Rhodesian Bush War

3173:, political scientist Norma J. Kriger rejected "the existing portrait of ZANU's successful politicisation of the Zimbabwean countryside during the liberation war" and concluded that relations between nationalist guerrillas and TTL villagers in Mutoko District were predominantly characterized by violence and coercion. She also wrote that insofar as peasants voluntarily collaborated with ZANLA, it was often in the hopes of using them to settle petty personal scores and protect their local interests. Historian Luise White wrote that the white Rhodesian war accounts did not present a unified and agreed telling of the conflict, and instead "struggled over what being a white Rhodesian meant, and what pasts and futures soldiers brought to the war". Reflecting on their truthfulness, White stated, "Many of the stories and events in these memoirs are not true, or at least not wholly accurate." Reid-Daly later testified during a lawsuit involving an authorship dispute that he had "exaggerated or embellished the true story" several times in 3177:. Many of these works maintained that the Rhodesian Army "won every battle but lost at the negotiating table" at Lancaster House. White criticized this view, writing, "First, there weren't really any battles, and second, while Rhodesian soldiers were not routed anywhere, they did not win any decisive victories either, especially during the mid-1970s when guerrilla forces were in disarray. In terms of strategy in the middle and late 1970s, it is not altogether clear that the Rhodesian state wanted victory more than it wanted a strong position from which to negotiate some kind of transition to majority rule." Academic M. T. Howard wrote that the portrayal of the Rhodesian Army as a nearly-invincible institution served both white Rhodesian and black Zimbabwean nationalist discourses; the former benefitted from showing a capable force which was never defeated in the field while the latter argued that their ultimate success was made more impressive. 3161:, published in 1985. It focused on eastern Rhodesia and constituted a largely uncritical account of ZANLA activities in that area. The book did not address violence inflicted by ZANLA on African TTL residents and concluded that rural blacks were "united" in supporting the guerrilla movement. Ranger later reflected that his work duplicated ZANU's nationalist rhetoric. Romanticised interpretations of the Zimbwabwean nationalist endeavor fell out of scholarly favour in the mid-1990s. Since then, more critical works of the nationalist movement have predominated, highlighting complexities in the war. More works focusing on ZIPRA have also been published, though the nature of differences between ZANLA and ZIPRA as well as the geographical spread of the two guerrilla forces remains debated. 1498:, Rhodesians refused to allow the majority-rule policy to come into effect. Much of the Rhodesian economy as well as the land was controlled by white Rhodesians, and, fearing total confiscation by either the ZIPRA or ZANLA, the RF elected to hold onto unofficial minority-rule. In ignoring other contributing factors to the conflict, Smith and the RF were able to strengthen ties with the West, but Britain remained neutral. The division between the communists and anti-communists caused the fighting to spill over the Rhodesian borders. Neighbouring African nations, supported primarily by North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union, used communist material support to begin launching guerrilla attacks on the 1641: 1513:

civilian assets and Viscount aircraft. Just as they had done in various other African countries and conflicts, the Soviets supported opposition forces with weapons and training. In addition to the physical assistance, Moscow launched a propaganda campaign exaggerating British involvement in the conflict in order to boost support for intervention. The Soviets were large suppliers of munitions and training, but refused to directly enter the conflict. The Chinese, on the other hand, were limited in their abilities to offer tangible aid to the ZANLA. Chinese influence throughout the conflict was primarily focused on small scale sabotage efforts and anti-western propaganda.

207: 662: 2939:. During the conference, the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian Government accepted a watering down of the 1978 internal settlement while Mugabe and Nkomo agreed to end the war in exchange for new elections in which they could participate. The economic sanctions imposed on Rhodesia were lifted in late 1979, and the country reverted to temporary British rule until elections could be held. Under the Constitution of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia (Amendment) (No. 4) Act 1979 of 11 December 1979, the country formally reverted to its colonial status as Southern Rhodesia. The Zimbabwe-Rhodesian parliament voted itself out of power, and 366: 777: 494: 482: 470: 458: 446: 434: 422: 2708: 237: 222: 3120:

editorial oversight often suffered from spelling errors and other mistakes, but tended to focus more on unit culture and non-military activities such as poaching, or "taming" captured African insurgents into domestic servants. Most of these books were released in Africa; few became commercial successes in the United Kingdom or the United States. Grouped together with fictional novels about the war, the memoirs are sometimes placed in a genre of "neo-Rhodesian" literature. Claims involving use of biological and chemical weapons by Rhodesian forces appeared only in post-war literature.

530: 518: 506: 730: 718: 698: 686: 674: 554: 542: 348: 754: 742: 379: 821: 252: 305: 2068:'s government declared its support for Rhodesia and cultivated material ties. Israel gave Rhodesia the right to produce its own Uzis alongside material shipments. This resulted in the Uzi becoming standard in the Rhodesian army, police, and its white citizens. Helicopters provided by Israel to Rhodesia were also used in counter-insurgency operations. These counter-insurgency operations were based on Israeli tactics, as Israeli companies were used to construct a 500-mile belt of landmines along the border of Mozambique and Zambia. 2410:

for duty and subjected to long military service. In addition, Rhodesia recruited additional black men to volunteer for military service. Although some raised questions about their loyalty, the Rhodesian government stated that it had no doubts about their loyalty, and planned to train black officers. Legislation to conscript blacks was introduced and came in effect in 1979, but the response to call-ups was poor. Rhodesia also recruited foreign volunteers for service, with groups of foreigners who served in Rhodesia including the

2860:

remained uncommitted outside the country. Joshua Nkomo's ZIPRA forces were preparing their forces in Zambia with the intent of confronting the Rhodesians through a conventional invasion. Whether such an invasion could have been successful in the short term against the well trained Rhodesian army and air force is questionable. However, what was clear was that the insurgency was growing in strength daily and the ability of the security forces to continue to control the entire country was coming under serious challenge.

1587:, and democracy by fighting Communists, but it was unwilling to compromise on most political, economic and social inequalities. White Rhodesians typically believed that black grievances were not organic and endogenous in origin but were externally fomented by foreign agitators. The Smith administration claimed that the legitimate voice of the black Shona and Ndebele population were the traditional chiefs, not the ZANU and ZAPU nationalists, whom it regarded as dangerous, violent usurpers. 2547: 3455:. New York: The Africa Fund, 1977, p. 7: ZAPU and the African National Congress of South Africa jointly began an armed struggle in northwestern Rhodesia centered in Wankie. This campaign lasted into 1968, with several hundred ZAPU and South African ANC guerrillas involved. South African troops entered Rhodesia to support the government. Prime Minister Vorster said: "We are good friends (with Rhodesia) and good friends know what their duty is when the neighbour's house is on fire." 58: 567: 2390:. By 1973, guerrilla activity was increasing in the aftermath of the Altena Farm raid, particularly in the northeast part of the country where portions of the African population were evacuated from border areas, and compulsory military service for whites was extended to one year. As the war intensified, conscription was raised to men between the ages of 38 and 50, though this was modified in 1977. No white male 17-year-olds were allowed to leave the country. 3131:—in 1982. Galago continued to be a major publisher of these works. Publishing of these memoirs accelerated during Zimbabwe's economic decline in the 1990s. These works increasingly incorporated material from other memoirs and some secondary works, though they generally displayed little knowledge of ZANLA's or ZIPRA's version of events. Many also featured direct and indirect criticism of other soldiers and memoirists. Some of these disputes led to lawsuits. 2983:, there were accusations of voter intimidation by Mugabe's guerrilla cadres, sections of which were accused of not having assembled in the designated guerrilla assembly points as required under the Lancaster House Agreement, and the international observers as well as Lord Soames were accused of looking the other way. The Rhodesian military may have seriously considered a coup d'état in March 1980. This alleged coup was to consist of two stages: 2735: 268: 2221: 650: 638: 626: 614: 594: 582: 330: 2082: 289: 807: 396: 2693:, a pre-emptive combined arms surprise attack on guerrilla camps at Chimoio and Tembue in Mozambique. The attack was carried out over three days, from 23 to 25 November 1977. While these operations reportedly inflicted thousands of casualties on Robert Mugabe's ZANLA cadres, probably blunting guerrilla incursions in the months that followed, nevertheless a steady intensification of the insurgency continued through 1978. 1941:. In addition, they were fighting a civil war against ZIPRA, despite the formation of a joint front by their political parties after 1978. It was ZANLA's intention to occupy the ground, supplant the administration in rural areas, and then mount the final conventional campaign. ZANLA concentrated on the politicisation of the rural areas using force, persuasion, ties of kinship and collaboration with spirit mediums. 2847:-dropped parachutists and helicopter 'air cav' techniques had a significant effect on the development of the conflict. As late as September 1979, despite the increased sophistication of guerrilla forces in Mozambique, a raid by Selous Scouts, with artillery and air support, on "New Chimoio" still reportedly resulted in heavy ZANLA casualties. However, a successful raid on the Rhodesian strategic fuel reserves in 2567: 1783:, Rhodesia was heavily reliant on South African and domestically produced weapons and equipment, as well as international smuggling operations, commonly referred to as "sanction-busting". South Africa provided extensive support to Rhodesia in the form of a Lend / Lease program and both the official and unofficial support of many branches of the South African armed forces. 2731:. In December 1978, a ZANLA unit penetrated the outskirts of Salisbury and fired a volley of rockets and incendiary device rounds into the main oil storage depot. The storage tanks burned for five days, giving off a column of smoke that could be seen 130 km (80 mi) away. Half a million barrels of petroleum product—a quarter of Rhodesia's fuel—was destroyed. 2402:, Ian Smith realised Rhodesia was surrounded on three sides by hostile nations and declared a formal state of emergency. Soon Mozambique closed its border, however Rhodesian forces continued to cross the border in "hot pursuit" raids, attacking the nationalists and their training camps, and engaged in skirmishes with Mozambican security forces. 2652:. The Rhodesian government said the military killed 32 ZANLA fighters and lost one Rhodesian pilot. The Mozambican government disputed the number of casualties, saying it shot down three Rhodesian planes and a helicopter and took several thousand troops prisoner, all of which was denied by Minister of Combined Operations, Roger Hawkins. 1802:. The arms embargo caused a lack of spare parts from external suppliers and RhAF had to find alternative means to keep its aircraft flying. The larger South African Air Force provided extensive training, aircraft and aircrews in support of RhAF operations from 1966. The Rhodesians also used more modern types of aircraft like the 4903: 1915:(ZAPU). The fighting was largely rural, as the two rival movements tried to win peasant support and to recruit fighters while attacking the local government administration and white civilians. To ensure local domination, ZANLA and ZIPRA sometimes fought against each other as well as against the security forces. 1509:. The Rhodesian government created advertising campaigns in order to attract soldiers from Western countries, and the security forces amassed a force of nearly 1,400 soldiers who were highly trained in special forces and guerrilla warfare, bringing the total of the Rhodesian military force to over 10,000 men. 3345:

changed its name to Zambia, but the UK refused to grant assent to this, ruling that it was beyond the powers of the colonial government to change the country's name. The colonial government continued using the shortened name anyway, declared independence as Rhodesia, and used that name until becoming

3119:

Many Rhodesian veterans wrote memoirs about their service after the second Bush War, most of them emanating from soldiers who served in the RLI or Selous Scouts. These works were either self-published, published with vanity presses, or with specialized publishing houses. The memoirs published without

2859:

The larger problem was that by 1979, combined ZIPRA and ZANLA strength inside Rhodesia totalled at least 12,500 guerrillas and it was evident that insurgents were entering the country at a faster rate than the Rhodesian forces could kill or capture. In addition, 22,000 ZIPRA and 16,000 ZANLA fighters

2148:

on a ticket of racial "partnership", whereby blacks and whites would work together. All ethnically discriminatory legislation would be immediately repealed, including the Land Apportionment Act, which defined certain areas of the land as eligible for purchase only by blacks, others as exclusively for

2052:

Robert Mugabe (of ZANLA/ZANU) won this election, because he was the only major competitor of the majority ethnicity, Shona. Once in power, Mugabe was internationally recognised as Zimbabwe's leader and was installed as head of government, and had the backing of the overwhelming majority ethnic group.

1882:

The Rhodesian government divided the country into eight geographical operational areas: North West Border (Operation Ranger), Eastern Border (Operation Thrasher), North East Border (Operation Hurricane), South East Border (Operation Repulse), Midlands (Operation Grapple), Kariba (Operation Splinter),

1552:

The conflict was seen by the nationalist groups and the UK government of the time as a war of national and racial liberation. The Rhodesian government saw the conflict as a fight between one part of the country's population (the Whites) on behalf of the whole population (including the Black majority)

5305:

However, despite efforts at forging cordial relations, many missionaries were brutally murdered by guerrillas during the war. Missionaries in isolated rural schools and missions often found themselves in the worst possible position, caught between soldiers and guerrillas. Perhaps the most horrifying

3025:

According to Rhodesian government statistics, more than 20,000 were killed during the second war. From December 1972 to December 1979, 1,120 members of the Rhodesian security forces were killed, along with 10,050 guerrillas who were killed in Rhodesia, and an unknown number in Mozambique and Zambia,

2919:

While Prime Minister Thatcher clearly sympathised with the internal settlement and thought of the ZANLA and ZIPRA leaders as terrorists, she was prepared to support a push for further compromise if it could end the fighting. Britain was also reluctant to recognise the internal settlement for fear of

2863:

By putting the civilian population at risk, ZIPRA and the ZANLA had been particularly effective in creating conditions that accelerated white emigration. This not only seriously undermined the morale of the white population, it was also gradually reducing the availability of trained reserves for the

2444:

Secondly, it aimed to contaminate water supplies along guerrilla infiltration routes into Rhodesia, forcing the guerrillas to either travel through arid regions to carry more water and less ammunition or travel through areas patrolled by the security forces. Finally, the Rhodesians sought to hit the

2425:

to introduce majority rule within two years. The Smith Government then sought to negotiate an acceptable settlement with moderate black leaders, while retaining strong white influence in key areas. The Rhodesian military, in turn, aimed to erode the rising military strength of the ZANLA and ZIPRA to

2397:

in Portugal heralded the coming end of colonial rule in Mozambique. A transitional government was formed within months and Mozambique became independent under FRELIMO rule on 25 June 1975. Such events proved beneficial to ZANLA and disastrous for the Rhodesians, adding 1,300 kilometres (800 mi)

2160:

The UFP proposed to repeal the black and white purchase areas, but keep the Tribal Trust and national lands. It also committed to general black advancement. These proposals proved largely repugnant to the mostly white electorate, which feared that premature black ascendancy would threaten Rhodesia's

1669:

The army was always relatively small, just 3,400 regular troops in 1970. By 1978–79 it had grown to some 10,800 regulars nominally supported by about 40,000 reservists – although by the last year of the war, perhaps as few as 15,000 were available for active service. While the regular army consisted

3044:

However, Mugabe was torn between keeping his coalition stable and pressures to meet the expectations of his followers for social change. Clashes between ZANLA and ZIPRA forces took place in 1980 and 1981. In February 1982, Mugabe fired Nkomo and two other ZAPU ministers from his cabinet, triggering

2943:

was appointed by the British government to rule the country as Governor-Designate, arriving in Salisbury on 12 December to take over from President Gumede. On 21 December 1979, a cease-fire was announced. An election was scheduled for early 1980. The British Commonwealth deployed an observer force,

2519:

aided by former ZANLA commander Morrison Nyathi attacked a ZANLA camp at Nyadzonya in Mozambique containing over 5,000 guerrillas and several hundred refugees. The Selous Scouts, who numbered 72, dressed in FRELIMO uniforms and disguised their vehicles, attaching FRELIMO licence plates and painting

2312:

to the Mozambique border. Here 30-man camps were established at 8-kilometre intervals supported by mobile rapid reaction units. From 1966 to 1970, these defences accounted for 175 insurgents killed for the loss of 14 defenders. The conflict continued at a low level until 21 December 1972 when ZANLA

2044:

The ZAPU/ZIPRA strategy for taking over Zimbabwe proved unsuccessful. In any event, the transfer of power to black nationalists took place not by the military take-over expected by ZAPU/ZIPRA, but by a peaceful and internationally supervised election. Rhodesia reverted to British rule as the colony

1512:

The Soviet Union became involved in the Rhodesian Bush War to combat the push from the anti-communist West and to challenge the Chinese presence in the region. Soviet military technology quickly appeared in the Zimbabwean countryside and by 1979 ZIPRA were utilizing SAM weaponry to target Rhodesian

3002:

received 63% of the vote. By 16 March 1980, all Commonwealth forces had departed, save for 40 infantry instructors who temporarily stayed behind to train the new nation's army. On 18 April 1980, interim British rule ended and the country was internationally recognised as independent. The colony of

2899:

became president. The internal settlement left control of the military, police, civil service, and judiciary in white hands, and assured whites about one-third of the seats in parliament. It was essentially a power-sharing arrangement between whites and blacks. The factions led by Nkomo and Mugabe

2440:

As the war continued to intensify, the Rhodesian Security Forces initiated a Chemical and Biological Weapons (CBW) programme to kill guerrillas both inside Rhodesia and in external camps in Zambia and Mozambique. The effort had three fronts. First, it aimed to eliminate guerrillas operating inside

2409:

In 1976, the length of active military service was extended to 18 months; this took effect immediately, with soldiers about to end their one-year service finding their active service extended. Even after discharge from regular service, white men entered the reserve forces, and were often called up

2405:

By 1975–1976, it was clear that an indefinite postponement of majority rule, which had been the cornerstone of the Smith Government's strategy since UDI, was no longer viable. Even overt South African support for Rhodesia was waning. South Africa began scaling back economic assistance to Rhodesia,

2132:

established the National Democratic Party in January 1960. Nkomo became its leader in October. An NDP delegation headed by Nkomo attended the constitutional conference in January 1961. While Nkomo initially supported the constitution, he reversed his position after other NDP leaders disagreed. The

2032:

