Ian Smith - Knowledge

3494:(as the RF renamed itself in 1981), Smith presented himself as the guardian of what he called Zimbabwe's "white tribe". He spoke gloomily about Zimbabwe's future prospects, repeatedly accused the Mugabe administration of corruption, malevolence and general incompetence, and criticised Mugabe's support for a one-party system. The RF took an increasingly confrontational line in the House after Mugabe and other government ministers began regularly pouring scorn on the white community in national broadcasts and other media. Amid rising tensions with South Africa, various white Zimbabweans were arrested, accused of being South African agents, and tortured. When Smith complained about whites being imprisoned without trial under emergency powers, a number of ZANU–PF MPs pointed out that they themselves had been detained under that same legislation, and for far longer, by Smith's government. Mugabe openly admitted torturing suspected spies, had some who were found not guilty by the High Court immediately rearrested on the street outside, and accused Western critics of caring only because the people in question were white. 3459: 2754: 3069:, the first black man to have been ordained as such in Rhodesia, was installed as the movement's leader. The Pearce Commission finished its work on 12 March 1972 and published its report two months later—it described white, coloured and Asian Rhodesians as in favour of the terms by 98%, 97% and 96% respectively, and black citizens as against them by an unspecified large majority. This came as a great shock to the white community "and a deep disappointment to those in Britain who hoped to get rid of this tiresome albatross", Blake records. Smith condemned the Pearce Commissioners as "naive and inept". The UK withdrew from negotiations, but neither government abandoned the accord entirely. "I would ask them to look again very carefully at what they rejected," Douglas-Home told the House of Commons; "the proposals are still available because Mr Smith has not withdrawn or modified them." 2016:'s Liberals, despite their name, were decidedly illiberal, chiefly representing commercial farming, mining and industrial interests. Smith, initially reluctant, said he was too busy organising his life to stand, but agreed after one of the Liberal officials suggested that a political career might allow him to defend the values he had fought for in the Second World War. With their wedding barely a fortnight away, Janet was astonished to learn of Smith's decision to run for parliament, having never before heard him discuss politics. "I can't say that I am really interested in party politics," Smith explained to her, "but I've always been most interested in sound government." Smith duly became a Liberal Party politician, finalised his purchase of Gwenoro, and married Janet, adopting her two children as his own, all in a few weeks in August 1948. They enjoyed a few days' honeymoon at 3677:

and they left before the police even arrived. Half a year later, Smith lost his Zimbabwean passport as a result of further tightening of the law regarding multiple citizenship. New legislation passed in 2001 required Zimbabwean citizens to disavow any claim to other nationalities, even if they did not hold foreign passports. Insisting that Mugabe's government had no right to strip him of Zimbabwean citizenship, Smith refused to renounce his right to British nationality, though he had not held a UK passport for years. Zimbabwean authorities duly refused to renew Smith's passport in March 2002. State press reported that he had "automatically ceased to be a citizen of Zimbabwe" on the passport's expiry, having failed to renounce British citizenship before a deadline on 8 January that year. Smith claimed that his Zimbabwean citizenship had been illegally revoked and that he was now

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surgery that corrected the wounds to his face left its right side paralysed, giving him a crooked smile and a somewhat blank expression, while his bodily injuries gave him a stoop and a slight limp; he also could not sit for long periods without pain. The post-colonial UK Smith encountered as prime minister seemed to him "foreign and somewhat effete", to quote Kenneth Young, while Smith was "a foreigner in all but language to most British politicians—a man of convictions so outdated, of tastes so naive, as to make mutual understanding almost impossible." Smith held most of the British politicians he dealt with in extremely low esteem, considering them to have pushed him and his country into an impossible position where, he asserted in 1970, the decision to take unilateral action was "forced upon us".

3365: 3806:, Smith had an "iron nerve"; he additionally gained a reputation for his "icy calm", as he almost never got angry or raised his voice. His public profile divided people: He spoke with "a nasal monologue" as Peter Younghusband described it—"uninspiring even by Rhodesian oratorical standards". In contrast, his open, informal association with the general public fostered the impression among white Rhodesians that their prime minister was still an "ordinary, decent fellow", which Berlyn cites as a major factor in his enduring popularity. Welensky described him in 1978 as wielding an "almost hypnotic influence" over the Rhodesian electorate, which helped him to win "election after election ... hands down". His character was recognised by his opponents as well; one militant, quoted anonymously by 3794:

Rhodesians had been more British than the British," Boynton reflected, "and how this small community of decent, fair-minded whites had been betrayed by, well, just about everybody he could think of ... It was easy to mock Ian Smith, but he was right—both about the betrayals and about the quality of most African politicians". Smith's "not in 1,000 years" quote dominated his obituaries, a development that Peter Godwin, despite his critical stance regarding Smith and his policies, considered "unfair and inaccurate": "Over the years it has become shorn of all context and compressed into a free-floating clip that has now become his epitaph ... But there is more than enough for which to quite legitimately criticise Smith, without resorting to fabrication."

3084: 2224:" ("NIBMAR") gained considerable ground in British political circles during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Federation, which had faced black opposition from the start, particularly in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, grew ever more tenuous. Despite Todd's lowering of Southern Rhodesia's educational and financial voting qualifications in 1957 to enlarge the black electorate, very few of the newly enfranchised blacks registered to vote, much less utilised their vote, partly due to a boycott campaign by black nationalist movements seeking majority rule. This boycott saw the movement's first violent actions take place; black people suspected of registering to vote or participating in the vote were subject to arson attacks and 3845:, saying he disliked both Smith and Mugabe but would choose the latter if he "absolutely had to choose"; Smith was, in his opinion, "a bigoted, stupid man" responsible for all of Zimbabwe's problems. At the time of his death, some commentators argued that perception of his legacy had seen an improvement among black Zimbabweans as well. "Smith's image improved inversely as Mugabe's plummeted," Johnson wrote. "When he walked the streets of Harare, Africans would almost queue up to grasp his hand and wish him well." "If you were to go to Harare and ask ordinary black Zimbabweans who they would rather have as their leader—Smith or Mugabe—the answer would be almost unanimous", Boynton asserted; "And it would not be Mugabe." 2060: 2934: 3841:, another MDC politician, issued a statement after Smith's death praising him as a man of modesty and integrity, but criticising what Coltart felt to be "disastrous political decisions as Prime Minister"; Coltart considered Smith's policies to have radicalised black nationalists, fomented Mugabe's rise to power and thereby "directly contributed to the trauma that Zimbabwe is suffering from today". Godwin took a similar line, describing the emergency powers Smith used to combat black nationalists as "draconian"; he also pointed out that these "levers of repression" had formed the base for much of what Mugabe later did. Lord Carrington spoke scathingly about Smith in a 2005 interview with 2806:

progressed relatively smoothly until the subject turned to the manner of the transition. Wilson insisted on the abandonment of the 1965 constitution, the dissolution of the post-UDI government in favour of a "broad-based" multiracial interim administration and a period under a British Governor, conditions that Smith saw as tantamount to surrender, particularly as the UK proposed to draft and introduce the new constitution only after a fresh test of opinion under UK control. When Smith asserted on 3 December that he could not settle without first consulting his Cabinet in Salisbury, Wilson was enraged, declaring that a central condition of the summit had been that he and Smith would have

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wages were lower, unemployment had trebled, public services were crumbling, and life expectancy was falling". Opposition to ZANU–PF grew, particularly in the towns and cities. In 2000, hoping to win support from rural blacks, Mugabe introduced a fast-track land reform programme under which groups of ZANU–PF activists, officially referred to as "war veterans", were sent to take over white-owned farms so the land could be split up, without compensation, and redistributed to black peasant farmers. White farmers and their black employees were violently forced out, food production plummeted, and the economy collapsed to half of the size that it had been in 1980.

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vote) into graduated "A" and "B" rolls (the latter having lower income and property qualifications), saying that the proposed system had "racialist" connotations, and objected to the idea that the first black MPs would be elected on what he said would be a "debased franchise". Steadfastly holding onto a view that the electorate should be decided by qualifications rather than by universal suffrage, he stated that "our policy in the past has always been that we would have a government, in Rhodesia, based on merit and that people wouldn't worry whether you were black or whether you were white,"; either way, most blacks did not qualify for either roll in the

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interests would be better served by collaborating with black African governments over a Rhodesian settlement; he hoped that success in this might win South Africa some international legitimacy and allow it to retain apartheid. Détente forced a ceasefire, giving the guerrillas time to regroup, and required the Rhodesians to release the ZANU and ZAPU leaders so they could attend a conference in Rhodesia, united under the UANC banner and led by Muzorewa. When Rhodesia stopped releasing black-nationalist prisoners on the grounds that ZANLA and ZIPRA were not observing the ceasefire, Vorster harried Smith further by withdrawing the

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would finish at university, then come home and buy his own farm. He returned to Rhodes University in early 1946 to find the campus swamped with veterans like himself—400 of them out of barely 1,000 students. Smith became spokesman for the university's ex-servicemen, senior student of his hall and chairman of the students' representative council. He turned down the presidency of the rowing club, saying it would be one administrative commitment too many, but agreed to coach the crew. Training the rowers under strict military-style discipline, he led them to victory at the 1946 South African Inter-Varsity Boat Race at the

3300:, and on 31 August 1977 roundly defeated the defectors—"the dirty dozen", the RF called them—as well as all other opposition; for the third time in seven years, the RF had won all 50 white seats. The party revolt turned out to be a blessing in disguise for Smith, Berlyn comments, as it allowed him to "shed the dead wood of the right wing", giving him more freedom in negotiations with the nationalists. The need for a settlement was becoming urgent—the war was escalating sharply, white emigration was climbing and the economy was starting to struggle as the UN sanctions finally began to have a serious effect. 3761:(MDC), revealed that Smith and hundreds of thousands of other dead people were still on the electoral roll. According to the Zimbabwe Election Support Network's audit report, published in 2011, deceased "voters" made up 27% of the registered electorate. Mugabe had insisted during his ultimately victorious campaign in 2008 that he would not allow the MDC to take power even if it won, asserting that "only God" could remove him from office. Smith was finally struck off the voters' roll in April 2013, along with 345,000 other dead people. Mugabe resigned the presidency four years later, after ZANU–PF moved to 13019: 12421: 3651:, calling him Africa's "first black statesman". Smith's enduring popularity among white Zimbabweans was evidenced by the long queues they formed to have him sign copies of the book on its release in Harare in December 1997. "They were captured, hiding their faces and turning to the wall, as television cameras recorded their 'betrayal' for the evening news," Josephine Fisher records. Not all of the country's whites admired Smith; some felt that his obstinate refusal to acknowledge what they saw as past errors caused the whole white community to be resented and viewed with suspicion. 1920: 2723:

other key resources. Clandestine trade with other nations also continued, initially at a reduced level, and the diminished presence of foreign competitors helped domestic industries to slowly mature and expand. Even many OAU states, while bombarding Rhodesia with opprobrium, continued importing Rhodesian food and other products. Rhodesia thus avoided the economic cataclysm predicted by Wilson and gradually became more self-sufficient. "Rhodesia can not only take it, but she can also make it," Smith said on 29 April 1966, while opening the annual Central African Trade Fair in

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statement appeared on the radio news just before the polling booths opened the next morning, and stunned white voters. Many abandoned Whitehead at the last minute. The results, announced on 15 December 1962, put the RF into government with 35 "A"-roll seats to the UFP's 15 "A"-roll and 14 "B"-roll seats. Few had expected this; even the RF was somewhat taken aback by its victory, though Smith later described feeling "quietly confident" on election day. Contesting the Umzingwane constituency in the rural south-west, he bested the UFP's Reginald Segar by 803 votes to 546.

13071: 12453: 2594:(UDI), Wilson issued a statement in October 1964 warning of dire economic and political consequences, and wrote to Smith demanding "a categorical assurance forthwith" that no UDI would be attempted. Smith ignored this, expressing confusion as to what he had done to provoke it. The UK and Rhodesian governments exchanged often confrontational correspondence over the next year or so, each accusing the other of being unreasonable and intransigent. Little progress was made when two prime ministers met in person in January 1965, when Smith travelled to London for 3707: 2995: 1640: 2743: 2615:

black Rhodesians immediately along the lines of "one taxpayer, one vote" in return for independence, but Wilson said this was unacceptable as most blacks would still be excluded. He proposed a Royal Commission to test public opinion in Rhodesia regarding independence under the 1961 constitution, and suggested that the UK might safeguard black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing relevant devolved powers. This latter prospect horrified Smith's team as it seemed to them to have ruled out the failsafe option of keeping the

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hooliganism". Police meticulously searched his Harare house and Gwenoro over the next week, confiscating firearms, personal papers and a diary. Smith told reporters all this was "part of the game to intimidate me and so demoralise the whites". Some RF MPs left the party to sit with ZANU–PF or as independents, feeling that constantly confronting Mugabe was ill-advised and unnecessary. Smith remained convinced that nobody would stand up for white Zimbabweans if they did not stick together and defend their interests in parliament.

1706:(at different times) for their services to the community. "My parents strove to instil principles and moral virtues, the sense of right and wrong, of integrity, in their children," Smith wrote in his memoirs. "They set wonderful examples to live up to." He considered his father "a man of extremely strong principles"—"one of the fairest men I have ever met and that is the way he brought me up. He always told me that we're entitled to our half of the country and the blacks are entitled to theirs." Raised on the frontier of the 3179: 2699:(OAU), clamoured for the UK to remove Smith's government with a military invasion, but Britain dismissed this option, citing logistical issues, the risk of provoking a pre-emptive Rhodesian strike on Zambia, and the psychological issues likely to accompany any confrontation between British and Rhodesian troops. Wilson instead resolved to end UDI through economic sanctions, banning the supply of oil to Rhodesia and the import of most Rhodesian goods to Britain. When Smith continued to receive oil through South Africa and 3218:

believe we have failed and it will be a disaster for Rhodesia." The first sentence of this statement became commonly quoted as evidence that Smith was a crude racist who would never compromise with the black nationalists, even though the speech was one in which Smith had said that power-sharing with black Rhodesians was inevitable and that "we have got to accept that in the future Rhodesia is a country for black and white, not white as opposed to black and vice versa". The "not in 1,000 years" comment was, according to

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overwhelmingly white. Smith canvassed around the geographically very large Selukwe constituency and quickly won considerable popularity. Many white families were receptive to him because of their respect for his father, or because they had had children at school with him. His RAF service also helped, particularly as the local United Party candidate, Petrus Cilliers, had been interned during the hostilities for opposing the war effort. On 15 September 1948, Smith defeated Cilliers and the

1122: 3559:. Nkomo fled to the UK in March 1983, fearing for his life; Sithole similarly exiled himself in the United States. Muzorewa stayed in Zimbabwe, and he was detained in late 1983 for alleged "subversive links" with South Africa. On arriving in England, Nkomo accused Mugabe of genocide and asserted that "Things are worse now than they ever were under Ian Smith". Mugabe denied that anything improper was happening and put reports to the contrary down to "reactionary foreign journalists". 3483:

clubs, sporting activities, and comfortable living". Mugabe made great efforts when he first took power to endear himself to the white farming community, which accounted for at least 75% of Zimbabwe's agricultural output. Amid booming Zimbabwean commodity prices in the years immediately following 1980, many white commercial farmers came to support Mugabe. The new prime minister continued cordially meeting Smith until the RF leader took him to task in 1981 for openly calling for a

3264:. Smith expressed great reluctance, but agreed on 24 September after Vorster intimated that South Africa might cut off financial and military aid if he refused. It was the first time Smith had publicly accepted the principles of unconditional majority rule and one man, one vote. However, the Frontline States then abruptly revised their stance and turned the Kissinger terms down, saying that any transition period was unacceptable. The UK quickly arranged an all-party conference in 3226: 3319:. ZANU and ZAPU were invited to participate, but refused; Nkomo sardonically dubbed Smith's black colleagues "the blacksmiths". The deal was badly received abroad, partly because it kept the police, the military, the judiciary and the civil service in white hands. There would be a senate of 20 blacks and 10 whites, and whites would be reserved 28 out of 100 seats in the new House of Assembly. Smith and Nkomo re-entered negotiations in August 1978, but these ended after ZIPRA 12074: 3641:, "the front gate always stood open and virtually anyone who walked up the drive would be invited in for tea". He still owned Gwenoro, but employed a manager to run it after Janet's death in 1994. He insisted that he would never leave Zimbabwe. "Don't get fazed by the riots, hold your head high, do not be afraid," a friend reported him saying. "Show you are not budging and the government will leave you alone." He dedicated much of his 1997 autobiography, 1773: 3668:, Smith described Mugabe as "mentally deranged". The President announced in response that Smith would be arrested and tried for genocide if he ever came back to Zimbabwe, a threat that Smith mocked. "I would love that. Let him try it," he said—"It would give me the chance to tell the world the truth about this gangster ... I will give him the date and time of arrival of my plane so he can meet me at the airport." A mass of reporters descended on 3281: 13103: 12485: 3626: 3214:, which took place on 26 August 1975 with Kaunda and Vorster as mediators, failed to produce a settlement; each side accused the other of being unreasonable. Smith afterwards held direct talks with Nkomo and ZAPU in Salisbury, but these also led nowhere; Nkomo proposed an immediate transition to an interim government headed by himself, which Smith rejected. Guerrilla incursions picked up strongly in the first months of 1976. 2270:

support of the rancher, miner and industrialist Douglas "Boss" Lilford, he formed the Rhodesian Reform Party (RRP), based around defectors from the UFP, in December 1961. Meanwhile, Whitehead attempted to counter the black nationalists and persuade newly eligible blacks to register as voters. He banned the main nationalist group, the National Democratic Party, for being violent and intimidatory—it reformed overnight as the

2892:, which was moored alongside. Marked progress towards agreement was made—for example, Wilson dropped altogether the transition period under a colonial Governor—but the Rhodesian delegation now demurred on a new British proposal, the "double safeguard". This would involve elected black Rhodesians controlling a blocking quarter in the Rhodesian parliament, and thereafter having the right to appeal passed legislation to the 1221: 11837: 3222:, an attempt to reassure the RF's right wing, which opposed any transition whatsoever, that white Rhodesians would not be sold out. In her 1978 biography of Smith, Berlyn comments that regardless of whether the statement was "taken out of context, or whether his actual intent was misinterpreted", this was one of his greatest blunders as prime minister as it gave obvious ammunition to his detractors. 2107:

Federation over independence, a clause should be inserted into the bill guaranteeing Southern Rhodesia dominion status in the event of a Federal break-up. The United Party rejected this on the grounds that the Federation had to be declared indissoluble so it could raise loans. Smith was uncertain about the Federal project, but publicly supported it after the mostly white electorate approved it in a

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in regular contact. This meeting had a profound effect on the former prime minister. Having denounced Mugabe as an "apostle of Satan" before the election, Smith now publicly endorsed him as "sober and responsible". "If this were a true picture, then there could be hope instead of despair," he recalled in his autobiography. "When I got home I said to Janet that I hoped it was not an hallucination."

1832: 4227:'s assertion that "the purpose of governing and the purpose of destroying cannot subsist together"; the judges ruled that the UK could not claim to be governing Rhodesia while it was also applying economic sanctions. Beadle's panel also considered the UK to have acted illegally by involving the UN, arguing that if UDI were illegal, then Rhodesia should have been handled as a domestic issue. 2134: 3175:, which had been helping the Rhodesians patrol the countryside. Smith remained stubborn, saying in the run-up to the conference that "We have no policy in Rhodesia to hand over to a black majority government" and that his government instead favoured "a qualified franchise for all Rhodesians ... ensure that government will be retained in responsible hands for all times". 2382:

Federal agreement in 1953. According to Smith, Field, Dupont and other RF politicians, Butler made several oral independence guarantees to ensure Southern Rhodesia's attendance and support at the conference, but repeatedly refused to give anything on paper. Field and Smith claimed that Butler justified this to them the day before the conference began by saying that binding

2619:. After Wilson returned to Britain on 30 October 1965, he presented terms for the Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable—among other things, Britain would not commit itself to accepting the results. Smith rejected these conditions on 5 November, saying they made the whole exercise pointless. After waiting a few days for new terms from Wilson, Smith made a 3571:, winning 15 of the 20 white seats; Smith won decisively in Bulawayo Central. Mugabe interpreted this as "the racists of this country" defying his government and rejecting reconciliation, and immediately pledged to abolish the white seats, which he said compromised "the sovereignty of our people". After Smith described Mugabe's government as "illiterate" on 2552:, he was deeply insulted and alleged British betrayal, double standards and appeasement. Three months later, Smith accepted the British condition that the independence terms had to be acceptable to majority opinion, but impasse immediately developed regarding the mechanism by which black views would be gauged. Labour's narrow victory in the October 1964 UK 1687:. After Mr Hodgson sent his wife and children back to England in 1908, Jock Smith astonished them in 1911 by arriving unannounced in Cumberland to ask for Agnes's hand; they had not seen each other for three years. They married in Frizington and returned together to Rhodesia, where Jock, an accomplished horseman, won the 1911 Coronation Derby at Salisbury. 4278:, was also critical, contending that the commission members did not understand the mindset of black Rhodesians, consulted less than 6% of them and gave explanations the crowds found inadequate or confusing, thereby contributing to the terms' rejection. She also described "a certain amount of intimidation" and alleged bad faith among certain UK officials. 3102: 3782:

community—a "symbol and father figure", in Mordechai Tamarkin's phrase, who as Prime Minister "personified white Rhodesia". Supporters hailed him as "a political visionary ... who understood the uncomfortable truths of Africa"; detractors denounced him as "an unrepentant racist ... who brought untold suffering to millions of Zimbabweans".

2232:, who replaced Todd in 1958, agreed to a new constitution with Britain in 1961. The 1961 constitution contained no explicit independence guarantees, but Whitehead, Welensky and other proponents nevertheless presented it to the Southern Rhodesian electorate as the "independence constitution" under which Southern Rhodesia would become a 2463:(CIO) on its creation the previous year, was surprised to be retained by Smith. Smith announced his policies to the nation through full-page advertisements in the newspapers: "No forced integration. No lowering of standards. No abdication of responsible government. No repeal of the Land Apportionment Act. No appeasement to suit the 2695:, adopted in the days following Smith's declaration, denounced UDI as an illegitimate "usurpation of power by a racist settler minority", and called on nations not to entertain diplomatic or economic relations. No country recognised Rhodesia as independent. Black nationalists in Rhodesia and their overseas backers, prominently the 1626:

his rule as one of stability and a stalwart against communism. His critics, in turn, have condemned him as "an unrepentant racist ... who brought untold suffering to millions of Zimbabweans" as the leader of a white supremacist government responsible for maintaining racial inequality and discriminating against the black majority.

