9181:Portuguese Empire 9171:Absolute monarchy 9166:Thirty Years' War 9061:Holy Roman Empire 8986:Bulgarian Empire 8945:Early Middle Ages 8862:Bronze Age Europe 8836:History of Europe 8802: 8801: 8769: 8768: 8404: 8403: 8339:Southern question 8259: 8258: 8191:Political parties 8139:Foreign relations 8111: 8110: 7964: 7963: 7685:Kingdom of Naples 7673:Kingdom of Sicily 7270: 7269: 7145:Republic of Genoa 7048:Various authors, 7034:Samuele Romanin, 6987:Republic of Genoa 6978:Umberto Moretti, 6966:978-88-6288-082-4 6535:978-0-86356-959-3 6520:978-0-12-812950-0 6044:To France in 1460 5836:Battle of Lepanto 5731:St George's cross 5689:battle of Meloria 5678:Battle of Meloria 5614:Kingdom of Sicily 5568:Corsican dioceses 5486:Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī 5429:Battle of Lepanto 5425:Kapudan Ali Pasha 5374:Battle of Lepanto 5364:Battle of Lepanto 5241:Saint-Jean d'Acre 5227:Battle of Curzola 5155:Ligurian Republic 4872:Venetian language 4727:Byzantine emperor 4717:According to the 4553:Holy Roman Empire 4499:The Anconan Cross 4241:Commune of Venice 4005:Kingdom of Sicily 3926:Palazzi dei Rolli 3902:Ligurian Republic 3813:Mediterranean Sea 3801:Battle of Curzola 3782:Genoese colonists 3771:Compagna Communis 3708:Republic of Genoa 3637:would originate. 3568:Duchy of Sorrento 3314:Luxury products: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3039: 3004: 2961: 2876: 2855: 2846: 2805: 2768: 2733: 2688: 2663: 2616: 2591: 2578: 2543: 2494: 2481: 2472: 2401: 2380: 2371: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2190: 2180: 2172: 2164: 2154: 2146: 2016: 2015: 1928:Ligurian Republic 1856:Kingdom of Sicily 1825:currency: follaro 1680:Commune of Venice 1571:Breve curia maris 1531:Ligurian Republic 1497:Compagna Communis 1495:: 1096 (with the 1427:Kingdom of Sicily 1348:Succeeding state 1308:Holy Roman Empire 1255:Conrad Grünenberg 1010:medieval communes 972: 971: 701: 700: 548:COVID-19 pandemic 544:(2014–2016) 538:(2007–2009) 532:(1992–2001) 524:(1986–1992) 502:(1943–1945) 500:Italian Civil War 487:(1940–1945) 481:(1922–1943) 475:(1914–1918) 469:(1882–1960) 463:(1861–1946) 435:(1815–1871) 396:(1545–1648) 390:(1494–1559) 351:in southern Italy 319: 318: 310:Holy Roman Empire 142:Prehistoric Italy 18:Genoese-Pisan War 16:(Redirected from 9674: 9662:Former republics 9657:Maritime history 9580:Triangular trade 9455:Hiri trade cycle 9450:Hanseatic League 9440:Grand Trunk Road 9402: 9395: 9388: 9379: 9378: 9236:Great Divergence 9151:Age of Discovery 9096:Late Middle Ages 9066:High Middle Ages 8977:Byzantine Empire 8960:Christianization 8950:Migration Period 8885:Classical Greece 8857:Neolithic Europe 8829: 8822: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8792: 8791: 8784:Italy portal 8781: 8780: 8721:National symbols 8415: 8414: 8270: 8269: 8122: 8121: 7975: 7974: 7855:Kingdom of Italy 7782:Napoleonic Italy 7321: 7320: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7274: 7273: 7263: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7224:Republic of Noli 7222: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7183: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7158:Republic of Pisa 7156: 7154: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7071: 7070: 7017:, Giardini, 1961 7013:Gino Benvenuti, 7008:Republic of Pisa 6982:, A. Forni, 1998 6918: 6917: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6883: 6877: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6818: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6676: 6670: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6626: 6620: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6578: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6545: 6539: 6506: 6495: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6441: 6430: 6424: 6419:Graziano Arici, 6417: 6411: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6353: 6344: 6333: 6327: 6320: 6314: 6303: 6297: 6282: 6276: 6259:Peris Persi, in 6257: 6246: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6206: 6189: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6166: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6000: 5982:Hanseatic League 5894:Treaty of Venice 5814:Amalfi and Gaeta 5746:Dagobert of Pisa 5713: 5656:Battle of Giglio 5648:Isola del Giglio 5620:Battle of Giglio 5551:Balearic