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unilaterally altered their cards to this effect, then confronted
Richard with them, causing him some shock. The conference was eventually arranged to commence on 28 October at 15:00, but at very short notice the British mediator delayed the start for two hours; some Patriotic Front delegates were questioning his role as chairman and threatening not to attend, and Richard hoped to talk them around in the extra time. When the parties finally met, some hours later than planned, Muzorewa sat opposite Smith as the leader of the nationalist delegates, as at Victoria Falls, but with empty seats directly either side of him, marked "Comrade
361:
438:
go on with the peace process, and that meant accepting
Kissinger's terms, which they agreed were better than any they could get in the future should they refuse. Smith announced his government's answer on the evening of 24 September 1976: "Yes." South Africa's wavering financial and military assistance suddenly became available again, but the Frontline States then abruptly changed tack and turned the Kissinger terms down, saying that any interim period before majority rule was unacceptable. A new constitutional conference in
538:
secretly working together to prevent this, Nkomo laid down pre-conditions for any new conference. "The
Rhodesian situation is a war situation ... On our side it is the Patriotic Front, and on the British ... side it is the British government with the Rhodesian régime as extension. ... The agenda must have only one item ... the transfer of power from the minority to the majority. This means a constitution based on universal adult suffrage. ... This item should take four to five days."
34:
517:
The
American election result came through on the morning of 2 November 1976; as expected, Carter had won. In Geneva, meanwhile, it soon became clear that while the Rhodesians wished to stick to the plan they had agreed with Kissinger, the nationalists had no intention of doing so, regarding those terms only as a starting point for further negotiation. They continually interrupted the lawyers' work with new demands, meaning that by 8 November practically no progress had been made.
179:
417:. A session including Kissinger, Smith and Vorster then began, and here Smith relayed his concern that his acceptance could be perceived by the Rhodesian electorate as "selling out" and could cause a mass exodus of skilled workers and investment, which would in turn severely damage the country's economy. Vorster requested a break in the session and took Smith's team into a private side-room, accompanied by South African Foreign Minister
46:
461:
302:
After abortive talks between Smith and Wilson in 1966 and 1968, a constitution was agreed upon by the
Rhodesian and British governments in November 1971; however, when a British test of Rhodesian public opinion was undertaken in early 1972, black opinion was judged to be against the new deal, causing
537:
announced that the conference was to be adjourned. It was never reconvened—the
Patriotic Front now said that it would not return to Geneva or take part in any further talks unless immediate black rule was made the only subject for discussion. Apparently believing that the British and Rhodesians were
520:
A meeting was organised for the next day, 9 November: the chaotic parley led nowhere, with the nationalists once again taking turns to make long, irrelevant speeches while the
Rhodesians attempted to have Richard return the subject to the new constitution. Smith, who had earlier supported Richard as
437:
and consult their cabinet, then announce their answer. Despite expressing "incredulity" at what had happened in
Pretoria, and showing deep reluctance, the politicians in Salisbury resolved that despite what they perceived as "South African treachery" the responsible course of action could only be to
432:
The
Rhodesians were then summoned back out into the main lounge, where Kissinger insisted that their prime minister sit next to him. "Ian Smith made accepting the deal worse by acting like a gentleman," Kissinger later said. Vorster opened the discussion by announcing that he had applied no pressure
516:
in reverent tones, before
Sithole made the only directly relevant nationalist contribution of the day, saying simply that he hoped the two sides could come to an agreement. A few days' break were then agreed as constitutional lawyers drew up a plan based on Kissinger's for the delegates to discuss.