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intelligence, courage and "oppos on principle to side-stepping or evading an issue ... her tendency was to opt for a decision requiring courage, as opposed to taking the easy way out". They became engaged in 1948. Meanwhile, Smith negotiated the purchase of a piece of rough land near Selukwe, bounded by the

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The electoral system devised in the 1961 constitution replaced the common voters' roll with two rolls, the "A" roll and the "B" roll, the latter of which had lower qualifications intended to make it easier for prospective voters to enter the political system. There were 50 "A"-roll constituencies and

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Memories of his travails on the UK's behalf during the Second World War—"undoubtedly the central experience of his life", according to Johnson—were fundamental to the sense of profound betrayal Smith felt when the UK government proved one of his main adversaries as prime minister. The wartime plastic

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According to Meredith, governmental mismanagement and widespread corruption within the ZANU–PF order led to Mugabe and others enriching themselves considerably at the expense of the country as a whole. In Meredith's view, the average Zimbabwean was worse off in 2000 than he had been in 1980: "average

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in February 1987 after he advised a group of South African businessmen that they could survive economic sanctions if white South Africans stood together. Three months later, after he was suspended from the Zimbabwean parliament for a year over his comments in South Africa and criticism of ZANU–PF, he

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Mugabe invited Smith to his house that evening and according to Smith treated him "most courteously"; Mugabe expressed joy at inheriting a "wonderful country" with modern infrastructure and a viable economy, outlined plans for gradual reform that Smith found reasonable, and said that he hoped to stay

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Smith was part of Muzorewa's delegation at Lancaster House. Several aspects of the Internal Settlement constitution, such as a declaration of human rights and a guarantee that land redistributed by the government would be paid for, were retained; it was also agreed to have 20 reserved white seats out

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branding it a "sham". Sithole, astounded that his party had won only 12 seats to the UANC's 51, suddenly turned against the settlement and alleged that the polls had been stage-managed in Muzorewa's favour. Mugabe dismissed the bishop as a "neocolonial puppet" and pledged to continue ZANLA's campaign

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as head of state, a multiracial senate, separate black and white electoral rolls (each with qualifications) and a mechanism whereby the number of black MPs would increase in line with the proportion of income tax revenues paid by black citizens. This process would stop once blacks had the same number

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of Rhodesia. The Queen rejected Smith's letter, which she characterised in her response as "purported advice". The UK, with the near-unanimous support of the international community, maintained that Gibbs was now Elizabeth II's only legitimate representative in what it still reckoned as the colony of

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UDI, while received calmly by most Rhodesians, prompted political outrage in the UK and overseas. It astonished Wilson, who called on the people of Rhodesia to ignore the post-UDI government, which he described as "hell-bent on illegal self-destroying". Following orders from Whitehall and the passage

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by ZANU insurgents on 4 July 1964 marked the start of intensified black-nationalist violence and police counteraction that culminated in the banning of ZANU and PCC/ZAPU on 26 August, with most of the two movements' respective leaders concurrently jailed or restricted. ZANU, ZAPU and their respective

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Butler announced on 6 March 1963 that he was going to convene a conference to decide the Federation's future. It would be impossible (or at least very difficult) for the UK to dissolve the union without Southern Rhodesia's co-operation as the latter, being self-governing, had been co-signatory to the

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for 14 December 1962. A number of corporations that had previously funded UFP campaigning this time backed the RF. The RF campaign exploited the chaos in the Congo and the uncertainty regarding Southern Rhodesia's future to create a theme of urgency—it pledged to keep power "in responsible hands", to

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The RF ignored the April 1962 Federal elections, deeming them irrelevant, and instead concentrated on the Southern Rhodesian elections that were due at the end of the year. Whitehead attempted to curb the continuing black-nationalist violence through new legislation and in September 1962 banned ZAPU,

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that she had never had to vote, Janet did not think her husband's entry to parliament would alter their lives at all. "First of all I was marrying a farmer," she later said, "now he was going to be a politician as well. So I said, 'Well, if you are really interested in it, carry on.'... It never

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by Whitehall on the grounds that the country's name had been defined in British acts passed at Westminster. Salisbury went on using the shortened name anyway, while the UK government, the United Nations and other overseas bodies continued referring to the country as Southern Rhodesia. This situation

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By 2002, the white community in Zimbabwe had shrunk to no more than 50,000 people, of whom many, like Smith, were elderly. Smith had by this time lost most of his former international prominence—his visit to the UK in 2004 to meet Conservative politicians was largely ignored by the British press—but

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formed a coalition to challenge Mugabe and ZANU–PF in the next parliamentary election. The result was the short-lived United Front, which Smith agreed to chair, saying he had no more political ambitions and could therefore be regarded as a neutral figurehead. The United Front quickly failed, largely

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in April 1982) and took all the attendees in for questioning, ostensibly because of suspicions it might be an illegal political meeting. A week later, police seized his passport, according to a government statement because his criticism of Zimbabwe while abroad constituted "political bad manners and

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A working document was ultimately produced and signed by Smith, Wilson and Gibbs, to be accepted or rejected in its entirety by each Cabinet after the Prime Ministers returned home. Whitehall accepted the proposals, but Salisbury turned them down; Smith announced on 5 December 1966 that while he and

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formally sacked Smith and his Cabinet, accusing them of treason. Smith and his ministers ignored this, considering Gibbs's office obsolete under the 1965 constitution enacted as part of UDI. After Gibbs made clear that he would not resign, Smith's government effectively replaced him with Dupont, who

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of independence, won all 50 "A"-roll seats (elected mostly by whites). Wilson's ministers deliberately stonewalled Smith during mid-1965, hoping to eventually break him down, but this only caused the Rhodesian hierarchy to feel yet more alienated. From June, a peripheral dispute concerned Rhodesia's

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in Field, leading to the Prime Minister's resignation 11 days later. Smith accepted the Cabinet's nomination to take his place. He was the first Southern Rhodesian prime minister to have been born in the country, something that he thought profoundly altered the character of the dispute with Britain.

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The Federation dissolved on 31 December 1963 with Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia both on track for full statehood by the end of 1964, while Southern Rhodesia continued to drift in uncertainty. Under huge pressure from the RF to rectify this matter and win independence, Field's perceived vacillation

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As Rhodesia's dominant political figure and public face in its final decades, Smith's reputation and legacy has remained divisive and controversial up to the present day. By his supporters, he has been hailed as "a political visionary ... who understood the uncomfortable truths of Africa", defending

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was reported as saying "Good riddance" during a radio appearance, later telling Reuters that he would "not be mourned or missed here by any decent person". Reactions from the Zimbabwean public differed: reflecting the country's economic downturn under Mugabe, members interviewed by media outlet The

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After some weeks of illness, Ian Smith died in Cape Town on 20 November 2007 at the age of 88, having had a stroke. Jean was with him. His ashes were returned to Zimbabwe and scattered by his family at Gwenoro. The farm continued to operate under the ownership of Smith's stepchildren until December

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ruled in 1989 this had been done illegally and violated Smith's constitutional rights. His four decades as an MP formally ended in September 1987 when, as allowed under the Lancaster House terms, ZANU–PF scrapped the white seats amid sweeping constitutional reforms. The office of prime minister was

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Smith's moves towards a settlement with black-nationalist groups prompted outrage in sections of Rhodesian Front's right wing, but he remained unassailable within the party as a whole, which had in late 1975 granted him a mandate to negotiate for the best possible settlement however he saw fit. The

2775:

in January 1966 that he would not enter any kind of dialogue with Smith's post-UDI government (which he called "the illegal regime") until it gave up its claim of independence, but by mid-1966 British and Rhodesian civil servants were holding "talks about talks" in London and Salisbury. By November

2722:

Wilson predicted in January 1966 that the various boycotts would force Smith to give in "within a matter of weeks rather than months", but the British (and later UN) sanctions had little effect on Rhodesia, largely because South Africa and Portugal went on trading with it, providing it with oil and

2446:

branded the new Smith Cabinet "a suicide squad ... interested not in the welfare of all the people but only in their own", and predicted that the RF would "eventually destroy themselves". Asserting that a lasting "place for the white man" in Southern Rhodesia would benefit all of the country's

2386:

to a document rather than his word would be against the Commonwealth's "spirit of trust"—an argument that Field eventually accepted. "Let's remember the trust you emphasised," Smith warned, according to Field's account wagging his finger at Butler; "if you break that you will live to regret it." No

2357:

government in the UK was reluctant to grant this under the 1961 constitution as it knew doing so would lead to censure and loss of prestige in the United Nations (UN) and the Commonwealth. Indeed, Southern Rhodesia's minority government had already become something of an embarrassment to the UK and

2256:

and other liberals against the constitutional proposals, despite opposing them for totally contradictory reasons. The black-nationalist leaders initially endorsed the constitution, signing the draft document, but repudiated it almost immediately thereafter and called for blacks to boycott elections

1524:

fighter pilot, where a crash in Egypt resulted in facial and bodily wounds that remained conspicuous for the rest of his life. Following recovery, he served in Europe, where he was shot down and subsequently fought alongside Italian partisans. After the war, he established a farm in his hometown in

4315:

Gunmen reportedly tied the 77-year-old Lilford's hands behind his back with an electric cord and beat him before shooting him in the head. One of Lilford's friends told press that the attackers left his house entirely in order; the only thing missing was a small car that police found abandoned the

3676:

In early September 2001, ZANU–PF militants again attempted to force Smith off his farm. The former prime minister telephoned the provincial governor, who promptly sent police to remove the invaders. According to Smith, the trespassers were shocked to hear that the authorities were taking his side,

3512:

later wrote that the former prime minister had resolved to "go down ... with all rhetorical guns blazing". This was in spite of increasingly unstable health; in June 1982 he collapsed in the House of Assembly, clutching at his side and shaking. Half a year later he had to arrange treatment in

3391:

passed a resolution urging President Carter to remove sanctions and declare Zimbabwe Rhodesia legitimate, but Carter and his Cabinet remained strongly opposed. Carter and Thatcher ultimately decided against accepting Zimbabwe Rhodesia, noting the continued international support for the guerrillas.

3154:

openly allied with ZANU. Wilson and Labour returned to power in the UK in March 1974. Portugal's withdrawal made Rhodesia hugely dependent on South Africa, but Smith still insisted that he held a strong position. "If it takes one year, five years, ten years, we're prepared to ride it out," he told

2825:

promptly demanded Smith's resignation, reasoning that the Cabinet's rejection of the working document he had helped to draft amounted to a vote of no confidence. The RF ignored him. Warning that "grave actions must follow", Wilson took the Rhodesia problem to the United Nations, which proceeded to

2302:

bulwark in Africa, alongside South Africa and Portugal, in the face of what they saw as Soviet and Chinese expansionism. Smith asserted that the RF worked to thwart "this mad idea of a hand-over, of a sell-out of the European and his civilisation, indeed of everything he had put into his country".

1934:

With Jock in increasingly poor health after the war, the Smith family briefly considered sending Ian to live in the United States with the help of Jock's brother Elijah, who had become a prosperous New York businessman. Smith showed little interest in leaving Rhodesia, however, and decided that he

4073:

on 27 June 1963 that in return for their help in winding up the Federation, Southern Rhodesia would be granted "independence no later than, if not before, the other two territories ... in view of your country's wonderful record of Responsible Government over the past forty years ... and

3828:

said that Zimbabweans had much for which to thank Smith. "The roads that we are using today were all built by Smith," he said. "All the infrastructure is Smith's. We never suffered the way we are suffering now because Smith took care of the economy that supported all people and they had enough to

3697:

condemning Mugabe and ZANU–PF as incompetent and corrupt "gangsters" earned him a standing ovation. In 2002, Smith challenged Mugabe to come with him to a township to see who got the best welcome. "Only one of us will come out alive," Smith said; "I'm ready to put that to the test right now. He's

3672:

on 7 November 2000 to witness Smith's arrest, but far from being detained, the former prime minister was greeted cheerily by immigration officers and allowed through without any obstruction. Telling the waiting pressmen that he was disappointed not to have met any confrontation, he commented: "We

3521:. "I'll still try to get my Zimbabwean passport back," he said. "I was born here and that is the passport I should travel on." Smith regained his Zimbabwean papers after about a year. In 1984, he declared his intention to renounce his British nationality to abide by a new Zimbabwean law outlawing 3477:

opened on 15 May 1980, a month after formal independence from Britain, with Smith as the reconstituted country's first Leader of the Opposition. Continuing a long-standing tradition from the Rhodesian era, the government and opposition entered the House in pairs—Mugabe and Smith walked in side by

3347:

on 30 January 1979, Smith dissolved the Rhodesian parliament for the last time on 28 February. The RF won all the white seats in the April 1979 elections while Muzorewa and the UANC won a majority in the common roll seats with 67% of the popular vote; the PF rejected this, however, as did the UN,

2861:

the government retained "considerable powers to control information. It may reflect no more than Mr Smith's growing confidence that nothing—short of a sell-out to Britain—can undermine his position in Rhodesia". The series of Rhodesian High Court cases debating the legality of UDI came to a close

2614:

Amid rumours that UDI was imminent, Smith arrived in London on 4 October 1965 with the declared intent of settling the independence issue, but flew home eight days later with the matter unresolved. When Wilson travelled to Salisbury on 26 October, Smith offered to enfranchise about half a million

2239:

Smith was one of the loudest voices of white dissent against the new constitution: alongside its lack of guarantees for eventual independence, he opposed its splitting of the qualified electorate (which was formally non-racial but which had resulted in a low percentage of blacks being eligible to

2106:

Smith was one of the few to raise the independence issue at this time, according to his memoirs because his "instinct and training told me to be prepared for every contingency". During the Federation debate in the House of Assembly, he posited that since Southern Rhodesia was effectively choosing

3729:

in January 2006. Despite some marked differences—Alec had used illegal drugs in his youth, and openly opposed his father's policies while he was Prime Minister—they had been very close. The elder Smith had referred to his son as "my rock". Smith's stepdaughter Jean, who had married the prominent

3575:

in November 1985, Mugabe told the House of Assembly Smith was "an incorrigible racist" who "should long ago have been hanged and hanged publicly". Later that month, Smith's close friend and long-standing political associate "Boss" Lilford, who had provided much of the finance to form the RF, was

3482:

comments. With around 1,000 whites leaving Zimbabwe each month, Smith took to the radio to urge them to stay and give Mugabe's new order a chance, but over half of the country's whites left within three years. As Meredith records, the 100,000 or so who remained "retreated into their own world of

3217:

On 20 March 1976, Smith gave a televised speech including what became his most quoted utterance. "I don't believe in majority rule ever in Rhodesia—not in 1,000 years," he said. "I repeat that I believe in blacks and whites working together. If one day it is white and the next day it is black, I

2450:

Smith announced his Cabinet on his first day in office, 14 April 1964. He increased the number of ministers from 10 to 11, redistributed portfolios, and made three new appointments. Smith's fellow former UFP men made up most of the new RF Cabinet, with Harper and the Minister of Agriculture, the

2028:

candidate Egon Klifborg with 361 votes out of 747, and thereby became Member of Parliament for Selukwe. At 29 years old, he was the youngest MP in Southern Rhodesian history. The Liberals as a party, however, were roundly defeated, going from 12 seats before the election to only five afterwards.

3801:

By contemporaries and opponents alike, Smith was widely recognised as a formidable and strong-willed negotiator. Hempstone considered him "a man too principled (or short-sighted) to compromise with what he regards as wrong", while Welensky compared dealing with him to "trying to nail jelly to a

3793:

took a similar line, writing that Smith and his supporters reacted to the British Empire's demise by imagining white Rhodesians to be "the final survivors of a lost civilisation", charged with "tak on the mantle of historic Britain" in the imperial power's absence. "He spoke endlessly about how

3536:

After the already tense relations between ZANU–PF and ZAPU disintegrated amid Mugabe's wish to adopt a one-party system in Zimbabwe, Mugabe expelled Nkomo from the government in February 1982, accusing him and ZAPU of plotting a coup. About a year later, Mugabe deployed the North Korean-trained

3205:

who had recently won an internal election in prison. When they were released in December 1974 under the détente terms, Mugabe went to Mozambique to consolidate his leadership of the guerrillas, while Sithole joined Muzorewa's delegation. It had been agreed that the talks would take place within

2269:

As the UK government granted majority rule in Nyasaland and made moves towards the same in Northern Rhodesia, Smith decided that the Federation was a lost cause and resolved to found a new party that would push for Southern Rhodesian independence without acquiescing to British demands. With the

2094:

The pursuit of full dominion status was then regarded as something of a non-issue by most Southern Rhodesian politicians. They viewed themselves as virtually independent already; they lacked only the foreign affairs portfolio and taking this on would mean having to shoulder the expense for high

1819:

automatically when Britain declared war on 3 September 1939, but its government issued a symbolic declaration of war anyway. Smith, who was about halfway through his university course, later described feeling patriotically compelled to put his studies aside to "fight for Britain and all that it

3785:

His determination to preserve the white minority's position in Rhodesia caused many black Africans and others to perceive him as a symbol of iniquitous white rule and racism. Smith always denied being driven by racial prejudice—in a 1987 interview he asserted that he had been defending Western

3032:

The constitution agreed upon was based largely on the one Rhodesia had just adopted, but would eventually bring about a black majority in parliament. Black representation in the House would be immediately increased, and a majority of both black and white MPs would have to approve retrogressive

2180:(UFP) government. Welensky turned this down, saying that while he appreciated Smith's relative seniority on the back benches after 10 years in parliament, he did not think he had "shown the particular drive that I would have expected" for such a role. He decided to instead give Smith "a run as 2164:

member of little distinction. In the recollection of Welensky, who took over as Federal Prime Minister on Huggins's retirement in 1956, Smith "didn't spend much time in Salisbury" during the early Federal period, and had "three major interests ... one was daylight saving, one was European

2075:

parliament then sat only twice a year, for about three months in total, holding discussions in the afternoons either side of a half-hour break for tea on the lawn. Smith's early parliamentary commitments in Salisbury therefore did not detract greatly from his ranching. His maiden speech to the

2023:

The Southern Rhodesian electoral system allowed only those who met certain financial and educational qualifications to vote. The criteria applied equally to all regardless of race, but since most black citizens did not meet the set standards, the electoral roll and the colonial parliament were

4003:

15 larger "B"-roll districts, with a complicated mechanism of "cross-voting" allowing "B"-roll voters to have a slight influence on "A"-roll elections and vice versa. This system was theoretically non-racial, but in practice the "A" roll was largely white and the "B" roll was almost all black.

3412:

of 100 for at least seven years. Fresh elections would be held during a brief period under a British Governor invested with full executive and legislative powers. The new constitution was agreed on 18 October, and on 12 December 1979 the House of Assembly voted to dissolve itself, ending UDI.

3251:

on 18 September 1976, Kissinger proposed majority rule after a transition period of two years. He strongly encouraged Smith to accept his deal, though he knew it was unpalatable to him, as any future offer could only be worse from Smith's standpoint—especially if, as expected, U.S. president

1980:

on the rugby field. What Janet had planned as a short holiday for herself and her two infant children, Jean and Robert, turned into a permanent move when she accepted a job-offer from the Selukwe junior school. Smith later wrote that the qualities that had attracted him most to Janet were her

1564:

on 11 November 1965 in an effort to delay majority rule; shortly afterwards, the first phase of the war began in earnest. After further negotiations with the UK failed, Rhodesia cut all remaining British ties and reconstituted itself as a republic in 1970. Smith led the Front to four election

3435:

free and fair, though many observers attested to widespread political violence and intimidation of voters, particularly by ZANU (which added Patriotic Front to its name to become "ZANU–PF"). British monitors in the ZANU–PF-dominated eastern provinces were strongly critical, reporting "brutal

3170:

of Zambia, Tanzania and Botswana (Mozambique and Angola would join the following year). Vorster had concluded that Rhodesia's position was untenable; in his view, it made no sense to maintain white rule in a country where blacks outnumbered whites by 22:1. He also believed that South African

3138:

mounted a strong counter-campaign over the next two years. Muzorewa re-engaged with Smith in August 1973, accepting the 1971–72 Douglas-Home terms, and the two signed a statement to that effect on 17 August. The UANC executive repudiated this in May 1974, but talks between Smith and Muzorewa

2543:

Smith, who had been to the UK only four times before 1964 and never more than briefly, was soon labelled a "raw colonial" by Whitehall. He was almost immediately engaged in a dispute with the UK government, which he claimed had forsaken British ideals, and the Commonwealth, which he said had

2319:

The electoral race was close-run until the night before election day, when Whitehead made what proved a fatal political gaffe by telling a public meeting at Marandellas that he would appoint a black Cabinet minister immediately if he won the election, and might soon have as many as six. This

2205: 3781:

wrote soon after his death, "and it was his rather humourless, one-dimensional Rhodesian-ness that at once made him a hero among his own people and a figure of derision among his enemies". As leader of the Rhodesian Front and its successors, he was the foremost figure of his country's white

2805:

later wrote of "apartheid ... on that ship", with the British and Rhodesian delegations separated in all activities outside the conference room at Wilson's orders. Despite the uneasy atmosphere—accounts from both sides describe Wilson dealing with the Rhodesians extremely tersely—talks

4287:

This followed a much-publicised incident in late December 1974 when a group of ZANLA guerrillas led by Herbert Shungu in north-eastern Rhodesia shot and killed a group of six unarmed policemen, five of them South Africans, having invited them out to discuss terms for the insurgents'

3953:

Previously part of the vast Aberfoyle estate, the property was officially called "Remainder of Subdivision 4 of Aberfoyle Ranch" when Smith bought it from the Bechuanaland Exploration Company, which had owned it since the late-nineteenth century. "Gwenoro" means "Place of the Kudu"

3440:

acknowledged that irregularities were occurring but ruled that accounts were exaggerated. After the RF won all 20 white seats, Soames announced late on 4 March 1980 that Mugabe and ZANU–PF had won 57 of the 80 common roll seats, giving them a majority in the new House of Assembly.

1737:

in athletics and the school's outstanding rifle marksman. "I was an absolute lunatic about sport," he later said; "I concede, looking back, that I should have devoted much more time to my school work and less to sport." All the same, his grades were good enough to win a place at

2954:

talks. Republicanism was presented as a means to clarify Rhodesia's claimed constitutional status, end ambiguity regarding ties with Britain and elicit official foreign recognition and acceptance. Smith's government began exploring a republican constitution in March 1967. The

2896:

in London. Smith's team accepted the principle of the blocking quarter but agreement could not be reached on the technicalities of it; the involvement of the UK Privy Council was rejected by Smith as a "ridiculous" provision that would prejudice Rhodesia's sovereignty. The

4200:

Intending to underline the UK government's opinion of Smith and his delegation as unconstitutional rebels, Wilson officially greeted Gibbs, but denied any formal welcome to Smith. The UK's ministers and officials received the best cabins while the Rhodesians were assigned

2080:. He was slow to make an impact in parliament—most of his early contributions related to farming and mining—but his exertions within the party won him Stockil's respect and confidence. Janet ran Gwenoro during Smith's absences, and gave birth to his only biological child, 2821:

his ministers were largely satisfied with the terms, the Cabinet did not feel it could responsibly abandon the 1965 constitution while so much uncertainty surrounded the transition and the new "mythical constitution yet to be evolved". Rhodesia's Leader of the Opposition

3982:

amalgamation of the two Rhodesias that would eventually become a dominion. British politicians rejected this idea, asserting that black Northern Rhodesians would never accept it, but agreed to consider a Federation on the condition that neighbouring Nyasaland was also

3576:

found beaten and shot to death on his ranch. Smith described Lilford afterwards as a man "who was prepared to die for principles", but refused to openly discuss any possible political motive, saying simply that "it would be premature to come to conclusions".

3786:

principles and that "it was Marxism I fought, not blacks". Above all, he never expressed regret regarding his actions as prime minister; he insisted to his final days that the effects of Mugabe's presidency had borne out his predictions and proven him right.

2589:

Following Northern Rhodesia's independence as Zambia in October 1964—Nyasaland had been independent Malawi since July—Southern Rhodesia began referring to itself simply as Rhodesia, but Whitehall rejected this change. Perceiving Smith to be on the verge of a

3663:

When a group of about 50 ZANU–PF activists briefly invaded Gwenoro in May 2000, Smith played down the incident, saying the intruders were just bored and out of work. "There's no politics on the farm," he said. Five months later, in England to address the

3296:, which opposed any conciliation with black nationalists, meant that Smith now only barely had the two-thirds majority in parliament he would need to change the constitution, as he would have to in the event of a settlement. He therefore called an early 3206:

Rhodesia, but the black nationalists refused to meet on ground they perceived as not neutral. The Rhodesians insisted on abiding by the accord and negotiating inside the country. To please both camps the conference was held on a train halfway across the

3562:

The Zimbabwean government publicly threatened Smith on a regular basis, but in practice left him and his property largely untouched—Mugabe frequently pointed to Smith's freedom as evidence of Zimbabwe's reconciliation policy. Smith renamed the RF the

3247:, announced a formal interest in the Rhodesian situation in February 1976, and over the next half-year held discussions with the United Kingdom, South Africa and the Frontline States in what became the "Anglo-American initiative". Meeting Smith in 3331:

across most of the country and ordered reprisal attacks on guerrilla positions. Smith, Muzorewa and Sithole toured the United States in October 1978 to promote their settlement, and met Kissinger, Ford and others including the future president

13653: 2671:". Indeed, the UDI document ended with the words "God Save The Queen". In December 1965, Smith, attempting to assert the rights he claimed as Her Majesty's Rhodesian prime minister, wrote a letter to Elizabeth asking her to appoint Dupont as 3789:"The key to understanding Smith," Johnson wrote, "was that, like other white Rhodesians, he clung to an almost Victorian view of the world both in moral values and in the easy assumptions of British primacy that characterised the empire." 2495:

and the bloc headed by communist China. Their respective supporters in the black townships clashed constantly, also targeting non-aligned blacks whom they hoped to recruit, and sporadically attacked whites, businesses and police stations.