Islands 5533:to liberate the 5508:Pope Gregory VII 5260:Empire of Nicaea 5182:Venice and Genoa 5064:Panorama di Noli 5048:Republic of Noli 4834:Battle of Mohács 4753: 4750: 4724: 4617:Pope Clement VII 4543:Included in the 4525:Ancona Cathedral 4449:Alvise Cadamosto 4442:Giacomo Casanova 4413:Giuseppe Tartini 4233:Pietro Tradonico 4216:Byzantine Empire 4083:Pisan Romanesque 4056:Balearic Islands 3963:Republic of Pisa 3827:, the Sardinian 3684:Marinus Sebastus 3570:; it also owned 3533:Tripoli of Syria 3497:Byzantine Empire 3441:Amalfi Cathedral 3093: 3090: 3038: 3035: 3003: 3000: 2960: 2957: 2875: 2872: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2804: 2801: 2767: 2764: 2732: 2729: 2687: 2684: 2662: 2659: 2615: 2612: 2590: 2587: 2577: 2574: 2542: 2539: 2493: 2490: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2400: 2397: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2059:High Middle Ages 2005: 1984:Byzantine Empire 1982: 1967:Liber Statutorum 1952: 1926: 1912:Italian Campaign 1904:Kingdom of Italy 1842:Byzantine Empire 1840: 1794: 1775: 1768:Kingdom of Italy 1717: 1691:Byzantine Empire 1689: 1631: 1605: 1583:Kingdom of Italy 1567:Constitutum usus 1546: 1529: 1509:Italian Campaign 1503:Kingdom of Italy 1411:Pope Innocent II 1405:Byzantine Empire 1403: 1321: 1320: 1171:Venetian Arsenal 1151: 1030:Post-unification 954: 825: 824: 727:), were Italian 693: 686: 679: 667:Italy portal 665: 664: 663: 394:Catholic revival 247: 246: 129: 119: 101: 100: 49: 40: 21: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9500:Penarikan Route 9411: 9406: 9376: 9371: 9310: 9276:Interwar period 9251:Napoleonic Wars 9115: 9086:Mongol invasion 9039:Crown of Aragon 8931: 8871: 8867:Iron Age Europe 8838: 8833: 8803: 8798: 8778: 8765: 8736:Public holidays 8567: 8513:Life expectancy 8400: 8255: 8171:Law enforcement 8107: 7960: 7907: 7896:Social Republic 7860:Colonial Empire 7843:Capture of Rome 7796: 7689: 7598: 7491:Ancient peoples 7479: 7416: 7377:Historic states 7335: 7310: 7301: 7271: 7266: 7257: 7241: 7230: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7184: 7175: 7164: 7162: 7151: 7149: 7138: 7136: 7132:Duchy of Amalfi 7126: 7124: 7116: 7111: 7076: 7066:, Cacucci, 1990 7031:, Bompiani 2002 6973:Duchy of Amalfi 6935:Adolf Schaube, 6927: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6905: 6901: 6884: 6880: 6872:G. Benvenuti – 6871: 6867: 6860: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6726: 6719: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6677: 6673: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6627: 6623: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6561: 6546: 6542: 6507: 6498: 6490:J. J. Norwich, 6489: 6485: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6431: 6427: 6418: 6414: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6334: 6330: 6321: 6317: 6304: 6300: 6283: 6279: 6258: 6249: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6214:Marina Militare 6208: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6100:Pactum Lotharii 6097: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6007: 5994: 5958: 5937: 5931: 5918: 5906: 5904:Pisa and Ancona 5870: 5832:Battle of Ostia 5816: 5784: 5782:Amalfi and Pisa 5720: 5718:Venice and Pisa 5707: 5670: 5664: 5632:Pope Gregory IX 5628: 5622: 5576: 5559: 5539:Pope Paschal II 5514:to the rank of 5458:Marciana Marina 5450: 5441: 5421:John of Austria 5417:Gulf of Lepanto 5366: 5360: 5324: 5322:War of Chioggia 5318: 5316:War of Chioggia 5286: 5280: 5229: 5217:Main articles: 5215: 5190: 5184: 5170: 5162:António de Noli 5128:Pope Gregory IX 5050: 5044: 5009:Pontine Islands 4945: 4939: 4845:1667 earthquake 4795:Treaty of Zadar 4751: 4712:Rector's Palace 4677: 4671: 4602:Gil de Albornoz 4493: 4487: 4453:Sebastian Cabot 4451:, cartographer 4417:Tomaso Albinoni 4409:Antonio Vivaldi 4343:colonial empire 4225:Pactum Lotharii 4162: 4154:Main articles: 4152: 4019:(1064), and in 4009:Reggio Calabria 3981:Pisa Baptistery 3971:The Pisan cross 3965: 3959: 3908:. In 1815, the 3900:: becoming the 3848:Chioggia (1379) 3835:, and southern 3737:Genoa Cathedral 3710: 3704: 3680:Robert Guiscard 3613:At the dawn of 3564:Vietri sul Mare 3464:Duchy of Naples 3414: 3412:Duchy of Amalfi 3408: 3403: 3383:language island 3108: 3091: 3036: 3012: 3001: 2958: 2924: 2873: 2852: 2843: 2829: 2802: 2765: 2741: 2730: 2685: 2660: 2646: 2613: 2588: 2575: 2551: 2540: 2491: 2478: 2469: 2449: 2398: 2377: 2368: 2354: 2346: 2329: 2312: 2295: 2278: 2261: 2244: 2227: 2210: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2176: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2150: 2142: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2079: 1988:1808 (with the 1964: 1962: 1950: 1918: 1909: 1892: 1826: 1770: 1757: 1752: 1710:: 6.5 centuries 1706: 1674: 1670:Pactum Lotharii 1652: 1643: 1641:Viva San Marco! 