511:
On the morning of 29 October, Mugabe and Nkomo spoke in turn, giving emotionally charged speeches about the "dreadful sacrifices which the white governments have exacted from the poor black people". Neither made any comment relevant to a new constitution. Muzorewa then told the story of the life of
482:
ZANU and ZAPU announced on 9 October that they would attend this conference and any thereafter as a joint "Patriotic Front" (PF), including members of both parties under a combined leadership. Kaunda and Nyerere welcomed the new negotiations, but with the Soviet Union proposing that they once again
307:
suddenly re-erupted in December 1972, after two years of relative inactivity, when ZANLA attacked Altena and Whistlefield Farms in north-eastern Rhodesia. After a successful security force counter-campaign during 1973 and 1974, drastic changes in the foreign policy of the Rhodesian government's two
495:
Even arranging the conference proved a struggle, with the Rhodesians taking exception to being served cards of admittance on 27 October denoting them "The Smith Delegation", rather than the "Rhodesian Government Delegation" as had happened in previous conferences and correspondence. The Rhodesians
400:
Smith met Kissinger in Pretoria on 18 September 1976 to discuss the terms. The American diplomat told the prime minister that although he was obliged to take part, his participation in what he termed the "demise of Rhodesia" was "one of the great tragedies of my life". All the same, he encouraged
351:
replaced Sithole as ZANU leader, winning an internal leadership election which Sithole refused to recognise. Guerrilla incursions picked up strongly in the first months of 1976, leading Smith to declare on the evening of 6 February 1976 that "a new terrorist offensive has begun and, to defeat it,
383:
governments to produce a mutually satisfactory proposal. The plan that Kissinger eventually presented would give a transition period of two years before majority rule began, during which time an interim government would take control while a specially convened "council of state", made up of three
421:. There he privately informed Smith that it was no longer viable for South Africa to support Rhodesia financially and militarily, and that Smith should make up his mind quickly and announce his acceptance that evening. This ultimatum deeply shocked the Rhodesian team; two of Smith's ministers,
521:
mediator in the face of the nationalists' criticism, became very frustrated by Richard's refusal to be firm with the PF and restore order to the proceedings. Unproductive discussions continued for another month, with Mugabe persistently arriving late to the meetings. When Rhodesian minister
155:
which referred to the country as "Zimbabwe", the nationalists were somewhat placated, while Smith's team was insulted yet further. Little progress was made during the two sides' discussions, causing the conference to be indefinitely adjourned on 14 December 1976. It was never reconvened.
621:
20 million loan to the Rhodesian Ministry of Defence from the South African government, which had been held up, was granted days after Salisbury accepted Kissinger's terms. Shipments of supplies which were six months overdue suddenly came forward. South African Minister of Defence
396:
said guaranteed its acceptance by the black nationalists. Vorster had no reply when Smith ventured that he had said the same thing before the Victoria Falls talks in 1975, when Kaunda and Nyerere had agreed on no preconditions for talks, then allowed the nationalists to seek them.
487:
asked the Rhodesian delegation to hasten their arrival, which they did, leaving Salisbury on 20 October 1976. Richard himself did not arrive until two days later. Some of the guerrillas arriving for the conference from the heat of Mozambique were unprepared for the Swiss winter:
699:
Political historian Eliakim Sibanda writes that the PF delegates found Richard to be "an amateur, unsophisticated and incompetent". Nkomo describes the British mediator in his memoirs as "a cold person, uneasy in private talks and formal meetings alike ... made no useful
147:, earlier in 1976. After the Kissinger plan was rejected by the nationalists, talks were organised in Geneva by Britain to try to salvage a deal. The proceedings began on 28 October 1976, eight days behind schedule, and were chaired by a British mediator,
352:
Rhodesians will have to face heavier military commitments." Security force reports indicated that around 1,000 insurgent fighters were active within Rhodesia, with a further 15,000 encamped in various states of readiness in Mozambique.
136:. The purpose of the conference was to attempt to agree on a new constitution for Rhodesia and in doing so find a way to end the Bush War raging between the government and the guerrillas commanded by Mugabe and Nkomo respectively.
492:, for example, felt so cold that he turned every heating appliance in his room, including the stove, to maximum and went to sleep. When the room caught fire, he was forced to jump from the balcony in his pyjamas.