2244:. At the UFP vote on the constitution on 22 February 1961, Smith was the only member out of 280 to vote against it. Deeply disillusioned by these developments, he resigned from the UFP soon thereafter to sit in the Federal Assembly as an 3025:. Talks between Douglas-Home and Smith began with a lengthy meeting in Salisbury in April 1971 and continued until a tentative understanding was reached in early November. A UK delegation headed by Douglas-Home and the Attorney General 1859:. In October 1943, in Egypt, Smith crashed his Hurricane after his throttle malfunctioned during a dawn takeoff. In addition to sustaining serious facial disfigurements, he also broke his jaw, leg and shoulder. Doctors and surgeons in 3420:

was signed on 21 December. Smith was the only member of any delegation to openly oppose the accords; he refused to attend the signing ceremony and boycotted the post-agreement party, instead having dinner with former RAF comrades and

2578: 1959:

Smith attended dedicated courses for ex-servicemen at Gwebi during 1947 and 1948, learning skills such as ploughing, herding and milking; he gained practical experience at Taylor's dairy farm near Selukwe and on a tobacco ranch at

3103: 2425:

Most of the Southern Rhodesian press predicted that Smith would not last long; one column called him "a momentary man", thrust into the spotlight by the RF's dearth of proven leaders. His only real rival to replace Field had been

2430:, an ardent segregationist who had headed the Dominion Party's Southern Rhodesian branch during the Federal years. Some reporters predicted Welensky's imminent introduction to Southern Rhodesian politics at the head of an RF–UFP 3268:, Switzerland to try to salvage a solution. ZANU and ZAPU announced that they would attend this and any summit thereafter as a joint "Patriotic Front" (PF), including members of both parties under a combined leadership. The 3037:

comments. "The principle of majority rule was enshrined with safeguards ensuring that there could be no legislation which could impede this," Smith wrote in his memoirs. "On the other hand, there would be no mad rush into

2544:

abandoned its own founding principles amid the Wind of Change. He accused both of isolating Southern Rhodesia because it still respected these values. When he learned in June that Salisbury would not be represented at the

2352:

had formed a coalition to keep the UFP out—and Southern Rhodesia under the RF, the Federation was effectively over. The Field Cabinet made Southern Rhodesian independence on Federal dissolution its first priority, but the

1887:, with whom he took part in sabotage operations against the German garrison for about three months. When the Germans pulled out of the area in October 1944, Smith left to try to link up with the Allied forces who had just 1584:. Following 15 years of protracted fighting, with economic sanctions, international pressure and the decline in South African support taking their toll, Smith conceded to the implementation of majority rule and signed the 13273: 56: 1895:, finishing the journey walking barefoot on the ice and snow. American troops recovered him in November 1944. Smith again turned down the offer of a billet in Rhodesia and returned to active service in April 1945 with 1592:

the following year. The new order, however, failed to gain international recognition, and the war continued. After being succeeded as prime minister by Muzorawa, Smith took part in the trilateral peace negotiations at

12123: 9484: 3551:. Meredith asserts that this far exceeded anything that had occurred during the Bush War, an opinion shared by Geoff Hill. Some white farmers were also killed. Estimates for the number of deaths during the five-year 1824:, he wanted to join the air force, but was prevented from immediately doing so by a policy adopted in Rhodesia not to recruit university students until after they graduated. Smith engineered his recruitment into the 1951:

for rowing, the first Rhodes student ever to do so. At the end of the year, having passed the exams to gain his commerce degree ("by some miracle", he recalled), he returned to Southern Rhodesia to study farming at

3992:

The movement's leaders had decided that black nationalists should boycott constitutional politics, contending that majority rule could be achieved fastest through non-co-operation, violence and overseas activism.

2499:

Amid PCC/ZAPU's calls for various strikes and protests, including an appeal for black children to boycott state schools, Smith's Justice Minister Clifford Dupont had Nkomo and other PCC/ZAPU leaders restricted at

1675:; he was the son of a cattle breeder and butcher. He had emigrated to Rhodesia as a nineteen-year-old in 1898, and became a prominent rancher, butcher, miner and garage owner in Selukwe. Jock and his wife, Agnes ( 2290:. Amid these differences, the nascent RF coalition was shaky at best. Its members were brought together by their common opposition to Whitehead's promises of fast-track reform, which they agreed would lead to a 8750: 4012:

He later claimed that "between 60 and 70" UFP members voted in favour despite having told him beforehand that they would vote against. According to the historian J.R.T. Wood, many of these later apologised to

2187:

According to his biographer Phillippa Berlyn, Smith remained a somewhat pedestrian figure as Chief Whip, though he was acknowledged by his peers as someone who "did his homework well" whenever he contributed.

8777: 1882:

raid over northern Italy on 22 June 1944, enemy flak hit Smith's craft and he had to bail out behind German lines. A peasant family named Zunino hid him for a brief time; he then joined a group of pro-Allied

3647:, to criticising the Mugabe administration and a long succession of British figures he considered to have let him and Rhodesia down; he also defended and justified his actions as prime minister, and praised 2395:

and timidness in his dealings with the UK government caused sections of his party to lose confidence in him during early 1964. On 2 April 1964, with Smith in the chair, the RF caucus passed a near-unanimous

2278:

if it won the next election, as an attempt to appeal to newly enfranchised blacks. These actions gained few black votes, but prompted many scandalised whites to defect to the RRP or Field's Dominion Party.

9870: 2901:

summit ended with a joint Anglo-Rhodesian statement asserting that "both sides recognise that a very wide gulf still remains", but were prepared to continue negotiations in Salisbury. This never occurred.

14498: 3824:

Week expressed nostalgia for his premiership as one of stability and prosperity, while simultaneously remembering his strident opposition to majority rule. After Smith's death, MDC politician and senator

2470:

One of the Smith government's first actions was to crack down hard on the black-nationalist political violence that had erupted following the establishment of a second black-nationalist organisation, the

2434:, but Welensky showed little interest in this idea, saying he would be unable to manoeuvre in an RF-dominated House. The RF's replacement of Field with Smith drew criticism from the British Labour leader 9242: 2950:

With their hopes of Commonwealth realm status through a settlement with Britain dimming, Smith and the RF began to seriously consider the alternative of a republic as early as December 1966, after the

4125:

The Federal Prime Minister had attended instead of his Southern Rhodesian counterpart from 1953 to 1963. Smith had presumed Southern Rhodesia would get its old seat back following Federal dissolution.

3579:

Smith was by now in the twilight of his career, but his outspoken, confrontational stance continued to irritate the ZANU–PF government. He was declared a "fifth columnist" by the Information Minister

13660: 3353:"to the last man"; Nkomo similarly committed ZIPRA. On 1 June 1979, the day of the country's official reconstitution as Zimbabwe Rhodesia, Muzorewa replaced Smith as prime minister, at the head of a 2447:

people, the new prime minister said the government should be based "on merit, not on colour or nationalism", and insisted that there would be "no African nationalist government here in my lifetime".

12760: 12676: 5570: 3689:

he achieved new domestic popularity and eminence among Zimbabwean opposition supporters, who came to see him as an unbreakable, defiant symbol of resistance to the Mugabe government. According to

2400:"For the first time in its history the country now had a Rhodesian-born PM, someone whose roots were not in Britain, but in southern Africa," he later reflected—"in other words, a white African." 1556:, and he stepped up to the premiership after Field resigned in April 1964, two months before the first events that led to the Bush War took place. After repeated talks with British prime minister 13448: 3698:

not." In a 2005 interview, Smith asserted that he viewed himself as African, stating "I was born here. My children were born here, and my grandchildren were born here. I'm African, not British."

12971: 12116: 1871:, and he was passed fit to fly again in March 1944. Turning down an offer to return to Rhodesia as an instructor, he rejoined No. 237 Squadron, which had switched to flying Spitfire Mk IXs, in 2117:

that now it had been decided to pursue Federation, it was in Southern Rhodesia's best interests for everybody to try to make it succeed. He and other Rhodesia Party politicians joined the new

12253: 6270: 3597: 3436:'disciplinary murders' as examples of the fate awaiting those who failed to conform", name-taking and "claims to the possession of machines which would reveal how individuals had voted". The 3416:

arrived in Salisbury later the same day to become Southern Rhodesia's last Governor; among other things he announced that Smith would be granted amnesty for declaring independence. The final

2727:. "When I say take it, I use it in two ways. Firstly, when it comes to sanctions we have proved we can take it. Secondly, when it comes to independence, we have also proved we can take it." 14218: 2776:

that year, Wilson had agreed to negotiate personally with Smith. Smith and Wilson subsequently held two rounds of direct negotiations, both of which were held aboard Royal Navy ships off

14283: 13209: 12132: 11865: 3383:, the Conservative leader, was personally disposed to recognise Muzorewa's government and lift sanctions. The potential significance of the Conservative victory in the May 1979 British 1304: 12109: 9144: 2570:

of tribal chiefs and headmen both decisively backed independence under the 1961 constitution in October and November 1964, but black nationalists and the UK government dismissed the

14408: 14179: 3600:(no relation) replaced him as leader of the CAZ—but he remained active in opposition at a reduced level. In July 1992 he chaired a meeting where the CAZ, Muzorewa's UANC, Sithole's 1425: 2667:

Smith and his government initially continued to profess loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II. The 1965 Constitution reconstituted Rhodesia as a Commonwealth realm, with Elizabeth II as "

2467:." "An honest Rhodesian," a 1964 political poster declared—"Trust Mr Smith. He will never hand over Rhodesia." Smith retained the post of Minister of External Affairs to himself. 1746:

in South Africa, then often attended by Rhodesian students—partly because Rhodesia then had no university of its own, and partly because of the common eponymous association with

14413: 13280: 12962: 4083:

Welensky was also born in Southern Rhodesia. Of the seven previous Southern Rhodesian prime ministers, three had been born in Britain; the others had been born in South Africa,

3497:

Smith visited Britain and the United States in November 1982, and spoke scathingly about Zimbabwe to reporters, claiming that Mugabe was turning the country into a totalitarian

3013:

held as a republic, on 10 April 1970, winning all 50 white seats. Hopes for an Anglo-Rhodesian rapprochement were boosted two months later when the Conservatives won a surprise

4306:

Whites would elect 20 of these on a separate electoral roll; these 20 MPs would then nominate a list of 16 candidates from whom eight would be elected by all registered voters.

8804: 9475: 3816:

described him in similar terms: "Smith is a fighter. He put up a great fight for his people. We were like two bulls in there, the way we fought. He is a man. I respect him."

2560:

but with Harold Wilson, who was far less accommodating towards the RF stand. Smith declared acceptability to majority opinion to have been demonstrated after a largely white

14164: 13472: 12586: 12576: 1569:

over the course of the war, his support came exclusively from the white minority, with the black majority being widely disenfranchised under the country's electoral system.

3501:

dictatorship. Government retribution was immediate. On Smith's return home, police raided an art exhibition hosting him as guest of honour in Harare (as Salisbury had been

13219: 12711: 11241: 11223: 2505: 8720: 3898:— formally dismissed Smith upon the declaration of independence in 1965. The dismissal was not enforced, and the government remained a constitutional monarchy until 1970. 4346:: "During my time in the world of politics I have come into contact with my fair share of devious characters, but I regard Carrington as the most two-faced of them all." 3289:

split in the party ultimately led to the defection in July 1977 of 12 RF MPs after Smith introduced legislation to remove racial criteria from the Land Tenure Act.

8741: 13487: 12696: 12661: 12651: 12641: 12220: 8831: 3336:. On 11 December, ZANLA attacked Salisbury's oil storage depot, causing a fire that lasted six days and destroyed a quarter of Rhodesia's fuel. Two months later ZIPRA 2986:

both to a new constitution and to the abandoning of symbolic ties to the Crown, Smith declared Rhodesia a republic on 2 March 1970. The 1969 constitution introduced a

1907:. Smith remained with No. 130 Squadron for the rest of his service, flying with the unit to Denmark and Norway, and was discharged at the end of 1945 with the rank of 14224: 8768: 2196:, later commented that the UFP's huge majority in the Federal Assembly gave Smith little opportunity to distinguish himself, as few votes were ever in serious doubt. 13646: 13598: 12691: 12671: 12616: 9732: 2344:, announced that the UK government would allow Nyasaland to leave the Federation. With Northern Rhodesia now also under a secessionist black-nationalist government— 9861: 8861: 2970:

with the Union Jack in the canton—were formally superseded on 11 November 1968, the third anniversary of UDI, by a new national flag: a green-white-green vertical

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two months later. Mugabe and Nkomo signed a unity accord at the same time, merging ZAPU into ZANU–PF with the stated goal of a Marxist–Leninist one-party state.

3022: 2999: 6284: 13940: 13624: 4236:

This overall design dated back to 1923, but a darker blue field was used until 1964, when the shade was lightened to make the Rhodesian flag more recognisable.

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there. Granting independence without major constitutional reform would furthermore provoke outcry from the Conservatives' main parliamentary opposition, the

1848: 1785: 4030:, around 1960 as the name that they would give Southern Rhodesia under majority rule. The National Democratic Party had been founded in 1960 to succeed the 3567:(CAZ) on 21 July 1984, concurrently removing racial criteria for membership and inviting black Zimbabweans to join. The CAZ was very successful in the 1985 14145: 13950: 13890: 13855: 13720: 13350: 13345: 13029: 12859: 12812: 12779: 12431: 12136: 12028: 11861: 10868: 3878: 3643: 3517:. The government's confiscation of his passport and two refusals of its return prevented him from going, so in April 1983 Smith successfully applied for a 3458: 2624: 2530: 1614: 1561: 1474: 1382: 1299: 14327: 13900: 13885: 13840: 13835: 12955: 12716: 12686: 12200: 9116: 5581: 2387:

minutes were made of this meeting. Butler denied afterwards that he had ever made such a promise. Southern Rhodesia attended the conference, held at the

2307:

arresting 1,094 of its members and describing it as a "terrorist organisation", but he was still seen by much of the electorate as too liberal. He set a

3617:, in which Smith decided not to take a leading role. Another brief collaboration between Smith, Muzorewa and Sithole in March 2000 also led to nothing. 14488: 14253: 14089: 14030: 14011: 13945: 13915: 13865: 13780: 13770: 13195: 12869: 11968: 3134:), which had been underway at a low level since before UDI, began in earnest in December 1972 when ZANLA attacked farms in north-eastern Rhodesia. The 2157: 3685:, who said that Smith could stay in the country, but would not receive a new Zimbabwean passport until he renounced his right to British nationality. 3029:

flew to Salisbury on 15 November for negotiations over a new constitution, and after six days of discussion an accord was signed on 21 November 1971.

2442:, the British High Commissioner in Salisbury, indicated his disapproval by refusing to meet Smith for two weeks after he took office. The ZAPU leader 13995: 13975: 13970: 13935: 13795: 13775: 13578: 13568: 13420: 13370: 11821: 2885:

talks and made a marked effort to appear genial and welcoming, mixing socially with the Rhodesians and accommodating Smith in the Admiral's cabin on

2034: 9302: 6979: 4214:

Smith disputed this at the time, but later admitted that he could have settled in a plenipotentiary capacity had he found the conditions acceptable.

4134:

Smith proposed to measure white and urban black opinion through a general referendum of registered voters, and rural black views through a national

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was overtly led by Southern Rhodesia, the most developed of the three territories—Salisbury was its capital and Huggins its first prime minister.

1690:

The Smith family involved themselves heavily in local affairs. Jock chaired the village management board and commanded the Selukwe Company of the

14518: 14503: 14289: 14259: 14188: 14134: 14104: 13845: 13825: 13820: 13588: 13510: 13306: 11851: 9792: 3758: 3613:

due to the lack of common ground between the constituent parties, and never contested an election. The remainder of the collaboration formed the

2753: 2561: 2258: 1985:

and Impali Rivers and bisected by a clear stream. He and Janet gave the previously nameless 3,600-acre (15 km) plot the name that the local

1977: 3525:. Britain did not recognise this legislation; according to Smith, British officials refused to take his UK passport when he tried to return it. 1698:' Lodge and president of the town's football and rugby clubs. Agnes, who became informally known as "Mrs Jock", established and ran the Selukwe 14538: 14423: 14268: 14249: 14208: 14204: 14074: 14049: 14038: 13910: 13755: 13745: 13681: 13503: 13477: 13405: 13395: 13390: 13266: 13090: 12948: 12606: 12210: 9844: 9620: 3349: 2831: 2827: 2716: 2692: 2688: 2103:, two protectorates directly administered from London, with the hope of ultimately creating a single, united dominion in south-central Africa. 9501: 14533: 14119: 14094: 13740: 13613: 13608: 13491: 11791: 3393: 2483:, and politically—ZAPU, which had relabelled itself the People's Caretaker Council (PCC) within Southern Rhodesia to circumvent its ban, was 2108: 14383: 14228: 13760: 13497: 13466: 13438: 13301: 12248: 3601: 3193:

Nkomo remained unchallenged at the head of ZAPU, but the ZANU leadership had become contested between its founding president, the Reverend

1622:

for medical treatment, where he died two years later at the age of 88. His ashes were subsequently repatriated and scattered at his farm.

9960:"Four Tall NCOs of the Life Guards: Lord Mountbatten, Harold Wilson, and the Immediate Aftermath of UDI: The Proposed Mountbatten Mission" 1891:

southern France. Accompanied by three other servicemen, each from a different European country, and a local guide, Smith hiked across the

14438: 14079: 13443: 13375: 12535: 4182:, won 10 of the 15 "B"-roll seats, while the rest were won by independents. Gondo became Rhodesia's first black Leader of the Opposition. 4031: 2545: 1899:, by then based in western Germany. He flew combat missions there, " a little bit of fun shooting up odd things", he recalled, until the 1432: 9327: 2168:

Smith received his first political office in November 1958, following that month's Federal election (in which he was returned as MP for

12940: 11153:

A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969

9708: 9696: 9659: 9647: 9530: 9068: 3487:; Smith said this was putting off foreign investors. Mugabe was not impressed and, according to Smith, refused to ever meet him again. 2871: 3555:

campaign range from 10,000 to 30,000. Mugabe concurrently took steps to marginalise the other main black-nationalist leaders from the

2391:

over a week starting from 28 June 1963, and among other things it was agreed to formally liquidate the Federation at the end of 1963.

11639: 9390: 8795: 3026: 2514: 832: 2152:

replaced Huggins as Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia. Resigning his Selukwe seat, Smith contested and won the Federal Assembly's

12006: 11976: 11963: 11911: 11881: 11584: 3432: 3344: 3257: 2983: 2308: 2241: 1993: 1598: 1553: 1326: 785: 3150:

in Lisbon led to Mozambique's transformation over the next year from a Portuguese territory friendly to Smith's government into a

12001: 11296: 11214: 8993: 3316: 3146:

Rhodesia's early counter-insurgency successes were undone by political shifts in the guerrillas' favour overseas. The April 1974

3042:

with all the resultant corruption, nepotism, chaos and economic disaster which we had witnessed in all the countries around us."

2518: 2064: 2005: 1526: 687: 586: 9911: 8709: 3673:

have a president here who is mentally unstable and makes statements that have no bearing on reality", and went home unmolested.

14558: 14553: 14453: 14428: 14403: 14398: 14393: 12528: 12346: 12011: 11549: 11480: 3750: 3568: 2855:

State press censorship, introduced by the Smith administration on UDI, was lifted in early April 1968, though according to the

2811: 2772: 2591: 2118: 2095:

commissions and embassies overseas. Huggins and the United Party instead pursued an initially semi-independent Federation with

1840: 1643:

Smith's parents, Jock and Agnes, in 1935. Jock emigrated to Rhodesia from Scotland in 1898; Agnes arrived from England in 1906.

1309: 453: 347: 14513: 14443: 12736: 12551: 12403: 12296: 12185: 11160: 11141: 11118: 11095: 11050: 11027: 11008: 10981: 10958: 10939: 10901: 10882: 10857: 10838: 10791: 10769: 10721: 10698: 10675: 10646: 10616: 10588: 10565: 10546: 10523: 10500: 10477: 10451: 10432: 10409: 10387: 10364: 10341: 10322: 10296: 10277: 10253: 10234: 10211: 10192: 10168: 10132: 10106: 10087: 8822: 3746: 3401: 2001: 12101: 3155:

the RF congress on 20 September 1974. "Our stand is clear and unambiguous. Settlement is desirable, but only on our terms."

1572:

The country initially endured United Nations sanctions and international isolation with the assistance of South Africa and,

1541:

from 1958 onwards. He left that party in 1961 in protest over the territory's new constitution, and went on to co-found the

14468: 14433: 12992: 12751: 12389: 11816: 11796: 11249: 10306: 9723: 4262: 4047:, a liberal white independent who generally opposed the RF. The Field government thus had a working majority of five seats. 3738:

2012, when it was seized by the Zimbabwe government as part of the land reform programme and given to a technical college.

3545:, ZAPU's heartland, where it massacred thousands of civilians accused of supporting "dissidents" in what came to be called 3384: 3014: 2802: 2653: 2553: 2475:(ZANU), by disgruntled ZAPU members in Tanzania in August 1963. The rival movements were split tribally, ZAPU being mostly 2221: 2145: 2138: 1478: 664: 629: 10827:

Manipulating the Market: Understanding Economic Sanctions, Institutional Change, and the Political Unity of White Rhodesia

14388: 14378: 11727: 8852: 2893: 9600: 2228:. Attempting to advance the case for Southern Rhodesian independence, particularly in the event of Federal dissolution, 1911:. He retained reasonable proficiency in Italian for the rest of his life, albeit reportedly with an "atrocious" accent. 14458: 14264: 14022: 13521: 13048: 12258: 12205: 11562: 3819:

Reflecting his divisive legacy, Smith's death ignited mixed reactions in Zimbabwe: then-Deputy Minister of Information

3721:

Smith travelled to South Africa for medical treatment in 2005, and moved into a retirement home overlooking the sea in

3186: 3151: 2549: 2452: 2271: 1494: 501: 142: 9569: 9432: 3404:

invited the Zimbabwe Rhodesian government and the Patriotic Front to attend an all-party constitutional conference at

3065:(later the United African National Council, or UANC) to organise and co-ordinate black opposition to the deal. Bishop 14543: 14483: 14448: 11947: 11365: 10421:

Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia

9410: 3564: 2460: 2329: 2076:

Legislative Assembly, in November 1948, concerned the Union of South Africa Trade Agreement Bill, then at its second

1816: 1549: 1457:(8 April 1919 – 20 November 2007) was a Rhodesian politician, farmer, and fighter pilot who served as 189: 3766: 3364: 1828:(RAF) in spite of this rule during 1940, suppressing mention of his studies, and formally joined in September 1941. 14548: 14478: 11891: 10710:

Do 'Zimbabweans' Exist? Trajectories of Nationalism, National Identity Formation and Crisis in a Postcolonial State

9984: 8908: 8287: 3725:, a southern suburb of Cape Town. He was reportedly devastated by the death of his son Alec from a heart attack at 3413: 3244: 3233: 3211: 2664:, however; Gibbs remained there, ignored by the Smith administration, until the declaration of a republic in 1970. 2383: 1336: 10270: 9415: 4144:, who said that this satisfied him personally, but would not be accepted by Labour or the international community. 14508: 14314: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11932: 11786: 11392: 10008: 3354: 3297: 3140: 3062: 3010: 2684: 2680: 2599: 2472: 2333: 2294:-style national crisis, the flight of the white community and ultimately the country's destruction. In the wider 2009: 1944: 1530: 1490: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1017: 243: 12559: 11552: 11483: 10356: 3158:

The geopolitical situation tilted further against Smith in December 1974 when the South African Prime Minister

2814: 2501: 2275: 1904: 1718:

grew up with a reputation for being "more British than the British", something in which they took great pride.

456: 403: 350: 9126: 3812:

magazine in 1976, asserted that "If we had a leader like Mr. Smith, we would have won long ago." ZANU founder

2834:(April 1968). These measures required UN member states to prevent all trade and economic links with Rhodesia. 14528: 14473: 13669: 11781: 11325: 10806:

The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with Special Reference to Imperial Control

8931: 3891: 2696: 2645: 2504:

in the remote south-east two days after Smith took office. The politically motivated killing of a white man,

2287: 1989:

used to refer to the stream, "Gwenoro", and set up a ranch where they ran cattle and grew tobacco and maize.

1900: 1767: 1755: 1517: 1364: 1163: 873: 828: 734: 3734:

in 1967, was by this time also widowed. She and Robert Smith cared for their stepfather in his final years.