On the advice of the Soviets, ZIPRA built up its conventional forces, and motorised with Soviet armoured vehicles and a number of small aeroplanes, in Zambia. ZIPRA's (i.e. ZAPU's) intention was to allow ZANLA to bring the Rhodesian forces to the point of defeat, and then take the victory from the

2562:

By 1977, the war had spread throughout Rhodesia. ZANLA continued to operate from Mozambique and remained dominant among the Mashona peoples in eastern and central Rhodesia. Meanwhile, ZIPRA remained active in the north and west, using bases in Zambia and Botswana, and were mainly supported by the

2500:

Between 1976 and 1979, the Rhodesian Army laid extensive minefields along the country's eastern and northern borders to prevent infiltration and resupply of fighters based in Zambia and Mozambique. The mines were laid in dense patterns, one of which was known as the "Cordon Sanitaire" in six main

2344:

Britain's efforts to isolate Rhodesia economically had not produced major compromises by the Smith Government. Indeed, late in 1971 the British and Rhodesian Governments had negotiated a compromise political settlement which would have bowed to the Smith Government's agenda of postponing majority

2229:

On 4 July 1964, ZANU insurgents ambushed and murdered a white foreman from Silverstreams Wattle Company, Pieter Johan Andries (Andrew) Oberholzer. The killing had a lasting effect on the small, close-knit white community. The Smith administration detained ZANU and ZAPU leaders in August 1964. The

2715:

In May 1978, 50 civilians were killed in crossfire between Marxist militants and the Rhodesian military, the greatest number of civilians killed in an engagement until then. In July, Patriotic Front members killed 39 black civilians and the Rhodesian government killed 106 militants. By mid-1978,

2533:

The Rhodesians then opened fire and continued shooting until there was no movement on the parade ground, then they returned to Rhodesia. More than 300 ZANLA insurgents were reported killed by the Rhodesians, with four Selous Scouts lightly wounded. This figure is corroborated by ZANLA's official

1952:

In response, the Rhodesians co-operated with the South Africans to develop a range of mine protected vehicles. They began by replacing air in tyres with water which absorbed some of the blast and reduced the heat of the explosion. Initially, they protected the bodies with steel deflector plates,

3156:

in 1981, which chronicled the formation and development of nationalist movements. It was printed with a favourable foreword by Mugabe and was wielded by the post-independent Zimbabwean government as evidence of the courage and sacrifices of ZANU and ZANLA, including incorporation into secondary

2523:

When they reached the ZANLA camp at 0825 hours the six ZANLA soldiers on duty allowed them to enter, and the Rhodesian vehicles moved in and took up prearranged positions around the edge of the parade ground, on which stood about 4,000 guerrillas. When all was ready a Rhodesian soldier took his

2328:

into Mozambique. However, three weeks after the attack on Altena Farm, ZANLA killed two civilians and abducted a third into Mozambique and then Tanzania. In response, SAS troops were inserted into Mozambique with the approval of the Portuguese administration, in the first officially sanctioned

3110:

Unlike many post-colonial African conflicts, the Second Rhodesian Bush War spawned an extensive written military historiography. Though the territory at the center of the conflict was known by four different names throughout the time of the war, historiographic works tend to call the country

2928: 1948:

on the roads. From 1972 to 1980 there were 2,504 vehicle detonations of land mines (mainly Soviet TM46s), killing 632 people and injuring 4,410. Mining of roads increased 33.7% from 1978 (894 mines or 2.44 mines were detonated or recovered per day) to 1979 (2,089 mines or 5.72 mines a day).

1716:

By 1978, all white men up to the age of 60 were subject to periodic call-up to the army; younger men up to 35 might expect to spend alternating blocks of six weeks in the army and at home. Many of the overseas volunteers came from Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Portugal, Hong Kong, Canada,

4907: 2614:. The Rhodesians only discovered how well equipped the nationalists had become when raids on guerrilla base areas towards the end of the war revealed mortars, 12.7 mm and 14.5 mm heavy machine guns and even heavier calibre weapons such as 122 mm multiple rocket launchers. 2994:

language group which made up the overwhelming majority of the country's population) could not be seriously disputed. Moreover, the clear absence of any external support for such a coup, and the inevitable conflagration that would have engulfed the country thereafter, scuttled the plan.

2839:

In retaliation for the shooting down of Flight 825 in September 1978, Rhodesian Air Force Canberra bombers, Hunter fighter-bombers and helicopter gunships attacked the ZIPRA guerrilla base at Westlands farm near Lusaka in October 1978, warning Zambian forces by radio not to interfere.

2758:

said the vast majority involved were men and ZANU concocted the story to make Western organisations believe women were involved in the fighting. In retaliation for these acts, the Rhodesian Air Force bombed guerrilla camps 200 kilometres (125 mi) inside Mozambique, using

3492: 2029:, the guerrillas shot down each plane during its ascent from Kariba Airport. ZIPRA took advice from its Soviet instructors in formulating its vision and strategy of popular revolution. About 1,400 Soviet, 700 East German and 500 Cuban instructors were deployed to the area. 3847:

The Rhodesian-Zimbabwean bush war ended in a military stalemate. The ZANU government came to office following a Commonwealth-controlled ceasefire and a British-supervised election. As Mugabe put it: 'We did not win a military victory. We achieved a political settlement. A

2406:

placed limits on the amount of fuel and munitions being supplied to the Rhodesian military, and withdrew the personnel and equipment they had previously provided to aid the war effort, including a border police unit that had been helping guard the Rhodesia-Zambia border.

2352:, a secret defensive alliance for Southern Africa, formalised in 1970 by Portugal and South Africa. Alcora formalised and deepened the political and military co-operation between the three countries against the revolutionary insurgency in Rhodesia, Angola, Mozambique and 3376:

The official ZANLA report, dated 19 August 1976, specifies that before the raid, on 9 August 1976, there had been 5,250 people in the camp, of whom 604 were refugees. It goes on to say that afterwards 1,028 had been killed, 309 had been wounded and around 1,000 had gone

3147:

Early literature on nationalist guerrillas in Rhodesia tended to focus on ZANLA and ignore ZIPRA. Several autobiographies and memoirs were published by Zimbabwean nationalists in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Masipule Sithole, the younger brother of Ndabaningi, wrote

2332:

In the first phase of the conflict (until the end of 1972), Rhodesia's political and military position was strong. Nationalist guerrillas did not make serious inroads. In the early 1970s, the two main nationalist groups faced serious internal divisions, aid from the

3111:"Rhodesia" or "Zimbabwe". Histories that use the former term often focus on the actions of white soldiers without much account of the conflict's political context, while many works that use the latter term frame the event as a victorious guerrilla liberation war. 2813: 2799:

on 12 February 1979. In the first incident, eighteen civilians on board survived, and five of these went away to find water. Half an hour later nine ZIPRA fighters arrived, promising help; three of the thirteen survivors hid when they saw them. In the words of

1790:(RhAF) operated a variety of equipment and carried out numerous roles, with air power providing the Rhodesians with a significant advantage over their guerrilla enemy. The fleet consisted mainly of British aircraft and largely obsolete aircraft, such as the 2520:

them in FRELIMO colours. White soldiers wore black ski masks. They crossed the unmanned border into Mozambique at 0005 hours on 9 August and drove through the early morning to the camp, passing several FRELIMO sentries who saluted them as they went by.

2771:. A number of joint-force bomber raids on guerrilla encampments and assembly areas in Mozambique and Zambia were mounted in 1978, and extensive air reconnaissance and surveillance of guerrilla encampments and logistical build-up was carried out by the 2537:

Later, on 7 October 1976, militants bombed a railroad bridge over Matetsi River when a train carrying ore passed over. Black nationalist guerrillas attacked a tea plantation and killed 27 black workers near the Mozambican border on 21 December 1976.

2815: 2530:", meaning "we have taken Zimbabwe", and Nyathi blew a whistle signalling the cadres to muster. The cadres began cheering and ran towards the vehicles, packing around them as more ran onto the parade ground from other areas of the camp. 2224:

The geopolitical situation at the time of UDI on 11 November 1965. Rhodesia is coloured green, countries friendly to the nationalists are coloured orange and countries friendly to the government (South Africa and Portugal) are shown in

3037:, and the Rhodesian security forces were merged with ZANLA and ZIPRA forces. Joshua Nkomo was given a series of cabinet positions. The South African government recruited white Rhodesian Security Forces personnel in what was designated 2563:

Ndebele tribes. With this escalation came sophistication, organisation and modern weapons for the guerrillas, and although many were still untrained, an increasing number were trained in Communist bloc and other sympathetic countries.

2157:. The remainder was national land. The country had originally been split up in this way during the early days of white immigration to prevent the new arrivals from using their superior finances to buy all of the land in the country. 2040:

to launch a conventional invasion from Zambia, supported by a limited number of armoured vehicles and light aircraft. An operation by the Rhodesian armed forces to destroy a ZIPRA base near Livingstone in Zambia was never launched.

2804:

magazine, the ZIPRA cadres "herded together the ten people at the wreckage, robbed them of their valuables, and finally cut them down with automatic weapons fire". Nkomo claimed responsibility for the attack and spoke of it to the

1493:

further expounded this by portraying the conflict as primarily anti-communist in nature. The Rhodesian whites viewed the British demand for majority rule as a direct attack on their way of life. Having previously witnessed the

3078:

was deployed to Matabeleland to crush resistance. German journalist Shari Eppel estimates approximately 20,000 Matabele were murdered in these first years after the war; most of those killed were victims of public executions.

2152:

About 45% of the country was split in this way; another 45% comprised reserved Tribal Trust Lands (TTL), which housed tribesmen, and gave local chiefs and headmen a degree of self-government in a similar manner to American

2289:

government of South Africa and Portugal. War material was also obtained through elaborate international smuggling schemes through Portuguese Mozambique, domestic production, and captured infiltrating enemy combatants.

3300:

The start and end of the war are difficult to precisely date. Dates which can be considered the beginning include 4 July 1964, when ZANU insurgents killed Petrus Oberholzer; 11 November 1965, when Rhodesia issued its

2281:) were imposed by Britain and endorsed by member states of the United Nations. The embargo meant that Rhodesia was hampered by a lack of modern equipment but it used other means to receive vital war supplies such as 5306:

example was the ZANLA attack on Elim Mission, a Protestant outpost in the eastern Vumba area, in 1978. ... Eight adults, all dead, the bodies of their four children lying beside them; one a three-week-old girl.

1685:

of about 8,000 to 11,000 men (the majority of whom were black) and 19,000 to 35,000 police reservists (which, like their army counterparts, were largely white). The police reserves acted as a type of home guard.

1449:

supported ZIPRA and China supported ZANLA. Each group fought a separate war against the Rhodesian security forces, and the two groups sometimes fought against each other as well. In June 1979, the governments of

2003:'s political strategy relied more heavily on negotiations than armed force, ZIPRA grew slower and less elaborately than ZANLA, but by 1979 it had an estimated 20,000 combatants, almost all based in camps around 2960:

also contributed smaller numbers of troops. A nine-man British advance party arrived on 8 December to begin establishing a logistics base, and this was followed by the arrival of the main force shortly after.

1937:. ZANLA, in the end, was present on a more or less permanent basis in over half the country, as evidenced by the location of the demobilisation bases at the end of the war, which were in every province except 3386:

The increased guerrilla capabilities were evident during that raid in that the insurgents, now armed with Soviet surface-to-air missiles, were able to shoot down a Rhodesian helicopter, killing all 12 on

2033:

much lighter forces of ZANLA and the essentially defeated Rhodesians. ZIPRA kept a light presence within Rhodesia, reconnoitring, keeping contact with the peasants and sometimes skirmishing with ZANLA.

2053:

He was therefore able to quickly and irreversibly consolidate his power, forcing ZAPU, and therefore ZIPRA which was ZAPU's army, to give up hope of taking over the country in the place of ZANU/ZANLA.

2964:

The war would end in a military stalemate. However, the political compromise which was reached after combat ceased would work to the advantage of the black nationalists, especially those aligned with

2501:

districts and were estimated at independence to cover 511 sq km, later revised down to 310 sq km. The Zimbabwe Government estimated that the minefields contained 2.6 million anti-personnel landmines.

2304:

During Portuguese rule of Mozambique, until 1974–1975, Rhodesia was able to defend its border with Zambia relatively easily and prevent many guerrilla incursions. It set up a strong defense along the

1391:

Although the vote in Rhodesia was constitutionally open regardless of race, property requirements left many Black Africans unable to participate. The new 1969 constitution reserved eight seats in the

1304:

under a black majority government. However, this new order failed to win international recognition and the war continued. Neither side achieved a military victory and a compromise was later reached.

2689:

in eastern Rhodesia on 21 August, burning the farmworkers' homes on a white-owned farm. In November 1977, in response to the buildup of ZANLA guerrillas in Mozambique, Rhodesian forces launched

2144:(UFP) had been in power since 1934, earning it the nickname of "the establishment", and roughly represented Southern Rhodesian commercial and major agricultural interests. The UFP contested the 1681:

By contrast, army reserves were largely white, and toward the end of the war were increasingly called up to deal with the growing insurgency. The regular army was supported by the paramilitary

2345:

rule into the indefinite future. Nevertheless, when it was found that such a delayed approach to majority rule was unacceptable to most of Rhodesia's African population, the deal fell apart.

1590:

In 1978–1979, the Smith administration tried to blunt the power of the nationalist cause by acceding to an "Internal Settlement" which ended minority rule, changed the name of the country to

5127: 1365:

revealed Britain's new policy to only permit independence to its African colonies under majority rule. But many white Rhodesians were concerned that such immediate change would cause chaos

2814: 3033:

acted incrementally to consolidate his power, forming a coalition government with his ZAPU rivals and the white minority. The Rhodesian Army was merged with guerrilla forces to form the

2900:

denounced the new government as a puppet of white Rhodesians and fighting continued. The hopes for recognition of the internal settlement, and of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, by the newly elected

9744: 2871:

that had been negotiated with moderate black nationalist leaders in 1978 and its ability to achieve external recognition and support. This internal settlement led to the creation of

1516:

Inevitably, the Bush War occurred within the context of regional Cold War in Africa, and became embroiled in conflicts in several neighbouring countries. Such conflicts included the

1347:

in the late 19th century, and the dissent of native leaders who opposed foreign rule. Britons began settling in Southern Rhodesia in the 1890s, and while it was never accorded full

3493:"'Da mu nisam 'sredio' susret s Titom, Mugabe nikad ne bi priznao Hrvatsku': prekaljeni diplomat Frane Krnić za 'Slobodnu' otkrio svoje veze s nedavno preminulim liderom Zimbabvea" 11370: 7727: 1602:, who became the country's first Black head of government. Unsatisfied with this and spurred on by Britain's refusal to recognise the new order, the nationalist forces persisted. 1402:

advocated armed struggle to bring about black rule, primarily denouncing the wealth disparity between the races. Two rival nationalist organisations emerged in August 1963: the

2990:

However, even in the context of alleged voter intimidation by ZANLA elements, widespread support for Mugabe from large sections of the black population (in particular from the

1505:

The United States took the official position that it would not recognise Rhodesia as an independent state, but some American soldiers who had seen combat in Vietnam joined the

12079: 2359:

However, the end of Portuguese rule in Mozambique created new military and political pressures on the Rhodesian Government to accept the principle of immediate majority rule.

11079: 2666:

until they had eliminated ZANLA's presence. But the American, British, and Soviet governments also condemned the raid and Rhodesian forces later withdrew from the area. The

2113:

boycotted the United Transport Company's buses and succeeded in preventing the price change. On 12 September 1957 members of the Youth League and the defunct ANC formed the

2049:(the UK had never recognised Rhodesia's declaration of independence) and a general election took place in early 1980, supervised by British and other international forces. 6896: 2633:, Mozambique. Prime Minister Smith gave Walls permission to destroy the base. Walls told the media the Rhodesian forces were changing tactics from contain and hold to 1879:

set in and all civilian transport had to be escorted in convoys for safety against ambushes. Farms and villages in rural areas were frequently attacked by guerrillas.

2317:

in north-east Rhodesia. In response, the Rhodesians moved to attack nationalists in their foreign camps and staging areas before they could infiltrate into Rhodesia.

7455:

Waddy, Nicholas L. (2014). "The Strange Death of 'Zimbabwe-Rhodesia': The Question of British Recognition of the Muzorewa Regime in Rhodesian Public Opinion, 1979".

3539: 1605:

The war ended when, at the behest of both South Africa (its major supporter) and the United States, the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government ceded power to Britain in the

1953:

sandbags and mine conveyor belting. Later, purpose built vehicles with V-shaped blast hulls dispersed the blast and deaths in such vehicles became unusual events.

880: 3191: 9930: 4113: 3314: 1459: 1308: 3313:; and 21 December 1972, when ZANLA attacked Altena Farm in north-eastern Rhodesia, marking the start of the war in earnest. Zimbabwe's modern ruling party, 11377: 11270: 9361: 7739: 7641: 7518: 7291: 6954: 5513:"Rhodesia Reports 39 Blacks Slain, Says Military Killed 106 Guerrillas; 106 Guerrillas Reported Slain Guerrillas Kill 39 Black Civilians, Rhodesia Reports" 3302: 1780: 1577: 7263: 3139:

was re-released by Galago and edited by Stiff. Stiff removed all references to drug use in the new edition, since he wanted to portray the RLI as heroes.

1710: 1482:

while 9,500 of its 13,500 extant cadres operated in Rhodesia. South Africa clandestinely gave material and military support to the Rhodesian government.

318: 9409: 7605: 3082:

Violence between ZANLA and ZIPRA continued until 1987. In December 1987, the two groups reached an accord which saw them merge into one party known as

1845:'s regime in Uganda were diverted to Rhodesia by the South Africans, in the last year of the war. The Rhodesians also produced a wide range of wheeled 5541: 5200: 6395: 5087: 2999: 2270: 1377: 2621:

announced that the government would launch a campaign to win the "hearts and minds" of Rhodesia's black citizens. In May, Walls received reports of

11465: 11064: 10591: 9341: 5567: 5485: 2832: 2515:

The Rhodesian Security Forces called up part-time soldiers on 2 May 1976 in preparation for a major counter-offensive. On 9 August 1976, Rhodesian

3003:

Southern Rhodesia was formally renamed Zimbabwe, and on 18 April 1982, the government changed the name of the country's capital from Salisbury to

2742:, mine-protected vehicle, designed and built in Rhodesia during the late 1970s and based on a Volkswagen engine. This example is displayed in the 8908: 5594: 4050: 11150: 8659: 8468: 2851:

also underscored the importance of concluding a negotiated settlement and achieving international recognition before the war expanded further.