1639: 1594: 1564: 1562: 1518: 1507:1797 (with the 1491: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1385: 1380: 1339:Preceding state 1289:Battle of Ostia 1264: 1247: 1163: 1161:Characteristics 1158: 1152: 1149: 1103: 1032: 1026:seafaring one. 996:The expression 982: 980:Pre-unification 977: 955: 939: 929: 907: 893: 870: 820: 715:), also called 697: 661: 659: 657: 648: 647: 646: 644: 604:Historic states 568: 560: 559: 536:Great Recession 467:Colonial Empire 456: 448: 447: 446: 427: 377: 369: 368: 329: 321: 320: 244: 236: 235: 175: 165: 164: 137: 117: 110: 99: 98: 97: 96: 52: 51: 50: 42: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9680: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9565:Tea Horse Road 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9540:Siberian Route 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9505:Manila galleon 9502: 9497: 9495:Old Salt Route 9492: 9487: 9482: 9480:Lapita culture 9477: 9472: 9470:King's Highway 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9405: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9382: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9226:Russian Empire 9223: 9218: 9216:British Empire 9213: 9211:Dutch Republic 9208: 9206:Swedish Empire 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9186:Spanish Empire 9183: 9178: 9176:Ottoman Empire 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9136: 9131: 9125: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9091:Serbian Empire 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8952: 8947: 8941: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8927:Late antiquity 8924: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8890:Roman Republic 8887: 8881: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8832: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8786: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8344:Stock exchange 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8246:Municipalities 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8206:Prime Minister 8203: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8093:Regional parks 8090: 8088:National parks 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7997:Climate change 7989: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7857: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7762: 7760:Duchy of Savoy 7757: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7670: 7668:Lombard League 7665: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7590:Western Empire 7582: 7577: 7575:Roman conquest 7572: 7567: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7496:Italic peoples 7487: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7300: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7226: 7214: 7202: 7200:Duchy of Gaeta 7189: 7186: 7185: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7160: 7147: 7134: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7032: 7027:Alvise Zorzi, 7024: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7004: 6999:Carlo Varese, 6997: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6954: 6949:G. Benvenuti, 6947: 6940: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6899: 6895:. Vol. I. 6878: 6865: 6858: 6840: 6804: 6798:978-3832516444 6797: 6774: 6768:978-3832516444 6767: 6747: 6740: 6717: 6698: 6691: 6671: 6648: 6641: 6621: 6608: 6602:978-0195046526 6601: 6570: 6559: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6525:Robin Harris, 6523: 6496: 6483: 6468: 6442: 6425: 6412: 6399: 6373: 6345: 6328: 6315: 6298: 6277: 6247: 6231: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6181: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6028: 6019: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5957: 5954: 5933:Main article: 5930: 5927: 5917: 5916:Noli and Genoa 