2539:

Document of Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence signed by Ian Smith and members of his Cabinet

12336: 10830: 3669: 3437: 3387:

was not lost on Smith, who wrote to Thatcher: "All Rhodesians thank God for your magnificent victory." The

3327:

passenger flight on 3 September and massacred survivors at the crash site. Smith cut off talks, introduced

2413: 1953: 1721:

Smith showed sporting promise from an early age. After attending the Selukwe primary school, he boarded at

1691: 9770: 9453: 4191:

This was an independence-style variation on the 1961 constitution with references to British ties removed.

14523: 14493: 11942: 11856: 10424: 9886: 9310: 9019: 6983: 3491: 3050: 2656:" (created by the 1965 constitution). No attempt was made to remove Gibbs from his official residence at 2608: 2046:

dawned on me—being so naive about politicians—that our lives would be affected in the slightest degree."

1884: 1703: 1664: 1612:'s government. His criticisms persisted after his 1987 retirement: he dedicated much of his 1997 memoir, 13187: 12970: 12158: 9268: 8888: 1407: 14463: 13230: 12520: 12305: 12144: 11747: 11610: 11515: 11448: 10690: 10656: 10538: 10515: 10492: 9802: 9198: 9177: 9096: 9042: 7966: 4258: 3466: 3358: 3083: 2641: 2282:

Smith, Field and others met in Salisbury on 13 March 1962 and agreed to unite against Whitehead as the

1811:

in that it held extensive autonomous powers (including defence, but not foreign affairs) while lacking

1458: 1449: 1418: 508: 71: 41: 17: 10512:

Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997

9544: 3210:

on the border between Rhodesia and Zambia; the delegations sat on opposite sides of the frontier. The

1679:

Hodgson), had met in 1907, when she was sixteen, a year after her family's emigration to Selukwe from

13113: 12495: 12289: 11937: 10931: 10379: 10116: 10080:

Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment

9979: 9835: 9535: 4250: 4084: 3585: 3417: 3135: 3061:—would have to approve the terms for Britain to proceed. ZANU and ZAPU supporters quickly formed the 3034: 2620: 1739: 1594: 1486: 1481:. His 15 years in power were defined by the country's international isolation and involvement in the 1351: 9628: 2991:

of seats as whites; the declared goal was not majority rule, but rather "parity between the races".

2535: 1199: 13458: 13453: 11896: 11811: 11764: 10314: 9513: 9247: 9219: 8736: 4070: 3638: 3630: 3269: 3009:

No country recognised the Rhodesian republic. The RF was decisively returned to power in the first

2979: 2341: 2261:

of the mostly white electorate approved the new constitution by a majority of 65% on 26 July 1961.

2253: 2245: 2213: 2030: 2017: 1605: 1341: 966: 12274: 3379:

An observer group from the UK Conservative Party did regard the April 1979 elections as fair, and

2611:; Portugal's acceptance of this in September 1965 prompted British outrage and Rhodesian delight. 11916: 11906: 11806: 11720: 10809: 10761: 9989: 4677: 3928: 3726: 3609: 3502: 3337: 3320: 3033:

legislation; blacks would thus wield an effective veto "as long as they voted solidly together",

2476: 2396: 2354: 2217: 2173: 1808: 1659:. He had two elder sisters, Phyllis and Joan. His father, John Douglas "Jock" Smith, was born in 1651:(now Shurugwi), a small mining and farming town about 310 km (190 mi) southwest of the 1565:

victories over the course of his premiership; despite sporadic negotiations with moderate leader

1453: 1194: 45: 4518: 4514: 4060:, the black-nationalist leader in Nyasaland, had been secretly informed of it ten months before. 2303:"The white man is the master of Rhodesia," he declared; " has built it and intends to keep it". 2184:, which is generally the step to a ministerial appointment, and ... see how he works out". 2059: 13697: 13544: 13152: 13142: 12052: 11625: 11130:

So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965

11065: 10713: 9589:"Personality: Flight Lieutenant Ian Smith. The wartime story of the Rhodesian Prime Minister". 8953: 3694: 3538: 3474: 3303:

In March 1978, Smith and non-militant nationalist groups headed by Muzorewa, Sithole and Chief

3293: 2661: 2657: 2313: 2088: 1965: 1800: 1618:, to condemning Mugabe, UK politicians, and defending his premiership. In 2005, Smith moved to 1509: 1395: 1045: 3139:

continued sporadically. The RF again won a clean sweep of the 50 white seats in the July 1974

2837: 12195: 12131: 10874: 10397: 9753: 9073: 9015: 4274:

Berlyn, a poet who travelled with the Pearce Commissioners as a journalist for the Salisbury

3219: 3207: 2987: 2700: 2113: 2077: 2025: 1796: 1581: 14373: 14368: 12894: 12840: 12821: 12793: 12765: 12666: 12282: 11871: 11801: 9220:"The Prime Minister of Besieged Rhodesia: 'no Bugger on Earth Can Tell Smithie What to Do'" 9020:"If only Ian Smith had shown some imagination, then more of his people might live at peace" 4254: 4246: 3522: 3498: 3388: 3372:, the country's first black prime minister, who succeeded Smith in June 1979 following the 3172: 3147: 2857: 2484: 2439: 2431: 2388: 2374: 2177: 1997: 1976:

in South Africa who had come to Selukwe to stay with family after the death of her husband

1896: 1852: 1821: 1777: 1751: 1699: 1573: 1534: 1100: 1023: 32: 9502:"Despite Rhodesia's Elections, Robert Mugabe Vows to Wage Guerrilla War 'to the Last Man'" 3584:

resigned as leader of the CAZ. His salary was also stopped during the suspension, but the

3236:, was instrumental in Smith's public acceptance in 1976 of the principle of majority rule. 2585:

in 1965. Wilson, who took office in October 1964, proved a formidable opponent of Smith's.

1733:

and captain of the school teams in cricket, rugby and tennis, as well as recipient of the

16:

This article is about the Rhodesian prime minister. For other people named Ian Smith, see

8: 13990: 13725: 13081: 12463: 12341: 11901: 11133: 10736: 10638: 10608: 10402:

Rhodesians Never Die: The Impact of War and Political Change on White Rhodesia, 1970–1980

8715: 4140:(tribal conference) of chiefs and headmen. This was turned down by the UK Prime Minister 3912: 3722: 3710: 3590: 3373: 3308: 3058: 2628: 2427: 1722: 1711: 1585: 1346: 10752:

Nkiwane, Tankeda C. "Opposition Politics in Zimbabwe: The Struggle within the Struggle".

9933: 9352:(1997). "Violence Variously Remembered: the Killing of Pieter Oberholzer in July 1964". 3431:

The UK government and the international community ultimately declared the February 1980

2172:), after one of Welensky's Federal Cabinet ministers requested Smith's appointment as a 14363: 14005: 13960: 13880: 13860: 13289: 13132: 12904: 12874: 12636: 12621: 12596: 12581: 12077: 11886: 11713: 10124: 9395: 9377: 9369: 9161: 8936: 4682: 4509: 3895: 3813: 3580: 3478:

side with their respective MPs following, "aptly symbolis the mood of reconciliation",

3194: 3125: 3095: 3078: 2933: 2915: 2841: 2788: 2708: 2464: 2233: 2133: 1482: 1321: 10004: 9680: 8973: 3877:

In the eyes of the UK, Smith legally stopped being prime minister when his government

14174: 13955: 13810: 13355: 13127: 13076: 13058: 12997: 12924: 12914: 12831: 12808: 12567: 12509: 12458: 12394: 12326: 12263: 11570: 11263: 11198: 11179: 11156: 11137: 11114: 11091: 11069: 11046: 11023: 11004: 10987: 10977: 10954: 10935: 10897: 10878: 10853: 10834: 10813: 10787: 10765: 10740: 10717: 10694: 10671: 10642: 10612: 10602: 10584: 10561: 10542: 10519: 10496: 10473: 10447: 10428: 10405: 10383: 10360: 10337: 10318: 10292: 10273: 10264: 10249: 10230: 10207: 10188: 10164: 10147: 10128: 10102: 10083: 10055: 10038: 9775: 9381: 9282: 9224: 9165: 4141: 3834: 3808: 3803: 3754: 3425: 3380: 3312: 3046: 3039: 3002: 2975: 2964: 2817:

then "bullied Smith for two long days" to try to get him to settle, without success.

2668: 2595: 2557: 2363: 2153: 2096: 2067:, the first to feature Smith, in 1948. Smith is the left-most figure in the back row. 1924: 1908: 1888: 1715: 1652: 1589: 1577: 1505: 1462: 1173: 1140: 1096: 781: 633: 11062:

Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1962

10735:. Area Handbook Series (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 10353:

Pioneers, settlers, aliens, exiles: the decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe

14279: 14099: 14034: 13925: 13735: 13462: 13340: 12864: 11663: 10630: 9591: 9361: 9153: 9121: 9091: 8977: 4342:

Smith had a similarly low opinion of Carrington, condemning him in strong terms in

3518: 3167: 2960: 2672: 2603: 2455:(also called Lord Graham), heading a minority of hardline Dominion Party veterans. 2418: 2225: 1948: 1919: 1856: 1792: 1513: 1183: 877: 10182: 2366:, which was strongly anti-colonial and supportive of black-nationalist ambitions. 14156: 14054: 13980: 13965: 13920: 13850: 13430: 13415: 13250: 13169: 13038: 12919: 12899: 12889: 12879: 12721: 12656: 12646: 12631: 12626: 12611: 12601: 12361: 12351: 12171: 11826: 11758: 11542: 11493: 11375: 10598: 10580: 10535:

Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987

9797: 9748: 9549: 9064: 9047: 3825: 3742: 3637:

The elderly Ian Smith lived in an unassuming house in Harare where, according to

3514: 3509: 3484: 3479: 3405: 3304: 3240: 3229: 2807: 2781: 2757: 2283: 2229: 2189: 2085: 2029:

Jacob Smit, who had lost his seat in Salisbury City, retired and was replaced as

1868: 1825: 1542: 1521: 1331: 1253: 1153: 1029: 489: 446: 395: 236: 134: 114: 14184: 9818: 2687:

quickly joined the UK in condemning UDI as illegal and racist. Security Council

2623:

with his Cabinet to break ties unilaterally on 11 November 1965, and signed the

2316:, to oppose compulsory integration, and to win Southern Rhodesian independence. 1729:, about 30 km (19 mi) away. In his final year at Chaplin, he was head 1588:

in 1978 with moderate leaders, excluding ZANU and ZAPU; the country was renamed

1469:) from 1964 to 1979. He was the country's first leader to be born and raised in 14044: 14000: 13895: 13686: 13603: 13482: 13317: 10779: 10626: 9980:"Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in Zimbabwe (1923–2000)" 9959: 9349: 9332: 9264: 9173: 8847: 4297:

The Land Apportionment Act had been slightly reformed and thus renamed in 1969.

4057: 4027: 3830: 3820: 3778: 3648: 3572: 3272:, held between October and December 1976 under British mediation, also failed. 3109: 3087: 2971: 2940: 2886: 2742: 2648: 2349: 2345: 2236:, on a par with Australia, Canada and New Zealand, if the Federation broke up. 2193: 2071:

Because of Southern Rhodesia's small size and lack of major controversies, its

2037:, who renamed the Liberals the "Rhodesia Party". Having grown up in an area of 1804: 1734: 1707: 1660: 1127: 11085: 4178:

The RF won 22 of its 50 seats unopposed. The United People's Party, headed by

4153:

The referendum supported by 89% and the 622 tribal leaders did so unanimously.

3753:

in Zimbabwe, when ZANU–PF was accused of using dead "ghost voters" to counter

3045:

The UK announced a test of opinion in Rhodesia to be undertaken by a four-man

1847:

in September 1942. He hoped to be stationed in Britain, but was posted to the

14357: 14332: 13905: 13870: 13785: 13534: 13235: 13158: 13147: 13122: 12788: 12741: 12701: 12681: 12504: 12472: 12366: 12356: 12230: 11525: 11473: 11441: 11431: 11402: 11081: 11073: 10951:

The Making of Zimbabwe: Decolonization in Regional and International Politics

10911: 10801: 10744: 10687:

In the Footsteps of the Masters: Desmond M Tutu and Abel T Muzorewa

10469: 10466:

Dinner with Mugabe: The Untold Story of a Freedom Fighter Who Became a Tyrant

10461: 10376:

The Silence of Great Zimbabwe: Contested Landscapes and the Power of Heritage

10005:"Resolution 448 (1979) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2143rd meeting" 9286: 9273: 9082: 8904: 4202: 4113: 4097: 4074:

above all the great loyalty you have always given to Britain in time of war".

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The original vision shared by Huggins and his Northern Rhodesian counterpart

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degree. After injuring his knee playing rugby, he took up rowing and became

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from the United Kingdom in November 1965 in opposition to their demands for

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The Collapse of Rhodesia: Population Demographics and the Politics of Race

2248:. He lent his support to the "United Group", an awkward coalition wherein 2008:. In August, about a month before election day, members of the opposition 14239: 13712: 13701: 13690: 13332: 13321: 13310: 13239: 13217: 13053: 12909: 12190: 12058: 10178: 9713: 8927: 4317: 4164: 4044: 3762: 3731: 3614: 3547: 3328: 3253: 3202: 3091: 2967: 2922: 2863: 2509: 2488: 1982: 1743: 1668: 12550: 10035:

Guide to the Historical Manuscripts in the National Archives of Rhodesia

14139: 14124: 13400: 12046: 11339: 11310: 11175: 11110: 10667: 10226: 10042: 9373: 7248: 4096:

These were Arthur Philip Smith (no relation) as Minister of Education,

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Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World

10067:

Rowland, J Reid. "Constitutional History of Rhodesia: An outline". In

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The black-nationalist movement had adopted Zimbabwe, derived from the

3280: 3178: 3163: 3117: 11042: 10973: 10510:

Kalley, Jacqueline; Schoeman, Elna; Andor, L E (February 1999).

10187:(First ed.). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. 9891: 3941: 3714: 2777: 2746: 2274:—and announced that the UFP would repeal the racially discriminatory 2161: 2100: 2042: 2038: 1961: 982: 9365: 9142:

McWilliam, Michael (January 2003). "Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth".

6129: 3361:; Nkomo promptly dubbed him the "Minister with all the portfolios". 2607:

unilateral and ultimately successful attempt to open an independent

14293: 13108: 13024: 12975: 12850: 12775: 12555: 12490: 12426: 12309: 12304: 11751: 10560:. Penguin African Library (First ed.). London: Penguin Books. 9916: 7614: 7308: 7260: 6571: 6384: 6292: 3881:

on 11 November 1965. In practice, he remained in office until 1979.

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context, the ardently anti-communist RF aspired to represent a pro-

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the implementation of majority rule as a condition for independence

1470: 1466: 1314: 997: 962: 9145:

The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs

8954:"Ian Smith, Defiant Symbol of White Rule in Africa, Is Dead at 88" 7014: 5407: 4648: 4646: 3225: 2826:

institute the first mandatory trade sanctions in its history with

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Announcing his Cabinet on 17 December 1962, Field named Smith his

2204: 1831: 1772: 1220: 23:

Prime Minister of Rhodesia (1919–2007) in office from 1964 to 1979

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in 1980, faced an official opposition headed by Smith until 1987.

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Signatories of Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence

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In particular, Field and Smith claimed that Butler told them at

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to accuse them of breaching "the fundamental laws of the land".

2810:

powers to make a deal. According to J.R.T. Wood, Wilson and his

1914: 12330:(1923–1965, the internationally accepted legal name until 1980) 11283: 8508: 8506: 7272: 6357: 5568: 5564: 5562: 4643: 4136: 3397: 3265: 2862:

five months later on 13 September. A panel of judges headed by

2749:, the venue for talks between Smith and Wilson in 1966 and 1968 2566: 2524: 2492: 2169: 1656: 668: 9243:"The Beira patrol: Britain's broken blockade against Rhodesia" 7866: 7124: 6699: 6697: 5341: 5339: 5222: 4819: 4541: 4539: 4162:

Legislation passed at Salisbury to shorten the name was ruled

3629:

Smith in 1990, speaking at a dinner held in his honour by the

2905: 2866:

ruled UDI, the 1965 constitution and Smith's government to be

2851:

ship that hosted the 1968 Anglo-Rhodesian summit off Gibraltar

2767:

ship that hosted the 1966 Anglo-Rhodesian summit off Gibraltar

2676:

Southern Rhodesia, and hence the sole lawful authority there.

11172:

Rhodesia and Independence: A Study in British Colonial Policy

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approached Smith and asked him to stand for them in Selukwe.

1860: 1726: 1489:

against the Soviet- and Chinese-funded military wings of the

11705: 10078:

Binda, Alexandre (November 2007). Heppenstall, David (ed.).

10037:(First ed.). Salisbury: National Archives of Rhodesia. 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8503: 8379: 7830: 6820: 6810: 6808: 5873: 5849: 5571:"Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964" 5559: 5181: 5179: 3357:

made up of 12 blacks and five whites. Smith was included as

8050: 8048: 8021: 7935: 7883: 7750: 7738: 7544: 7542: 7441: 7175: 6936: 6694: 6374: 6372: 6311: 6309: 6307: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5608: 5606: 5336: 4720: 4536: 3962: 3596:

This marked the end of Smith's front-line political career—

3490:

As Mugabe's main opponent in Parliament at the head of the

2408: 1608:

for seven years and marked himself as a strident critic of

11039:

The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa

8537: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 7985: 7767: 7765: 7706: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7233: 7192: 7190: 7002: 6907: 6880: 6832: 6045: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5258: 5060: 5058: 5056: 4951: 4949: 4710: 4708: 4580: 4578: 3911:(1975–1976, August–November 1978 and March–June 1979) and 3343:

After whites endorsed the Internal Settlement by 85% in a

3276:

Internal Settlement and Lancaster House; becoming Zimbabwe

1947:

crew, and subsequently received national-standard varsity

1761: 1500:

Smith was born to British immigrants in the small town of

9604: 9573: 8518: 8009: 7728: 7726: 7566: 7527: 7505: 7503: 7416: 7414: 7284: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7139: 6856: 6805: 6757: 6745: 6660: 6658: 6607: 6468: 6021: 5324: 5176: 4990: 4988: 4934: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4695: 4693: 3681:, an assertion disputed by the Minister of Home Affairs, 3340:

another civilian flight, this time killing all on board.

2574:

as insufficiently representative of the black community.

14409:

Members of the Legislative Assembly of Southern Rhodesia

10052:

The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith

9660:"Ian Smith granted a British passport to seek treatment" 9476:"Robert Mugabe seizes former Rhodesian PM's family farm" 9454:"Robert Mugabe's land reform comes under fresh scrutiny" 8447: 8229: 8227: 8163: 8161: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8045: 7643: 7539: 7431: 7429: 7114: 7112: 6793: 6643: 6583: 6544: 6508: 6480: 6396: 6369: 6304: 6201: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6093: 6081: 6069: 5997: 5973: 5885: 5769: 5725: 5713: 5701: 5654: 5603: 5196: 5194: 5110: 5007: 5005: 5003: 3589:

abolished in October; Mugabe became the country's first

2787:

between 2 and 4 December 1966, while the second, aboard

2377:, where the Federal break-up conference was held in 1963 2165:

education and he always showed an interest in farming".

8630: 8628: 8491: 8479: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8115: 7997: 7947: 7842: 7762: 7679: 7655: 7626: 7602: 7578: 7515: 7473: 7387: 7332: 7296: 7187: 7163: 7026: 6990: 6960: 6948: 6924: 6895: 6868: 6781: 6561: 6559: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6230: 6228: 6057: 5825: 5791: 5789: 5691: 5689: 5547: 5496: 5484: 5443: 5053: 4946: 4898: 4855: 4843: 4807: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4737: 4735: 4705: 4658: 4631: 4575: 4486: 3284:

Smith signing the Rhodesian Internal Settlement in 1978

3189:, one of the main black-nationalist parties in Rhodesia 2801:

in a belligerent mindset. Wilson's political secretary

2730: 1996:

was called in Southern Rhodesia in July 1948 after the

1529:

for Selukwe that same year. Originally a member of the

14414:

Members of the Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federal Assembly

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A younger brother named Hilary, born in 1923, died of

3927:

Selukwe and Shurugwi are the same place; the town was

3528: 3021:

took over as prime minister while Douglas-Home became

2881:, the UK reversed its confrontational approach of the 10786:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 9197:

Meldrum, Andrew; MacAskill, Ewen (6 September 2001).

8684: 8613: 8589: 8549: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8294: 8224: 8202: 8200: 8158: 8103: 8060: 7667: 7590: 7554: 7426: 7320: 7221: 7151: 7109: 7062: 6844: 6769: 6733: 6709: 6189: 5861: 5801: 5630: 5431: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5275: 5273: 5246: 5234: 5191: 5164: 5137: 5000: 4973: 3311:", under which the country would be reconstituted as 3112:, he compares both of their situations. He warns the 3005:, with whom Smith signed a short-lived accord in 1971 1750:. Smith enrolled at the start of 1938, reading for a 12972:

Ministers of Foreign Affairs and International Trade

12029:

The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith

10870:

The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith

10604:

Mugabe: Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe

9912:"Mixed reactions in Zimbabwe over Ian Smith's death" 8820:

Blair, David; Thornycroft, Peta (20 November 2007).