2671: 2036:

ZIPRA's conventional threat partly distracted Rhodesian forces from fighting ZANLA. By the late 1970s, ZIPRA had developed a strategy known as

1725: 1660:

Despite the effect of economic and diplomatic sanctions, Rhodesia developed and maintained a powerful and professional military. In June 1977,

5512: 5392: 5360: 5257: 4842: 4460: 4264: 1200: 5151: 2987:, coordinated attacks on guerrilla assembly points within the country, and Operation Hectic, the assassination of Mugabe and his key aides. 2337:

was temporarily suspended in 1971, and 129 nationalists were expelled from Zambia after they were alleged to have plotted against President

2176:

became prime minister and Deputy Prime Minister, respectively. Nkomo, legally barred from forming a new party, moved ZAPU's headquarters to

11140: 1983:

for local bases. However, this was not always with full Zambian government support: by 1979, the combined forces based in Zambia of ZIPRA,

873: 2133:

government banned the NDP in December 1961 and arrested NDP leaders, excluding Nkomo who, again, was out of the country. Nkomo formed the

11114: 10001: 7938: 3049:-speaking region of the country and the ruling ZANU. Between 1982 and 1985, the military crushed armed resistance from Ndebele groups in 2716:

black nationalist guerrillas had killed nearly 40 Christian missionaries. Seven white Catholic missionaries were killed by guerrillas at

2114: 1736:

rifle that came from Portuguese forces. However, other weapons such as the British L1A1 ('SLR') variant of the FAL and the older British

6886: 11104: 7114:

A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969

5289:

Mtisi, Joseph; Nyakudya, Munyaradzi; Barnes, Teresa (2009). "War In Rhodesia, 1965–1980". In Raftapoulos, Brian; Mlambo, Alois (eds.).

4979: 4921: 3152:, which described conflicts between ZANU and ZAPU with an emphasis on ethnic disagreements. David Martin and Phyllis Johnson published 5747: 11231: 11193: 5456: 2204: 2145: 1924: 1900: 1262: 338: 2121:

banned the SRANC in 1959 and arrested 307 leaders, excluding Nkomo who was out of the country, on 29 February in Operation Sunrise.

1871:

During the course of the war, most white citizens carried personal weapons, and it was not unusual to see white housewives carrying

1709:. As the war went on, the frequent call-up of reservists was increasingly used to supplement the professional soldiers and the many 11641: 11145: 9178: 8018: 3206: 2864:

army and the police. The economy was also suffering badly from the war; the Rhodesian GDP consistently declined in the late 1970s.

2435: 2301:. Seven ZANLA men were killed, and in retaliation the survivors killed two civilians at their farm near Hartley three weeks later. 1610: 1320: 5226: 2441:

Rhodesia through contaminated supplies either provided by contact men, recovered from hidden caches, or stolen from rural stores.

10581: 9225: 7862: 6185: 5101: 2980: 2924:. Thus later in 1979, the Thatcher government called a peace conference in London to which all nationalist leaders were invited. 2888: 2659: 1962: 1908: 1595: 1557:

and communists. The Nationalists considered their country occupied and dominated by a foreign power, namely Britain, since 1890.

1274: 1235: 866: 356: 3157:

school curriculum. The first major academic work covering the nationalist guerrilla perspective of the war was Terence Ranger's

11521: 11460: 11074: 9346: 7909: 7598: 5682: 4055: 1705:

fought bitterly against the black nationalist guerrillas. The Rhodesian Army also comprised mostly black regiments such as the

1307:

Negotiations between the government of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, the government of the United Kingdom, and Mugabe and Nkomo's united "

3086:, headed by Mugabe. Mugabe then became President and gained additional powers, as the office of prime minister was abolished. 2720:

on 6 February 1977. In the single worst attack on missionaries, 12 British missionaries and their children were killed in the

12139: 12134: 11609: 11355: 11069: 9004: 8691: 8669: 7889: 7717: 7574: 7555: 7528: 7400: 7301: 7273: 7252: 7233: 7208: 7183: 7150: 7125: 7102: 7079: 7056: 7037: 7014: 6993: 6968: 6940: 6921: 6875: 6852: 6830: 6786: 6763: 6740: 6721: 6691: 6668: 6626: 6601: 6539: 6477: 6332: 6313: 6232: 6213: 6147: 1392: 10092: 3135:

in the 2000s led to a massive growth in the literature. Revised editions of previous memoirs were also common. Chris Cocks'

12154: 11506: 11365: 11262: 9911: 9836: 9496: 9096: 7801: 7732: 7633: 5008: 3321:. The end of the war is generally placed at 12 December 1979, when the country fell under interim UK control following the 2909: 1359: 5724: 3748: 3549: 3065:, a Shona term which translates roughly to mean "the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains". The 2791:

heat-seeking missiles. Encamped beneath the path of ascent towards Salisbury from Kariba Airport, the ZIPRA cadres downed

12114: 12094: 11109: 9516: 8649: 8003: 7657: 6551: 6489: 3952:

Evans, Michael (June 2007). "The Wretched of the Empire: Politics, Ideology and Counterinsurgency in Rhodesia, 1965–80".

8758: 8686: 2944:

the Commonwealth Monitoring Force, to the country for the transitional period. Britain contributed 800 soldiers and 300

12149: 12044: 11870: 11812: 11793: 11614: 11455: 11244: 11198: 10551: 9646: 8624: 8509: 8463: 8458: 8404: 8191: 8133: 7914: 6258: 5803: 2134: 1912: 1403: 1282: 820: 661: 371: 352: 11687: 11382: 11360: 10283: 9846: 9116: 9057: 7993: 7944: 7722: 7591: 7426: 7377: 5661: 5298: 3618: 2717: 2697: 1776: 11434: 8854: 1410:(ZANU), after disagreements about tactics, as well as tribalism and personality clashes. ZANU and its military wing 12144: 11636: 11424: 11392: 11343: 11303: 9986: 9981: 9476: 9439: 9168: 8614: 7847: 7749: 7705: 7665: 7457: 2940: 2415: 1016: 9664: 9526: 9210: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6251: 4120: 12129: 11929: 11429: 10706: 10087: 10016: 9916: 9794: 9566: 9556: 9143: 8530: 8224: 7950: 3038: 2667: 2200: 1904: 1407: 1270: 806: 334: 9481: 9368: 9356: 7534: 7307: 2109:

were raised so high that workers were spending 18% to 30% of their earnings on transportation. In response, the

12159: 11702: 11577: 10137: 9906: 9486: 9388: 9121: 8565: 8560: 8070: 7857: 7279: 6181: 2809:

in a way Rhodesians considered gloating. In the second attack all 59 people on board were killed in the crash.

2686: 2456:(a heavy metal commonly found in rodenticide). Biological agents the Rhodesians selected for use also included 2199:

for their opposition to his continued leadership of ZAPU. On 8 August, they announced the establishment of the

1525: 1059: 9806: 9536: 9047: 8819: 2727:

On 4 November 1978, Walls said 2,000 Patriotic Front militants had been persuaded to defect and fight for the

2421:

Late in 1976, Ian Smith accepted the basic elements of the compromise proposals made by US Secretary of State

1717:

Australia, New Zealand and the United States with the latter three being held in high regard for their recent

12164: 11758: 11572: 11224: 11084: 10099: 10052: 9816: 9739: 9471: 7978: 7962: 7837: 7004: 6798:

The constitutional history and law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with special reference to Imperial control

6158: 2662:, condemned the incident on 1 June, and Walls announced a day later that the Rhodesian military would occupy 2334: 2321: 1698: 1561: 1489:(RF)—the ruling party—took an uncompromising position against the communist ideology of the ZIPRA and ZANLA. 1071: 939: 9531: 9240: 9163: 8834: 2329:

external operation. The Rhodesian government began authorising an increasing number of external operations.

11985: 11475: 10117: 10077: 10047: 9996: 9856: 9774: 9770: 9641: 9571: 9336: 9153: 8919: 8814: 8746: 8094: 4085: 2678: 1565: 1344: 1161: 1054: 7349:

Hamence, Michael (Spring 1994). "'Cyclone Five': The Canberra in Rhodesian/Zimbabwean Service, Part Two".

7330:

Hamence, Michael (Winter 1993). "'Cyclone Five': The Canberra in Rhodesian/Zimbabwean Service, Part One".

6406: 4532: 3996: 2783:

Rhodesian external operations extended into Zambia after Nkomo's ZIPRA nationalists shot down two unarmed

2426:

the greatest extent possible in order to "buy time" for an acceptable political settlement to be reached.

1815: 1640: 12089: 12084: 12074: 11998: 11971: 11783: 11089: 10561: 10556: 10273: 9951: 9679: 9424: 9383: 9327: 9230: 9111: 9069: 8974: 8499: 8453: 8111: 7884: 7872: 7867: 6528:

Southern African Political History: A chronological of key political events from independence to mid-1997

4953: 4127: 3306: 2644:, 500 troops crossed the Mozambican border and travelled 100 km (60 mi) to Mapai, engaging the 1744: 1682: 1517: 1100: 1004: 999: 960: 7196:

Romanian and East German Policies in the Third World: Comparing the Strategies of Ceaușescu and Honecker

6402: 2164:

Most turned away from the ruling UFP party, causing it to lose in the 1962 election to the newly formed

1666:

magazine reported that "man for man, the Rhodesian army ranks among the world's finest fighting units."

12109: 12104: 11893: 11753: 11631: 11624: 11531: 10926: 10147: 10132: 10122: 9976: 9576: 9064: 8867: 8634: 8322: 8214: 7988: 7879: 7200: 6985: 6593: 6531: 4889: 4176: 3227: 3196: 2767:—actively, but clandestinely, supported by several of the more capable Canberra B(I)12 aircraft of the 1690: 1328: 5598: 2976:"We did not win a military victory ... We reached a political settlement ... A compromise." 2700:

helped to create and support an insurgency movement within Mozambique. This guerrilla group, known as

1380:(UDI) on 11 November 1965. Although Rhodesia had the private support of neighbouring South Africa and 11536: 11470: 11412: 11295: 11155: 11031: 10976: 10796: 9784: 9491: 9052: 8664: 8581: 8297: 8013: 7769: 7488: 6910:

Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa. Volume I: Formation of a Popular Opinion 1950–1970

6900: 6618: 3322: 3046: 2936: 2912:

in May 1979. Likewise, although the US Senate voted to lift sanctions against Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, the

2760: 2743: 1992: 1807: 1653: 1635: 1606: 1506: 1499: 1316: 1253:

The conflict pitted three forces against one another: the Rhodesian white minority-led government of

1168: 383: 163: 6396:"Matabeleland: Its Struggle for National Legitimacy, and the Relevance of this in the 2008 Election" 12124: 12119: 12003: 11880: 11803: 11778: 11743: 11667: 11582: 11397: 11313: 11254: 11217: 10781: 10348: 9611: 9501: 9255: 8799: 8327: 8060: 7754: 7675: 7625: 6933:

The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia

3232: 3211: 3075: 2739: 1706: 1675: 1645: 1533: 227: 49: 10521: 7486:

Waddy, Nicholas L. (2017). "Free and Fair? Rhodesians Reflect on the Elections of 1979 and 1980".

7439:

From Liberation Movement to Government: ZANU and the Formulation of the Foreign Policy of Zimbabwe

5402: 5370: 5267: 4852: 4470: 4274: 12099: 11850: 11697: 11599: 11594: 11587: 10011: 9956: 9941: 9881: 9689: 9669: 9429: 9106: 8711: 8337: 8171: 8065: 6913: 6801: 3337:

The name of the country equivalent to modern Zimbabwe changed numerous times during the war. The

3201: 3132: 3034: 2921: 2901: 2796: 2792: 2772: 2768: 2274: 2019: 2015: 1968: 1830: 1427: 1355: 1324: 1119: 1107: 1081: 8914: 4171: 1580:

on 11 November 1965 to preserve what it saw as the self-government it had possessed since 1923.

11604: 11439: 10801: 10305: 9699: 9373: 8849: 8609: 8604: 8397: 7920: 7852: 7544:

So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965

7418: 6755: 6351: 2551: 2026: 1381: 566: 273: 11011: 7567:

Counter-strike From the Sky: The Rhodesian All-arms Fireforce in the War in the Bush 1974–1980

3123:

The first major Rhodesian memoir to be released was Reid-Daly's account of the Selous Scouts,

2707: 1462:, but Mugabe and Nkomo declined. Other foreign contributions included military officials from 11948: 11712: 11677: 11672: 11619: 11567: 11526: 11511: 11489: 11036: 10320: 10315: 10082: 9971: 9926: 9886: 9821: 9765: 9684: 9466: 9280: 9158: 9076: 8984: 8949: 8859: 8804: 8701: 8542: 8284: 8271: 8080: 8008: 7983: 7968: 7932: 7842: 7392: 7175: 7142: 6960: 6447: 4985: 4497: 2913: 2534:

report, though publicly both ZANLA and ZIPRA claimed that Nyadzonya had been a refugee camp.

2314: 1569: 1385: 994: 187:

Rhodesia disestablished; Zimbabwe gains internationally recognised independence in its place.

6549:

Kriger, Norma J. (1988). "The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggles within the Struggle".

5425: 3442:

Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why. pp. 62–63.

2097:

proposed the removal of racially defined boundaries, except for reserved Tribal Trust Lands

1822:. Very late in the war, the Rhodesian forces were able to smuggle and use a few Agusta Bell 11773: 11738: 11555: 11541: 11501: 10576: 10343: 10198: 10152: 10067: 10062: 9861: 9760: 9709: 9704: 9596: 9551: 9506: 9444: 9275: 9250: 9200: 9128: 9042: 8892: 8494: 8473: 7956: 7894: 7825: 7796: 6637: 6560: 6498: 4926: 3094: 2394: 2141: 2094: 1829:

At the beginning of the first war, much of Rhodesia's military hardware was of British and

1799: 1583:

The Rhodesian government contended that it was defending Western values, Christianity, the

1529: 279: 7006:

The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern – Chronologically Arranged

2754:. At the time, ZANU said the militants were women, an unusual characteristic, but in 1996 571: 8: 12169: 12037: 11934: 11903: 11817: 11726: 11707: 11655: 11402: 11333: 11286: 11021: 10936: 10931: 10831: 10694: 10491: 10375: 10290: 10178: 10031: 10026: 10006: 9991: 9901: 9896: 9801: 9734: 9724: 9636: 9631: 9621: 9521: 9461: 9434: 9260: 9245: 9215: 9193: 8979: 8969: 8696: 8619: 8589: 8573: 8257: 8138: 8106: 8075: 7998: 7759: 7695: 7547: 7117: 6713: 3216: 2868: 2411: 2196: 1787: 1399: 1289: 1021: 9876: 9789: 7583: 6564: 6502: 2670:

denounced the incursion of the "illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia" in

2293:

Five months later, on 28 April 1966, the Rhodesian Security Forces engaged militants in

1732:

rifle as produced in South Africa under license as the R1 rifle and supplemented by the

11961: 11898: 11323: 11175: 10971: 10956: 10881: 10861: 10856: 10841: 10688: 10436: 10188: 10072: 9826: 9729: 9714: 9626: 9616: 9591: 9586: 9351: 9305: 9205: 9148: 8964: 8887: 8763: 8654: 8644: 8219: 7685: 7505: 7474: 7443: 7287: 6891: 6576: 6514: 6382: 6174: 5687: 5572: 5517: 5490: 5461: 5231: 5156: 4193: 3977: 3497: 3054: 2896: 2711:

Map showing the operational areas of the Rhodesian Security Forces during the conflict.

2634: 2453: 2231: 2184: 2154: 2129: 1938: 1293: 1035: 1009: 946: 630: 522: 10871: 10700: 6733:

Walking on a Tightrope: Towards a Social History of the Coloured Community of Zimbabwe

5751: 2972:. Mugabe himself stated in an interview published in the 28 April 1980 edition of the 2546: 1944:

ZANLA tried to paralyse the Rhodesian effort and economy by planting Soviet anti-tank

1613:

to form a new government. The election was won by ZANU. The new government, headed by

12053: 11788: 11768: 11763: 11682: 11407: 11350: 11274: 11258: 11188: 11041: 10986: 10961: 10916: 10846: 10821: 10786: 10776: 10745: 10632: 10516: 10486: 10223: 10213: 10127: 10021: 9866: 9581: 9378: 9235: 9188: 9086: 9037: 9011: 8989: 8829: 8809: 8753: 8741: 8555: 8390: 8371: 8201: 7973: 7899: 7764: 7712: 7645: 7629: 7570: 7551: 7524: 7509: 7478: 7422: 7396: 7373: 7356: 7337: 7297: 7269: 7248: 7229: 7204: 7179: 7146: 7121: 7098: 7075: 7052: 7033: 7010: 6989: 6979: 6964: 6936: 6917: 6871: 6848: 6826: 6805: 6782: 6759: 6736: 6717: 6687: 6664: 6622: 6597: 6580: 6535: 6518: 6473: 6386: 6328: 6309: 6254: 6228: 6209: 6143: 6139: 5294: 4197: 4060: 3981: 3969: 3827: 3614: 3347: 3342: 3338: 2905: 2884: 2872: 2828: 2663: 2626: 2445:

guerrillas in their camps in Mozambique by poisoning food, beverages, and medicines.

2399: 2353: 2110: 2046: 1986: 1760: 1728:, the Rhodesian Army was well-equipped. The standard infantry weapon was the Belgian 1591: 1521: 1331:

on 18 April 1980, when the country achieved internationally recognised independence.