384:
whites, three blacks and a white chairman, drew up a new constitution. This constitution would have to result in majority rule at the end of the two-year interim period. This plan was supported by
429:, were unable to contain their anger and vociferously berated the South African prime minister for his "irresponsibility", leading Vorster to rise from his seat without a word and leave the room.
335:
from Portugal under a communist government allied with ZANU. Unsuccessful rounds of talks were held between the Rhodesian government and the nationalists, united under the banner of
504:" respectively—each of these ZANU cadres had refused to attend the opening meeting despite Richard's entreaties. The mediator read an opening statement from British prime minister
1555:
433:
to the Rhodesian delegates, which caused further consternation amongst the Rhodesians which they had difficulty suppressing. It was agreed that the Rhodesians should return to
508:
which, to the nationalists' delight and the government's chagrin, referred to the country as "Zimbabwe". The proceedings were then adjourned, to start again the next day.
308:
main backers, Portugal and South Africa, caused the conflict's momentum to shift in the nationalists' favour. In April 1974, the Portuguese government was overthrown by a
608:
were a group of countries aiming to achieve black majority rule in the Republic of South Africa. In 1975 they were Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Botswana and Angola.
379:, announced a formal interest in the Rhodesian situation in February 1976, and spent the rest of the year holding discussions with the British, South African and
139:
The Geneva Conference had its origins in the South African "détente" policy instituted in late 1974, and more directly in the peace initiative headed by the
1567:
1469:
1323:
199:
169:
1433:
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fighter jets without charge, and that they would not be withdrawing South African helicopter crews from Rhodesia as had been previously indicated.
525:
confronted Mugabe about his tardiness and tersely demanded an apology, the ZANU leader became enraged and screamed, "Foul-mouthed bloody fool!"
2245:
483:
alter their line, the talks were delayed indefinitely. In an attempt to encourage the other parties to travel to Switzerland, British mediator
426:
2240:
442:, Switzerland, was hastily organised by Britain to try to salvage something from the wreckage, with 20 October 1976 set as the start date.
1766:
1193:
453:
1394:
A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969
151:, who offended both delegations before the conference even started. When Richard read an opening statement from British prime minister
401:
Smith strongly to accept the deal he placed on the table, though he knew it was unpalatable, as any future offer could only be worse.
254:
2225:
1846:
410:
1690:
270:
215:
2250:
1737:
1426:
93:
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opinion was already "soft and decadent", Kissinger warned, and would become even more so if, as projected, American President
1717:
1545:
1401:
1382:
1355:
1308:
1267:
1241:
1182:
1159:
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successfully repulsed numerous guerrilla incursions, most of which were perpetrated by ZIPRA, over the rest of that decade.
1629:
1560:
1461:
211:
113:
1831:
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1961:
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242:
129:
20:
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1806:
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founded and initially led ZANU. The two rival nationalist movements launched what they called their "Second
2255:
2230:
1922:
592:
347:
in August 1975, then directly between the government and ZAPU starting in December 1975. Around this time,
2265:
1939:
1712:
1700:
1695:
484:
296:
148:
190:
Following a dispute over the terms for the granting of full statehood, the predominantly white minority
2150:
2042:
1816:
1707:
655:, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance David Smith (no relation), Minister of Foreign Affairs
2235:
2220:
2125:
1841:
1597:
288:
2155:
1888:
1503:
1453:
1301:
The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia
584:
2165:
1999:
1893:
631:
627:
576:
331:
of a détente initiative in late 1974 forced a ceasefire in Rhodesia, and in June 1975 Mozambique
313:
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1205:
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1908:
1836:
1811:
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came to loggerheads with Smith over the issue of Rhodesian independence during 1964 and 1965.
651:
The Rhodesian government delegation for the Geneva Conference was made up of Prime Minister
2260:
1784:
1722:
1653:
1624:
1284:(First ed.). Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam: East African Educational Publishers.