8660: 8625: 8403: 8259: 8146: 7911: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7349: 7347: 6682: 6670: 6631: 6619: 6556: 6532: 6456: 6444: 6252: 6225: 6117: 6033: 6009: 5985: 5961: 5949: 5913: 5813: 5786: 5757: 5686: 5642: 5041: 5017: 4922: 4886: 4732: 4590: 4474: 4375: 4373: 3654: 2323: 1634: 11155:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. 10852:(First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10625: 10509: 10003: 8994:"Zimbabwe's last white ruler struck off voter roll" 8352: 8212: 8079: 7854: 7813: 7620: 7365: 7314: 7266: 7254: 7074: 7020: 6390: 6345: 5837: 5591: 5535: 5523: 5508: 5149: 5122: 5098: 5029: 4831: 4747: 4614: 4385: 4116:, Tanzania was then ZAPU's main base of operations. 4100:as Minister of Roads, Immigration and Tourism, and 3772: 2491:and its allies, while ZANU had aligned itself with 2160:on 15 December 1953, and thereafter continued as a 11107:Britain and the Politics of Rhodesian Independence 10921:. Winchester, Massachusetts: Flag Research Center. 9860: 9834: 9722: 9474: 8851: 8821: 8794: 8767: 8742:"Ian Smith defies Mugabe's threats and flies home" 8740: 8708: 8367: 8325: 8197: 8173: 8134: 8033: 6321: 6240: 5419: 5379: 5367: 5309: 5285: 5270: 4563: 4524: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4358: 2982:. After the electorate voted "yes" in a June 1969 2358:it hurt Britain's reputation to even maintain the 2084:, in Gwelo on 20 May 1949. Smith also served as a 1694:; he also became a founding member of the Selukwe 1473:, and led the predominantly white government that 12137:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence 11087:The Labour Government, 1964–70: A Personal Record 10758:The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa 9769: 9255:(1). Newport, Rhode Island: 63–84. Archived from 7967:"Ian Smith Wins Judgment Against Zimbabwe Regime" 7877: 7796: 7344: 6980:"APF newsletter, "Appraisal of Rhodesia in 1975"" 4602: 4370: 4104:as Minister of Mines, Land and Water Development. 4087:, New Zealand and the British Embassy in Germany. 2531:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence 2252:'s conservative Dominion Party closed ranks with 2020:, then went straight into the election campaign. 1601:and the recognition of an independent Zimbabwe. 14355: 11037:Williams, Gwyneth; Hackland, Brian (July 1988). 11036: 10784:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: K–Z 10331: 9679: 9588: 9433:"Third of Zimbabwe's registered voters are dead" 9199:"Zimbabwe farm militants try to evict Ian Smith" 9196: 8932:"Ian Smith, former Rhodesian leader, dies at 88" 8819: 8561: 8391: 8319: 8191: 7929: 7782: 7780: 7405: 7038: 6135: 5472: 4825: 4686:(Supplement). 26 January 1943. pp. 488–489. 4551: 4521:. 1 January 1960. Both accessed 14 October 2014. 4336: 2192:, then Smith's counterpart as Chief Whip of the 10707: 10418: 10332:Fedorowich, Kent; Thomas, Martin, eds. (2001). 10206:(First ed.). New York: Algora Publishing. 9859: 9833: 9721: 8769:"Ian Smith is stripped of Zimbabwe citizenship" 8512: 8385: 7836: 7459: 7278: 7133: 6727: 6577: 6363: 6298: 6286:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 5413: 5401: 4967: 4414: 4397: 2598:'s funeral. The RF called a fresh election for 2556:meant that Smith would be negotiating not with 1815:status. As a British colony, Southern Rhodesia 1377: 10291:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 10243: 9862:"Robert Mugabe says 'only God' can remove him" 9793:"Alec Smith – Unlikely reconciler in Zimbabwe" 9695: 9683:. New York: Associated Press. 20 November 1985 9671:"Ian Smith Invites Blacks to Join His Party". 9670: 9658: 9646: 9391:"Mugabe pledges tougher policy towards whites" 7941: 7889: 7756: 7744: 4652: 4323: 3890:Elizabeth II's representative in Rhodesia—the 2264: 1820:represented". Excited by the idea of flying a 1647:Ian Douglas Smith was born on 8 April 1919 in 13654: 13274: 13203: 12956: 12536: 12290: 12117: 12093: 11721: 10661:Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography. 10575:Martin, David; Johnson, Phyllis (July 1981). 10574: 10396: 10246:War in the Air: Rhodesian Air Force 1935–1980 10225:. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: 10011:. 30 April 1979. UN Document S/RES/448 (1979) 9749:"Smith Fails to Renounce British Citizenship" 9152:(368). Newtonabbey, Northern Ireland: 89–98. 8909:"Statement on the death of Ian Douglas Smith" 8796:"Ian Smith: Man whose folly unleashed Mugabe" 7777: 7453: 7103: 6826: 5935: 5903: 5879: 4309: 3996: 3837:, but President Mugabe has killed all that." 3620: 3116:public against putting too much faith in the 1915:Graduation, marriage and entrance to politics 1795:broke out in 1939, Southern Rhodesia had had 1426: 603:15 September 1948 – 11 December 1953 14419:Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe 11066:University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 10967: 10558:Rhodesia: White Racism and Imperial Response 10444:The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown 10334:International Diplomacy and Colonial Retreat 9717:. Ocala, Florida. 9 August 1987. p. 2F. 9681:"Mugabe Denounces Amnesty Report on Torture" 9648:"Ian Smith collapses in Zimbabwe Parliament" 9595:. No. 10. London. 1975. pp. 43–46. 9528: 8583: 8531: 5855: 5345: 4726: 4545: 4300: 4119: 2525:Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) 2121:, headed by Huggins and Northern Rhodesia's 646:15 December 1953 – 12 November 1958 10778: 10756:Olukoshi, Adebayo O., ed. (February 1998). 10184:Under the Skin: The Death of White Rhodesia 10032: 9791: 9707: 9627:. New York. 11 October 1976. Archived from 9472: 9178:"Mugabe supporters invade Ian Smith's farm" 8453: 8054: 5743: 5466: 5064: 4077: 4032:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 3513:South Africa for a condition stemming from 3453: 3108:Ian Smith makes a speech on the day of the 3053:. All four population groups—black, white, 2906:A republic; failed accord with Douglas-Home 2459:, whom Field had appointed Director of the 1839:After a year's training at Gwelo under the 1629: 13661: 13647: 13281: 13267: 13210: 13196: 12963: 12949: 12543: 12529: 12297: 12283: 12124: 12110: 11728: 11714: 11366:Deputy Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia 9403: 7771: 4239: 2870:, prompting the UK Commonwealth Secretary 2794:, was held between 8 and 13 October 1968. 1803:from the UK in 1923. It was unique in the 1433: 1419: 416:28 August 1964 – 4 September 1964 190:Deputy Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia 14489:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II 11190: 10514:(First ed.). Westport, Connecticut: 10305: 10141: 9885: 9801:. London. 2 February 2006. Archived from 9263: 9141: 9069:"The last hurrah of Zimbabwe's Ian Smith" 9063: 8974:"Right-Wing Rancher-Politician Shot Dead" 8710:"Zimbabweans praise 'generous' Ian Smith" 8253: 8015: 7732: 7509: 7420: 6502: 6474: 6402: 6275:, Volume 127, Butterworth, 1978, page 529 5624: 4464: 4194: 4050: 3923: 3921: 3901: 3884: 3873: 3871: 3400:in August 1979, the UK Foreign Secretary 3292:The loss of these seats to the breakaway 2521:(ZIPRA)—thereafter operated from abroad. 2515:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 2128: 2000:government, headed by the Prime Minister 798:10 April 1979 – 12 December 1979 704:14 December 1962 – 10 April 1970 681:12 November 1958 – 27 April 1962 306:29 November 1963 – 13 April 1964 256:17 December 1962 – 13 April 1964 202:17 December 1962 – 13 April 1964 11104: 11020:Smith of Rhodesia: A Pictorial Biography 10948: 10755: 10597: 10244:Cowderoy, Dudley; Nesbit, James (1987). 10220: 10201: 10158: 10099:The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry 9910: 9570:"Ian Smith declares Rhodesia a republic" 9406:"Ian Smith shakes fist at Robert Mugabe" 9217: 9114: 8951: 8926: 8879:"Former Rhodesian leader Ian Smith dies" 8654: 8619: 8473: 8442: 8426: 8300: 8233: 8167: 8128: 8003: 7991: 7953: 7905: 7848: 7786: 7717: 7700: 7688: 7661: 7649: 7637: 7608: 7584: 7494: 7467: 7377: 7338: 7302: 7242: 7196: 7032: 7008: 6996: 6966: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6918: 6901: 6874: 6799: 6787: 6438: 6426: 6414: 5931: 5867: 4676: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4185: 4147: 4063: 4016: 3865:Known as "Southern Rhodesia" until 1964. 3705: 3701: 3624: 3457: 3394:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 3363: 3279: 3224: 3177: 3100: 3082: 2993: 2836: 2752: 2741: 2576: 2546:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 2534: 2412: 2409:First days; banning of PCC/ZAPU and ZANU 2368: 2203: 2132: 2058: 1918: 1830: 1771: 1638: 1604:Following the election, Smith served as 11297:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 11250:Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federal Assembly 11215:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 11064:. Salisbury: Department of Government, 11059: 10998: 10847: 10829:(First ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: 10751: 10684: 10486: 10460: 10423:(First ed.). Leiden and New York: 10373: 10286: 10066: 9985:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9388: 9172: 9081: 9077:. Washington, Pennsylvania. p. A4. 8903: 8876: 8853:"Ian Smith has sadly been proved right" 8846: 8678: 8666: 8634: 8497: 8485: 8469: 8438: 8414: 8274: 8245: 8152: 8097: 8027: 7917: 7521: 7482: 7463: 7447: 7393: 7381: 7181: 7169: 6703: 6063: 5747: 5666: 5553: 5397: 5264: 5212: 5076: 4994: 4519:(Supplement) No. 41909. p. 23 4515:(Supplement) No. 40053. p. 23 4456: 4448: 4291: 4281: 4268: 4217: 4128: 4107: 4043:The remaining "B"-roll seat was won by 3986: 3947: 3848: 3717:suburb where Smith spent his last years 2065:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 1762:Second World War; Royal Air Force pilot 1069: 688:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 665:Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federal Assembly 630:Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federal Assembly 587:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 521:1 June 1979 – 12 December 1979 363:13 April 1964 – 28 August 1964 14519:Zimbabwean expatriates in South Africa 14504:Southern Rhodesian World War II pilots 14356: 11862:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 11532:as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia 11508:as Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia 11080: 11003:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 10930:(First ed.). Syracuse, New York: 10925: 10800: 10730: 10532: 10350: 10101:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 10082:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 10068: 10049: 9978: 9747: 9360:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: 273–286. 9348: 9300: 9240: 9087:"Lost paradise of the big white chief" 9014: 8991: 8607: 8595: 8579: 8543: 8361: 8346: 8249: 8218: 8073: 7901: 7560: 7548: 7533: 7215: 7118: 7091: 7056: 6889: 6838: 6664: 6601: 6526: 6498: 6339: 6315: 6051: 5939: 5807: 5676: 5636: 5330: 5303: 5240: 5200: 5185: 5170: 5143: 5092: 5047: 5023: 5011: 4979: 4955: 4940: 4904: 4892: 4861: 4849: 4813: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4741: 4714: 4664: 4637: 4596: 4584: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4379: 4230: 4208: 4172: 4156: 4090: 4037: 3934: 3918: 3868: 3693:, a speech he gave to students at the 2625:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 2592:unilateral declaration of independence 1923:College House, the men's residence at 1784: 1943, in the Second World War's 1508:, four years before the colony became 1495:Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) 1491:Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) 1228:This article is part of a series about 782:House of Assembly of Zimbabwe Rhodesia 751:10 April 1970 – 10 April 1979 14539:Zimbabwean people of Scottish descent 14424:Members of the Parliament of Rhodesia 13668: 13642: 13262: 13191: 12944: 12524: 12278: 12105: 12092: 11709: 11689:Leader of the Opposition of Zimbabwe 11169: 11017: 10910: 10891: 10866: 10685:Mungazi, Dickson A. (February 2000). 10655: 10635:The Rhodesian War: A Military History 10555: 10289:Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador 10262: 10177: 10115: 10096: 10077: 9771:"Citizenship Pulled, Ex-Premier Says" 9529:Younghusband, Peter (17 March 1978). 9473:Thornycroft, Peta (6 December 2012). 9451: 9430: 9325: 8792: 8765: 8735: 8706: 8690: 8650: 8646: 8555: 8373: 8334: 8288:"Zimbabwe's turmoil rouses Ian Smith" 8206: 8179: 8140: 8109: 8085: 8039: 7673: 7596: 7572: 7435: 7326: 7290: 7227: 7157: 7145: 7068: 6862: 6850: 6814: 6775: 6763: 6751: 6739: 6715: 6676: 6613: 6195: 5967: 5763: 5680: 5569:F. M. G. Willson and G. C. Passmore. 5541: 5357: 5158: 5131: 5116: 5088: 5035: 4928: 4916: 4880: 4837: 4801: 4753: 4699: 4625: 4569: 4530: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4391: 3802:wall". According to his RF colleague 3408:in London, starting on 10 September. 2340:, the UK's Deputy Prime Minister and 890:1 July 1985 – September 1987 14534:Zimbabwean people of English descent 11817:No independence before majority rule 11797:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 11150: 11127: 10824: 10441: 10033:Baxter, T. W.; Burke, E. E. (1970). 9957: 9873:from the original on 12 January 2022 9847:from the original on 12 January 2022 9735:from the original on 12 January 2022 9709:"Ian Smith Still Stubborn, Forceful" 9697:"Ian Smith branded 'enemy of state'" 9619: 9543: 9499: 9487:from the original on 12 January 2022 9228:. Vol. 5, no. 22. New York 9040: 8971: 8864:from the original on 12 January 2022 8834:from the original on 12 January 2022 8823:"Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies" 8807:from the original on 12 January 2022 8780:from the original on 12 January 2022 8753:from the original on 12 January 2022 8723:from the original on 12 January 2022 7860: 7824: 7807: 7790: 7353: 6688: 6649: 6637: 6625: 6589: 6565: 6550: 6538: 6514: 6486: 6462: 6450: 6378: 6351: 6327: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6219: 6207: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6123: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5955: 5943: 5919: 5907: 5891: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5795: 5780: 5751: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5612: 5597: 5529: 5517: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5454: 5437: 5425: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5318: 5291: 5279: 5252: 5228: 5216: 5104: 4608: 4557: 4408: 4364: 4169:continued throughout the UDI period. 4006: 3859: 2797:The UK's prime minister went to HMS 2654:Officer Administering the Government 2519:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army 2222:no independence before majority rule 2139:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1843:, Smith passed out with the rank of 1552:following the Front's December 1962 1465:until October 1964 and now known as 845:18 April 1980 – 1 July 1985 84:13 April 1964 – 1 June 1979 14384:20th-century Zimbabwean politicians 11449:Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia 10708:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009). 10446:. Johannesburg: Struik Publishers. 9932: 9819:"Ex-Rhodesia leader Ian Smith dies" 9817: 9599: 9568: 8972:Faul, Michelle (30 November 1985). 8707:Bevan, Stephen (20 November 2007). 8640: 8567: 8465: 8397: 7044: 4429: 3968: 2634: 1065: 13: 14439:Deputy prime ministers of Rhodesia 10949:Tamarkin, Mordechai (April 1990). 10894:Bitter Harvest: The Great Betrayal 10221:Cilliers, Jakkie (December 1984). 10142:Bolze, Louis; Ravn, Klaus (1966). 9404:Schuettler, Darren (14 May 2000). 9115:Majendie, Paul (26 October 2000). 8877:Chinaka, Cris (20 November 2007). 4435: 4331:Bitter Harvest: The Great Betrayal 2959:and Rhodesia's Commonwealth-style 2717:UN Security Council Resolution 221 2711:in March 1966. This blockade, the 2199: 2004:, unexpectedly lost a vote in the 1562:unilaterally declared independence 1560:broke down, Smith and his Cabinet 1475:unilaterally declared independence 14: 14570: 11948:Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe 11282:Member of Federal Parliament for 11262:Member of Federal Parliament for 11001:PK van der Byl: African Statesman 10896:. London: John Blake Publishing. 10374:Fontein, Joost (September 2006). 9724:"The Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole" 9601:"1975: Rhodesia peace talks fail" 8952:Cowell, Alan (21 November 2007). 8793:Blair, David (20 November 2007). 7621:Kalley, Schoeman & Andor 1999 4026:name for the ancient ruined city 3655:2000–2002: back in the public eye 3565:Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe 2461:Central Intelligence Organisation 2403: 2324:Deputy Prime Minister under Field 1635:Family, childhood and adolescence 13101: 13069: 13017: 12985: 12483: 12451: 12419: 12382: 12319: 12157: 12073: 12072: 11835: 10204:A Crisis of Governance: Zimbabwe 9431:Smith, David (21 January 2011). 9301:Ndlovu, Tendai (13 March 2008). 9269:"Rhodesia's War of Independence" 8573: 8459: 8432: 8280: 8239: 7959: 7895: 7371: 6972: 6492: 6278: 6264: 5925: 5897: 5737: 4056:This decision was far from new; 3773:Character, reputation and legacy 2932: 2914: 2828:Security Council Resolutions 232 2438:, who called it "brutal", while 1972:Watt), a schoolteacher from the 1406: 1337:Victoria Falls Conference (1975) 1219: 1198: 1193: 1133: 1120: 469:11 November 1965 – 1966 54: 11933:Government of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 11787:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party 11571:Parliament of Zimbabwe Rhodesia 10968:Van Rensburg, A. P. J. (1975). 10928:Sanctions: The Case of Rhodesia 10782:; Shadle, Robert, eds. (1996). 10731:Nelson, Harold D., ed. (1983). 9936:. London: BBC. 21 November 2017 9821:. London: BBC. 21 November 2007 9545:"Rhodesia: Christmas Postponed" 9328:"Life was 'better under Smith'" 9326:Raath, Jan (23 November 2007). 9241:Mobley, Richard (Winter 2002). 9218:Minetree, Harry (7 June 1976). 9117:"Arrest me, Smith tells Mugabe" 7315:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 7267:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 7255:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 7021:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 6391:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 5391: 5351: 5206: 5082: 4670: 4498: 3162:pressured him into accepting a 2473:Zimbabwe African National Union 2272:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1853:No. 237 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF 1778:No. 237 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF 1061: 11912:1979 constitutional referendum 11892:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 11882:1969 constitutional referendum 11822:1961 constitutional referendum 11132:. Victoria, British Columbia: 10970:Contemporary Leaders of Africa 10419:Gowlland-Debbas, Vera (1990). 10223:Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia 10202:Chikuhwa, Jacob (March 2004). 10146:. Salisbury: Mardon Printers. 9703:. 21 February 1987. p. 4. 9512:(18). New York. Archived from 9389:Sakaike, Tonic (1 July 1985). 8992:Fields, Jane (18 April 2013). 8766:Blair, David (28 March 2002). 8700:Newspaper and journal articles 5578:University of Zimbabwe Library 3759:Movement for Democratic Change 2780:. The first took place aboard 2660:opposite Smith's residence at 2652:was appointed to the post of " 2156:constituency in the inaugural 2054: 1714:, Smith and his generation of 1327:1969 constitutional referendum 1: 14559:People from Southern Rhodesia 14554:Defence ministers of Rhodesia 14454:Rhodesian Air Force personnel 14429:People from Midlands Province 14404:Foreign ministers of Rhodesia 14399:Finance ministers of Rhodesia 14394:Alumni of Chaplin High School 11735: 11463:as Prime Minister of Rhodesia 11326:House of Assembly of Rhodesia 11060:Willson, F.M.G., ed. (1963). 10999:Wessels, Hannes (July 2010). 10926:Strack, Harry R. (May 1978). 10271:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 10097:Binda, Alexandre (May 2008). 9531:"The scars show on Ian Smith" 9043:"Rhodesia's Face of Defiance" 3829:eat. When he left power the 3448: 2697:Organisation of African Unity 2581:Smith with UK Prime Minister 2137:The three territories of the 2049: 1943:, upstaging the well-fancied 1863:rebuilt Smith's face through 1781: 1768:Military service of Ian Smith 1576:, the Portuguese colonies of 1365:Military service of Ian Smith 874:House of Assembly of Zimbabwe 829:House of Assembly of Zimbabwe 735:House of Assembly of Rhodesia 169:(as PM of Zimbabwe Rhodesia) 14514:White Zimbabwean politicians 14444:Republican Front politicians 11852:1964 independence referendum 11619:Zimbabwe Rhodesia dissolved 11481:Minister of External Affairs 10892:Smith, Ian (February 2001). 10831:University of Michigan Press 9843:. London. 21 November 2007. 9731:. London. 14 December 2000. 9500:Winn, Michael (7 May 1979). 9452:Smith, David (10 May 2013). 8320:Blair & Thornycroft 2007 8192:Meldrum & MacAskill 2001 7406:Williams & Hackland 1988 6136:Fedorowich & Thomas 2001 3741:Investigations into alleged 3730:Rhodesian singer-songwriter 3670:Harare International Airport 3049:headed by the veteran judge 1799:for 16 years, having gained 1692:Southern Rhodesia Volunteers 1310:1964 independence referendum 553:Zimbabwe Rhodesia dissolved 348:Minister of External Affairs 7: 14469:Rhodesian Front politicians 14434:Prime ministers of Rhodesia 11857:Rhodesian mission in Lisbon 11692:1980 – 1987 11557:1965 – 1966 11550:Minister of Foreign Affairs 11520:1965 – 1979 11453:1964 – 1965 11426:1963 – 1964 11397:1962 – 1964 11370:1962 – 1964 11197:. London: SouthScan. 1992. 11151:Wood, J.R.T. (April 2008). 10663:Volume One: Not for Turning 10487:Jackson, Robert H. (1990). 10425:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 10266:Britannica Book of the Year 10263:Daume, Daphne, ed. (1980). 10054:. Salisbury: M.O. Collins. 9675:. 23 July 1984. p. A5. 9553:. New York. 6 November 1964 9414:. Cape Town. Archived from 9125:. Cape Town. Archived from 6289:, Volume 20, page 659, 1971 4507:, pp. 39–40. See also 4223:This decision was based on 4034:, which dated back to 1957. 3438:Commonwealth Observer Group 3072: 2265:Forming the Rhodesian Front 2111:in April 1953. He told the 454:Minister of Foreign Affairs 10: 14575: 14389:21st-century Presbyterians 14379:20th-century Presbyterians 13288: 13220:1st Parliament of Zimbabwe 11792:1953 federation referendum 11611:Minister without Portfolio 11516:Prime Minister of Rhodesia 11242:George Baden-Powell Tunmer 11224:George Baden-Powell Tunmer 11128:Wood, J.R.T. (June 2005). 11041:(First ed.). London: 11018:White, Matthew C. (1978). 10808:(First ed.). Oxford: 10666:(First ed.). London: 10579:(First ed.). London: 10539:Cambridge University Press 10516:Greenwood Publishing Group 10493:Cambridge University Press 10378:(First ed.). London: 10123:(First ed.). London: 10050:Berlyn, Phillippa (1978). 9920:. London. 21 November 2007 9895:. London. 21 November 2007 9666:. 7 April 1983. p. 4. 9654:. 25 June 1982. p. 4. 9051:. New York. pp. 22–30 5231:, pp. 95–96, 111–120. 4653:Cowderoy & Nesbit 1987 4259:Governor-General of Malawi 3777:"Smith was a simple man," 3621:Retirement and final years 3359:Minister without portfolio 3076: 2939:Rhodesian green-and-white 2642:Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 2528: 1954:Gwebi Agricultural College 1841:Empire Air Training Scheme 1765: 1504:in the Southern Rhodesian 1459:Prime Minister of Rhodesia 1378:Retirement and final years 1372:Retirement and final years 1281:Prime Minister of Rhodesia 1032:and successors (1962–1987) 623:George Baden-Powell Tunmer 613:George Baden-Powell Tunmer 509:Minister without Portfolio 72:Prime Minister of Rhodesia 18:Ian Smith (disambiguation) 15: 14459:Rhodesian anti-communists 14313: 14155: 14021: 13711: 13676: 13638: 13561: 13543: 13520: 13429: 13331: 13296: 13258: 13244:Leader of the Opposition: 13227: 13178: 13099: 13067: 13015: 12983: 12849: 12830: 12807: 12774: 12750: 12566: 12481: 12449: 12417: 12380: 12317: 12239: 12178: 12166: 12155: 12143: 12099: 12094:Links to related articles 12068: 12039: 12020: 11956: 11938:Lancaster House Agreement 11925: 11844: 11833: 11774: 11743: 11694: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11662:Member of Parliament for 11660: 11654: 11646: 11638:Member of Parliament for 11636: 11631: 11624: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11583:Member of Parliament for 11581: 11576: 11569: 11559: 11547: 11539: 11522: 11513: 11500: 11490: 11478: 11470: 11455: 11446: 11438: 11428: 11421: 11416: 11399: 11390: 11382: 11372: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11338:Member of Parliament for 11336: 11331: 11324: 11309:Member of Parliament for 11307: 11302: 11295: 11290: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11260: 11255: 11248: 11238: 11230:Member of Parliament for 11228: 11220: 11213: 11105:Windrich, Elaine (1978). 