5914: 5905: 5902: 5882:Emilia-Romagna 5869: 5866: 5815: 5812: 5783: 5780: 5719: 5716: 5666:Main article: 5663: 5660: 5624:Main article: 5621: 5618: 5585:siege of Milan 5575: 5572: 5558: 5555: 5547:The expedition 5456:Watchtower in 5449: 5446: 5440: 5439:Genoa and Pisa 5437: 5362:Main article: 5359: 5356: 5320:Main article: 5317: 5314: 5298:Paganino Doria 5290:Niccolò Pisani 5282:Main article: 5279: 5276: 5268:Andrea Dandolo 5214: 5211: 5186:Main article: 5183: 5180: 5169: 5166: 5120:Lombard League 5046:Main article: 5043: 5040: 5017:Pope John VIII 4943:Duchy of Gaeta 4941:Main article: 4938: 4935: 4876:Tuscan dialect 4838:Ottoman Empire 4823:ban of Croatia 4673:Main article: 4670: 4667: 4647:commercial law 4572:Pope Eugene IV 4489:Main article: 4486: 4483: 4438:Antonio Canova 4362:Ottoman Empire 4309:Duchy of Milan 4298:La Serenissima 4278:Fourth Crusade 4151: 4148: 4052:Tyrrhenian Sea 3997:Pisa Cathedral 3961:Main article: 3958: 3955: 3856:Duchy of Milan 3799:) and Venice ( 3765:, it obtained 3763:Otto the Great 3706:Main article: 3703: 3700: 3596:Tyrrhenian Sea 3517:Constantinople 3505:Southern Italy 3410:Main article: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3339: 3338: 3320:precious coral 3312: 3282: 3264: 3242: 3217: 3149:commercial law 3107: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3009: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2191: 2181: 2173: 2165: 2155: 2147: 2139: 2117: 2114: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2075: 2063:Napoleonic era 2014: 2013: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1976: 1970: 1956: 1947: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1920: 1915: 1906: 1901: 1886: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1834: 1828: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1765: 1759: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1711: 1700: 1693: 1683: 1658: 1632: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1599: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1556: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1523: 1512: 1505: 1500: 1481: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1418: 1407: 1397: 1391: 1390:(11th century) 1374: 1365: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1147: 1102: 1099: 1031: 1028: 981: 978: 976: 973: 970: 969: 948: 920: 884: 860: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 819: 816: 729:thalassocratic 699: 698: 696: 695: 688: 681: 673: 670: 669: 650: 649: 642: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 556: 555: 545: 539: 533: 525: 513: 503: 488: 482: 476: 470: 464: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 445: 444: 438: 437: 436: 426: 425: 424: 423: 418: 410: 409: 408: 402: 397: 391: 385: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 352: 342: 336: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 316: 315:962–1801 313: 302: 301: 298: 287: 286: 283: 277: 276: 273: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 253: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 232: 231: 223:Western Empire 220: 214: 213: 212: 199: 194: 183: 176: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 156: 150: 144: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 122: 121: 112: 111: 104: 77:medieval Italy 54: 53: 44: 43: 35: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9679: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9560:Brouwer Route 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9398: 9396: 9391: 9389: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9322:Art of Europe 9320: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9121:Modern period 9118: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8825: 8823: 8818: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8795: 8787: 8785: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:Years of Lead 7937: 7935: 7934:Economic Boom 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7877:Fascist Italy 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7823:Niçard exodus 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7543:Magna Graecia 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7293: 7291: 7286: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7261: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7238: 7227: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7182: 7172: 7161: 7159: 7148: 7146: 7135: 7133: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6887:Comyn, Robert 6882: 6875: 6869: 6861: 6859:9780521477420 6855: 6851: 6844: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6781: 6779: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6751: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6724: 6722: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6675: 6669: 6668:0-87169-127-2 6665: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6494:, p. 176–180. 