246:
8:
2085:
1966:
1934:
1903:
1826:
1587:
1523:
1233:
639:
635:
572:
392:, the presidents of Zambia and Tanzania respectively, which South African Prime Minister
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1411:
2047:
1572:
1513:
1259:
1174:
304:
278:
173:
89:
2199:
2029:
1801:
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1592:
1540:
1473:
1457:
1397:
1378:
1367:
1351:
1332:
1304:
1285:
1279:
A History of Africa: African Nationalism and the De-Colonisation Process, 1915–1995.
1263:
1237:
1178:
1155:
1136:
1117:
1113:
656:
522:
317:
226:
678:
367:, pictured in 1976, attempted to thrash out a Rhodesian peace deal during that year.
2182:
2170:
1872:
1225:
618:
605:
534:
380:
257:(ZANLA), received considerable backing in training, materiel and finances from the
1880:
1754:
1528:
1518:
1498:
659:, Minister of Lands, Water Development and Natural Resources Mark Partridge, and
505:
376:
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152:
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117:
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2004:
1732:
1508:
1221:
683:
660:
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385:
219:
2214:
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1994:
1634:
501:
402:
393:
348:
336:
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and replaced with a leftist administration in favour of ending the unpopular
309:
203:
183:
121:
109:
68:
626:
said that he "now had the political directive" to provide assistance again.
2009:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1374:
1251:
1194:"A brief operational history of the campaign in Rhodesia from 1964 to 1978"
623:
588:
580:
414:
274:
234:
133:
16:
Meetings discussing a new Rhodesian constitution and an end to the Bush War
406:
262:
2037:
1944:
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332:
283:
2107:
2075:
1318:
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61:
2014:
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165:
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57:
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from Britain on 11 November 1965. Because British prime minister
104:, and a number of rival Rhodesian black nationalist parties: the
45:
178:
33:
2079:
2058:
460:
439:
434:
238:
85:
634:
informed Salisbury that his men were now authorised to train
258:
1204:(1). Southampton: Rhodesian Army Association. Archived from
1303:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa Research & Publications.
266:
686:, who changed his surname to Mujuru during the mid-1970s.
92:. Held under British mediation, its participants were the
1441:
1154:. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm.
848:
533:
Finally, on 14 December 1976, British Foreign Minister
1324:
The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith
1396:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing.
1220:
767:
1369:Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972–1976
1366:
567:word meaning "revolutionary struggle". The "First
170:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
2212:
1086:
1084:
718:
716:
355:
277:throughout their existence, while the Reverend
222:(UN) to impose economic sanctions on Rhodesia.
210:had been insisting on an immediate transfer to
1171:Communism in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Reappraisal
1044:
1042:
1040:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
728:
84:(28 October – 14 December 1976) took place in
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967:
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1107:
893:
751:
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1767:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
1250:
1168:
1108:Abbott, Peter; Botham, Philip (June 1986).
1037:
1025:
1019:
952:
950:
899:
734:
120:; and a joint "Patriotic Front" made up of
1434:
1420:
1066:
1001:
962:
932:
799:
787:
761:
324:and Portugal's other African territories.
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778:
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255:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
1364:
1149:
1133:The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry
1060:
989:
977:
947:
920:
875:
819:"1974: Rebels seize control of Portugal"
755:
663:, Minister of Justice and Law and Order.
359:
177:
1345:
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1191:
1090:
1075:
1007:
971:
941:
869:
782:
541:
287:" against the Rhodesian government and
273:(ZIPRA). ZAPU and ZIPRA were headed by
269:, gave similar support to ZAPU and its
2213:
1847:Chemical weapons and biological agents
1568:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
1350:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
1169:Duignan, Peter; Gann, Lewis H (1994).