11090:. London: Penguin Books. 11022:. Cape Town: Don Nelson. 10932:Syracuse University Press 10733:Zimbabwe, a Country Study 10689:. Westport, Connecticut: 10577:The Struggle for Zimbabwe 10380:University College London 10315:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 10163:. New York: I.B. Tauris. 10159:Brownell, Josiah (2011). 9621:"The Man who cried Uncle" 9536:The Sydney Morning Herald 9041:Hall, Lee (27 May 1966). 7104:Godwin & Hancock 1995 6827:Godwin & Hancock 1995 6342:, pp. 66, 71–76, 83. 5936:Martin & Johnson 1981 5904:Martin & Johnson 1981 5880:Martin & Johnson 1981 5675:, pp. 138–140, 167; 4251:Governor-General of Malta 3586:Supreme Court of Zimbabwe 3515:hardening of the arteries 3418:Lancaster House Agreement 3355:UANC–RF coalition Cabinet 3166:initiative involving the 3136:Rhodesian Security Forces 2548:for the first time since 1927:in South Africa, Smith's 1897:No. 130 (Punjab) Squadron 1851:instead; there he joined 1758:for the university crew. 1740:Rhodes University College 1487:Rhodesian Security Forces 1206: 1189: 1179: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1112: 1107: 1090: 1079: 1039: 1010: 989: 972: 945: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 904: 894: 883: 871: 861: 849: 838: 826: 814: 802: 791: 779: 767: 755: 744: 732: 720: 708: 697: 685: 674: 662: 650: 639: 627: 617: 607: 596: 584: 580: 573: 569: 565: 561: 547: 537: 525: 514: 507: 495: 483: 473: 462: 452: 440: 430: 420: 409: 402: 389: 377: 367: 356: 346: 334: 322: 310: 299: 294: 282: 272: 260: 249: 242: 230: 218: 206: 195: 188: 184: 177: 173: 160: 148: 130: 107: 88: 77: 69: 65: 53: 30: 14544:Zimbabwean Presbyterians 14484:Royal Air Force officers 14449:Rhodes University alumni 11812:Decolonisation of Africa 11765:Leader of the Opposition 11761:and successors (1964–87) 11393:Minister of the Treasury 11170:Young, Kenneth (1969) . 10867:Smith, Ian (June 1997). 10712:(First ed.). Bern: 10404:. Harare: Baobab Books. 10287:DeRoche, Andrew (2003). 10248:. Johannesburg: Galago. 9869:. London. 20 June 2008. 9309:. London. Archived from 9303:"My Country is Bleeding" 9248:Naval War College Review 9095:. London. Archived from 8887:. London. Archived from 8100:, pp. 414–415, 423. 7366:UN Security Council 1979 6222:, pp. 463, 468–471. 6150:, pp. 360–363, 367. 6114:, pp. 311, 314–315. 4255:Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones 3958:meaning "the place" and 3631:Conservative Monday Club 3532:; last years in politics 3454:First years under Mugabe 3307:agreed what became the " 3201:, a former teacher from 3063:African National Council 2342:First Secretary of State 2334:Minister of the Treasury 2031:Leader of the Opposition 1630:Early life and education 1606:Leader of the Opposition 1342:Geneva Conference (1976) 1305:Independence Signatories 244:Minister of the Treasury 14549:20th-century memoirists 14479:Rhodesian Presbyterians 11917:Air Rhodesia Flight 827 11907:Air Rhodesia Flight 825 11657:Patrick Francis Shields 10825:Rowe, David M. (2001). 10762:Nordic Africa Institute 10400:; Hancock, Ian (1995). 9990:Oxford University Press 9906:(subscription required) 9757:. Harare. 28 March 2002 9642:(subscription required) 9564:(subscription required) 9110:(subscription required) 5744:Baxter & Burke 1970 5467:Olson & Shadle 1996 5404:, pp. 72, 113–114. 4245:The other members were 3907:Acting presidents were 3751:parliamentary elections 3727:London Heathrow Airport 3610:Zimbabwe Unity Movement 3245:U.S. Secretary of State 3234:U.S. Secretary of State 2602:and, campaigning on an 2479:and ZANU predominantly 2174:Parliamentary Secretary 1537:in 1953, and served as 900:Patrick Francis Shields 14509:White Rhodesian people 13698:Simbarashe Mumbengegwi 12993:Rhodesia and Nyasaland 12752:Rhodesia and Nyasaland 12390:Rhodesia and Nyasaland 11897:1976 Geneva Conference 11626:Parliament of Zimbabwe 11409:as Minister of Finance 10953:. London: Frank Cass. 10848:Schwarz, Bill (2011). 10556:Loney, Martin (1975). 10533:Kriger, Norma (2003). 10491:. Cambridge, England: 10336:. London: Frank Cass. 7878:Los Angeles Times 2002 4517:. 1 January 1954. and 3833:was on a par with the 3718: 3695:University of Zimbabwe 3634: 3569:parliamentary election 3470: 3376: 3294:Rhodesian Action Party 3285: 3237: 3190: 3121: 3098: 3006: 2980:Rhodesian coat of arms 2852: 2768: 2750: 2586: 2540: 2422: 2378: 2314:Land Apportionment Act 2276:Land Apportionment Act 2209: 2141: 2129:Federation; Chief Whip 2068: 1931: 1836: 1801:responsible government 1788: 1786:Middle Eastern theatre 1702:. Both were appointed 1644: 1046:Janet Duvenage Smith ( 13082:an unrecognised state 13030:an unrecognised state 12996:(1953–1963, of which 12464:an unrecognised state 12432:an unrecognised state 12393:(1953–1963, of which 12167:Deputy Prime Minister 11767:of Zimbabwe (1980–87) 11672:White roll abolished 11640:Southern Constituency 11593:Parliament dissolved 11585:Southern Constituency 11386:Geoffrey Ellman Brown 11348:Parliament dissolved 11319:Parliament dissolved 10875:John Blake Publishing 10850:The White Man's World 10442:Hill, Geoff (2005) . 10351:Fisher, J.L. (2010). 10269:. Chicago, Illinois: 10121:A History of Rhodesia 9958:Wood, J.R.T. (1999). 9259:on 14 September 2014. 7930:Associated Press 1985 6403:Bolze & Ravn 1966 5746:, pp. 125, 340; 5469:, pp. 1029–1030. 4826:After the Battle 1975 4142:Sir Alec Douglas-Home 3879:declared independence 3709: 3702:Final years and death 3628: 3475:Zimbabwean parliament 3461: 3367: 3317:multiracial elections 3283: 3228: 3208:Victoria Falls Bridge 3181: 3107: 3086: 3003:Sir Alec Douglas-Home 2997: 2840: 2771:Wilson told the UK's 2756: 2745: 2719:the following month. 2701:Portuguese Mozambique 2596:Sir Winston Churchill 2580: 2558:Sir Alec Douglas-Home 2538: 2513:guerrilla armies—the 2416: 2397:vote of no confidence 2372: 2330:deputy prime minister 2207: 2136: 2062: 1922: 1834: 1775: 1710:in the UK's youngest 1642: 1550:deputy prime minister 1533:, he defected to the 1160:Years of service 833:Southern Constituency 786:Southern Constituency 278:Geoffrey Ellman Brown 179:Ministerial offices 14529:20th-century farmers 14474:Rhodesian memoirists 12841:David Colville Smith 12822:David Colville Smith 12794:David Colville Smith 12552:Ministers of Finance 11872:Harry letters affair 11802:United Federal Party 11649:David Clive Mitchell 11563:The Duke of Montrose 9085:(25 November 2007). 9067:(19 February 1986). 9018:(25 November 2007). 8930:(20 November 2007). 8907:(21 November 2007). 8850:(22 November 2007). 8513:Daily Telegraph 2007 8386:Daily Telegraph 2008 7837:Daily Telegraph 2000 7466:, pp. 163–166; 7460:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 7279:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 7134:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 6728:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 6578:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 6364:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 6299:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 6030:, pp. 246, 249. 5414:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2009 5402:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2009 5400:, pp. 119–120; 5360:, pp. 334–335; 4968:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 3849:Notes and references 3523:multiple citizenship 3173:South African Police 3148:Carnation Revolution 3094:in 1976, during the 2830:(December 1966) and 2432:coalition government 2389:Victoria Falls Hotel 2375:Victoria Falls Hotel 2178:United Federal Party 2125:, on 29 April 1953. 2006:Legislative Assembly 1817:entered the conflict 1752:Bachelor of Commerce 1599:fully free elections 1545:the following year. 1535:United Federal Party 1527:Member of Parliament 1512:in 1923. During the 1068:; died 911:White roll abolished 867:David Clive Mitchell 821:Parliament dissolved 774:Parliament dissolved 727:Parliament dissolved 502:The Duke of Montrose 33:The Right Honourable 12978:and its antecedents 12342:Howard Unwin Moffat 12312:and its antecedents 11902:Internal Settlement 11176:J M Dent & Sons 11134:Trafford Publishing 10916:The Flag Bulletin. 10780:Olson, James Stuart 10764:. pp. 91–112. 10737:American University 10639:Pen and Sword Books 10601:(September 2007) . 10071:, pp. 240–256. 10009:UN Security Council 9867:The Daily Telegraph 9841:The Daily Telegraph 9729:The Daily Telegraph 9631:on 24 November 2007 9481:The Daily Telegraph 8858:The Daily Telegraph 8828:The Daily Telegraph 8801:The Daily Telegraph 8774:The Daily Telegraph 8747:The Daily Telegraph 8739:(8 November 2000). 8716:The Daily Telegraph 8546:, pp. 174–176. 8474:Cowell & 2007 b 8443:Cowell & 2007 b 8234:Cowell & 2007 b 8030:, pp. 108–109. 7942:Glasgow Herald 1987 7890:New York Times 1984 7757:Glasgow Herald 1983 7745:Glasgow Herald 1982 7575:, pp. 341–342. 7470:, pp. 246–249. 7450:, pp. 163–166. 7293:, pp. 270–277. 7257:, pp. 153–154. 7184:, pp. 162–164. 7148:, pp. 199–201. 6892:, pp. 213–215. 6865:, pp. 133–136. 6841:, pp. 204–206. 6817:, pp. 404–405. 6766:, pp. 152–157. 6754:, pp. 403–404. 6706:, pp. 255–256. 6652:, pp. 542–555. 6616:, pp. 538–541. 6592:, pp. 444–445. 6580:, pp. 18, 701. 6553:, pp. 243–246. 6517:, pp. 229–231. 6489:, pp. 222–223. 6381:, pp. 124–130. 6301:, pp. 183–185. 6272:The New Law Journal 6210:, pp. 463–467. 6186:, pp. 440–443. 6174:, pp. 411–414. 6162:, pp. 387–388. 6138:, pp. 185–186. 6102:, pp. 271–272. 6078:, pp. 243–246. 6054:, pp. 742–743. 6006:, pp. 231–233. 5982:, pp. 216–217. 5946:, pp. 220–228. 5894:, pp. 173–174. 5868:Cowell & 2007 a 5783:, pp. 209–210. 5734:, pp. 204–207. 5722:, pp. 189–190. 5710:, pp. 169–172. 5663:, pp. 133–135. 5615:, pp. 122–124. 5505:, pp. 119–121. 5493:, pp. 116–117. 5457:, pp. 100–101. 5416:, pp. 73, 112. 5333:, pp. 414–416. 5267:, pp. 249–250. 5188:, pp. 111–112. 5119:, pp. 247–249. 4943:, pp. 105–106. 4453:Cowell & 2007 b 4102:Phillip van Heerden 3913:Jack William Pithey 3591:executive President 3374:Internal Settlement 3315:in June 1979 after 3309:Internal Settlement 3027:Sir Peter Rawlinson 3017:victory in the UK. 2978:centrally with the 2681:UN General Assembly 2254:Sir Robert Tredgold 2242:subsequent election 2230:Sir Edgar Whitehead 2002:Sir Godfrey Huggins 1905:Germany's surrender 1903:on 7 May 1945 with 1901:war in Europe ended 1586:Internal Settlement 1485:, which pitted the 1347:Internal Settlement 543:Phillip van Heerden 404:Minister of Defence 14524:Zimbabwean farmers 14494:Shot-down aviators 13114:a recognised state 12496:a recognised state 11887:Rhodesian Bush War 11678:Political offices 11599:Political offices 11423:Minister of Posts 11354:Political offices 11291:Succeeded by 11271:Succeeded by 10691:Praeger Publishers 10627:Moorcraft, Paul L. 9934:"Mugabe 'resigns'" 9805:on 13 October 2010 9701:The Glasgow Herald 9673:The New York Times 9664:The Glasgow Herald 9652:The Glasgow Herald 9516:on 11 January 2014 9411:Independent Online 9396:The Glasgow Herald 9129:on 12 January 2015 9099:on 12 January 2014 8958:The New York Times 8937:The New York Times 7904:, pp. 43–44; 7789:, pp. 62–73; 7536:, pp. 29, 48. 6945:, pp. 17, 33. 6090:, p. 257–258. 5938:, pp. 70–71; 5906:, pp. 70–71; 5834:, pp. 22, 30. 5215:, pp. 96–97; 4683:The London Gazette 4510:The London Gazette 4344:The Great Betrayal 4247:Sir Maurice Dorman 3896:Sir Humphrey Gibbs 3814:Ndabaningi Sithole 3719: 3644:The Great Betrayal 3635: 3581:Nathan Shamuyarira 3471: 3377: 3286: 3256:lost the upcoming 3238: 3195:Ndabaningi Sithole 3191: 3126:Rhodesian Bush War 3122: 3099: 3079:Rhodesian Bush War 3007: 2853: 2769: 2751: 2715:, was endorsed by 2709:Mozambique Channel 2703:, Wilson posted a 2662:Independence House 2649:Sir Humphrey Gibbs 2621:consensus decision 2587: 2541: 2487:and backed by the 2423: 2379: 2336:. Two days later, 2234:Commonwealth realm 2210: 2208:Smith in the 1950s 2142: 2069: 1964:. In 1947, he met 1956:, near Salisbury. 1932: 1837: 1835:Smith in the 1940s 1789: 1663:and was raised in 1653:Southern Rhodesian 1645: 1615:The Great Betrayal 1525:1948 and became a 1483:Rhodesian Bush War 1383:The Great Betrayal 1322:Rhodesian Bush War 398:(External Affairs) 14464:Rhodesian farmers 14351: 14350: 14345: 14344: 14341: 14340: 13670:House of Assembly 13634: 13633: 13315:Deputy President: 13185: 13184: 13077:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 12998:Southern Rhodesia 12938: 12937: 12832:Southern Rhodesia 12809:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 12568:Southern Rhodesia 12518: 12517: 12510:Morgan Tsvangirai 12459:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 12395:Southern Rhodesia 12327:Southern Rhodesia 12272: 12271: 12242:ministers present 12086: 12085: 11957:General elections 11704: 11703: 11695:Succeeded by 11647:Succeeded by 11560:Succeeded by 11535: 11523:Succeeded by 11511: 11491:Succeeded by 11466: 11456:Succeeded by 11429:Succeeded by 11412: 11400:Succeeded by 11373:Succeeded by 11239:Succeeded by 11162:978-1-4251-4807-2 11143:978-1-4120-4952-8 11120:978-0-85664-709-3 11097:978-0-14-021762-9 11052:978-0-415-00245-5 11029:978-0-909238-36-0 11010:978-1-920143-49-7 10983:978-0-7986-0156-6 10960:978-0-7146-3355-8 10941:978-0-8156-2161-4 10903:978-1-903402-05-4 10884:978-1-85782-176-5 10859:978-0-19-929691-0 10840:978-0-472-11187-9 10793:978-0-313-27917-1 10771:978-91-7106-419-6 10723:978-3-03911-941-7 10700:978-0-275-96680-5 10677:978-0-7139-9282-3 10648:978-1-84415-694-8 10631:McLaughlin, Peter 10618:978-1-58648-558-0 10590:978-0-571-11066-7 10567:978-0-14-041041-9 10548:978-0-521-81823-0 10525:978-0-313-30247-3 10502:978-0-521-44783-6 10479:978-0-14-104079-0 10464:(February 2009). 10453:978-1-86872-652-3 10434:978-0-7923-0811-9 10411:978-0-908311-82-8 10389:978-1-84472-123-8 10366:978-1-921666-14-8 10343:978-0-7146-5063-0 10324:978-0-297-99511-1 10307:Falkender, Marcia 10298:978-0-8420-2957-5 10279:978-0-85229-372-0 10255:978-0-947020-13-2 10236:978-0-7099-3412-7 10213:978-0-87586-286-6 10194:978-0-8101-0658-1 10170:978-1-84885-475-8 10134:978-0-413-28350-4 10108:978-1-920143-07-7 10089:978-1-920143-03-9 9776:Los Angeles Times 9418:on 2 October 2015 9354:History in Africa 9158:10.1080/750456746 9074:Observer–Reporter 8584:Younghusband 1978 8532:Younghusband 1978 7994:, pp. 38–39. 7973:. 8 November 1989 7971:Los Angeles Times 7908:, pp. 55–56. 7720:, pp. 55–56. 7703:, pp. 53–54. 7551:, pp. 47–48. 7497:, pp. 32–33. 7245:, pp. 30–32. 7011:, pp. 33–37. 6921:, pp. 22–24. 6730:, pp. 72–73. 6318:, pp. 51–52. 5856:Van Rensburg 1975 5683:, pp. 51–52. 5587:on 1 August 2020. 5440:, pp. 98–99. 5364:, pp. 74–75. 5346:Van Rensburg 1975 5255:, pp. 15–16. 4970:, pp. 48–53. 4958:, pp. 81–82. 4919:, pp. 29–30. 4907:, pp. 81–88. 4883:, pp. 28–29. 4864:, pp. 80–81. 4852:, pp. 79–80. 4816:, pp. 74–76. 4804:, pp. 21–23. 4792:, pp. 66–73. 4780:, pp. 58–59. 4768:, pp. 56–57. 4727:Van Rensburg 1975 4717:, pp. 50–54. 4702:, pp. 11–12. 4667:, pp. 47–49. 4655:, pp. 13–14. 4640:, pp. 45–46. 4587:, pp. 42–43. 4546:Van Rensburg 1975 4495:, pp. 36–38. 3835:Zimbabwean dollar 3804:P. K. van der Byl 3755:Morgan Tsvangirai 3426:Sir Douglas Bader 3381:Margaret Thatcher 3313:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 3270:Geneva Conference 3105: 3040:one man, one vote 3023:Foreign Secretary 3000:Foreign Secretary 2943:, adopted in 1968 2925:, used until 1968 2738:talks with Wilson 2669:Queen of Rhodesia 2609:mission in Lisbon 2506:Petrus Oberholzer 2257:held under it. A 2097:Northern Rhodesia 1925:Rhodes University 1909:flight lieutenant 1885:Italian partisans 1700:Women's Institute 1590:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1463:Southern Rhodesia 1446:Ian Douglas Smith 1443: 1442: 1290: 1246: 1245: 1210: 1209: 1174:Flight lieutenant 1141:Southern Rhodesia 1097:Rhodes University 1003:(ashes scattered) 950:Ian Douglas Smith 916: 915: 557: 556: 295:Minister of Posts 14566: 13663: 13656: 13649: 13640: 13639: 13459:Hamilton Ritchie 13283: 13276: 13269: 13260: 13259: 13212: 13205: 13198: 13189: 13188: 13180:*Acting Minister 13107: 13105: 13104: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13023: 13021: 13020: 12991: 12989: 12988: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12942: 12941: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12522: 12521: 12489: 12487: 12486: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12299: 12292: 12285: 12276: 12275: 12161: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12103: 12102: 12090: 12089: 12076: 12075: 11943:Republican Front 11926:Post-premiership 11839: 11782:Military service 11730: 11723: 11716: 11707: 11706: 11664:Bulawayo Central 11655:Preceded by 11540:Preceded by 11529: 11505: 11501:Preceded by 11471:Preceded by 11460: 11439:Preceded by 11406: 11383:Preceded by 11221:Preceded by 11211: 11210: 11206: 11187: 11166: 11147: 11124: 11101: 11077: 11056: 11033: 11014: 10995: 10964: 10945: 10922: 10907: 10888: 10863: 10844: 10821: 10797: 10775: 10753: 10748: 10727: 10704: 10681: 10652: 10622: 10599:Meredith, Martin 10594: 10571: 10552: 10529: 10506: 10483: 10457: 10438: 10415: 10393: 10370: 10347: 10328: 10311:Inside Number 10 10309:(October 1972). 10302: 10283: 10259: 10240: 10217: 10198: 10174: 10155: 10138: 10112: 10093: 10072: 10063: 10046: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9864: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9838: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9726: 9718: 9704: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9676: 9667: 9655: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9607:. 26 August 1975 9596: 9592:After the Battle 9585: 9583: 9581: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9540: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9478: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9400: 9385: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9260: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9169: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9092:The Sunday Times 9078: 9065:Hempstone, Smith 9060: 9058: 9056: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8978:Associated Press 8968: 8966: 8964: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8913:davidcoltart.com 8900: 8898: 8896: 8891:on 7 August 2016 8873: 8871: 8869: 8855: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8825: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8798: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8771: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8744: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8712: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8516: 8510: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8463: 8457: 8454:Star-Banner 1987 8451: 8445: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8323: 8317: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8257: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8058: 8055:Thornycroft 2012 8052: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7811: 7805: 7794: 7784: 7775: 7769: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7721: 7715: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7471: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7424: 7418: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7200: 7194: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7122: 7116: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6982:. 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Archived from 5575: 5566: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5183: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5065:Independent 2006 5062: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 4998: 4992: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4412: 4406: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4368: 4362: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3976:Sir Roy Welensky 3972: 3966: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3916: 3905: 3899: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3866: 3863: 3745:during the 2008 3519:British passport 3499:Marxist–Leninist 3492:Republican Front 3433:general election 3385:general election 3185:, the leader of 3168:Frontline States 3141:general election 3106: 2936: 2918: 2812:Attorney General 2803:Marcia Falkender 2773:House of Commons 2707:squadron to the 2685:Security Council 2673:governor-general 2658:Government House 2635:Fallout from UDI 2604:election promise 2554:general election 2517:(ZANLA) and the 2485:Marxist–Leninist 2453:Duke of Montrose 2419:Hendrik Verwoerd 2309:general election 2158:Federal election 2123:Sir Roy Welensky 1994:general election 1793:Second World War 1783: 1716:white Rhodesians 1554:election victory 1514:Second World War 1456: 1435: 1428: 1421: 1410: 1284: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1202: 1197: 1184:Second World War 1139: 1137: 1136: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1108:Military service 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 979: 976:20 November 2007 959: 957: 941:Personal details 907: 897: 888: 878:Bulawayo Central 864: 856:New constituency 852: 843: 817: 809:New constituency 805: 796: 770: 762:New constituency 758: 749: 723: 715:New constituency 711: 702: 679: 657:New constituency 653: 644: 620: 610: 601: 575:Constituencies 571: 570: 550: 540: 528: 519: 498: 486: 476: 467: 443: 433: 423: 414: 392: 380: 370: 361: 337: 325: 313: 304: 285: 275: 263: 254: 233: 221: 209: 200: 175: 174: 163: 151: 82: 58: 48: 28: 27: 14574: 14573: 14569: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14354: 14353: 14352: 14347: 14346: 14337: 14309: 14157:Rhodesian Front 14151: 14017: 13707: 13695:Deputy Speaker: 13672: 13667: 13630: 13557: 13539: 13516: 13431:Rhodesian Front 13425: 13327: 13292: 13287: 13254: 13223: 13218:Members of the 13216: 13186: 13181: 13174: 13111: 13102: 13100: 13095: 13079: 13070: 13068: 13063: 13027: 13018: 13016: 13011: 12995: 12986: 12984: 12979: 12969: 12939: 12934: 12845: 12826: 12803: 12770: 12746: 12562: 12560:its antecedents 12549: 12519: 12514: 12493: 12484: 12482: 12477: 12461: 12452: 12450: 12445: 12429: 12420: 12418: 12413: 12404:Godfrey Huggins 12392: 12383: 12381: 12376: 12362:Edgar Whitehead 12352:Godfrey Huggins 12347:George Mitchell 12337:Charles Coghlan 12329: 12320: 12318: 12313: 12306:Prime Ministers 12303: 12273: 12268: 12241: 12235: 12174: 12162: 12153: 12139: 12130: 12095: 12087: 12082: 12064: 12035: 12016: 11952: 11921: 11840: 11831: 11827:Rhodesian Front 11775:Pre-premiership 11770: 11759:Rhodesian Front 11739: 11734: 11700: 11691: 11667: 11658: 11650: 11643: 11614: 11588: 11565: 11556: 11545: 11543:Clifford Dupont 11528: 11519: 11504: 11496: 11494:Clifford Dupont 11487: 11476: 11459: 11452: 11444: 11434: 11425: 11405: 11396: 11388: 11378: 11376:Clifford Dupont 11369: 11343: 11314: 11287: 11267: 11244: 11235: 11226: 11209: 11163: 11144: 11121: 11098: 11053: 11030: 11011: 10984: 10961: 10942: 10904: 10885: 10860: 10841: 10810:Clarendon Press 10794: 10772: 10724: 10701: 10678: 10649: 10633:(April 2008) . 10619: 10591: 10581:Faber and Faber 10568: 10549: 10526: 10503: 10480: 10454: 10435: 10412: 10390: 10367: 10344: 10325: 10299: 10280: 10256: 10237: 10214: 10195: 10171: 10135: 10109: 10090: 10023: 10014: 10012: 9994: 9992: 9969: 9967: 9948: 9939: 9937: 9923: 9921: 9905: 9898: 9896: 9876: 9874: 9850: 9848: 9824: 9822: 9808: 9806: 9798:The Independent 9782: 9780: 9779:. 28 March 2002 9760: 9758: 9738: 9736: 9686: 9684: 9641: 9634: 9632: 9610: 9608: 9579: 9577: 9563: 9556: 9554: 9519: 9517: 9490: 9488: 9463: 9461: 9442: 9440: 9421: 9419: 9366:10.2307/3172030 9350:Ranger, Terence 9339: 9337: 9316: 9314: 9291: 9289: 9265:Moorcraft, Paul 9231: 9229: 9208: 9206: 9187: 9185: 9176:(15 May 2000). 