1301: 1243: 1133: 1126: 1093: 1042: 953: 908: 529: 517: 505: 438: 387: 257: 212: 89: 11165: 10836: 5054:

Special Branch War: Slaughter in the Rhodesian Bush Southern Ndebele land, 1976–1980

2843:

The increased effectiveness of the bombing and follow-up 'air mobile' strikes using

2704:, battled with FRELIMO even as Rhodesian forces fought the ZANLA within Mozambique. 12018: 12013: 10951: 10876: 10806: 10791: 10771: 10718: 10501: 10496: 10476: 10426: 10416: 10243: 10208: 10193: 10142: 9871: 9811: 9651: 9310: 9290: 8999: 8941: 8935: 8902: 8882: 8872: 8721: 8522: 8514: 8354: 8342: 8044: 7497: 7466: 6840: 6705: 6612: 6568: 6506: 6460: 6456: 6372: 6244: 4185: 4172:"The Impact of Anti-communism on White Rhodesian Political Culture, ca. 1920s–1980" 3961: 3318: 2984: 2784: 2298: 2251: 2247: 2235: 2192: 1811: 1495: 1362: 1180: 1173: 1140: 1112: 1086: 932: 918: 913: 706: 618: 602: 486: 98: 7501: 7136: 6510: 11338: 11328: 11308: 11170: 11026: 11016: 11001: 10981: 10966: 10941: 10886: 10651: 10619: 10511: 10471: 10233: 10228: 10168: 10109: 9841: 9719: 9546: 9511: 9419: 9414: 9138: 9032: 8706: 8639: 8629: 8594: 8550: 8537: 8489: 8052: 7926: 7700: 7690: 7670: 7470: 7437: 7316: 7219: 7194: 7169: 6683: 6590:

Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987

6343: 5424: 5397: 5365: 5262: 4847: 4465: 4436:"The Pookie: a History of the World's first successful Landmine Detector Carrier" 4269: 4024: 3604: 3186: 2945: 2690: 2641: 2595: 2510: 2489: 2477: 2422: 2349: 2255: 2165: 2125: 2118: 1876: 1772: 1737: 1662: 1573: 1486: 1312: 1297: 1195: 1147: 1064: 1047: 1028: 979: 974: 967: 925: 734: 690: 598: 534: 9133: 5069:

Assignment Selous Scouts: The Inside Story of a Rhodesian Special Branch Officer

2374:

The black nationalists continued to operate from secluded bases in neighbouring

11993: 11966: 11855: 11748: 11516: 11318: 10996: 10921: 10911: 10906: 10766: 10506: 10295: 10218: 9946: 9851: 9601: 9541: 9173: 9091: 8994: 8954: 8924: 8824: 8779: 8317: 8292: 8176: 7904: 7680: 7410: 7351: 7332: 7225: 6701: 6426: 5430: 4513: 3544: 3341:

government announced in October 1964 that it would simply become Rhodesia when

3317:, considers the third of these dates official and refers to the contact as the 2973: 2931:

Member of the Commonwealth Monitoring Force supervising a ZIPRA assembly point.

2728: 2721: 2555: 2338: 1872: 1858: 1702: 1554: 1419: 1154: 1076: 722: 654: 6661:

Guns and Guerrilla Girls: Women in the Zimbabwean National Liberation Struggle

6572: 6377: 6360: 4421: 4189: 3965: 2998:

The election of early 1980 was won by Mugabe, who became prime minister after

2750:

In 1978, 450 ZANLA militants entered from Mozambique and attacked the town of

1929:

ZANLA was the armed wing of ZANU. The organisation also had strong links with

1572:

to a locally elected government, made up predominantly of Whites. Ian Smith's

12068: 12008: 11845: 11692: 11160: 11006: 10901: 10866: 10851: 10811: 10353: 10183: 9921: 9831: 9694: 9674: 9561: 9322: 9300: 9265: 8844: 8839: 8794: 8716: 8676: 8425: 8349: 8332: 8166: 7806: 7360: 7341: 6867: 6445:

Harris, P. B. (September 1969). "The Rhodesian Referendum: June 20th, 1969".

4090: 4064: 3973: 3030: 3020: 2969: 2892: 2844: 2764: 2655: 2630: 2570:

A Rhodesian soldier questioning villagers near the border of Botswana in 1977

2516: 2485: 2305: 2188: 2177: 2169: 1862: 1823: 1803: 1795: 1694: 1671: 1614: 1599: 1415: 1370: 1327:

supervision in March 1980. ZANU won the election and Mugabe became the first

1266: 1258: 666: 586: 546: 510: 474: 4435: 1466:, who taught Zimbabwean militants to use explosives and arms in a camp near 11860: 11840: 11835: 11827: 10946: 10896: 10826: 10816: 10670: 10658: 10645: 10451: 10278: 9779: 9027: 8877: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8432: 8181: 8161: 8156: 8148: 7447: 6778: 3050: 2991: 2824: 2755: 2649: 2324:

began in the mid-1960s, with Rhodesian Security Forces already engaging in

2239: 2011: 1972: 1791: 1553:

against several externally financed parties made up of predominantly Black

1446: 1431: 1395:

for "Non-Europeans" only, with a further eight reserved for tribal chiefs.

1366: 1278: 1205: 746: 678: 642: 553: 541: 462: 310: 85: 2867:

Politically, the Rhodesians were therefore pinning all their hopes on the

11419: 10991: 10596: 10566: 10421: 10411: 10310: 10173: 9966: 9455: 9285: 9270: 9081: 8929: 8897: 8784: 8599: 8504: 8443: 7322: 7029: 6822: 3128: 3060: 2957: 2618: 2325: 2309: 2207:, and sent ZANLA members to the People's Republic of China for training. 2168:(RF), a conservative party opposed to any immediate shift to black rule. 2161:

economic prosperity and security, as well as their own personal affairs.

1740: 1718: 1649: 1584: 1564:, had indirectly ruled the country from 1923, when it took over from the 1463: 558: 450: 7523:(4th ed.). Durban, South Africa: Just Done Productions Publishing. 7415:

Peasant consciousness and guerrilla war in Zimbabwe: a comparative study

7026:

The Diplomacy of Liberation: the Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960

6470:

Fast Track Land Occupations in Zimbabwe In the Context of the Zvimurenga

3089:

Beyond Zimbabwe's borders, as a result of Rhodesian aid and support for

2685:

on 6 August 1977, killing 11 and injuring 70. Militants from Mozambique

57: 11888: 10750: 10461: 10431: 10385: 10300: 10268: 10260: 10203: 9891: 9606: 9295: 9183: 8789: 8209: 8116: 6809: 5625: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 3569: 3567: 3221: 2788: 2648:

forces with air cover from the Rhodesian Air Force and paratroopers in

2383: 2263: 2243: 1976: 1930: 1854: 1455: 702: 498: 143: 67: 9404: 6487:

Howard, M.T. (2021). "The Rhodesian army, between facts and fiction".

4230: 4228: 4226: 4114:"Soviet and Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards the Rhodesian Problem" 1670:

of a professional core of white soldiers (and some units, such as the

11956: 11919: 11046: 10891: 10740: 10713: 10526: 10481: 10390: 10358: 10338: 10330: 9659: 9449: 8279: 8247: 7094: 7071: 6950: 5201:"Rhodesia says rebels bomb bridge, sending train crashing into river" 2948:

personnel, along with small naval and marine contingents. Australia,

2734: 2575: 2449: 2368: 2286: 2282: 2250:. The remaining military leaders of the ZANLA Dare ReChimurenga were 2220: 2173: 2061:

Both sides of the Cold War were involved in the Rhodesian Bush War.

1945: 1896: 1834: 1833:

origin, but during the course of the conflict, new equipment such as

1764: 1733: 1689:

The war saw the extensive operation of Rhodesian regulars as well as

1490: 1467: 1292:, signed in 1978 by Smith and Muzorewa, led to the implementation of 1254: 858: 758: 426: 11209: 5765: 5542:"7 White Missionaries in Rhodesia Slain in Raid by Black Guerrillas" 5172: 5084:

Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme

4904:"Los Angeles Times: Archives – Rhodesia to Seek More Black Soldiers" 3564: 1999:

fighters were a major threat to Zambia's internal security. Because

1351:

status, these settlers effectively governed the country after 1923.

1319:

was signed. The country returned temporarily to British control and

11865: 11278: 11266: 11240: 10625: 10466: 10363: 10238: 10057: 9961: 9101: 8959: 8413: 8186: 7776: 7649: 7637: 7614: 6468:

Helliker, Kirk; Bhatasara, Sandra; Chiweshe, Manase Kudzai (2021).

5729: 5666: 4407: 4223: 3753: 3610: 3310: 3305:; 28 April 1966, the date of a contact between ZANU cadres and the 3093:, the Rhodesian Bush War also helped influence the outbreak of the 3016: 2611: 2387: 2023: 1842: 1819: 1652:, December 1976. Black Rhodesians made up most of the government's 1618: 1541: 1475: 1471: 1442: 1348: 1340: 1247: 1239: 776: 493: 481: 469: 457: 445: 433: 421: 242: 148: 132: 128: 76: 45: 9745:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

2927: 10571: 10456: 10446: 10395: 9936: 8681: 7811: 6062: 6014: 6002: 5568:"12 White Teachers and Children Killed by Guerrillas in Rhodesia" 5291:

Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008

4931: 3717: 3360: 3097:, which lasted from 1977 until 1992 and claimed a million lives. 3083: 2895:

became the country's first black prime minister. On 1 June 1979,

2820: 2579: 2469: 2461: 2379: 2278: 1934: 1537: 4651: 4649: 4647: 3359:

These developments subsequently led to the South African Hippo,

11923: 10639: 10441: 10380: 9315: 8251: 8230: 6614:

The 'Tar Baby' Option: American Policy Toward Southern Rhodesia

4025:"The VVA Veteran, a publication of Vietnam Veterans of America" 3627: 3090: 3004: 2848: 2751: 2701: 2682: 2566: 2550:

White civilians; a woman and two young children killed at Elim

2375: 2294: 2259: 2106: 2081: 2065: 2004: 1980: 1884: 1865: 1850: 1768: 1729: 401: 294: 138: 63: 7245:

Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980

6981:

Rainbow's End: A Memoir of Childhood, War, and an African Farm

6074: 6050: 6038: 6026: 5990: 5039:

Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980

3729: 1975:, and the ZAPU political organisation. In contrast to ZANLA's 1617:, was recognised internationally, and the country was renamed 1234:, was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 in the 11124: 11080:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

10586: 10369: 8448: 7520:

Insignia and History of the Rhodesian Armed Forces. 1890–1980

6887:"Principled Failure: British Policy Toward Rhodesia, 1971–72" 5887: 5885: 5152:"Rhodesia, planning offensive, to call up part-time soldiers" 4867: 4644: 4363: 4309: 4307: 3364: 2953: 2645: 2622: 2607: 2603: 2583: 2137:

which the Whitehead administration banned in September 1962.

1996: 1678:, were all-white), by 1978–1979 the rest was majority black. 1479: 1423: 1411: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4549: 4547: 4375: 3837:. African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific 97: States giving governmental support to the guerrillas ( 10664: 10546: 8438: 8382: 7389:

Suffering for Territory: Race, Place, and Power in Zimbabwe

7138:

Fighting and Writing: The Rhodesian Army at War and Postwar

6935:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa Research & Publications. 6159:"The Rhodesian Army: Counter-Insurgency, 1972–1979 Part II" 5316: 5314: 4728: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4324: 4322: 3994: 3518: 3516: 2965: 2949: 2883:

Under the agreement of March 1978, the country was renamed

2000: 1846: 1838: 1752: 1748: 1451: 1388:, it never gained diplomatic recognition from any country. 7268:(2nd ed.). Durban: Just Done Productions Publishing. 7068:

The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa

5882: 5810: 5437: 4774: 4772: 4304: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 1470:. By April 1979, 12,000 ZANLA guerrillas were training in 11119: 11099: 11094: 7613: 6636:

Lohman, Charles M.; MacPherson, Robert I. (7 June 1983).

6327:. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm. 5683:"Margaret Thatcher blocked talks with 'Terrorist' Mugabe" 5486:"50 Black Civilians Killed in Crossfire In Rhodesian War" 5343: 5341: 5012: 4808: 4784: 4619: 4544: 4541:, chpt. ZIPRA in the Zimbabwe War of National Liberation. 4051:"The Soviet Union, China and the West in Southern Africa" 3769: 3475: 3473: 3071:

campaigns were also known as the Matabeleland Massacres.

2935:

The outcome of this conference would become known as the

2806: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2429: 1756: 6864:

Someone Else's War: Mercenaries from 1960 to the Present

5707: 5705: 5311: 5125: 4906:. Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 26 November 1976. Archived from 4346: 4319: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3868: 3705: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3584: 3582: 3513: 2448:

The chemicals most used in the Rhodesian programme were

2085:

In 1962, Rhodesia was split about equally between black

1818:(SA316) helicopters until they were supplemented by the 1376:

Britain's unwillingness to compromise led to Rhodesia's

6110: 5980: 5978: 5953: 5951: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5772: 5644: 5642: 5640: 4825: 4823: 4769: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4211: 3880: 3858: 3856: 3828:"Making an African army: the case of Zimbabwe, 1980–87" 3793: 3417: 2696:

To disrupt FRELIMO's hold on Mozambique, the Rhodesian

1890: 7091:

The Rhodesian problem: a documentary record, 1923–1973

6361:"Introducing the New Lens of African Military History" 5742: 5740: 5426:"United Nations Security Council Resolution 411" 5338: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4294: 4292: 4153: 4151: 4149: 3933: 3892: 3693: 3656: 3654: 3470: 2610:

rocket propelled grenade launchers and various Soviet

2266:, militants began launching attacks against Rhodesia. 12080:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa

6819:

Ending civil war: Rhodesia and Lebanon in perspective

6098: 5822: 5702: 5613: 5326: 4757: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 3921: 3904: 3666: 3639: 3579: 1967:

ZIPRA was the anti-government force based around the

1861:

truck components, including unlicensed copies of the

1837:

were procured from South Africa. Several Polish-made

62:

The geopolitical situation after the independence of

6956:

The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith

5975: 5963: 5948: 5936: 5921: 5897: 5870: 5637: 4820: 4740: 4387: 4240: 4134: 3853: 3835:

Peace, Politics and Violence in the New South Africa

3781: 3533: 3531: 2554:

in eastern Rhodesia by ZANLA guerrillas in the 1978

6735:. Trenton, NJ: Africa Research & Publications. 6700: 6663:. Trenton, NJ: Africa Research & Publications. 6425:Friedman, Sgt-Major Herbert A. (28 November 2006). 6086: 5737: 5631: 5457:"16 Rhodesian blacks reported killed by guerrillas" 5288: 5032: 5030: 4716: 4334: 4289: 4146: 3997:"Rhodesian independence background and consequence" 3723: 3651: 3633: 3458: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3192:

History of the Rhodesian Light Infantry (1961–1972)

3159:

Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe

3142: 2916:also refused to recognise the internal settlement. 2367:For Rhodesian Army counter-insurgency tactics, see 1343:can be traced to the conquest of the region by the 1257:(later the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government of Bishop 7293:Rhodesian Air Force Operations with Air Strike Log 7009:(6th ed.). Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. 6243: 5784: 4661: 3606:The Roots and Consequences of 20th-Century Warfare 2398:of hostile border. Indeed, with the demise of the 2010:ZIPRA was responsible for two attacks on civilian 6306:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia who's who 5088:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research 3528: 3485: 2076: 1594:, and arranged multiracial elections, which were 12066: 11065:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 7314: 7065: 6635: 6294:Britannica Book of the Year 1976: Events of 1975 6282:Britannica Book of the Year 1974: Events of 1973 6270:Britannica Book of the Year 1972: Events of 1971 6246:Britannica Book of the Year 1971: Events of 1970 6175:"The Army of Zimbabwe: a role model for Namibia" 5252: 5250: 5227:"Slaying of 27 Black Workers Arouses Rhodesians" 5187: 5027: 4796: 4234: 3735: 3573: 3400: 3219:, officially known within Zimbabwe as the First 3127:, published by Galago—a publishing house run by 3026:7,790 black civilians, and 468 white civilians. 2356:and against the hostile neighbouring countries. 9502:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 8909:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 7221:The Israeli Connection: Who Israel Arms and why 6467: 6080: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5417: 4265:"The World: The Military: A Mission Impossible" 3074:The Zimbabwean military's North Korean-trained 2541: 1979:links, Nkomo's ZIPRA was more oriented towards 1895:The two major armed groups campaigning against 1502:and on Rhodesian civilians and infrastructure. 172:Free elections with ZANU and ZAPU participation 6839: 6638:"Rhodesia: Tactical Victory, Strategic Defeat" 6225:Rhodesian Air Force: A Brief History 1947–1980 5361:"Rhodesia: Smith Takes a Dangerous New Gamble" 4835: 4369: 3995:Central Intelligence Agency (1 October 1965). 2524:vehicle loudspeaker and announced, in Shona, " 2382:-controlled areas in the Portuguese colony of 840:1,361 Rhodesian security forces members killed 11225: 8398: 7599: 7370:Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War 7217: 6677: 5247: 5126:Maputo Review Conference (31 December 2013). 4610: 4595: 4580: 4565: 4469:. New York. 18 September 1978. Archived from 4381: 3277: 1560:The British government, in the person of the 874: 11141:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 8692:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 7296:. Durban: Just Done Productions Publishing. 6303: 6133: 5102:"Zimbabwe's forgotten minefield in pictures" 4892:. Popularsocialscience.com. 19 October 2012. 4734: 4490: 4488: 4455: 4453: 4313: 3540:"Death of a hero: James Chikerema 1925–2006" 1629: 10002:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 7939:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 7066:Williams, Gwyneth; Hackland, Brian (1988). 6358: 5816: 5293:. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. p. 158. 4954:"Rhodesians add six months to Conscription" 4505: 4399: 3268: 3066: 3058: 3045:bitter fighting between ZAPU supporters in 2525: 2362: 2203:. ZANU members formed a militant wing, the 2115:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 1984: 1224: 11232: 11218: 11105:United States involvement in regime change 8660:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 8405: 8391: 7606: 7592: 7286: 7261: 6752:Robert Mugabe and the Betrayal of Zimbabwe 6730: 6291: 6279: 6267: 6241: 5477: 5443: 4873: 4814: 4790: 4655: 4461:"Rhodesia: Seeds of Political Destruction" 4427: 4298: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3256:From March 1978. Previously leader of ZANU 2269:The conflict intensified after Rhodesia's 2215: 2149:whites, and others as open for all races. 881: 867: 264: 7315:Halliday, Fred; Molyneux, Maxine (1983). 6907: 6376: 5144: 5081: 4485: 4450: 3711: 3265:From March 1978 Previously leader of ZAPU 3259: 2637:, "adopting hot pursuit when necessary". 2205:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 2101:, which made up about 45% of the country. 1925:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 1901:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 1609:in December 1979. The UK Government held 1263:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 11642:Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations 7367: 7088: 6977: 6678:Martin, David; Johnson, Phyllis (1981). 6424: 6342:Dabengwa, Dumiso (1995). Bhebe, Ngwabi; 6341: 6322: 6206:The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry 5750:. Britains-smallwars.com. Archived from 5725:"1979: Rhodesia reverts to British rule" 5483: 5385: 5369:. New York. 13 June 1977. Archived from 5332: 5266:. New York. 10 July 1978. Archived from 5193: 4980:"Many Blacks ignore call-up in Rhodesia" 4922:"Black Conscription Protestors Arrested" 4851:. New York. 8 March 1976. Archived from 4763: 4686: 4638: 4553: 4538: 4273:. New York. 13 June 1977. Archived from 3675: 3599: 3597: 3207:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction 2926: 2811: 2787:civilian airliners with Soviet-supplied 2733: 2706: 2565: 2545: 2436:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction 2273:(UDI) from Britain on 11 November 1965. 2219: 2080: 1995:of South Africa) and South-West African 1771:(FN MAG58) general-purpose machine-gun, 1639: 285: 9231:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 7372:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 7348: 7329: 7192: 7046: 7002: 6930: 6816: 6772: 6359:Doron, Roy; Thomas, Charles G. (2019). 6227:. Kwambonambi: Freeworld Publications. 6172: 6156: 5778: 5648: 5565: 5449: 5401:. New York. 24 May 1976. Archived from 5353: 4884: 4882: 4615:. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 63. 4600:. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 63. 4585:. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 63. 4570:. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 63. 4511: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3898: 3874: 3812: 3806: 3741: 3699: 3588: 3296: 3294: 3250: 3238: 3150:Zimbabwe: Struggles within the Struggle 3114: 2660:Secretary-General of the United Nations 2495: 1576:party was elected to power in 1962 and 1445:politics played into the conflict. The 12067: 11378:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 11075:Russian espionage in the United States 9347:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 8019:Chemical weapons and biological agents 7740:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 7569:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 7409: 7247:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. 7167: 7051:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 7023: 6861: 6795: 6749: 6587: 6548: 6525: 6486: 6444: 6304:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana (1977). 6208:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 6136:Modern African Wars: Rhodesia, 1965–80 6134:Abbott, Peter; Botham, Philip (1986). 5891: 5804:"The Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992)" 5711: 5681:Haddon, Katherine (30 December 2009). 5680: 5347: 5320: 5066: 4829: 4778: 4751: 4393: 4251: 4056:Foreign Affairs: America and the World 3886: 3862: 3775: 3645: 3537: 3479: 3464: 3333: 3331: 3303:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 2778: 2430:Use of biological and chemical weapons 2320:Secret cross-border operations by the 2271:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 2056: 1743:rifle were used by reservists and the 1378:unilateral declaration of independence 888: 116:(15 years, 5 months, 1 week and 1 day) 11239: 11213: 11070:Soviet espionage in the United States 9226:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 9005:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 8670:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 8386: 7587: 7485: 7454: 7386: 7242: 7134: 6949: 6710:The Rhodesian War: A Military History 6658: 6393: 6348:Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War 6222: 6203: 6191:from the original on 24 February 2017 6116: 6104: 6092: 5984: 5969: 5957: 5942: 5930: 5915: 5903: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5790: 5662:"1979: End of white rule in Rhodesia" 5619: 5539: 5056:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. 5041:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. 5036: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4357: 4340: 4328: 4169: 4157: 4140: 4048: 3951: 3825: 3787: 3687: 3660: 3594: 3522: 3430: 2452:(an organophosphate insecticide) and 862: 16:1964–1979 conflict in Southern Africa 11146:Soviet Union–United States relations 9497:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 7564: 7541: 7516: 7435: 7111: 7049:P. K. van der Byl: African Statesman 6884: 6645:War Since 1945 Seminar and Symposium 6610: 5566:Kaufman, Michael T. (25 June 1978). 5505: 5484:Icaufman, Michael T. (17 May 1978). 5082:Gould, Chandré; Folb, Peter (2002). 5051: 4879: 4802: 4674: 4433: 4405: 4217: 3411: 3291: 3164: 2854: 2679:bombed a Woolworths department store 2210: 1963:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army 1909:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army 1891:African nationalist guerrilla forces 1458:offered direct military help to the 1437: 1275:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army 852:Around 20,000 people killed overall 11366:Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation 11110:Soviet involvement in regime change 6847:. Johannesburg: Galago Publishing. 6552:Journal of Southern African Studies 6490:Journal of Southern African Studies 6365:Journal of African Military History 6180:. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: 4516:[Africa Series: Zimbabwe]. 3328: 1798:transport aircraft and the British 1751:LMG in both .303" and 7.62mm NATO, 1422:tribes. ZAPU and its military wing 1315:, London in December 1979, and the 13: 11794:Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games 11151:Soviet Union–United States summits 8625:1947 Polish parliamentary election 8510:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 7915:Responsible Government Association 7171:Wars in the Third World Since 1945 7161: 6526:Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey (1999). 5766:"Operation Quartz – Rhodesia 1980" 5748:"The British Empire's Last Sunset" 5595:"The Fragility of Domestic Energy" 5540:Burns, John F. (8 February 1977). 4843:"Rhodesia: Make Peace or Face War" 4495:"59 killed in Viscount Disaster". 4119:. 11 December 1965. Archived from 3749:"Rhodesia reverts to British rule" 3453:Rhodesia To Zimbabwe: A Chronology 2875:under a new constitution in 1979. 1883:Matabeleland (Operation Tangent), 1578:unilaterally declared independence 14: 12181: 9912:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 9847:United States invasion of Grenada 9117:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 9058:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 7945:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party 5393:"Rhodesia: Getting ready for war" 4086:"Robert Mugabe and Todor Zhivkov" 3100: 3057:in a military crackdown known as 2889:general election of 24 April 1979 2698:Central Intelligence Organisation 2504: 2299:first major engagement of the war 2071: 11471:Cricket crisis (2003–2007) 9987:United States invasion of Panama 9837:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 9477:1971 Turkish military memorandum 9440:Communist insurgency in Thailand 9410:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 9342:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 9169:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 9097:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 8615:Restatement of Policy on Germany 7458:South African Historical Journal 7218:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1987). 6750:Norman, Andrew (December 2003). 6308:. Salisbury: Books of Rhodesia. 6173:Bennett, David C. (March 1990). 5796: 5758: 5733:. On This Day. 11 December 1941. 5717: 5674: 5654: 5587: 5559: 5533: 5282: 5219: 5119: 5094: 4611:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 4596:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 4581:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 4566:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 4512:Doebler, Walter (22 July 2006). 4049:Legum, Colin (28 January 2009). 3538:Grundy, Trevor (30 March 2006). 3380: 3370: 3143:Zimbabwean nationalist discourse 2488:), and toxins—such as ricin and 2105:In September 1956, bus fares in 1373:after its independence in 1960. 819: 805: 775: 752: 740: 728: 716: 696: 684: 672: 660: 648: 636: 624: 612: 592: 580: 565: 552: 540: 528: 516: 504: 492: 480: 468: 456: 444: 432: 420: 394: 377: 364: 346: 328: 303: 287: 266: 250: 235: 220: 205: 56: 10707:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 10088:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 10017:Fall of the inner German border 9917:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 9567:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 9557:Spanish transition to democracy 9517:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 9144:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 8650:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 8531:Occupation of the Baltic states 7951:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party 7336:. No. 52. pp. 28–42. 7003:Stearns, Peter N., ed. (2002). 5632:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 5258:"Rhodesia: Savagery and Terror" 5075: 5060: 5045: 5009:"White rule in Rhodesia to end" 5001: 4972: 4946: 4914: 4896: 4604: 4589: 4574: 4559: 4424:for confirmation of authorship. 4257: 4163: 4126:on 24 January 2017 – via 4106: 4078: 4042: 4017: 3988: 3945: 3724:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 3634:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 3353: 3041:and around 5,000 took this up. 2869:"internal" political settlement 2668:United Nations Security Council 2602:light machine guns, as well as 2201:Zimbabwe African National Union 2135:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1913:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1911:(ZIPRA), the armed wing of the 1905:Zimbabwe African National Union 1903:(ZANLA), the armed wing of the 1624: 1408:Zimbabwe African National Union 1404:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1300:in Rhodesia, which was renamed 1283:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1271:Zimbabwe African National Union 372:People's Republic of Mozambique 11578:Capital punishment in Zimbabwe 11393:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 9487:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 9122:Mozambican War of Independence 8561:Indonesian National Revolution 7750:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 7546:. Victoria, British Columbia: 7193:Barnett, Thomas P. M. (1992). 7116:. Victoria, British Columbia: 6897:School of History and Archives 6394:Eppel, Shari (26 March 2008). 6325:Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia 6182:United States Army War College 3445: 3436: 2908:did not materialise after the 2625:forces massing in the city of 2285:, munitions, and arms via the 2230:major leaders imprisoned were 2183:In July 1963, Nkomo suspended 2077:Civil disobedience (1957–1964) 1847:mine-proofed armoured vehicles 1547: 1526:Mozambican War of Independence 1232:Zimbabwean War of Independence 114:4 July 1964 – 12 December 1979 1: 11688:Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024) 11371:Malayan Emergency involvement 11085:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 10100:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 10053:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 9775:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 9740:Seven Days to the River Rhine 9472:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 8759:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 8687:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 7963:United National Federal Party 7728:Malayan Emergency involvement 7502:10.1080/17532523.2017.1357323 6845:Selous Scouts: Top Secret War 6511:10.1080/03057070.2021.1917921 6298:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6286:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6274:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6252:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5670:. On This Day. 18 April 1980. 5071:. Johannesburg: Galago Press. 4989:. AAP-Reuter. 12 January 1979 3954:Small Wars & Insurgencies 3393: 3367:wheeled light troop carriers. 3133:Seizures of white-owned farms 2878: 2472:). They also looked at using 2393:In April 1974, the left-wing 2386:, making periodic raids into 2335:Organisation of African Unity 1747:. Other weapons included the 1334: 843: 12140:Military history of Zimbabwe 12135:Military history of Rhodesia 10078:Fall of communism in Albania 10048:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 9997:Polish Round Table Agreement 9337:1968 Polish political crisis 9154:Eritrean War of Independence 8920:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 8815:East German uprising of 1953 8747:Chinese Communist Revolution 8412: 7863:Ministry of External Affairs 7615:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia 7471:10.1080/02582473.2013.846935 7436:Reed, William Cyrus (1990). 6984:(First ed.). New York: 6931:Sibanda, Eliakim M. (2005). 6461:10.1093/parlij/23.1969sep.72 5188:Lohman & MacPherson 1983 5128:"Zimbabwe Extension Request" 4406:Wood, J.R.T. (24 May 1995). 4235:Lohman & MacPherson 1983 4170:Lowry, Donal (18 May 2007). 3736:Williams & Hackland 1988 3574:Lohman & MacPherson 1983 3175:Selous Scouts Top Secret War 3125:Selous Scouts Top Secret War 3010: 2920:fracturing the unity of the 2542:Escalation of the war (1977) 1566:British South Africa Company 1345:British South Africa Company 1323:were held under British and 1296:in June 1979 and the end of 36:Zimbabwe War of Independence 7: 12155:Wars involving South Africa 11683:Dollar (suspended currency) 9952:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 9680:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 9425:Corrective Movement (Syria) 9389:New People's Army rebellion 9384:Sino-Soviet border conflict 9112:Angolan War of Independence 8975:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 8855:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 8500:Jamaican political conflict 7355:. No. 53. p. 41. 7141:(online ed.). Durham: 6157:Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007). 