1135:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
1110:Modern African Wars: Rhodesia, 1965–80
773:
194:of Rhodesia, headed by Prime Minister
2246:Diplomatic conferences in Switzerland
1415:
1317:
1276:
1230:The Rhodesian War: A Military History
1130:
1048:
1031:
995:
983:
956:
926:
914:
881:
805:
793:
738:
1391:
722:
445:
271:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
265:and associated nations, prominently
114:Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
2241:20th-century diplomatic conferences
1299:Sibanda, Eliakim M (January 2005).
1192:Lockley, Lt-Col R E H (July 1990).
13:
1743:Responsible Government Association
1348:P K van der Byl: African Statesman
1150:Cilliers, Jakkie (December 1984).
253:. ZANU and its military wing, the
200:unilaterally declared independence
14:
2277:
1773:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
1254:; Harman, Nicholas (April 1984).
845:"1975: Rhodesia peace talks fail"
212:majority rule before independence
459:
452:
373:United States Secretary of State
345:across the Victoria Falls Bridge
291:during the mid-1960s. The army,
237:movement, influenced by Chinese
141:United States Secretary of State
44:
32:
2226:1976 in international relations
1779:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party
1100:
1054:
1013:
768:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
693:
666:
645:
611:
598:
243:Zimbabwe African People's Union
231:Zimbabwe African National Union
130:Zimbabwe African People's Union
126:Zimbabwe African National Union
1578:1975 Victoria Falls Conference
1152:Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia
811:
552:
528:
19:For other similar events, see
1:
2251:Foreign relations of Rhodesia
1791:United National Federal Party
1556:Malayan Emergency involvement
1346:Wessels, Hannes (July 2010).
1131:Binda, Alexandre (May 2008).
706:
356:Prelude: Kissinger initiative
229:parties in Rhodesia were the
159:
1691:Ministry of External Affairs
1443:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia
1373:(First ed.). New York:
593:British South Africa Company
7:
1256:Nkomo: The Story of My Life
684:Solomon Tapfumaneyi Mutuswa
218:and caused Britain and the
10:
2282:
1392:Wood, J R T (April 2008).
1258:(First ed.). London:
261:and its allies, while the
259:People's Republic of China
163:
18:
2195:
2138:
2098:
2068:
2028:
1975:
1960:
1953:
1930:
1921:
1868:
1861:
1661:
1652:
1620:
1613:
1598:Lancaster House Agreement
1484:
1476:under UDI; 1980–present:
1450:
690:is Shona for "male goat".
583:(separately) against the
88:, Switzerland during the
1832:Leader of the Opposition
1365:Witcover, Jules (1977).
1173:. Stanford, California:
894:Abbott & Botham 1986
546:
341:African National Council
214:, this declaration went
106:African National Council
1020:Nkomo & Harman 1984
735:Duignan & Gann 1994
628:South African Air Force
233:(ZANU)—a predominantly
225:The two most prominent
182:British prime minister
94:unrecognised government
71:of the Patriotic Front
1749:Rhodesian Action Party
1583:1976 Geneva Conference
595:between 1896 and 1897.
475:(highlighted in green)
368:
303:it to be shelved. The
187:
1822:Deputy Prime Minister
1797:United Rhodesia Party
1761:Rhodesia Labour Party
1625:Chimanimani Mountains
1329:John Blake Publishing
672:"Rex Nhongo" was the
571:" in question is the
423:Desmond Lardner-Burke
411:presidential election
363:
181:
1875:(currency from 1970)
1785:United Federal Party
1723:Central Africa Party
1676:Legislative Assembly
1277:Okoth, Assa (2006).