9174:Meldrum, Andrew 9132: 9130: 9109: 9102: 9100: 9054: 9052: 9031: 9029: 9005: 9003: 8982: 8980: 8962: 8960: 8942: 8940: 8917: 8915: 8894: 8892: 8867: 8865: 8848:Boynton, Graham 8837: 8835: 8810: 8808: 8783: 8781: 8756: 8754: 8726: 8724: 8697: 8689: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8582:, p. 239; 8578: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8519: 8511: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8421: 8413: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8360: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8326: 8318: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8273: 8260: 8244: 8240: 8232: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8072: 8061: 8053: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7928: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7823: 7814: 7806: 7797: 7785: 7778: 7772:Schuettler 2000 7770: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7724: 7716: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7636: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7301: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7203: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6986:on 31 May 2009. 6978: 6977: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501:, p. 175; 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237:, pp. 3–4. 6233: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5942:, p. 237; 5930: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5750:, p. 411; 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5687: 5679:, p. 135; 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5001: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4415: 4407: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4329:Re-released as 4328: 4324: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4269: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4038: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3973: 3969: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3919: 3906: 3902: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3826:Patrick Kombayi 3775: 3767:a military coup 3743:electoral fraud 3704: 3657: 3623: 3534: 3510:Smith Hempstone 3485:one-party state 3480:Martin Meredith 3456: 3451: 3406:Lancaster House 3402:Lord Carrington 3348:which passed a 3305:Jeremiah Chirau 3278: 3241:Henry Kissinger 3230:Henry Kissinger 3152:communist state 3101: 3081: 3075: 2968:Sky Blue Ensign 2948: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2923:Sky Blue Ensign 2919: 2908: 2864:Sir Hugh Beadle 2815:Sir Elwyn Jones 2808:plenipotentiary 2740: 2689:Resolutions 216 2644:, the colonial 2637: 2533: 2527: 2465:Afro-Asian bloc 2411: 2406: 2326: 2284:Rhodesian Front 2267: 2226:petrol bombings 2220:, the idea of " 2202: 2200:Leaving the UFP 2190:Clifford Dupont 2131: 2114:Rhodesia Herald 2057: 2052: 2035:Raymond Stockil 1917: 1869:plastic surgery 1826:Royal Air Force 1797:self-government 1770: 1764: 1637: 1632: 1597:, which led to 1595:Lancaster House 1543:Rhodesian Front 1522:Royal Air Force 1448: 1439: 1405: 1387: 1369: 1356: 1352:Lancaster House 1332:Alcora Exercise 1291: 1289: 1278: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1154:Royal Air Force 1145: 1134: 1132: 1121: 1119: 1075: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1035: 1030:Rhodesian Front 1011:Political party 1006: 981: 977: 961: 955: 953: 952: 951: 905: 895: 889: 884: 862: 850: 844: 839: 815: 803: 797: 792: 768: 756: 750: 745: 721: 709: 703: 698: 680: 675: 651: 645: 640: 618: 608: 602: 597: 576: 548: 538: 526: 520: 515: 496: 490:Clifford Dupont 484: 474: 468: 463: 447:Clifford Dupont 441: 431: 421: 415: 410: 396:Clifford Dupont 390: 378: 368: 362: 357: 335: 323: 311: 305: 300: 283: 273: 261: 255: 250: 237:Clifford Dupont 231: 219: 207: 201: 196: 180: 161: 149: 141: 137: 135:Clifford Dupont 126: 115:Clifford Dupont 103: 83: 78: 61: 49: 40: 38: 35: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 14572: 14562: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14349: 14348: 14343: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14319: 14317: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14307: 14297: 14287: 14277: 14272: 14262: 14257: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14222: 14212: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14161: 14159: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14027: 14025: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14015: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13717: 13715: 13709: 13708: 13706: 13705: 13687:Didymus Mutasa 13677: 13674: 13673: 13666: 13665: 13658: 13651: 13643: 13636: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13565: 13563: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13555: 13549: 13547: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13537: 13532: 13526: 13524: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13514: 13507: 13500: 13495: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13435: 13433: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13337: 13335: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13325: 13318:Kayisa Ndiweni 13297: 13294: 13293: 13286: 13285: 13278: 13271: 13263: 13256: 13255: 13231:Prime Minister 13228: 13225: 13224: 13215: 13214: 13207: 13200: 13192: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13172: 13167: 13161: 13156: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13119: 13117: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13093: 13087: 13085: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13035: 13033: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13009: 13003: 13001: 12981: 12980: 12968: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12945: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12856: 12854: 12853:(1980–present) 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12837: 12835: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12824: 12818: 12816: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12785: 12783: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12763: 12757: 12755: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12573: 12571: 12564: 12563: 12548: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12525: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12512: 12507: 12501: 12499: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12475: 12469: 12467: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12437: 12435: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12400: 12398: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12333: 12331: 12315: 12314: 12302: 12301: 12294: 12287: 12279: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12245: 12243: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12182: 12180: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12163: 12156: 12154: 12149: 12147: 12145:Prime Minister 12141: 12140: 12129: 12128: 12121: 12114: 12106: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12056: 12050: 12043: 12041: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12024: 12022: 12021:Books authored 12018: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11971: 11966: 11960: 11958: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11929: 11927: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11859: 11854: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11841: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11807:Wind of Change 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11762: 11757:Leader of the 11755: 11748:Prime Minister 11744: 11741: 11740: 11733: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11710: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11693: 11686: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11674: 11669: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11645: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11558: 11546: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11524: 11521: 11512: 11502: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11489: 11477: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11457: 11454: 11445: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11427: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11401: 11398: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11371: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11306: 11300: 11299: 11293: 11292: 11289: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11259: 11253: 11252: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11237: 11227: 11222: 11218: 11217: 11208: 11207: 11188: 11167: 11161: 11148: 11142: 11125: 11119: 11102: 11096: 11082:Wilson, Harold 11078: 11057: 11051: 11034: 11028: 11015: 11009: 10996: 10982: 10965: 10959: 10946: 10940: 10923: 10914:, ed. (1976). 10912:Smith, Whitney 10908: 10902: 10889: 10883: 10864: 10858: 10845: 10839: 10822: 10802:Palley, Claire 10798: 10792: 10776: 10770: 10749: 10728: 10722: 10705: 10699: 10682: 10676: 10657:Moore, Charles 10653: 10647: 10623: 10617: 10595: 10589: 10572: 10566: 10553: 10547: 10530: 10524: 10507: 10501: 10484: 10478: 10462:Holland, Heidi 10458: 10452: 10439: 10433: 10416: 10410: 10394: 10388: 10371: 10365: 10348: 10342: 10329: 10323: 10303: 10297: 10284: 10278: 10260: 10254: 10241: 10235: 10218: 10212: 10199: 10193: 10175: 10169: 10156: 10139: 10133: 10113: 10107: 10094: 10088: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10047: 10029: 10022: 10021: 10001: 9976: 9954: 9951:Online sources 9947: 9946: 9930: 9908: 9883: 9857: 9831: 9815: 9789: 9767: 9745: 9719: 9705: 9693: 9677: 9668: 9656: 9644: 9617: 9597: 9586: 9576:. 2 March 1970 9566: 9541: 9526: 9497: 9470: 9449: 9428: 9401: 9386: 9346: 9333:The Australian 9323: 9313:on 1 June 2015 9307:The Zimbabwean 9298: 9261: 9238: 9215: 9194: 9170: 9139: 9112: 9083:Johnson, R. W. 9079: 9061: 9038: 9012: 8989: 8969: 8949: 8924: 8905:Coltart, David 8901: 8874: 8844: 8817: 8790: 8763: 8733: 8703: 8696: 8695: 8693:, p. 365. 8683: 8671: 8659: 8639: 8624: 8612: 8610:, p. 112. 8600: 8588: 8572: 8560: 8558:, p. 128. 8548: 8536: 8517: 8502: 8500:, p. 399. 8490: 8488:, p. 438. 8478: 8458: 8446: 8431: 8419: 8402: 8390: 8378: 8366: 8351: 8339: 8324: 8305: 8293: 8279: 8258: 8254:The Times 2007 8238: 8223: 8211: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8157: 8145: 8133: 8114: 8112:, p. 412. 8102: 8090: 8078: 8059: 8044: 8032: 8020: 8018:, p. 220. 8016:Southscan 1992 8008: 7996: 7984: 7958: 7946: 7934: 7922: 7910: 7894: 7882: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7812: 7795: 7776: 7761: 7749: 7737: 7733:Hempstone 1986 7722: 7705: 7693: 7678: 7676:, p. 372. 7666: 7654: 7652:, p. 111. 7642: 7625: 7623:, p. 712. 7613: 7601: 7599:, p. 342. 7589: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7538: 7526: 7524:, p. 171. 7514: 7510:The Times 2007 7499: 7487: 7485:, p. 169. 7472: 7462:, p. 82; 7452: 7440: 7438:, p. 449. 7425: 7421:Moorcraft 1990 7410: 7408:, p. 289. 7398: 7396:, p. 162. 7386: 7384:, p. 162. 7380:, p. 53; 7370: 7358: 7343: 7331: 7329:, p. 737. 7319: 7317:, p. 157. 7307: 7295: 7283: 7281:, p. 320. 7271: 7269:, p. 154. 7259: 7247: 7232: 7230:, p. 327. 7220: 7218:, p. 231. 7201: 7186: 7174: 7172:, p. 162. 7162: 7160:, p. 209. 7150: 7138: 7123: 7108: 7106:, p. 152. 7096: 7073: 7071:, p. 191. 7061: 7059:, p. 221. 7049: 7037: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6971: 6959: 6947: 6935: 6923: 6906: 6894: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6853:, p. 182. 6843: 6831: 6819: 6804: 6802:, p. 184. 6792: 6780: 6778:, p. 404. 6768: 6756: 6744: 6742:, p. 403. 6732: 6720: 6718:, p. 585. 6708: 6693: 6691:, p. 254. 6681: 6669: 6667:, p. 192. 6654: 6642: 6640:, p. 536. 6630: 6628:, p. 513. 6618: 6606: 6604:, p. 193. 6594: 6582: 6570: 6568:, p. 253. 6555: 6543: 6541:, p. 242. 6531: 6529:, p. 177. 6519: 6507: 6505:, p. 168. 6503:Falkender 1972 6491: 6479: 6477:, p. 172. 6475:Falkender 1972 6467: 6465:, p. 535. 6455: 6453:, p. 223. 6443: 6431: 6419: 6407: 6395: 6393:, p. 120. 6383: 6368: 6366:, p. 442. 6356: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6303: 6291: 6277: 6263: 6261:, p. 471. 6251: 6239: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6198:, p. 271. 6188: 6176: 6164: 6152: 6140: 6128: 6126:, p. 335. 6116: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6066:, p. 251. 6056: 6044: 6042:, p. 251. 6032: 6020: 6018:, p. 241. 6008: 5996: 5994:, p. 212. 5984: 5972: 5960: 5958:, p. 228. 5948: 5924: 5922:, p. 211. 5912: 5910:, p. 211. 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5858:, p. 317. 5848: 5836: 5824: 5822:, p. 208. 5812: 5800: 5798:, p. 209. 5785: 5768: 5756: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5698:, p. 167. 5685: 5665: 5653: 5651:, p. 242. 5641: 5629: 5625:McWilliam 2003 5617: 5602: 5590: 5558: 5556:, p. 203. 5546: 5534: 5532:, p. 122. 5522: 5520:, p. 121. 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5350: 5348:, p. 316. 5335: 5323: 5308: 5306:, p. 124. 5296: 5284: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5243:, p. 125. 5233: 5221: 5205: 5203:, p. 114. 5190: 5175: 5173:, p. 111. 5163: 5148: 5146:, p. 110. 5136: 5121: 5109: 5107:, p. 279. 5097: 5095:, p. 106. 5091:, p. 32; 5081: 5079:, p. 100. 5069: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5014:, p. 109. 4999: 4997:, p. 167. 4984: 4982:, p. 108. 4972: 4960: 4945: 4933: 4931:, p. 237. 4921: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4731: 4729:, p. 315. 4719: 4704: 4689: 4669: 4657: 4642: 4630: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4548:, p. 314. 4535: 4523: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4465:The Times 2007 4463:, p. 17; 4434: 4413: 4396: 4394:, p. 440. 4384: 4369: 4367:, p. 471. 4356: 4349: 4348: 4335: 4322: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4280: 4267: 4238: 4229: 4216: 4207: 4203:petty officers 4193: 4184: 4171: 4155: 4146: 4127: 4118: 4106: 4089: 4076: 4071:Victoria Falls 4062: 4058:Hastings Banda 4049: 4036: 4028:Great Zimbabwe 4015: 4005: 3995: 3985: 3967: 3946: 3933: 3917: 3900: 3883: 3867: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3821:Bright Matonga 3779:Graham Boynton 3774: 3771: 3703: 3700: 3656: 3653: 3649:Nelson Mandela 3622: 3619: 3573:BBC television 3533: 3527: 3467:prime minister 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3277: 3274: 3110:Fall of Saigon 3088:Rhodesian Army 3077:Main article: 3074: 3071: 2938: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2920: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2872:George Thomson 2858:Glasgow Herald 2739: 2729: 2636: 2633: 2529:Main article: 2526: 2523: 2428:William Harper 2410: 2407: 2405: 2404:Prime minister 2402: 2350:Harry Nkumbula 2346:Kenneth Kaunda 2325: 2322: 2288:National Party 2266: 2263: 2218:Wind of Change 2214:decolonisation 2201: 2198: 2194:Dominion Party 2130: 2127: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2018:Victoria Falls 1987:Karanga people 1966:Janet Duvenage 1916: 1913: 1805:British Empire 1766:Main article: 1763: 1760: 1735:Victor Ludorum 1723:Chaplin School 1712:settler colony 1708:British Empire 1661:Northumberland 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1510:self-governing 1441: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1423: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1368: 1367: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1224: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1150:Branch/service 1147: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1130: 1128:United Kingdom 1116: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1024:United Federal 1021: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1004: 1001: 993: 991: 987: 986: 985:, South Africa 980:(aged 88) 974: 970: 969: 949: 947: 943: 942: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 908: 902: 901: 898: 892: 891: 881: 880: 872:Member of the 869: 868: 865: 859: 858: 853: 847: 846: 836: 835: 827:Member of the 824: 823: 818: 812: 811: 806: 800: 799: 789: 788: 780:Member of the 777: 776: 771: 765: 764: 759: 753: 752: 742: 741: 733:Member of the 730: 729: 724: 718: 717: 712: 706: 705: 695: 694: 686:Member of the 683: 682: 672: 671: 663:Member of the 660: 659: 654: 648: 647: 637: 636: 628:Member of the 625: 624: 621: 615: 614: 611: 605: 604: 594: 593: 585:Member of the 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 551: 545: 544: 541: 535: 534: 529: 527:Prime Minister 523: 522: 512: 511: 505: 504: 499: 493: 492: 487: 481: 480: 477: 475:Prime Minister 471: 470: 460: 459: 450: 449: 444: 438: 437: 434: 428: 427: 424: 422:Prime Minister 418: 417: 407: 406: 400: 399: 393: 387: 386: 381: 375: 374: 371: 369:Prime Minister 365: 364: 354: 353: 344: 343: 338: 332: 331: 326: 320: 319: 314: 312:Prime Minister 308: 307: 297: 296: 292: 291: 286: 280: 279: 276: 270: 269: 264: 262:Prime Minister 258: 257: 247: 246: 240: 239: 234: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 210: 208:Prime Minister 204: 203: 193: 192: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 171: 170: 164: 158: 157: 152: 146: 145: 132: 128: 127: 125: 124: 118: 111: 109: 105: 104: 102: 101: 98: 92: 90: 86: 85: 75: 74: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 39: 36: 31: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14571: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 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13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13710: 13703: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13679: 13678: 13675: 13671: 13664: 13659: 13657: 13652: 13650: 13645: 13644: 13641: 13637: 13626: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13560: 13554: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13546: 13542: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13330: 13323: 13319: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13307:Nolan Makombe 13305: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13295: 13291: 13284: 13279: 13277: 13272: 13270: 13265: 13264: 13261: 13257: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13236:Robert Mugabe 13234: 13232: 13226: 13221: 13213: 13208: 13206: 13201: 13199: 13194: 13193: 13190: 13177: 13171: 13168: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13112:(since 1980, 13110: 13098: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13078: 13066: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13026: 13014: 13008: 13005: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12994: 12982: 12977: 12973: 12966: 12961: 12959: 12954: 12952: 12947: 12946: 12943: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12848: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12829: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12810: 12806: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12789:John Wrathall 12787: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12749: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12546: 12541: 12539: 12534: 12532: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12505:Robert Mugabe 12503: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12494:(since 1980, 12492: 12480: 12474: 12473:Abel Muzorewa 12471: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12460: 12448: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12428: 12416: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12391: 12379: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12367:Winston Field 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12357:Garfield Todd 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12328: 12316: 12311: 12307: 12300: 12295: 12293: 12288: 12286: 12281: 12280: 12277: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12240:Non-signatory 12238: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12196:Lardner-Burke 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12160: 12152: 12148: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12127: 12122: 12120: 12115: 12113: 12108: 12107: 12104: 12098: 12091: 12079: 12071: 12070: 12067: 12060: 12057: 12054: 12051: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12031: 12030: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12019: 12013: 12010: 12008: 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11527: 11526:Abel Muzorewa 11518: 11517: 11510: 11509: 11499: 11495: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11475: 11474:Winston Field 11469: 11465: 11464: 11451: 11450: 11443: 11442:Winston Field 11437: 11433: 11432:John Wrathall 11424: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11410: 11404: 11403:John Wrathall 11395: 11394: 11387: 11381: 11377: 11368: 11367: 11361: 11357: 11352: 11349: 11346: 11342: 11341: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11294: 11286: 11285: 11278: 11274: 11266: 11265: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11234: 11233: 11225: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11168: 11164: 11158: 11154: 11149: 11145: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11093: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11035: 11031: 11025: 11021: 11016: 11012: 11006: 11002: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10966: 10962: 10956: 10952: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10918:Volumes 15–17 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10895: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10871: 10865: 10861: 10855: 10851: 10846: 10842: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10715: 10714:Peter Lang AG 10711: 10706: 10702: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10683: 10679: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10609:PublicAffairs 10606: 10605: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10559: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10540: 10537:. Cambridge: 10536: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10471: 10470:Penguin Books 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10398:Godwin, Peter 10395: 10391: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10335: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10285: 10281: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10267: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10247: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10219: 10215: 10209: 10205: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10181:(June 1983). 10180: 10176: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10144:Life With UDI 10140: 10136: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10117:Blake, Robert 10114: 10110: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10081: 10076: 10070: 10069:Berlyn (1978) 10065: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9977: 9965: 9961: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9935: 9931: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9909: 9894: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9820: 9816: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9768: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9746: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9587: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9471: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9438: 9434: 9429: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9299: 9288: 9284: 9281:(9). London. 9280: 9276: 9275: 9274:History Today 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9204: 9200: 9195: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9140: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9017: 9016:Godwin, Peter 9013: 9001: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8845: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8818: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8791: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8764: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8692: 8687: 8681:, p. 64. 8680: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8656: 8655:The Week 2007 8652: 8648: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8620:Minetree 1976 8616: 8609: 8604: 8598:, p. 24. 8597: 8592: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8569: 8564: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8514: 8509: 8507: 8499: 8494: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8455: 8450: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8428: 8427:Tamarkin 1990 8423: 8416: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8399: 8394: 8387: 8382: 8375: 8370: 8363: 8358: 8356: 8349:, p. 28. 8348: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8329: 8321: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8302: 8301:The Week 2007 8297: 8289: 8283: 8276: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8220: 8215: 8208: 8203: 8201: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8168:Majendie 2000 8164: 8162: 8154: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8131:, p. 17. 8130: 8129:Meredith 2007 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8111: 8106: 8099: 8094: 8087: 8082: 8076:, p. 90. 