6493: 6487: 6479: 6472: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6422: 6416: 6409: 6403: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6325: 6322:Bohun Lynch, 6319: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6185: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6101: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6014: 6010: 5998: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:Thalassocracy 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5936: 5926: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5763:as the first 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5738:First Crusade 5732: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5693:Count Ugolino 5690: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5589:Civitavecchia 5586: 5581: 5578:When Emperor 5571: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5529:that a large 5528: 5527:Pope Urban II 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5510:elevated the 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5179: 5176: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5151:Finale Ligure 5148: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5074: 5073:San Paragorio 5070: 5062: 5054: 5049: 5035: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4949: 4944: 4930: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4793:In 1358, the 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4713: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4492: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4434:Carlo Goldoni 4432:, playwright 4431: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4347:Greek islands 4344: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4200:Doge's Palace 4196: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4174: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4143: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3993:Leaning Tower 3989: 3982: 3977: 3969: 3964: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3778:First Crusade 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645:Flavio Biondo 3641: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627:Amalfian Laws 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3470:. That year, 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3413: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3112: 3095: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3005: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2689: 2664: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2592: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2495: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2192: 2182: 2174: 2166: 2156: 2148: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1998:: 8 centuries 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1944:senza_cornice 1942: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1852:: 3 centuries 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1787:: 5 centuries 1786: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678:: 1141-1143 ( 1677: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1598:: 3 centuries 1597: 1593:: 4 centuries 1592: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522:: 7 centuries 1521: 1517:: 8 centuries 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1423:: 3 centuries 1422: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388:Amalfian Laws 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1223:maritime laws 1220: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1167: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1051: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 991: 986: 968: 967: 963: 959: 953: 947: 946: 942: 937: 933: 925: 921: 919: 918: 914: 910: 905: 901: 897: 889: 883: 882: 