657:P K van der Byl
542:Notes and references
523:P K van der Byl
2256:History of Rhodesia
2231:1976 in Switzerland
1588:Internal Settlement
1524:Second Matabele War
1234:Pen and Sword Books
1198:The Lion & Tusk
636:Rhodesian Air Force
573:Second Matabele War
327:The institution by
2266:Rhodesian Bush War
1935:List of Rhodesians
1899:Telecommunications
1883:(currency to 1970)
1514:First Matabele War
1260:Methuen Publishing
1093:, pp. 215–216
1051:, pp. 215–217
1034:, pp. 214–215
917:, pp. 199–210
872:, pp. 210–211
808:, pp. 133–136
796:, pp. 152–157
741:, pp. 135–138
737:, pp. 31–36;
369:
333:became independent
305:Rhodesian Bush War
279:Ndabaningi Sithole
245:(ZAPU), which was
188:
174:Rhodesian Bush War
90:Rhodesian Bush War
2208:
2207:
2191:
2190:
2134:
2133:
2094:
2093:
1917:
1916:
1857:
1856:
1728:Confederate Party
1718:Political parties
1696:Mission in Lisbon
1666:Political history
1648:
1647:
1593:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1541:Southern Rhodesia
1474:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1458:Southern Rhodesia
1403:978-1-4251-4807-2
1384:978-0-670-45461-7
1357:978-1-920143-49-7
1310:978-1-59221-276-7
1269:978-0-413-54500-8
1243:978-1-84415-694-8
1226:McLaughlin, Peter
1222:Moorcraft, Paul L
1208:on 22 August 2011
1184:978-0-8179-3712-6
1161:978-0-7099-3412-7
1142:978-1-920143-07-7
1123:978-0-85045-728-5
1114:Osprey Publishing
512:the Ndebele King
446:Geneva Conference
409:lost that year's
227:black nationalist
82:Geneva Conference
21:Geneva Conference
2273:
2236:1976 in Rhodesia
2221:1976 conferences
2116:
1973:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1928:
1927:
1884:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1701:Centre in Sydney
1659:
1658:
1630:Cities and towns
1618:
1617:
1551:Second World War
1546:colonial history
1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1388:
1372:
1361:
1342:
1314:
1295:
1273:
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1215:
1213:
1188:
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873:
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861:
860:
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851:. 26 August 1975
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765:
759:
758:, pp. 22–24
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670:
664:
649:
643:
615:
609:
606:Frontline States
602:
596:
575:, fought by the
556:
535:Anthony Crosland
468:
463:
456:
247:Marxist–Leninist
108:, led by Bishop
48:
36:
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2276:
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2115:(South African)
2114:
2090:
2064:
2024:
1964:
1949:
1940:Public holidays
1913:
1882:
1874:
1853:
1842:Security Forces
1755:Rhodesian Front
1644:
1609:
1534:First World War
1529:Second Boer War
1519:Shangani Patrol
1499:Rudd Concession
1480:
1446:
1440:
1410:
1404:
1385:
1358:
1339:
1311:
1292:
1270:
1244:
1228:(April 2008) .
1211:
1209:
1185:
1162:
1143:
1124:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
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1038:
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982:
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948:
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933:
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921:
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900:
892:
888:
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876:
868:
864:
854:
852:
843:
842:
838:
828:
826:
825:. 25 April 1974
817:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
781:
774:
766:
762:
754:
745:
733:
729:
721:
714:
709:
704:
700:contributions."
698:
694:
671:
667:
650:
646:
616:
612:
603:
599:
557:
553:
549:
544:
531:
506:James Callaghan
500:" and "Comrade
480:
479:
478:
471:
470:
469:
466:
464:
448:
377:Henry Kissinger
365:Henry Kissinger
358:
289:security forces
176:
164:Main articles:
162:
153:James Callaghan
145:Henry Kissinger
118:James Chikerema
78:
77:
76:
75:
60:Prime Minister
54:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1909:Transportation
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:Stock Exchange
1891:
1886:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Prime Minister
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1733:Dominion Party
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:Municipalities
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Pioneer Column
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445: articles
1439:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1362:
1356:
1343:
1337:
1315:
1309:
1296:
1290:
1274:
1268:
1248:
1242:
1218:
1189:
1183:
1166:
1160:
1147:
1141:
1128:
1122:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1080:
1065:
1053:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
961:
946:
931:
919:
898:
886:
874:
862:
836:
810:
798:
786:
772:
760:
743:
727:
725:, pp. 1–8
711:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:
692:
665:
661:Hilary Squires
644:
638:pilots to fly
610:
597:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
530:
527:
472:
465:
458:
457:
451:
450:
449:
447:
444:
419:Hilgard Muller
390:Julius Nyerere
386:Kenneth Kaunda
357:
354:
220:United Nations
161:
158:
56:
55:
50:
43:
42:
39:Mugabe in 1979
38:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2278:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1962:Ethnic groups
1959:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
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1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Federal Party
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
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1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1640:Zambezi River
1638:
1636:
1635:Limpopo River
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
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1522:
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1510:
1507:
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1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
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1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1395:
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1371:
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1359:
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1349:
1344:
1340:
1338:1-85782-176-9
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:(June 1997).