4128:Central Intelligence Agency 3307:British South Africa Police 3180: 3105: 2117:, led by Joshua Nkomo. The 1745:British South Africa Police 1683:British South Africa Police 1518:Angolan War of Independence 1418:and consisted primarily of 1288:The war and its subsequent 10: 12186: 12115:1960s in Southern Rhodesia 12095:Ethnicity-based civil wars 11425:2008–2009 cholera outbreak 10148:Sino-Indian border dispute 9977:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 9907:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 9665:1976 Argentine coup d'état 9577:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 9527:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 9211:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 9179:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 8868:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 8635:Asian Relations Conference 7265:Journey Without Boundaries 7262:Diedericks, André (2007). 7095:Routledge & Kegan Paul 6800:(First ed.). Oxford: 6773:Nyarota, Geoffrey (2006). 6731:Muzondidya, James (2005). 6594:Cambridge University Press 6532:Greenwood Publishing Group 6427:"Rhodesia Psyop 1965–1980" 6126: 4410:. Oudeschip: Allport Books 4370:Reid-Daly & Stiff 1983 3757:. London. 11 December 1979 3228:Security Force Auxiliaries 3197:Military history of Africa 3014: 2718:St. Paul's Mission, Musami 2508: 2433: 2366: 2258:. Operating from bases in 1960: 1933:'s independence movement, 1922: 1633: 1329:Prime Minister of Zimbabwe 12150:Wars involving Mozambique 12031: 11984: 11947: 11912: 11879: 11826: 11811: 11802: 11734: 11725: 11663: 11654: 11563: 11554: 11497: 11488: 11466:Cricket (1992–2006) 11448: 11413:Lancaster House Agreement 11294: 11285: 11277:under UDI; 1980–present: 11251: 11184: 11133: 11055: 11032:William Appleman Williams 10977:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 10759: 10731: 10680: 10612: 10605: 10539: 10404: 10329: 10259: 10252: 10161: 10108: 10040: 9753: 9492:Bangladesh Liberation War 9482:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 9397: 9369:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 9357:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 9020: 8795:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 8772: 8482: 8420: 8367: 8310: 8270: 8240: 8200: 8147: 8132: 8125: 8102: 8093: 8040: 8033: 7833: 7824: 7792: 7785: 7770:Lancaster House Agreement 7656: 7648:under UDI; 1980–present: 7622: 7489:African Historical Review 7089:Windrich, Elaine (1975). 6978:St. John, Lauren (2007). 6901:University College Dublin 6817:Preston, Matthew (2004). 6680:The Struggle for Zimbabwe 6619:Columbia University Press 6588:Kriger, Norma J. (2003). 6573:10.1080/03057078808708176 6378:10.1163/24680966-00302004 6323:Cilliers, Jackie (1984). 6250:(1st ed.). Chicago: 6204:Binda, Alexandre (2008). 4382:Martin & Johnson 1981 4190:10.1080/14682740701284108 3966:10.1080/09574040701400601 3323:Lancaster House Agreement 3154:The Struggle for Zimbabwe 2937:Lancaster House Agreement 2744:Imperial War Museum North 2729:Rhodesian Security Forces 2687:killed 16 black civilians 2617:On 3 April 1977, General 2594:semi-automatic carbines, 2574:Weapons fielded included 2348:In 1971, Rhodesia joined 1993:African National Congress 1887:and District ("SALOPS"). 1816:Aérospatiale Alouette III 1636:Rhodesian Security Forces 1630:Rhodesian Security Forces 1607:Lancaster House Agreement 1507:Rhodesian Security Forces 1339:The origin of the war in 1317:Lancaster House Agreement 900: 850: 834: 767: 410: 195: 164:Lancaster House Agreement 106: 55: 43: 23: 9807:1980 Turkish coup d'état 9642:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 9612:1978 Somali coup attempt 9572:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 9537:1973 Chilean coup d'état 9362:Revolutionary Government 9256:South African Border War 9048:1960 Turkish coup d'état 8965:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 8820:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8800:1952 Egyptian revolution 8004:Leader of the Opposition 7368:Mitchell, Nancy (2016). 7318:The Ethiopian Revolution 7093:(1st ed.). London: 7070:(1st ed.). London: 7047:Wessels, Hannes (2010). 7028:(1st ed.). London: 6862:Rogers, Anthony (1998). 6682:(1st ed.). London: 6403:Heinrich Böll Foundation 4735:Cary & Mitchell 1977 4520:(in German). Ottersweier 4314:Abbott & Botham 1986 3243: 3233:South African Border War 3212:Rhodesian Armoured Corps 3171:Zimbabwe's Guerrilla War 3029:After he assumed power, 2795:on 3 September 1978 and 2363:Second phase (1972–1979) 2119:Whitehead administration 1956: 1918: 1767:(very late in the war), 1711:volunteers from overseas 1707:Rhodesian African Rifles 1676:Rhodesian Light Infantry 1648:aboard a patrol boat on 1646:Rhodesian African Rifles 1611:another election in 1980 1534:South African Border War 846:10,000 guerrillas killed 794:19,000 police reservists 169:End to armed hostilities 50:decolonisation of Africa 12145:Wars involving Rhodesia 10012:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9957:People Power Revolution 9942:Central American crisis 9882:1986 Black Sea incident 9532:1973 Afghan coup d'état 9430:Western Sahara conflict 9241:1966 Syrian coup d'état 9164:1963 Syrian coup d'état 9107:Portuguese Colonial War 9070:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 8835:1954 Syrian coup d'état 8712:Annexation of Hyderabad 8655:1947–1949 Palestine war 7565:Wood, J. R. T. (2009). 6914:Nordic Africa Institute 6908:Sellström, Tor (1999). 6843:; Stiff, Peter (1983). 6796:Palley, Claire (1966). 6756:McFarland & Company 6350:. Vol. 1. Harare: 5817:Doron & Thomas 2019 4514:"Afrikaserie: Simbabwe" 3202:Portuguese Colonial War 3035:Zimbabwe Defence Forces 2797:Air Rhodesia Flight 827 2793:Air Rhodesia Flight 825 2775:on behalf of the RhAF. 2773:South African Air Force 2769:South African Air Force 2640:On 30 May 1977, during 2216:First phase (1964–1972) 2027:surface-to-air missiles 1991:(the armed wing of the 1899:'s government were the 1849:, often using Mercedes 1265:, the military wing of 1201:Cashel Helicopter Crash 12130:Insurgencies in Africa 11537:Wards (municipalities) 11398:1976 Geneva Conference 10306:Neoclassical economics 9817:Gulf of Sidra incident 9374:1969 Libyan revolution 9065:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 8850:1954 Geneva Conference 8610:Turkish straits crisis 8605:Corfu Channel incident 7921:Rhodesian Action Party 7755:1976 Geneva Conference 7419:University of Zimbabwe 7024:Thomas, Scott (1995). 6611:Lake, Anthony (1976). 6352:University of Zimbabwe 4890:"The Fall of Rhodesia" 4613:The Israeli Connection 4598:The Israeli Connection 4583:The Israeli Connection 4568:The Israeli Connection 4408:"Rhodesian Insurgency" 3067: 3059: 2932: 2836: 2747: 2712: 2571: 2559: 2526: 2226: 2102: 1985: 1657: 1398:Amidst this backdrop, 1225: 411:Commanders and leaders 12160:Wars involving Zambia 11678:Zimbabwean bond notes 11673:Zimbabwean bond coins 11637:2007 political crisis 11156:Russia–NATO relations 11037:Jonathan Reed Winkler 10321:Democratic capitalism 10316:Supply-side economics 10284:American conservatism 10083:Breakup of Yugoslavia 9972:Bougainville conflict 9887:South Yemen civil war 9822:Martial law in Poland 9685:Nicaraguan Revolution 9660:Dirty War (Argentina) 9467:1971 JVP insurrection 9281:Years of Lead (Italy) 9159:North Yemen civil war 9077:Berlin Crisis of 1961 9053:Albanian–Soviet split 8985:1959 Tibetan uprising 8950:Syrian Crisis of 1957 8805:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 8665:1948 Arab–Israeli War 7994:Deputy Prime Minister 7969:United Rhodesia Party 7933:Rhodesia Labour Party 7797:Chimanimani Mountains 7542:Wood, J.R.T. (2005). 7537:on 13 September 2014. 7517:Wall, Dudley (2009). 7393:Duke University Press 7243:Cross, Glenn (2017). 7176:Bloomsbury Publishing 7143:Duke University Press 7135:White, Luise (2021). 7112:Wood, J.R.T. (2008). 6961:John Blake Publishing 6885:Ryan, Johnny (2004). 6659:Lyons, Tanya (2004). 6448:Parliamentary Affairs 5037:Cross, Glenn (2017). 4986:Sydney Morning Herald 4958:Eugene Register-Guard 4434:Wood, J.R.T. (1995). 3613:. 2016. p. 417. 2930: 2914:Carter administration 2818: 2737: 2710: 2569: 2549: 2474:Rickettsia prowazekii 2416:7 Independent Company 2315:attack on Altena Farm 2223: 2146:1962 general election 2084: 2014:Viscount aeroplanes, 1643: 1570:self-governing status 1536:(1966–1989), and the 835:Casualties and losses 175:Formation of Zimbabwe 12165:Wars of independence 11502:Chimanimani District 10577:Non-Aligned Movement 10199:Peaceful coexistence 10153:North Borneo dispute 10068:German reunification 10063:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 9761:Salvadoran Civil War 9710:Grand Mosque seizure 9705:Yemenite War of 1979 9597:Mozambican Civil War 9552:Carnation Revolution 9507:Yemenite War of 1972 9445:1970 Polish protests 9276:1967 Hong Kong riots 9251:Argentine Revolution 9201:Guatemalan Civil War 9129:Cuban Missile Crisis 9043:Bay of Pigs Invasion 8915:1956 Poznań protests 8893:Geneva Summit (1955) 8495:Hukbalahap Rebellion 8474:Non-Aligned Movement 8047:(currency from 1970) 7957:United Federal Party 7895:Central Africa Party 7848:Legislative Assembly 7387:Moore, D.S. (2005). 7310:on 24 December 2014. 7168:Arnold, Guy (2018). 6223:Brent, W. A (1987). 6081:Helliker et al. 2021 6069:Helliker et al. 2021 6057:Helliker et al. 2021 6045:Helliker et al. 2021 6033:Helliker et al. 2021 6021:Helliker et al. 2021 6009:Helliker et al. 2021 5997:Helliker et al. 2021 5373:on 30 September 2007 5067:Parker, Jim (2006). 4927:The Montreal Gazette 3239:Notes and references 3115:Rhodesian narratives 3095:Mozambique Civil War 2496:Laying of minefields 2484:(causative agent of 2476:(causative agent of 2468:(causative agent of 2460:(causative agent of 2395:Carnation Revolution 2142:United Federal Party 2095:United Federal Party 2038:Storming the Heavens 1800:de Havilland Vampire 1644:Two soldiers of the 1530:Mozambican Civil War 1426:consisted mainly of 1400:African nationalists 1384:, which still owned 1236:unrecognised country 1060:Odzanu Junction Farm 11522:Place name renaming 11403:Internal Settlement 11334:Second Matabele War 11022:Alex von Tunzelmann 11012:Vladimir Tismăneanu 10937:Thomas J. McCormick 10932:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 10832:Robert Hugh Ferrell 10695:Crusade for Freedom 10492:Illiberal democracy 10376:Ho Chi Minh Thought 10179:Eisenhower Doctrine 10032:Peaceful Revolution 10027:Romanian Revolution 10007:Revolutions of 1989 9992:1988 Polish strikes 9902:Operation INFEKTION 9897:1987 Lieyu massacre 9802:Eritrean Civil Wars 9785:Peruvian Revolution 9735:1979 Herat uprising 9725:Sino-Vietnamese War 9690:Uganda–Tanzania War 9670:Egyptian–Libyan War 9637:Third Indochina War 9632:Sino-Albanian split 9622:Ethiopian Civil War 9522:Eritrean Civil Wars 9462:Ping-pong diplomacy 9435:Cambodian Civil War 9261:Korean DMZ Conflict 9246:Cultural Revolution 9216:Dominican Civil War 9194:Tlatelolco massacre 8980:1959 Mosul uprising 8970:1958 Lebanon crisis 8697:Al-Wathbah uprising 8620:First Indochina War 8590:Iran crisis of 1946 7760:Internal Settlement 7696:Second Matabele War 7548:Trafford Publishing 7288:Geldenhuys, Preller 7118:Trafford Publishing 6714:Pen and Sword Books 6565:1988JSAfS..14..304K 6503:2021JSAfS..47..723H 6292:Britannica (1976). 6280:Britannica (1974). 6268:Britannica (1972). 6242:Britannica (1971). 5894:, pp. 721–722. 5688:Mail & Guardian 5634:, pp. 140–143. 5601:on 17 November 2015 5015:. 23 September 1976 4876:, pp. 619–620. 4855:on 20 February 2011 4658:, pp. 167–170. 4501:. 13 February 1979. 4498:The Rhodesia Herald 4360:, pp. 462–472. 4331:, pp. 186–188. 4277:on 15 December 2008 4220:, pp. 542–555. 3778:, pp. 742–743. 3690:, pp. 100–106. 3525:, pp. 249–252. 3501:. 17 September 2019 3433:, pp. 109–116. 3217:Second Matabele War 2779:Airliners shot down 2674:, on 30 June 1977. 2322:Special Air Service 2197:Washington Malianga 2155:Indian reservations 2087:(orange and purple) 2057:Foreign involvement 2016:on 3 September 1978 1841:tanks destined for 1835:Eland armoured cars 1788:Rhodesian Air Force 1298:white minority rule 1290:Internal Settlement 1221:also known as the 12090:Cold War in Africa 12085:Cold War conflicts 12075:Rhodesian Bush War 11703:Telecommunications 11440:2019 fuel protests 11430:2016–2017 protests 11324:First Matabele War 11176:Russian Revolution 10972:Mary Elise Sarotte 10957:William B. Pickett 10882:Patrick J. Hearden 10862:Gabriel Gorodetsky 10857:Timothy Garton Ash 10842:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 10437:Ethnic nationalism 10189:Hallstein Doctrine 10073:Yemeni unification 9862:1985 Geneva Summit 9827:Casamance conflict 9730:New Jewel Movement 9715:Iranian Revolution 9700:Chadian–Libyan War 9647:Cambodian conflict 9627:Lebanese Civil War 9617:Western Sahara War 9592:June 1976 protests 9587:Cambodian genocide 9352:17 July Revolution 9306:Nigerian Civil War 9221:Rhodesian Bush War 9206:Colombian conflict 9149:Ramadan Revolution 8888:Bandung Conference 8764:Operation Valuable 8645:Partition of India 8107:List of Rhodesians 8071:Telecommunications 8055:(currency to 1970) 7686:First Matabele War 7444:Indiana University 7282:on 6 October 2014. 6892:The History Review 6702:Moorcraft, Paul L. 6455:(1969sep): 72–80. 6431:www.psywarrior.com 5573:The New York Times 5546:The New York Times 5518:The New York Times 5491:The New York Times 5462:The New York Times 5405:on 3 November 2007 5270:on 12 January 2010 5235:. 22 December 1976 5232:The New York Times 5205:The New York Times 5157:The New York Times 4934:. 25 November 1978 3826:Evans, M. (1992). 3498:Slobodna Dalmacija 3451:Houser, George M. 3339:Southern Rhodesian 3283:Until October 1971 3169:In her 1992 book, 2933: 2897:Josiah Zion Gumede 2837: 2748: 2713: 2635:search and destroy 2572: 2560: 2466:Bacillus anthracis 2254:and the barrister 2232:Ndabaningi Sithole 2227: 2185:Ndabaningi Sithole 2130:Ndabaningi Sithole 2103: 2093:areas. The ruling 1971:ethnicity, led by 1939:Matabeleland North 1693:units such as the 1658: 1598:and won by Bishop 1544:(1978) conflicts. 1393:66 seat parliament 1294:universal suffrage 1219:Rhodesian Bush War 1055:Woolworths bombing 892:Rhodesian Bush War 798:52,800 Total Force 631:Ndabaningi Sithole 523:Ndabaningi Sithole 319:Foreign volunteers 27:Rhodesian Bush War 12110:1970s in Rhodesia 12105:1960s in Rhodesia 12062: 12061: 12027: 12026: 11980: 11979: 11943: 11942: 11789:Sport in Zimbabwe 11759:Human trafficking 11721: 11720: 11650: 11649: 11610:Political parties 11573:Foreign relations 11550: 11549: 11484: 11483: 11461:Cricket (to 1992) 11408:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 11351:Southern Rhodesia 11275:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 11259:Southern Rhodesia 11207: 11206: 11194:List of conflicts 11042:Rudolph Winnacker 10987:Giles Scott-Smith 10962:Ronald E. Powaski 10917:Melvyn P. Leffler 10847:John Lewis Gaddis 10822:Robert D. English 10787:Warren H. Carroll 10777:Michael Beschloss 10746:Nuclear arms race 10727: 10726: 10633:Neues Deutschland 10535: 10534: 10517:White nationalism 10487:Liberal democracy 10224:Ulbricht Doctrine 10214:Brezhnev Doctrine 10022:Velvet Revolution 9766:Soviet–Afghan War 9582:Angolan Civil War 9379:Goulash Communism 9236:ASEAN Declaration 9189:Mexican Dirty War 9087:Annexation of Goa 9038:1960 U-2 incident 9012:Sino-Soviet split 8990:Laotian Civil War 8830:Bricker Amendment 8810:Mau Mau rebellion 8754:Malayan Emergency 8742:Chinese Civil War 8702:Tito–Stalin split 8556:Division of Korea 8380: 8379: 8363: 8362: 8306: 8305: 8266: 8265: 8089: 8088: 8029: 8028: 7900:Confederate Party 7890:Political parties 7868:Mission in Lisbon 7838:Political history 7820: 7819: 7765:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 7713:Southern Rhodesia 7646:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 7630:Southern Rhodesia 7576:978-1-920143-33-6 7557:978-1-4120-4952-8 7530:978-1-920315-53-5 7402:978-0-8223-3570-2 7303:978-1-920169-61-9 7275:978-1-920169-58-9 7254:978-1-911512-12-7 7235:978-1-85043-069-8 7210:978-0-275-94117-8 7185:978-1-4742-9103-3 7152:978-1-4780-2128-5 7127:978-1-4251-4807-2 7104:978-0-7100-8080-6 7081:978-0-415-00245-5 7058:978-1-920143-49-7 7039:978-1-85043-993-6 7016:978-0-227-67968-5 6995:978-0-7432-8679-4 6970:978-1-85782-176-5 6942:978-1-59221-276-7 6923:978-91-7106-430-1 6877:978-0-00-472077-7 6854:978-0-620-06674-7 6832:978-1-85043-579-2 6788:978-1-77007-112-4 6779:Struik Publishers 6775:Against the Grain 6765:978-0-7864-1686-8 6754:. Jefferson, NC: 6742:978-1-59221-246-0 6723:978-1-84415-694-8 6706:McLaughlin, Peter 6693:978-0-571-11066-7 6670:978-1-59221-167-8 6628:978-0-231-04066-2 6603:978-0-521-81823-0 6541:978-0-313-30247-3 6479:978-3-030-66347-6 6334:978-0-7099-3412-7 6315:978-0-86920-152-7 6234:978-0-620-11805-7 6215:978-1-920143-07-7 6149:978-0-85045-728-5 6140:Osprey Publishing 6119:, pp. 9, 51. 6071:, pp. 74–75. 6023:, pp. 70–71. 6011:, pp. 71–72. 5918:, pp. 50–51. 5867:, pp. 52–53. 5855:, pp. 51–52. 5843:, pp. 32–33. 5323:, pp. 40–41. 5106:www.halotrust.org 5052:Bird, Ed (2014). 4960:. UPI. 5 May 1976 4781:, pp. 39–40. 4713:, pp. 43–47. 4701:, pp. 46–47. 4641:, pp. 42–45. 4556:, pp. 48–72. 3889:, pp. 72–80. 3877:, pp. 68–73. 3482:, pp. 16–17. 3348:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 3343:Northern Rhodesia 3165:Critical analysis 2910:latter's election 2906:Margaret Thatcher 2885:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 2873:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 2855:Military pressure 2829:Operation Gatling 2816: 2724:on 23 June 1978. 2582:submachine guns, 2400:Portuguese Empire 2354:South West Africa 2211:Course of the war 2111:City Youth League 2047:Southern Rhodesia 1987:Umkhonto we Sizwe 1761:Browning Hi-Power 1592:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 1532:(1977–1992), the 1524:(1975–2002), the 1522:Angolan Civil War 1496:Mau Mau Rebellion 1438:Cold War politics 1360:UK Prime Minister 1302:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1244:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 1214: 1213: 1190:Related incidents 1005:St Alberts School 1000:Whistlefield Farm 909:Oberholzer murder 857: 856: 828:20,000 guerrillas 814:25,500 guerrillas 788:15,000 reservists 572:Kaúlza de Arriaga 439:P. K. van der Byl 258:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 213:Southern Rhodesia 191: 190: 90:South West Africa 12177: 12047: 12040: 11824: 11823: 11809: 11808: 11732: 11731: 11661: 11660: 11561: 11560: 11507:Cities and towns 11495: 11494: 11435:2017 coup d'état 11361:Second World War 11356:colonial history 11292: 11291: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11211: 11210: 10952:David S. Painter 10877:John Earl Haynes 10807:Nicholas J. Cull 10792:Adrian Cioroianu 10772:Thomas A. Bailey 10719:Voice of America 10610: 10609: 10522:White separatism 10502:Social democracy 10497:Guided democracy 10477:Authoritarianism 10427:Ultranationalism 10417:Anti-imperialism 10344:Marxism–Leninism 10257: 10256: 10244:Kinmen Agreement 10209:Johnson Doctrine 10194:Kennedy Doctrine 10110:Frozen conflicts 10093:1991 August Coup 9982:Afghan Civil War 9877:Reykjavík Summit 9872:Somali Rebellion 9812:Ugandan Bush War 9790:Gdańsk Agreement 9311:Protests of 1968 9291:War of Attrition 9000:Cuban Revolution 8936:We will bury you 8903:Cyprus Emergency 8883:Kashmir Princess 8873:Jebel Akhdar War 8722:Western betrayal 8407: 8400: 8393: 8384: 8383: 8288: 8145: 8144: 8130: 8129: 8100: 8099: 8056: 8048: 8038: 8037: 7873:Centre in Sydney 7831: 7830: 7802:Cities and towns 7790: 7789: 7723:Second World War 7718:colonial history 7608: 7601: 7594: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7561: 7538: 7533:. Archived from 7513: 7482: 7451: 7432: 7406: 7383: 7364: 7345: 7326: 7311: 7306:. Archived from 7283: 7278:. Archived from 7258: 7239: 7214: 7189: 7156: 7131: 7108: 7085: 7062: 7043: 7020: 6999: 6974: 6946: 6927: 6904: 6881: 6858: 6836: 6813: 6792: 6769: 6746: 6727: 6697: 6674: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6642: 6632: 6607: 6584: 6545: 6530:. Westport, CN: 6522: 6483: 6464: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6405:. Archived from 6400: 6390: 6380: 6355: 6344:Ranger, Terrence 6338: 6319: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6264: 6249: 6238: 6219: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6190: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6153: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5744: 5735: 5734: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5597:. Archived from 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5465:. 