878: 874: 866: 861: 858:19th century 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 826: 823: 815: 813: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 694: 689: 687: 682: 680: 675: 674: 672: 671: 668: 658: 656: 652: 651: 645: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 564: 563: 553: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 530: 526: 523: 520: 519: 517: 516:Years of Lead 514: 511: 507: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 458: 452: 451: 443: 440: 439: 434: 433: 429: 428: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411: 406: 403: 401: 398: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 379: 373: 372: 365: 362: 360: 356: 353: 350: 346: 343: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 325: 324: 314: 311: 307: 304: 303: 300:774–962 299: 296: 292: 289: 288: 285:568–774 284: 282: 279: 278: 275:435–534 274: 272: 269: 268: 265:493–553 264: 262: 259: 258: 255:476–493 254: 252: 249: 248: 240: 239: 230: 227: 226: 224: 221: 218: 215: 211: 210: 205: 204: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 169: 168: 160: 159:Magna Graecia 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 133: 132: 128: 124: 123: 120: 114: 113: 108: 103: 102: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 48: 39: 30: 19: 9550:Spanish Road 9484: 9409:Trade routes 9281:World War II 9134:Early modern 9111:Kalmar Union 9001: 8982:Papal States 8900:Roman Empire 8621:Architecture 8591:Quattrocento 8548:Social class 8528:Prostitution 8442:Demographics 8364:Trade unions 8307:Central Bank 8149:Human rights 8129:Constitution 7912:Contemporary 7882:World War II 7770:Italian Wars 7720: 7694:Early modern 7636:Papal States 7614:Italy under 7560:Ancient Rome 7113: 7063: 7049: 7035: 7028: 7014: 7000: 6993: 6979: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6925:Bibliography 6916:(in English) 6910: 6902: 6891: 6881: 6873: 6868: 6849: 6843: 6837:(in Italian) 6830: 6824: 6820: 6817:(in Italian) 6812: 6807: 6787: 6757: 6750: 6730: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6681: 6674: 6659: 6651: 6631: 6624: 6616: 6611: 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In 1073, 3665:Arab-Norman 3631:Middle Ages 3619:Longobardia 3560:Sarno River 3513:Middle East 3486:Mastalus II 3430:John Ruskin 3389:dialect in 3365:The modern 3346:'s list of 3288:, Egyptian 3240:white sugar 3185:Medicines: 3151:were born. 2067:Renaissance 2029:Machiavelli 1569:(1160) and 1272:9th century 1156:Description 1043:1284 battle 828:9th century 736:Middle Ages 732:port cities 574:Citizenship 529:Mani pulite 442:Young Italy 261:Ostrogothic 197:Roman Italy 116:History of 9621:Categories 9575:Trepanging 9520:Royal Road 9420:Amber Road 9029:Viking Age 8844:Prehistory 8756:Traditions 8746:Television 8731:Philosophy 8696:Literature 8636:Cathedrals 8606:Settecento 8467:Healthcare 8432:Corruption 8427:Censorship 8186:Parliament 8144:Government 7944:Maxi Trial 7892:Resistance 7621:Ostrogoths 7553:Messapians 7438:Villanovan 7428:Prehistory 7421:Prehistory 6823:, chapter 6741:0863563325 6692:0863563325 6642:0863563325 6269:Tuttitalia 6196:References 5792:William II 5772:Tyrrhenian 5574:Second war 5272:Marco Polo 4807:Archbishop 4782:, and the 4752: 615 4643:archeology 4628:Romanesque 4467:John Cabot 4457:Marco Polo 4393:Tintoretto 4366:Napoleonic 4064:Ghibelline 3929:among the 3877:, such as 3608:Garigliano 3602:(846), at 3541:Alexandria 3387:Tabarchino 3362:elements. 3360:Romanesque 3284:Textiles: 3254:sandalwood 3215:astragalus 3156:navigation 3145:gold coins 3141:capitalism 3124:Marco Polo 2020:oligarchic 1753:currency: 1644:currency: 1471:currency: 1381:currency: 1310:, and the 1230:government 1228:Republican 814:invasion. 812:Napoleonic 800:Marco Polo 770:, and, in 522:Maxi Trial 405:Napoleonic 9585:Via Maris 9545:Silk Road 9525:Salt road 9475:Kula ring 9076:Feudalism 9047:Catalonia 8716:Mythology 8691:Libraries 8611:Ottocento 8553:Terrorism 8494:Languages 8447:Education 8369:Transport 8319:Companies 8226:Provinces 8196:President 8161:Judiciary 8134:Elections 8046:Volcanoes 8041:Volcanism 8034:Apennines 8019:Mountains 7987:Peninsula 7970:Geography 7901:Civil War 7626:Byzantium 7533:Etruscans 7468:Canegrate 7463:Golasecca 7448:Rinaldone 7443:Terramare 7433:Neolithic 6392:15 August 6335:AA. 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