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1291:9966-25-358-0
1287:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Nkomo, Joshua
1249:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1078:, p. 213
1077:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:Witcover 1977
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1022:, p. 172
1021:
1016:
1010:, p. 216
1009:
1004:
998:, p. 150
997:
992:
986:, p. 213
985:
980:
974:, p. 211
973:
968:
966:
959:, p. 212
958:
953:
951:
944:, p. 213
943:
938:
936:
929:, p. 166
928:
923:
916:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
895:
890:
884:, p. 191
883:
878:
871:
866:
850:
846:
840:
824:
820:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
784:
779:
777:
769:
764:
757:
756:Cilliers 1984
752:
750:
748:
740:
736:
731:
724:
719:
717:
712:
696:
689:
685:
681:
680:
679:nom de guerre
675:
669:
662:
658:
654:
648:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
614:
607:
601:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Shona peoples
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
555:
551:
539:
536:
526:
524:
518:
515:
509:
507:
503:
502:Edson Sithole
499:
493:
491:
486:
476:
462:
455:
443:
441:
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
398:
395:
394:B. J. Vorster
391:
387:
382:
378:
374:
366:
362:
353:
350:
349:Robert Mugabe
346:
342:
338:
337:Abel Muzorewa
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:military coup
306:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:, and mostly
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:Harold Wilson
201:
197:
193:
185:
184:Harold Wilson
180:
175:
171:
167:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:Robert Mugabe
119:
115:
111:
110:Abel Muzorewa
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
74:
70:
69:Robert Mugabe
66:
63:
59:
51:Smith in 1975
47:
35:
26:
22:
2156:Coat of arms
1954:Demographics
1889:Reserve Bank
1582:
1504:Company rule
1494:Pre-colonial
1454:Company rule
1393:
1375:Viking Press
1368:
1347:
1322:
1300:
1282:
1278:
1255:
1232:. Barnsley:
1229:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1201:
1197:
1175:Hoover Press
1170:
1151:
1132:
1109:
1101:Bibliography
1091:Wessels 2010
1076:Sibanda 2005
1063:, p. 11
1056:
1027:
1015:
1008:Wessels 2010
1003:
991:
979:
972:Sibanda 2005
942:Wessels 2010
922:
889:
877:
870:Sibanda 2005
865:
853:. Retrieved
839:
827:. Retrieved
813:
801:
789:
783:Lockley 1990
770:, p. 75
763:
730:
695:
687:
677:
673:
668:
647:
624:Magnus Malan
613:
600:
589:Cecil Rhodes
568:
558:
554:
532:
519:
510:
494:
485:Ivor Richard
481:
474:
431:
427:Jack Mussett
415:Jimmy Carter
399:
370:
326:
314:Colonial War
301:
282:
275:Joshua Nkomo
224:
216:unrecognised
189:
149:Ivor Richard
138:
134:Joshua Nkomo
81:
79:
72:
64:
25:
2005:Rusape Jews