8075: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8041: 8036: 8029: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8006:, p. 73. 8005: 8004:Meredith 2007 8000: 7993: 7992:Chikuhwa 2004 7988: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7956:, p. 38. 7955: 7954:Chikuhwa 2004 7950: 7943: 7938: 7931: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7907: 7906:Meredith 2007 7903: 7898: 7891: 7886: 7879: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7863:, p. 84. 7862: 7857: 7851:, p. 37. 7850: 7849:Chikuhwa 2004 7845: 7838: 7833: 7827:, p. 77. 7826: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7809: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7793:, p. 77. 7792: 7788: 7787:Meredith 2007 7783: 7781: 7773: 7768: 7766: 7758: 7753: 7746: 7741: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7718:Meredith 2007 7714: 7712: 7710: 7702: 7701:Meredith 2007 7697: 7691:, p. 50. 7690: 7689:Meredith 2007 7685: 7683: 7675: 7670: 7664:, p. 45. 7663: 7662:Meredith 2007 7658: 7651: 7650:Meredith 2007 7646: 7640:, p. 55. 7639: 7638:Meredith 2007 7634: 7632: 7630: 7622: 7617: 7611:, p. 44. 7610: 7609:Meredith 2007 7605: 7598: 7593: 7587:, p. 14. 7586: 7585:Meredith 2007 7581: 7574: 7569: 7563:, p. 52. 7562: 7557: 7550: 7545: 7543: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7504: 7496: 7495:Chikuhwa 2004 7491: 7484: 7479: 7477: 7469: 7468:Tamarkin 1990 7465: 7461: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7437: 7432: 7430: 7422: 7417: 7415: 7407: 7402: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7379: 7378:Cilliers 1984 7374: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7341:, p. 32. 7340: 7339:Chikuhwa 2004 7335: 7328: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7305:, p. 49. 7304: 7303:Cilliers 1984 7299: 7292: 7287: 7280: 7275: 7268: 7263: 7256: 7251: 7244: 7243:Chikuhwa 2004 7239: 7237: 7229: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7199:, p. 87. 7198: 7197:Tamarkin 1990 7193: 7191: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7136:, p. 88. 7135: 7130: 7128: 7121:, p. 23. 7120: 7115: 7113: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7035:, p. 42. 7034: 7033:Tamarkin 1990 7029: 7023:, p. 40. 7022: 7017: 7010: 7009:Tamarkin 1990 7005: 6999:, p. 48. 6998: 6997:Tamarkin 1990 6993: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6969:, p. 18. 6968: 6967:Tamarkin 1990 6963: 6957:, p. 14. 6956: 6955:Tamarkin 1990 6951: 6944: 6943:Tamarkin 1990 6939: 6933:, p. 17. 6932: 6931:Tamarkin 1990 6927: 6920: 6919:Cilliers 1984 6915: 6913: 6911: 6904:, p. 13. 6903: 6902:Tamarkin 1990 6898: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6877:, p. 21. 6876: 6875:Cilliers 1984 6871: 6864: 6859: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6829:, p. 82. 6828: 6823: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6801: 6800:Brownell 2011 6796: 6790:, p. 23. 6789: 6788:Cilliers 1984 6784: 6777: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6698: 6690: 6685: 6679:, p. 46. 6678: 6673: 6666: 6661: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6441:, p. 98. 6440: 6439:Windrich 1978 6435: 6429:, p. 87. 6428: 6427:Windrich 1978 6423: 6417:, p. 76. 6416: 6415:Windrich 1978 6411: 6405:, p. 86. 6404: 6399: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6365: 6360: 6354:, p. 47. 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5970:, p. 89. 5969: 5964: 5957: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5934:, p. 5; 5933: 5932:Cilliers 1984 5928: 5921: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5882:, p. 70. 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5846:, p. 26. 5845: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5810:, p. 48. 5809: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5782: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5766:, p. 67. 5765: 5760: 5754:, p. 12. 5753: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5639:, p. 43. 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5600:, p. 99. 5599: 5594: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5563: 5555: 5550: 5544:, p. 47. 5543: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5434: 5428:, p. 98. 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5388:, p. 97. 5387: 5382: 5376:, p. 92. 5375: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5321:, p. 79. 5320: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5294:, p. 74. 5293: 5288: 5282:, p. 89. 5281: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5219:, p. 20. 5218: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5167: 5161:, p. 33. 5160: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5134:, p. 32. 5133: 5128: 5126: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5050:, p. 83. 5049: 5044: 5038:, p. 31. 5037: 5032: 5026:, p. 82. 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4895:, p. 81. 4894: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4840:, p. 25. 4839: 4834: 4828:, p. 45. 4827: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4756:, p. 13. 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 55. 4743: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4628:, p. 10. 4627: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4605: 4599:, p. 44. 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4483:, p. 41. 4482: 4477: 4470: 4469:The Week 2007 4466: 4462: 4461:Meredith 2007 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4345: 4339: 4332: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4249:, the former 4248: 4242: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4122: 4115: 4114:Dar es Salaam 4110: 4103: 4099: 4098:Harry Reedman 4093: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4040: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4009: 3999: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3909:Henry Everard 3904: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3843:Heidi Holland 3840: 3839:David Coltart 3836: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3691:R. W. Johnson 3686: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3632: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3463:Robert Mugabe 3460: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423:Group Captain 3419: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3370:Abel Muzorewa 3366: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334:Ronald Reagan 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3199:Robert Mugabe 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160:B. J. Vorster 3156: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3067:Abel Muzorewa 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2961:national flag 2958: 2953: 2942: 2935: 2924: 2917: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2894:Privy Council 2891: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2583:Harold Wilson 2579: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:Gonakudzingwa 2497: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440:John Johnston 2437: 2436:Harold Wilson 2433: 2429: 2420: 2415: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2250:Winston Field 2247: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150:Garfield Todd 2147: 2140: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2119:Federal Party 2116: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2066: 2061: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:Liberal Party 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Maritime Alps 1890: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1875:in May 1944. 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845:pilot officer 1842: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1610:Robert Mugabe 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1567:Abel Muzorawa 1563: 1559: 1558:Harold Wilson 1555: 1551: 1548:Smith became 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:Liberal Party 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1359:Battle Career 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1239: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1131: 1129: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1083:3, including 1082: 1078: 1051: 1049: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 992: 990:Resting place 988: 984: 975: 971: 968: 964: 948: 944: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 912: 909: 903: 899: 893: 887: 882: 879: 875: 870: 866: 860: 857: 854: 848: 842: 837: 834: 830: 825: 822: 819: 813: 810: 807: 801: 795: 790: 787: 783: 778: 775: 772: 766: 763: 760: 754: 748: 743: 740: 736: 731: 728: 725: 719: 716: 713: 707: 701: 696: 693: 689: 684: 678: 673: 670: 666: 661: 658: 655: 649: 643: 638: 635: 631: 626: 622: 616: 612: 606: 600: 595: 592: 588: 583: 579: 572: 568: 564: 560: 552: 546: 542: 536: 533: 532:Abel Muzorewa 530: 524: 518: 513: 510: 506: 503: 500: 494: 491: 488: 482: 478: 472: 466: 461: 458: 455: 451: 448: 445: 439: 435: 429: 425: 419: 413: 408: 405: 401: 397: 394: 388: 385: 384:Winston Field 382: 376: 372: 366: 360: 355: 352: 349: 345: 342: 341:John Wrathall 339: 333: 330: 327: 321: 318: 317:Winston Field 315: 309: 303: 298: 293: 290: 289:John Wrathall 287: 281: 277: 271: 268: 267:Winston Field 265: 259: 253: 248: 245: 241: 238: 235: 229: 226: 223: 217: 214: 213:Winston Field 211: 205: 199: 194: 191: 187: 183: 176: 172: 168: 167:Abel Muzorewa 165: 159: 156: 155:Winston Field 153: 147: 144: 140: 139:John Wrathall 136: 133: 129: 122: 121:John Wrathall 119: 116: 113: 112: 110: 106: 99: 97: 94: 93: 91: 87: 81: 76: 73: 68: 64: 60:Smith in 1975 57: 52: 47: 43: 34: 29: 26: 19: 14274: 14130:Joshua Nkomo 14045:R. Chinamano 14035:J. Chinamano 13721:Bassopo-Moyo 13694: 13680: 13594:Mashayamombe 13314: 13300: 13246: 13243: 13229: 13043: 13028:(1965–1979, 12799:Ernest Bulle 12731: 12440: 12430:(1965–1979, 12409:Roy Welensky 12371: 12150: 12061:(son-in-law) 12027: 11877:Beira Patrol 11736: 11698:Joshua Nkomo 11688: 11683: 11671: 11668:1985 – 1987 11661: 11644:1980 – 1985 11637: 11632: 11618: 11609: 11604: 11592: 11582: 11577: 11548: 11531: 11530: 11514: 11507: 11506: 11479: 11462: 11461: 11447: 11422: 11417: 11408: 11407: 11391: 11364: 11359: 11347: 11344:1970 – 1979 11337: 11332: 11318: 11315:1962 – 1970 11308: 11303: 11288:1958 – 1962 11281: 11276: 11268:1953 – 1958 11261: 11256: 11236:1948 – 1953 11229: 11195: 11191: 11171: 11152: 11129: 11106: 11086: 11061: 11038: 11019: 11000: 10969: 10950: 10927: 10919: 10915: 10893: 10869: 10849: 10826: 10805: 10783: 10757: 10732: 10709: 10686: 10664: 10660: 10637:. Barnsley: 10634: 10607:. New York: 10603: 10576: 10557: 10534: 10511: 10488: 10465: 10443: 10420: 10401: 10375: 10355:. Canberra: 10352: 10333: 10310: 10288: 10265: 10245: 10222: 10203: 10183: 10179:Caute, David 10160: 10143: 10125:Eyre Methuen 10120: 10098: 10079: 10051: 10034: 10026:Bibliography 10025: 10024: 10013:. Retrieved 10007:. New York: 9993:. Retrieved 9983: 9968:. Retrieved 9963: 9950: 9949: 9938:. Retrieved 9922:. Retrieved 9915: 9897:. Retrieved 9890: 9875:. Retrieved 9866: 9849:. Retrieved 9840: 9823:. Retrieved 9807:. Retrieved 9803:the original 9796: 9781:. Retrieved 9774: 9759:. Retrieved 9752: 9737:. Retrieved 9728: 9712: 9700: 9685:. Retrieved 9672: 9663: 9651: 9633:. Retrieved 9629:the original 9624: 9609:. Retrieved 9590: 9578:. Retrieved 9555:. Retrieved 9548: 9539:. p. 7. 9534: 9518:. Retrieved 9514:the original 9509: 9505: 9489:. Retrieved 9480: 9462:. Retrieved 9458:The Guardian 9457: 9441:. Retrieved 9437:The Guardian 9436: 9420:. 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Retrieved 8714: 8699: 8698: 8686: 8679:Holland 2009 8674: 8667:Coltart 2007 8662: 8642: 8635:Chinaka 2007 8615: 8603: 8591: 8575: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8498:Schwarz 2011 8493: 8486:Schwarz 2011 8481: 8470:Boynton 2007 8461: 8449: 8439:Boynton 2007 8434: 8429:, p. 5. 8422: 8415:Boynton 2007 8393: 8381: 8369: 8342: 8296: 8282: 8275:Johnson 2007 8246:Johnson 2007 8241: 8214: 8187: 8175: 8153:Meldrum 2000 8148: 8136: 8105: 8098:Schwarz 2011 8093: 8088:, p. i. 8081: 8035: 8028:Nkiwane 1998 8023: 8011: 7999: 7987: 7975:. 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Uppsala: 10357:ANU E Press 9964:jrtwood.com 9940:21 November 9887:"Ian Smith" 9836:"Ian Smith" 9809:12 November 9761:26 December 9714:Star-Banner 9491:26 December 9209:26 December 9188:26 December 9133:19 November 9002:. Edinburgh 8811:22 November 8784:26 December 8757:19 November 8608:Berlyn 1978 8596:Berlyn 1978 8580:Berlyn 1978 8544:Berlyn 1978 8362:Fields 2013 8347:Berlyn 1978 8250:Ndlovu 2008 8219:Herald 2002 8074:Fisher 2010 7902:Fisher 2010 7561:Kriger 2003 7549:Kriger 2003 7534:Kriger 2003 7216:Berlyn 1978 7119:Berlyn 1978 7092:Godwin 2007 7057:Berlyn 1978 6890:Berlyn 1978 6839:Berlyn 1978 6665:Berlyn 1978 6602:Berlyn 1978 6527:Berlyn 1978 6499:Berlyn 1978 6340:Mobley 2002 6316:Strack 1978 6052:Palley 1966 5940:Ranger 1997 5808:Wilson 1974 5677:Berlyn 1978 5637:Nelson 1983 5331:Palley 1966 5304:Berlyn 1978 5241:Berlyn 1978 5201:Berlyn 1978 5186:Berlyn 1978 5171:Berlyn 1978 5144:Berlyn 1978 5093:Berlyn 1978 5048:Berlyn 1978 5024:Berlyn 1978 5012:Berlyn 1978 4980:Berlyn 1978 4956:Berlyn 1978 4941:Berlyn 1978 4905:Berlyn 1978 4893:Berlyn 1978 4862:Berlyn 1978 4850:Berlyn 1978 4814:Berlyn 1978 4790:Berlyn 1978 4778:Berlyn 1978 4766:Berlyn 1978 4742:Berlyn 1978 4715:Berlyn 1978 4678:"No. 35876" 4665:Berlyn 1978 4638:Berlyn 1978 4597:Berlyn 1978 4585:Berlyn 1978 4505:Berlyn 1978 4493:Berlyn 1978 4481:Berlyn 1978 4318:Chitungwiza 4276:Sunday Mail 4257:, the last 4205:' quarters. 4165:ultra vires 4045:Ahrn Palley 3944:in infancy. 3732:Clem Tholet 3639:David Blair 3615:Forum Party 3602:ZANU–Ndonga 3553:Gukurahundi 3548:Gukurahundi 3539:5th Brigade 3530:Gukurahundi 3414:Lord Soames 3389:U.S. Senate 3329:martial law 3254:Gerald Ford 3203:Mashonaland 3128:(or Second 3092:Lake Kariba 3051:Lord Pearce 2489:Warsaw Pact 2417:Smith with 2338:R.A. Butler 2312:defend the 2246:independent 2176:in the new 2055:Backbencher 1962:Marandellas 1865:skin grafts 1849:Middle East 1776:Smith with 1744:Grahamstown 1669:Lanarkshire 1026:(1953–1961) 1020:(1948–1953) 896:Preceded by 851:Preceded by 804:Preceded by 757:Preceded by 710:Preceded by 652:Preceded by 609:Preceded by 539:Preceded by 485:Preceded by 457:and Defence 432:Preceded by 379:Preceded by 351:and Defence 324:Preceded by 274:Preceded by 220:Preceded by 150:Preceded by 143:David Smith 123:(1976–1978) 117:(1970–1975) 14358:Categories 14280:Stuttaford 14180:Cartwright 14125:John Nkomo 14115:J. Ngwenya 14110:D. Ngwenya 13956:Sekeramayi 13951:Sanyangare 13886:Munyaradzi 13856:Mombeshora 13625:Charumbira 13599:Msikavanhu 13356:Culverwell 12712:Abrahamson 12047:Alec Smith 11340:Umzingwane 11311:Umzingwane 11174:. London: 11111:Croom Helm 11109:. London: 10873:. London: 10668:Allen Lane 10468:. London: 10313:. London: 10227:Croom Helm 10043:B0017HAKHI 10015:10 January 9995:11 January 9988:. Oxford: 9877:18 January 9754:The Herald 9739:29 January 9635:9 November 9603:. London: 9572:. London: 9557:16 January 9520:10 January 9483:. London. 9443:12 January 9317:5 February 9232:6 December 9103:12 January 9006:12 January 8983:9 February 8943:23 January 8860:. London. 8830:. London. 8803:. London. 8776:. London. 8749:. London. 8719:. London. 8691:Smith 1997 8651:Raath 2007 8647:Bevan 2007 8556:Young 1969 8374:Smith 2011 8335:Bevan 2007 8207:Blair 2002 8180:Blair 2000 8141:Smith 2013 8110:Smith 1997 8086:Smith 2001 8040:Blair 2007 7674:Smith 1997 7597:Smith 1997 7573:Smith 1997 7436:Moore 2013 7327:Daume 1980 7291:Smith 1997 7228:Binda 2007 7158:Smith 1997 7146:Smith 1997 7069:Smith 1997 6863:Binda 2008 6851:Loney 1975 6815:Blake 1977 6776:Blake 1977 6764:Smith 1997 6752:Blake 1977 6740:Blake 1977 6716:Young 1969 6677:Smith 1976 6614:Young 1969 6196:Young 1969 5968:Caute 1983 5764:Smith 1997 5681:Smith 1997 5542:Smith 1997 5358:Blake 1977 5159:Smith 1997 5132:Smith 1997 5117:Blake 1977 5089:Smith 1997 5036:Smith 1997 4929:Blake 1977 4917:Smith 1997 4881:Smith 1997 4838:Smith 1997 4802:Smith 1997 4754:Smith 1997 4700:Smith 1997 4626:Smith 1997 4570:Smith 1997 4531:Smith 1997 4445:Bevan 2007 4392:Caute 1983 4380:Oxford DNB 4353:References 4288:surrender. 3683:John Nkomo 3633:in England 3604:party and 3557:Chimurenga 3465:, elected 3449:Opposition 3392:After the 3350:resolution 3345:referendum 3212:conference 3131:Chimurenga 3047:commission 2984:referendum 2957:Union Jack 2921:Rhodesian 2849:Royal Navy 2765:Royal Navy 2705:Royal Navy 2629:local time 2617:status quo 2562:referendum 2457:Ken Flower 2360:status quo 2259:referendum 2182:Chief Whip 2146:Federation 2109:referendum 2073:unicameral 2050:Parliament 2014:Jacob Smit 1929:alma mater 1857:Hurricanes 1696:Freemasons 1685:Cumberland 1681:Frizington 1582:Mozambique 1574:until 1974 1539:Chief Whip 1461:(known as 1294:Government 1113:Allegiance 1092:Alma mater 1000:, Zimbabwe 956:1919-04-08 739:Umzingwane 692:Umzingwane 14364:Ian Smith 14105:E. Ndlovu 14100:C. Ndlovu 14095:A. Ndlovu 14012:Jekanyika 14006:J. Zvobgo 14001:E. Zvobgo 13981:Tavarwisa 13971:Shirihuru 13946:Rutanhire 13921:Nhiwatiwa 13901:Mutumbuka 13891:Murambiwa 13866:Mudzingwa 13861:Mnangagwa 13851:Mazorodze 13836:Mativenga 13811:Mangwende 13801:S. Makoni 13796:C. Makoni 13781:Kaparadza 13771:Kadungure 13731:Chikowore 13511:Rosenfels 13483:Partridge 13396:M. Ndlovu 13391:A. Ndlovu 13302:President 13247:Ian Smith 13128:Mangwende 13000:was part) 12925:Chinamasa 12915:Chinamasa 12875:Mnangagwa 12766:Caldicott 12761:MacIntyre 12722:Whitehead 12692:Davenport 12677:MacIntyre 12672:Davenport 12667:Caldicott 12632:Whitehead 12441:Ian Smith 12397:was part) 12372:Ian Smith 12179:Ministers 11754:(1964–79) 11737:Ian Smith 11684:New title 11633:New title 11605:New title 11578:New title 11418:New title 11360:New title 11333:New title 11304:New title 11277:New title 11257:New title 11084:(1974) . 11074:219295658 11043:Routledge 10974:Cape Town 10745:227599708 9924:7 January 9899:7 January 9892:The Times 9825:7 January 9783:9 January 9611:7 January 9580:27 August 9464:3 January 9382:159673826 9340:7 January 9287:0018-2753 9166:144538905 9032:9 January 8963:7 January 8918:7 January 8895:7 January 8868:7 January 8838:7 January 8727:7 January 7861:Hill 2005 7825:Hill 2005 7808:Faul 1985 7791:Hill 2005 7354:Winn 1979 6689:Wood 2008 6650:Wood 2008 6638:Wood 2008 6626:Wood 2008 6590:Wood 2008 6566:Wood 2008 6551:Wood 2008 6539:Wood 2008 6515:Wood 2008 6487:Wood 2008 6463:Wood 2008 6451:Wood 2008 6379:Rowe 2001 6352:Wood 2008 6328:Wood 2008 6259:Wood 2005 6247:Wood 2008 6235:Wood 2008 6220:Wood 2005 6208:Wood 2005 6184:Wood 2005 6172:Wood 2005 6160:Wood 2005 6148:Wood 2005 6124:Wood 2005 6112:Wood 2005 6100:Wood 2005 6088:Wood 2005 6076:Wood 2005 6040:Wood 2005 6028:Wood 2005 6016:Wood 2005 6004:Wood 2005 5992:Wood 2005 5980:Wood 2005 5956:Wood 2005 5944:Wood 2005 5920:Wood 2005 5908:Wood 2005 5892:Wood 2005 5844:Hall 1966 5832:Hall 1966 5820:Wood 2005 5796:Wood 2005 5781:Wood 2005 5752:Wood 2005 5732:Wood 2005 5720:Wood 2005 5708:Wood 2005 5696:Wood 2005 5673:Wood 2005 5661:Wood 2005 5649:Wood 2005 5613:Wood 2005 5598:Wood 2005 5530:Wood 2005 5518:Wood 2005 5503:Wood 2005 5491:Wood 2005 5479:Time 1964 5455:Wood 2005 5438:Wood 2005 5426:Wood 2005 5386:Wood 2005 5374:Wood 2005 5362:Wood 2005 5319:Wood 2005 5292:Wood 2005 5280:Wood 2005 5253:Wood 2005 5229:Wood 2005 5217:Wood 2005 5105:Wood 2005 4609:Wood 2005 4558:Time 1976 4409:Wood 1999 4365:Wood 2008 3983:included. 3978:was of a 3942:pneumonia 3854:Footnotes 3765:him amid 3715:Cape Town 3679:stateless 3321:shot down 3114:Rhodesian 2988:president 2778:Gibraltar 2747:Gibraltar 2627:at 11:00 2510:Melsetter 2384:Whitehall 2162:backbench 2101:Nyasaland 2039:Cape Town 1939:south of 1878:During a 1855:, flying 1791:When the 1657:Salisbury 1518:served as 1287:1964-1979 1237:Ian Smith 1164:1941–1945 983:Cape Town 886:In office 841:In office 794:In office 747:In office 700:In office 677:In office 642:In office 599:In office 517:In office 465:In office 412:In office 359:In office 329:New title 302:In office 252:In office 225:New title 198:In office 108:President 80:In office 37:Ian Smith 14333:Muzorewa 14323:Mukarati 14275:I. Smith 14265:D. Smith 14254:Chalmers 14200:Elsworth 14189:Berkhout 14165:Andersen 14135:S. Nkomo 14090:Muchachi 14031:Chambati 13976:Taderera 13936:Pswarayi 13926:Nyagumbo 13916:Ndangana 13841:Mavhaire 13830:Malianga 13741:Chivaura 13584:Mukarati 13579:Dakamela 13574:Chitanga 13569:Chingoma 13416:Tangwena 13411:Takawira 13351:Chivende 13341:Chidzero 13109:Zimbabwe 13049:Montrose 13025:Rhodesia 13007:Welensky 12976:Zimbabwe 12895:Kuruneri 12870:Chambati 12865:Chidzero 12851:Zimbabwe 12776:Rhodesia 12742:Wrathall 12697:Fletcher 12662:Fletcher 12652:Fletcher 12642:Fletcher 12607:Danziger 12556:Zimbabwe 12491:Zimbabwe 12427:Rhodesia 12310:Zimbabwe 12259:L. Smith 12231:Wrathall 12221:A. Smith 12206:Montrose 12151:I. Smith 12078:Category 11752:Rhodesia 11264:Midlands 11194:Volume 7 10976:: HAUM. 10804:(1966). 10659:(2013). 10119:(1977). 9966:. Durban 9917:The Week 9871:Archived 9851:26 April 9845:Archived 9733:Archived 9687:15 April 9485:Archived 9460:. London 9439:. London 9336:. 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London 8862:Archived 8832:Archived 8805:Archived 8778:Archived 8751:Archived 8721:Archived 8568:BBC 1970 8466:BBC 2007 8398:BBC 2017 7045:BBC 1975 4430:BBC 2007 3931:in 1982. 3892:Governor 3757:and the 3723:St James 3711:St James 3473:The new 3298:election 3258:election 3249:Pretoria 3096:Bush War 3073:Bush War 3055:coloured 3015:election 3011:election 2998:British 2899:Fearless 2879:Fearless 2844:Fearless 2791:Fearless 2736:Fearless 2725:Bulawayo 2646:Governor 2600:May 1965 2296:Cold War 2216:and the 2154:Midlands 1937:Vaal Dam 1880:strafing 1822:Spitfire 1813:dominion 1673:Scotland 1665:Hamilton 1655:capital 1506:Midlands 1471:Rhodesia 1467:Zimbabwe 1316:Rhodesia 1080:Children 998:Shurugwi 967:Rhodesia 634:Midlands 89:Monarchs 14304:Cumming 14269:Probert 14260:Shields 14250:Moseley 14245:Micklem 14225:Holland 14215:Goddard 14195:Divaris 14069:Mutanga 14065:Mangena 14060:Malunga 13996:Ziyenge 13931:Nyazika 13906:Muzenda 13826:Masango 13816:Manyika 13806:Mamutse 13791:Makombe 13786:Mahachi 13736:Chitepo 13713:ZANU–PF 13702:ZANU–PF 13691:ZANU–PF 13682:Speaker 13604:Ndiweni 13478:Mussett 13473:Hartley 13454:Fleming 13421:Ziyambi 13406:Shoniwa 13386:Munyati 13371:Makunde 13366:Makanda 13333:ZANU–PF 13322:ZANU–PF 13311:ZANU–PF 13240:ZANU–PF 13164:Murwira 13138:Mudenge 13123:Muzenda 13080:(1979, 12900:Murerwa 12890:Murerwa 12880:Murerwa 12657:Huggins 12647:Huggins 12627:Huggins 12617:Fereday 12612:Huggins 12602:Huggins 12462:(1979, 12216:Rudland 12211:Mussett 11503:Himself 11458:Himself 11232:Selukwe 10992:1676807 10382:Press. 10152:9116649 10060:4282978 9970:10 June 9422:29 July 9374:3172030 9292:11 June 9055:11 June 8884:Reuters 7977:20 June 4333:in 2001 3980:unitary 3929:renamed 3763:impeach 3503:renamed 3368:Bishop 3164:détente 3118:détente 2976:charged 2972:triband 2965:defaced 2941:triband 2877:On HMS 2868:de jure 2640:of the 2564:and an 2508:, near 2477:Ndebele 2421:in 1964 2300:Western 2078:reading 2041:so pro- 1949:honours 1889:invaded 1873:Corsica 1731:prefect 1649:Selukwe 1502:Selukwe 1074: 1058: 1054: 1018:Liberal 963:Selukwe 591:Selukwe 479:Himself 436:Himself 426:Himself 373:Himself 14300:Walker 14290:Tapson 14240:Landau 14235:Irvine 14209:Thrush 14185:Cronjé 14170:Butler 14055:Lesabe 13986:Tekere 13911:Mvenge 13896:Mutasa 13876:Mujuru 13871:Mugabe 13846:Mawema 13821:Marere 13776:Kangai 13766:Kabasa 13562:Chiefs 13553:Norman 13498:Whaley 13488:Savage 13463:Wilson 13439:Ankers 13381:Mubako 13361:Hungwe 13290:Senate 13148:Mzembi 13106: 13091:Mukome 13074: 13054:Howman 13039:Dupont 13022: 12990: 12920:Chombo 12885:Makoni 12860:Masaya 12815:(1979) 12811:under 12778:under 12737:Harper 12592:Senior 12488: 12456: 12424: 12387: 12324: 12254:Dunlop 12249:Dillon 12201:McLean 12191:Howman 12186:Harper 12172:Dupont 12055:(wife) 12040:Family 12032:(1997) 11284:Gwanda 11203:955160 11201: 11184:955160 11182: 11159: 11140: 11117: 11094: 11072: 11049: 11026: 11007: 10990: 10980: 10957: 10938: 10900: 10881: 10856: 10837: 10818:406157 10816: 10790: 10768: 10743: 10720: 10697: 10674: 10645: 10615: 10587: 10564: 10545: 10522: 10499: 10476: 10450: 10431: 10408: 10386: 10363: 10340: 10321: 10295: 10276: 10252: 10233: 10210: 10191: 10167: 10150: 10131: 10105: 10086: 10058: 10041: 9506:People 9380: 9372: 9285: 9225:People 9164: 9122:News24 4261:; 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