22 August 1977 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5254: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5207:. 8 October 1976 5197: 5191: 5185: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4910:on 16 June 2013. 4900: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4659: 4653: 4642: 4636: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4317: 4311: 4302: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4238: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4177:Cold War History 4167: 4161: 4155: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4004:CIA Reading Room 4001: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3832: 3823: 3810: 3804: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3601: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3548:. Archived from 3535: 3526: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3415: 3409: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3357: 3351: 3335: 3326: 3319:Battle of Sinoia 3298: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3070: 3064: 3039:Operation Winter 2985:Operation Quartz 2981:election of 1980 2817: 2785:Vickers Viscount 2746:, Manchester, UK 2590:assault rifles, 2529: 2482:Salmonella typhi 2252:Josiah Tongogara 2248:Maurice Nyagumbo 2236:Leopold Takawira 2193:Leopold Takawira 2064:During the war, 2020:12 February 1979 1990: 1907:(ZANU), and the 1812:Cessna Skymaster 1724:Considering the 1528:(1964–1974) and 1520:(1961–1975) and 1363:Harold Macmillan 1311:" took place at 1228: 895: 893: 883: 876: 869: 860: 859: 845: 823: 809: 780: 779: 757: 756: 755: 745: 744: 743: 733: 732: 731: 721: 720: 719: 711: 701: 700: 699: 689: 688: 687: 677: 676: 675: 665: 664: 653: 652: 651: 641: 640: 639: 629: 628: 627: 619:Josiah Tongogara 617: 616: 615: 607: 597: 596: 595: 585: 584: 583: 570: 569: 557: 556: 545: 544: 533: 532: 521: 520: 509: 508: 497: 496: 487:Ronald Reid-Daly 485: 484: 473: 472: 461: 460: 449: 448: 437: 436: 425: 424: 400: 398: 397: 382: 381: 380: 370: 368: 367: 351: 350: 349: 333: 332: 331: 309: 307: 306: 297: 293: 291: 290: 276: 272: 270: 269: 256: 254: 253: 241: 239: 238: 226: 224: 223: 211: 209: 208: 108: 107: 99:Frontline States 96: 83: 74: 60: 21: 20: 12185: 12184: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12125:1970s conflicts 12120:1960s conflicts 12065: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12023: 11976: 11939: 11908: 11875: 11815: 11798: 11784:Public holidays 11717: 11646: 11546: 11480: 11444: 11344:First World War 11339:Second Boer War 11329:Shangani Patrol 11309:Rudd Concession 11281: 11247: 11238: 11208: 11203: 11180: 11171:Second Cold War 11129: 11057: 11051: 11027:Odd Arne Westad 11017:Patrick Vaughan 11002:Athan Theoharis 10982:Ellen Schrecker 10967:Yakov M. Rabkin 10942:Timothy Naftali 10887:Tvrtko Jakovina 10872:Jussi Hanhimäki 10755: 10733: 10723: 10701:Paix et Liberté 10676: 10620:Active measures 10601: 10531: 10512:White supremacy 10472:Totalitarianism 10400: 10325: 10248: 10234:Reagan Doctrine 10229:Carter Doctrine 10169:Truman Doctrine 10157: 10104: 10036: 9931:Soviet reaction 9842:Ndogboyosoi War 9749: 9720:Saur Revolution 9547:1973 oil crisis 9512:Munich massacre 9420:Alcora Exercise 9415:Black September 9393: 9139:Sino-Indian War 9033:Simba rebellion 9016: 8860:Capture of the 8768: 8707:Berlin Blockade 8640:May 1947 crises 8630:Truman Doctrine 8595:Greek Civil War 8584:Blacklist Forty 8551:Gouzenko Affair 8538:Cursed soldiers 8490:Morgenthau Plan 8478: 8416: 8411: 8381: 8376: 8359: 8302: 8287:(South African) 8286: 8262: 8236: 8196: 8136: 8121: 8112:Public holidays 8085: 8054: 8046: 8025: 8014:Security Forces 7927:Rhodesian Front 7816: 7781: 7706:First World War 7701:Second Boer War 7691:Shangani Patrol 7671:Rudd Concession 7652: 7618: 7612: 7577: 7558: 7531: 7429: 7411:Ranger, Terence 7403: 7380: 7304: 7276: 7255: 7236: 7211: 7186: 7164: 7162:Further reading 7159: 7153: 7128: 7105: 7082: 7059: 7040: 7017: 6996: 6971: 6943: 6924: 6878: 6866:. Hammersmith: 6855: 6833: 6802:Clarendon Press 6789: 6766: 6743: 6724: 6694: 6684:Faber and Faber 6671: 6649: 6647: 6640: 6629: 6604: 6542: 6480: 6435: 6433: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6398: 6335: 6316: 6261: 6235: 6216: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6177: 6163: 6161: 6150: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5831:, pp. 1–2. 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5754:on 3 July 2013. 5746: 5745: 5738: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5679: 5675: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5444:Muzondidya 2005 5442: 5438: 5433:. 30 June 1977. 5423: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5312: 5301: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5255: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5080: 5076: 5065: 5061: 5050: 5046: 5035: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4874:Britannica 1976 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4815:Britannica 1974 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4791:Britannica 1972 4789: 4785: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4662: 4656:Muzondidya 2005 4654: 4645: 4637: 4620: 4609: 4605: 4594: 4590: 4579: 4575: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4510: 4506: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4473:on 7 March 2008 4459: 4458: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4422:www.jrtwood.com 4413: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4299:Britannica 1971 4297: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4241: 4233: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3854: 3840: 3838: 3830: 3824: 3813: 3809:, p. 1069. 3805: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3552:on 2 April 2012 3536: 3529: 3521: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3418: 3410: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3358: 3354: 3336: 3329: 3299: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3187:Alcora Exercise 3183: 3167: 3145: 3117: 3108: 3103: 3023: 3015:Main articles: 3013: 2946:Royal Air Force 2881: 2857: 2819:Audio from the 2812: 2781: 2691:Operation Dingo 2642:Operation Aztec 2544: 2527:Zimbabwe tatora 2513: 2511:Operation Eland 2507: 2498: 2490:botulinum toxin 2478:epidemic typhus 2458:Vibrio cholerae 2438: 2432: 2423:Henry Kissinger 2412:Crippled Eagles 2372: 2365: 2350:Alcora Exercise 2262:and later from 2256:Herbert Chitepo 2218: 2213: 2166:Rhodesian Front 2126:Herbert Chitepo 2124:Nkomo, Mugabe, 2079: 2074: 2059: 1965: 1959: 1927: 1921: 1893: 1877:siege mentality 1873:submachine guns 1820:Agusta Bell 205 1654:Security Forces 1638: 1632: 1627: 1574:Rhodesian Front 1550: 1487:Rhodesian Front 1460:Patriotic Front 1440: 1414:were headed by 1406:(ZAPU) and the 1367:as had resulted 1354:In his famous " 1337: 1313:Lancaster House 1309:Patriotic Front 1230:as well as the 1215: 1210: 1196:Nhari Rebellion 1187: 1169:Lancaster House 1072:Montclair Hotel 975:Alcora Exercise 896: 891: 889: 887: 853: 817: 785:10,800 regulars 774: 763: 753: 751: 741: 739: 735:Dumiso Dabengwa 729: 727: 717: 715: 707: 697: 695: 691:James Chikerema 685: 683: 673: 671: 659: 649: 647: 637: 635: 625: 623: 613: 611: 603: 599:Herbert Chitepo 593: 591: 581: 579: 564: 563: 551: 539: 535:James Chikerema 527: 515: 503: 491: 479: 467: 455: 443: 431: 419: 406: 395: 393: 378: 376: 365: 363: 360: 347: 345: 342: 329: 327: 317: 313: 304: 302: 298: 288: 286: 277: 267: 265: 260: 251: 249: 245: 236: 234: 229: 221: 219: 215: 206: 204: 183: 154: 153: 115: 102: 94: 92: 81: 79: 72: 61: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12183: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12100:Guerrilla wars 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12056: 12049: 12048: 12041: 12033: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11990: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11953: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11885: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11832: 11830: 11821: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11754:Child marriage 11751: 11746: 11741: 11735: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11713:Transportation 11710: 11705: 11700: 11698:Stock exchange 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11632:Prime Minister 11629: 11628: 11627: 11625:Vice-President 11617: 11615:Heads of State 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11564: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11517:Great Zimbabwe 11514: 11509: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11456:Constitutional 11452: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11319:Pioneer Column 11311: 11306: 11300: 11298: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11252: 11249: 11248: 11237: 11236: 11229: 11222: 11214: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10997:Timothy Snyder 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10927:Vojtech Mastny 10924: 10922:Geir Lundestad 10919: 10914: 10912:Walter Laqueur 10909: 10907:Walter LaFeber 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10837:André Fontaine 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10767:Gar Alperovitz 10763: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10737: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10697: 10692: 10684: 10682: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10667: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10622: 10616: 10614: 10607: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10543: 10541: 10537: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10507:Third-Worldism 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10296:Libertarianism 10293: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10276: 10274:Chicago school 10271: 10265: 10263: 10254: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10219:Nixon Doctrine 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10165: 10163: 10162:Foreign policy 10159: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10114: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9947:Operation RYAN 9944: 9939: 9934: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9852:Able Archer 83 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9768: 9763: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9602:Oromo conflict 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9542:Yom Kippur War 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9325: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9174:Aden Emergency 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9092:Papua conflict 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9008: 9007: 8997: 8995:Kitchen Debate 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8955:Sputnik crisis 8952: 8947: 8939: 8932: 8927: 8925:Polish October 8922: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8825:Pact of Madrid 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8780:Bamboo Curtain 8776: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8579: 8571: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8520: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8410: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8387: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8206: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8153: 8151: 8142: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8081:Transportation 8078: 8073: 8068: 8066:Stock Exchange 8063: 8058: 8050: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7989:Prime Minister 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7907: 7905:Dominion Party 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7880:Municipalities 7877: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7681:Pioneer Column 7673: 7668: 7662: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: articles 7611: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7575: 7562: 7556: 7539: 7529: 7514: 7483: 7465:(2): 227–248. 7452: 7433: 7427: 7407: 7401: 7391:. Durham, NC: 7384: 7378: 7365: 7352:Air Enthusiast 7346: 7333:Air Enthusiast 7327: 7312: 7302: 7284: 7274: 7259: 7253: 7240: 7234: 7226:Pantheon Books 7215: 7209: 7190: 7184: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7151: 7132: 7126: 7109: 7103: 7086: 7080: 7063: 7057: 7044: 7038: 7021: 7015: 7000: 6994: 6975: 6969: 6947: 6941: 6928: 6922: 6905: 6882: 6876: 6859: 6853: 6841:Reid-Daly, Ron 6837: 6831: 6814: 6793: 6787: 6770: 6764: 6747: 6741: 6728: 6722: 6698: 6692: 6675: 6669: 6656: 6633: 6627: 6608: 6602: 6585: 6546: 6540: 6523: 6497:(4): 721–726. 6484: 6478: 6465: 6442: 6422: 6412:on 11 May 2013 6391: 6356: 6339: 6333: 6320: 6314: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6260:978-0852291580 6259: 6239: 6233: 6220: 6214: 6201: 6170: 6154: 6148: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6109: 6107:, p. 116. 6097: 6085: 6073: 6061: 6049: 6037: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5989: 5974: 5962: 5947: 5935: 5920: 5908: 5896: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5809: 5806:. 4 July 2018. 5795: 5783: 5781:, p. 134. 5771: 5768:. Rhodesia.nl. 5757: 5736: 5716: 5701: 5673: 5653: 5636: 5624: 5622:, p. 167. 5612: 5586: 5558: 5532: 5521:. 23 July 1978 5504: 5476: 5448: 5446:, p. 246. 5436: 5431:United Nations 5416: 5384: 5352: 5350:, p. 224. 5337: 5325: 5310: 5299: 5281: 5246: 5218: 5192: 5171: 5143: 5118: 5093: 5074: 5059: 5044: 5026: 5000: 4971: 4945: 4913: 4895: 4878: 4866: 4834: 4819: 4817:, p. 600. 4807: 4795: 4793:, p. 235. 4783: 4768: 4756: 4739: 4737:, p. 101. 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4660: 4643: 4618: 4603: 4588: 4573: 4558: 4543: 4531: 4518:newsatelier.de 4504: 4484: 4449: 4426: 4398: 4386: 4384:, p. 321. 4374: 4372:, p. 425. 4362: 4345: 4333: 4318: 4303: 4288: 4256: 4239: 4222: 4210: 4184:(2): 169–194. 4162: 4145: 4143:, p. 105. 4133: 4105: 4077: 4041: 4029:vvaveteran.org 4016: 3987: 3960:(2): 175–195. 3944: 3942:, p. 130. 3932: 3920: 3903: 3901:, p. 321. 3891: 3879: 3867: 3852: 3811: 3792: 3790:, p. 305. 3780: 3768: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3714:, p. 337. 3712:Sellström 1999 3704: 3702:, p. 104. 3692: 3680: 3665: 3650: 3648:, p. 304. 3638: 3626: 3619: 3593: 3578: 3563: 3545:The Zimbabwean 3527: 3512: 3484: 3469: 3457: 3444: 3435: 3416: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3352: 3327: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3179: 3166: 3163: 3144: 3141: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3101:Historiography 3099: 3012: 3009: 2974:New York Times 2904:government of 2880: 2877: 2856: 2853: 2833:Westlands Farm 2780: 2777: 2765:Hawker Hunters 2722:Vumba massacre 2672:Resolution 411 2556:Vumba massacre 2543: 2540: 2509:Main article: 2506: 2505:Nyadzonya raid 2503: 2497: 2494: 2434:Main article: 2431: 2428: 2364: 2361: 2339:Kenneth Kaunda 2313:conducted the 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2072:Pre-war events 2070: 2058: 2055: 1961:Main article: 1958: 1955: 1923:Main article: 1920: 1917: 1892: 1889: 1796:Douglas Dakota 1703:Rhodesian Army 1691:special forces 1634:Main article: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1549: 1546: 1439: 1436: 1369:in the former 1356:Wind of Change 1336: 1333: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1145: 1138: 1131: 1124: 1117: 1110: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1077:Vumba massacre 1074: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1017:Victoria Falls 1014: 1007: 1002: 997: 985: 984: 977: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 911: 901: 898: 897: 886: 885: 878: 871: 863: 855: 854: 851: 848: 847: 841: 837: 836: 832: 831: 830: 829: 816: 815: 802: 801: 800: 795: 792: 789: 786: 770: 769: 765: 764: 762: 761: 749: 737: 725: 723:Lookout Masuku 713: 693: 681: 669: 657: 655:Solomon Mujuru 645: 633: 621: 609: 589: 576: 574: 562: 561: 549: 537: 525: 513: 501: 489: 477: 465: 453: 441: 429: 416: 413: 412: 408: 407: 405: 404: 391: 374: 361: 343: 324: 322: 316: 315: 300: 283: 262: 247: 232: 217: 201: 198: 197: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 179: 178: 177: 176: 173: 170: 160: 156: 155: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 125: 124: 122: 118: 117: 112: 104: 103: 93: 80: 71: 53: 52: 41: 40: 38: 37: 34: 28: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12182: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12035: 12034: 12030: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11983: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11878: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11819: 11814: 11813:Ethnic groups 11810: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11724: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11693:Zimbabwe Gold 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11653: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11265:; 1965–1979: 11264: 11261:; 1953–1963: 11260: 11257:; 1923–1980: 11256: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11235: 11230: 11228: 11223: 11221: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11161:War on terror 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11136: 11132: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11056:Espionage and 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11007:Andrew Thorpe 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10902:Gabriel Kolko 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10867:Fred Halliday 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10852:Lloyd Gardner 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10812:Norman Davies 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10797:John Costello 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10732:Technological 10730: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10702: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10613:Pro-communist 10611: 10608: 10604: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540:Organizations 10538: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10371: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10354:Eurocommunism 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10184:Domino theory 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10138:South Ossetia 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9922:8888 Uprising 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9867:Iran–Iraq War 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9832:Falklands War 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9695:NDF Rebellion 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9675:German Autumn 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9562:Metapolitefsi 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9326: 9324: 9323:Prague Spring 9321: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9301:Al-Wadiah War 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9266:12-3 incident 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8845:Domino theory 8843: 8841: 8840:Petrov Affair 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8717:Madiun Affair 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8677:Marshall Plan 8675: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8426:United States 8423: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8401: 8396: 8394: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8135: 8134:Ethnic groups 8131: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7910:Federal Party 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7813: 7812:Zambezi River 7810: 7808: 7807:Limpopo River 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7616: 7609: 7604: 7602: 7597: 7595: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7428:9780852550014 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7379:9780804793858 7375: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6868:HarperCollins 6865: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6777:. Cape Town: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6083:, p. 75. 