1464:; 1965–79:
1460:; 1953–63:
1456:; 1923–80:
1452:1890–1923:
896:, p. 7
855:15 November
529:Abandonment
407:Gerald Ford
263:Warsaw Pact
2215:Categories
2038:Afrikaners
1945:Rhodesiana
1681:Parliament
1561:Federation
1462:Federation
1327:. London:
1319:Smith, Ian
1212:1 December
1112:. Oxford:
1049:Smith 1997
1032:Smith 1997
996:Binda 2008
984:Smith 1997
957:Smith 1997
927:Binda 2008
915:Smith 1997
882:Smith 1997
847:. London:
821:. London:
806:Binda 2008
794:Smith 1997
739:Okoth 2006
707:References
674:chimurenga
632:Bob Rogers
569:Chimurenga
560:Chimurenga
498:Enos Nkala
490:Rex Nhongo
477:and Geneva
322:Mozambique
284:Chimurenga
192:government
160:Background
2108:Afrikaans
2100:Languages
2076:Coloureds
1837:Provinces
1812:President
1686:Elections
1671:Districts
1614:Geography
829:2 January
723:Wood 2008
653:Ian Smith
514:Lobengula
473:Rhodesia
435:Salisbury
381:Frontline
293:air force
241:—and the
208:Whitehall
196:Ian Smith
116:, led by
102:Ian Smith
100:, led by
62:Ian Smith
58:Rhodesian
2200:Category
2178:Insignia
2171:national
2113:English
2015:Tokaleya
1967:diaspora
1807:Governor
1654:Politics
1605:Zimbabwe
1573:Bush War
1478:Zimbabwe
1472:; 1979:
1466:Rhodesia
1281:Volume 2
823:BBC News
329:Pretoria
166:Rhodesia
128:and the
98:Rhodesia
2261:ZANU–PF
2139:Symbols
2126:Ndebele
2086:Indians
2080:Goffals
2059:Rhodies
2043:British
2000:Ndebele
1995:Manyika
1923:Society
1904:Tourism
1873:Dollar
1862:Economy
1827:Cabinet
1769:(SRANC)
1486:History
577:Ndebele
403:Western
251:Ndebele
132:led by
65:(right)
2183:Flower
2161:Emblem
2151:Anthem
2146:Animal
2069:Others
2048:Greeks
1881:Pound
1793:(UNFP)
1781:(SRLP)
1775:(SRCP)
1713:Police
1468:under
1400:
1381:
1354:
1335:
1307:
1288:
1266:
1240:
1181:
1158:
1139:
1120:
688:Nhongo
676:name (
640:Mirage
630:chief
467:Geneva
440:Geneva
318:Angola
297:police
239:Maoism
172:, and
112:; the
86:Geneva
73:(left)
2166:Flags
2121:Shona
2030:White
2020:Tonga
2010:Shona
1990:Lemba
1985:Kunda
1977:Black
1802:Queen
1787:(UFP)
1763:(RLP)
1751:(RAP)
1745:(RGA)
682:) of
565:Shona
563:is a
547:Notes
235:Shona
2053:Jews
1757:(RF)
1398:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1214:2011
1179:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1118:ISBN
857:2011
831:2010
604:The
585:rule
579:and
425:and
388:and
371:The
295:and
267:Cuba
206:and
80:The
67:and
1470:UDI
849:BBC
619:R$
591:'s
587:of
413:to
339:'s
316:in
124:'s
96:of
2217::
1377:.
1331:.
1262:.
1236:.
1224:;
1200:.
1196:.
1177:.
1116:.
1083:^
1068:^
1039:^
964:^
949:^
934:^
901:^
775:^
746:^
715:^
617:A
375:,
343:,
320:,
198:,
168:,
143:,
2082:)
2078:(
2061:"
2057:"
1969:)
1965:(
1435:e
1428:t
1421:v
1406:.
1387:.
1360:.
1341:.
1313:.
1294:.
1272:.
1246:.
1216:.
1202:2
1187:.
1164:.
1145:.
1126:.
859:.
833:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