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6059:, p. 86. 6058: 6053: 6047:, p. 79. 6046: 6041: 6035:, p. 78. 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6005: 5999:, p. 70. 5998: 5993: 5987:, p. 51. 5986: 5981: 5979: 5972:, p. 46. 5971: 5966: 5960:, p. 48. 5959: 5954: 5952: 5945:, p. 47. 5944: 5939: 5933:, p. 44. 5932: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5912: 5906:, p. 29. 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5886: 5879:, p. 50. 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5819:, p. 81. 5818: 5813: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5714:, p. 65. 5713: 5708: 5706: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5333:Friedman 2006 5329: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5302: 5300:9781779220837 5296: 5292: 5285: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5129: 5122: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5033: 5031: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4832:, p. 40. 4831: 4826: 4824: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4764:St. John 2007 4760: 4754:, p. 39. 4753: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4736: 4731: 4725:, p. 47. 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4689:, p. 42. 4688: 4687:Windrich 1975 4683: 4677:, p. 32. 4676: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4640: 4639:Windrich 1975 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4554:Dabengwa 1995 4550: 4548: 4540: 4539:Dabengwa 1995 4535: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4489: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4409: 4402: 4396:, p. 51. 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4343:, p. 14. 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4316:, p. 17. 4315: 4310: 4308: 4301:, p. 259 4300: 4295: 4293: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4254:, p. 41. 4253: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4160:, p. 48. 4159: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4142: 4137: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4094:. 29 May 2012 4093: 4092: 4091:Wilson Center 4087: 4081: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3930:, p. 55. 3929: 3924: 3918:, p. 25. 3917: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3865:, p. 37. 3864: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3738:, p. 50. 3737: 3732: 3726:, p. 37. 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3676:Cilliers 1984 3672: 3670: 3663:, p. 38. 3662: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3622: 3620:9781610698023 3616: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3591:, p. 66. 3590: 3585: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3467:, p. 65. 3466: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3383: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3350:in June 1979. 3349: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3249: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3112: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3076:Fifth Brigade 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:Robert Mugabe 3027: 3022: 3021:Robert Mugabe 3018: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2970:Robert Mugabe 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2893:Abel Muzorewa 2890: 2887:, and in the 2886: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763:aircraft and 2762: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656:Kurt Waldheim 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2631:Gaza Province 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2521: 2518: 2517:Selous Scouts 2512: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486:typhoid fever 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2308:running from 2307: 2306:Zambezi River 2302: 2300: 2297:, during the 2296: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2222: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:Robert Mugabe 2186: 2181: 2179: 2178:Dar es Salaam 2175: 2171: 2170:Winston Field 2167: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863:Mercedes-Benz 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1826:helicopters. 1825: 1824:UH-1 Iroquois 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810:bombers, the 1809: 1805: 1804:Hawker Hunter 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1779:mines. After 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763:pistol, Colt 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Rhodesian SAS 1696: 1695:Selous Scouts 1692: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1672:Rhodesian SAS 1667: 1665: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1615:Robert Mugabe 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1600:Abel Muzorewa 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:Robert Mugabe 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1371:Belgian Congo 1368: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:new elections 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267:Robert Mugabe 1264: 1260: 1259:Abel Muzorewa 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1220: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 991: 989: 983: 982: 978: 976: 973: 971: 970: 966: 964: 963: 959: 957: 956: 952: 950: 949: 945: 943: 942: 938: 936: 935: 931: 929: 928: 924: 922: 921: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 904: 899: 894: 884: 879: 877: 872: 870: 865: 864: 861: 849: 842: 839: 838: 833: 827: 826: 825: 822: 813: 812: 811: 808: 803: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 783: 782: 778: 772: 771: 766: 760: 750: 748: 738: 736: 726: 724: 714: 712: 710: 704: 694: 692: 682: 680: 670: 668: 667:Samora Machel 663: 658: 656: 646: 644: 634: 632: 622: 620: 610: 608: 606: 600: 590: 588: 587:Robert Mugabe 578: 577: 575: 573: 568: 560: 555: 550: 548: 547:B. J. Vorster 543: 538: 536: 531: 526: 524: 519: 514: 512: 511:Abel Muzorewa 507: 502: 500: 495: 490: 488: 483: 478: 476: 475:Frank Mussell 471: 466: 464: 459: 454: 452: 447: 442: 440: 435: 430: 428: 423: 418: 417: 415: 414: 409: 403: 392: 389: 385: 375: 373: 362: 358: 354: 344: 340: 336: 326: 325: 323: 320: 312: 301: 296: 284: 281: 275: 263: 259: 248: 244: 233: 231: 218: 214: 203: 202: 200: 199: 194: 186: 181: 180: 174: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 161: 158: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 134: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 119: 113: 110: 109: 105: 100: 91: 87: 78: 69: 65: 59: 54: 51: 47: 42: 35: 33: 29: 26: 25: 22: 19: 12004:Coat of arms 11804:Demographics 11779:Prostitution 11744:Architecture 11668:Central bank 11583:Human rights 11387: 11314:Company rule 11304:Pre-colonial 11255:Company rule 11166:Brinkmanship 11058:intelligence 10947:Marius Oprea 10897:Harvey Klehr 10827:Herbert Feis 10817:Willem Drees 10782:Archie Brown 10699: 10687: 10669: 10659:Trybuna Ludu 10657: 10650: 10646:Radio Moscow 10638: 10631: 10624: 10452:Anti-Zionism 10368: 10291:Keynesianism 10279:Conservatism 10143:Transnistria 10123:China-Taiwan 9780:Gera Demands 9653: 9454: 9329: 9220: 9134:El Porteñazo 9028:Congo Crisis 8943: 8878:Algerian War 8861: 8737:Western Bloc 8732:Eastern Bloc 8727:Iron Curtain 8583: 8575: 8567: 8544: 8524: 8516: 8433:Soviet Union 8431: 8424: 8328:Coat of arms 8126:Demographics 8061:Reserve Bank 7744: 7676:Company rule 7666:Pre-colonial 7626:Company rule 7566: 7543: 7535:the original 7519: 7496:(1): 68–90. 7493: 7487: 7462: 7456: 7448:Google Books 7446:– via 7438: 7414: 7388: 7369: 7350: 7331: 7317: 7308:the original 7292: 7280:the original 7264: 7244: 7220: 7195: 7170: 7137: 7113: 7090: 7067: 7048: 7025: 7005: 6980: 6955: 6932: 6909: 6890: 6863: 6844: 6818: 6797: 6774: 6751: 6732: 6712:. Barnsley: 6709: 6679: 6660: 6648:. Retrieved 6644: 6617:. New York: 6613: 6589: 6556: 6550: 6527: 6494: 6488: 6472:. Springer. 6469: 6452: 6446: 6434:. Retrieved 6430: 6414:. Retrieved 6407:the original 6371:(2): 79–92. 6368: 6364: 6347: 6324: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6245: 6224: 6205: 6193:. Retrieved 6162:. Retrieved 6135: 6112: 6100: 6095:, p. 3. 6088: 6076: 6064: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5965: 5938: 5911: 5899: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5798: 5786: 5779:Nyarota 2006 5774: 5760: 5752:the original 5728: 5719: 5692:. Retrieved 5686: 5676: 5665: 5656: 5649:Beckett 2007 5627: 5615: 5603:. Retrieved 5599:the original 5589: 5577:. Retrieved 5571: 5561: 5549:. Retrieved 5545: 5535: 5523:. Retrieved 5516: 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5489: 5479: 5467:. Retrieved 5460: 5451: 5439: 5419: 5407:. Retrieved 5403:the original 5396: 5387: 5375:. Retrieved 5371:the original 5364: 5355: 5328: 5304: 5290: 5284: 5272:. Retrieved 5268:the original 5261: 5237:. Retrieved 5230: 5221: 5209:. Retrieved 5204: 5195: 5162:. Retrieved 5160:. 1 May 1976 5155: 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5105: 5096: 5083: 5077: 5068: 5062: 5053: 5047: 5038: 5017:. Retrieved 5003: 4991:. Retrieved 4983: 4974: 4962:. Retrieved 4957: 4948: 4936:. Retrieved 4925: 4916: 4908:the original 4898: 4869: 4857:. Retrieved 4853:the original 4846: 4837: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4766:, p. 1. 4759: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4682: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4591: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4561: 4534: 4522:. Retrieved 4517: 4507: 4496: 4475:. Retrieved 4471:the original 4464: 4440:. Retrieved 4429: 4412:. Retrieved 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4336: 4279:. Retrieved 4275:the original 4268: 4259: 4213: 4201:. Retrieved 4181: 4175: 4165: 4136: 4121:the original 4108: 4096:. Retrieved 4089: 4080: 4068:. Retrieved 4054: 4044: 4032:. Retrieved 4028: 4019: 4007:. Retrieved 4003: 3990: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3940:Wessels 2010 3935: 3928:Preston 2004 3923: 3916:Bennett 1990 3899:Sibanda 2005 3894: 3882: 3875:Wessels 2010 3870: 3848:compromise.' 3846: 3839:. Retrieved 3834: 3807:Stearns 2002 3783: 3771: 3761:26 September 3759:. Retrieved 3752: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3700:Sibanda 2005 3695: 3683: 3678:, p. 4. 3641: 3629: 3605: 3589:Preston 2004 3554:. Retrieved 3550:the original 3543: 3503:. Retrieved 3496: 3487: 3460: 3452: 3447: 3438: 3414:, p. 6. 3382: 3372: 3363:, Mamba and 3355: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3220: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3136: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3051:Matabeleland 3043: 3028: 3024: 2997: 2989: 2978: 2963: 2934: 2922:Commonwealth 2918: 2902:Conservative 2882: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2842: 2838: 2825:Green Leader 2801: 2782: 2756:Joyce Mujuru 2749: 2726: 2714: 2695: 2676: 2654: 2650:C-47 Dakotas 2639: 2616: 2573: 2561: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2514: 2499: 2481: 2473: 2465: 2457: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2392: 2373: 2358: 2347: 2343: 2331: 2326:hot pursuits 2319: 2303: 2292: 2268: 2240:Edgar Tekere 2228: 2182: 2180:, Tanzania. 2163: 2159: 2151: 2139: 2123: 2104: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2063: 2060: 2051: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2012:Air Rhodesia 2009: 1973:Joshua Nkomo 1966: 1951: 1943: 1928: 1894: 1881: 1870: 1831:Commonwealth 1828: 1792:World War II 1785: 1773:81 mm mortar 1726:arms embargo 1723: 1721:experience. 1715: 1688: 1680: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1625:Belligerents 1604: 1596:held in 1979 1589: 1582: 1568:and granted 1559: 1551: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1484: 1447:Soviet Union 1441: 1432:Joshua Nkomo 1397: 1390: 1375: 1353: 1338: 1325:Commonwealth 1306: 1287: 1279:Joshua Nkomo 1252: 1231: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1206:Beira Patrol 1189: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1065: 1048: 1036: 1029: 1022: 1010: 990:(1972–1979) 988:Second Phase 987: 986: 980: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 905:(1964–1972) 902: 890: 818: 804: 797: 791:8,000 police 773: 747:Oliver Tambo 708: 679:Joshua Nkomo 643:Edgar Tekere 604: 463:Mick McLaren 311:South Africa 196:Belligerents 162: 86:South Africa 44:Part of the 31: 18: 11856:Rusape Jews 11595:Land reform 11588:LGBT rights 11420:Gukurahundi 11253:1890–1923: 10992:Shen Zhihua 10802:Michael Cox 10734:competition 10681:Pro-Western 10671:Soviet Life 10597:Safari Club 10567:Warsaw Pact 10422:Nationalism 10412:Imperialism 10311:Reaganomics 10174:Containment 9967:Perestroika 9456:Realpolitik 9286:Six-Day War 9271:Greek junta 9082:Berlin Wall 8930:Suez Crisis 8898:Vietnam War 8785:McCarthyism 8600:Baruch Plan 8545:Unthinkable 8505:Dekemvriana 8444:Warsaw Pact 8177:Rusape Jews 7636:; 1965–79: 7632:; 1953–63: 7628:; 1923–80: 7624:1890–1923: 7323:Verso Books 7030:I.B. Tauris 6912:. Uppsala: 6823:I.B. Tauris 6296:. Chicago: 6284:. Chicago: 6272:. Chicago: 5892:Howard 2021 5712:Rogers 1998 5605:13 November 5579:4 September 5551:5 September 5348:Kalley 1999 5321:Rogers 1998 5239:5 September 5136:14 February 4830:Rogers 1998 4779:Rogers 1998 4752:Rogers 1998 4394:Kriger 2003 4252:Rogers 1998 4098:30 November 4070:30 November 4034:30 November 3887:Harris 1969 3863:Rogers 1998 3841:26 December 3776:Palley 1966 3646:Kriger 1988 3576:, Synopsis. 3480:Thomas 1995 3465:Norman 2003 3274:Until 1975. 3129:Peter Stiff 3068:Gukurahundi 3061:Gukurahundi 2979:During the 2958:New Zealand 2941:Lord Soames 2761:Canberra B2 2740:Leopard APC 2619:Peter Walls 2310:Lake Kariba 1814:as well as 1741:bolt-action 1738:Lee–Enfield 1719:Vietnam War 1650:Lake Kariba 1585:rule of law 1548:Perceptions 1540:(1977) and 1464:North Korea 995:Altena Farm 903:First Phase 559:P. W. Botha 451:Peter Walls 321:(from 1973) 314:(from 1967) 299:(from 1970) 246:(1965–1979) 230:(1964–1965) 182:Territorial 12170:Proxy wars 12069:Categories 11904:Portuguese 11889:Afrikaners 11620:Presidents 11605:Parliament 11296:Chronology 11263:Federation 10760:Historians 10751:Space Race 10652:Rudé právo 10606:Propaganda 10462:Neo-Nazism 10432:Chauvinism 10386:Trotskyism 10301:Monetarism 10269:Liberalism 10261:Capitalism 10253:Ideologies 10204:Ostpolitik 9927:Solidarity 9892:Toyota War 9795:Solidarity 9652:Operation 9607:Ogaden War 9296:Dhofar War 9184:Shifta War 8942:Operation 8790:Korean War 8582:Operation 8574:Operation 8566:Operation 8543:Operation 8523:Operation 8515:Operation 8210:Afrikaners 8117:Rhodesiana 7853:Parliament 7733:Federation 7634:Federation 7417:. Harare: 6959:. London: 6951:Smith, Ian 6821:. London: 6810:B0000CMYXJ 6650:19 October 6559:(2): 304. 6436:20 October 6416:31 October 6401:. Berlin: 6195:19 October 6164:19 October 6138:. Oxford: 6117:White 2021 6105:White 2021 6093:White 2021 5985:White 2021 5970:White 2021 5958:White 2021 5943:White 2021 5931:White 2021 5916:White 2021 5904:White 2021 5877:White 2021 5865:White 2021 5853:White 2021 5841:White 2021 5829:White 2021 5791:Eppel 2008 5694:19 October 5620:Lyons 2004 5525:19 October 5497:22 October 5469:19 October 5409:19 October 5377:19 October 5274:3 December 5211:19 October 5190:, chpt. 4. 5164:19 October 5086:. Geneva: 5019:19 October 5011:. London: 4993:14 October 4964:14 October 4938:14 October 4859:19 October 4723:Smith 1997 4711:Smith 1997 4699:Smith 1997 4524:19 October 4477:20 October 4442:19 October 4414:19 October 4358:Binda 2008 4341:Brent 1987 4329:Binda 2008 4281:3 December 4237:, chpt. 3. 4158:Binda 2008 4141:Binda 2008 3788:Smith 1997 3688:Smith 1997 3661:Binda 2008 3556:20 October 3523:Smith 1997 3431:Smith 1997 3394:References 3222:Chimurenga 2879:Resolution 2677:Militants 2576:TT pistols 2384:Mozambique 2264:Mozambique 2244:Enos Nkala 2089:and white 2007:, Zambia. 1977:Mozambique 1946:land mines 1931:Mozambique 1855:Land Rover 1734:H&K G3 1456:Mozambique 1386:Mozambique 1358:" speech, 1335:Background 1273:; and the 1226:Chimurenga 1108:Flight 827 1082:Flight 825 703:Jason Moyo 499:Ken Flower 280:until 1974 144:Mozambique 68:Mozambique 32:Chimurenga 11972:Sindebele 11957:Afrikaans 11949:Languages 11920:Coloureds 11568:Elections 11527:Provinces 11512:Districts 11490:Geography 11047:Ken Young 10892:Tony Judt 10741:Arms race 10714:Red Scare 10582:NN States 10527:Apartheid 10482:Autocracy 10391:Stalinism 10359:Guevarism 10349:Castroism 10339:Communism 10331:Socialism 9857:Star Wars 9450:Koza riot 8576:Beleaguer 8568:Masterdom 8280:Afrikaans 8272:Languages 8248:Coloureds 8009:Provinces 7984:President 7858:Elections 7843:Districts 7786:Geography 7510:159934527 7479:159650816 7361:0143-5450 7342:0143-5450 7072:Routledge 6708:(2008) . 6581:144222740 6519:236290715 6387:213431661 5111:22 August 4803:Ryan 2004 4675:Lake 1976 4420:See here 4218:Wood 2008 4198:154338880 4065:0015-7120 3982:144153887 3974:0959-2318 3412:Wood 2008 3137:Fireforce 3011:Aftermath 2891:, Bishop 2849:Salisbury 2683:Salisbury 2450:parathion 2378:and from 2369:Fireforce 2287:apartheid 2275:Sanctions 2174:Ian Smith 2107:Salisbury 1897:Ian Smith 1885:Salisbury 1765:M16 rifle 1491:Ian Smith 1468:Pyongyang 1255:Ian Smith 1102:Salisbury 1023:Long John 759:Joe Slovo 427:Ian Smith 70:in 1975. 12054:Category 11866:Tokaleya 11818:diaspora 11774:Polygamy 11739:Abortion 11600:Military 11556:Politics 11542:Wildlife 11476:Military 11449:By topic 11388:Bush War 11383:Rhodesia 11279:Zimbabwe 11273:; 1979: 11267:Rhodesia 11245:articles 11241:Zimbabwe 11199:Timeline 11189:Category 11134:See also 10626:Izvestia 10467:Islamism 10364:Hoxhaism 10239:Rollback 10118:Abkhazia 10058:Gulf War 9962:Glasnost 9332:incident 9102:Sand War 8960:Ifni War 8469:Rio Pact 8414:Cold War 8372:Category 8350:Insignia 8343:national 8285:English 8187:Tokaleya 8139:diaspora 7979:Governor 7826:Politics 7777:Zimbabwe 7745:Bush War 7650:Zimbabwe 7644:; 1979: 7638:Rhodesia 7413:(1985). 7290:(2007). 6986:Scribner 6953:(1997). 6346:(eds.). 6186:Archived 5730:BBC News 5667:BBC News 4438:. Durban 4009:11 April 3754:BBC News 3611:ABC-CLIO 3505:8 August 3377:missing. 3181:See also 3106:Overview 3055:Midlands 3053:and the 3017:Zimbabwe 2612:grenades 2454:thallium 2388:Rhodesia 2099:(orange) 2091:(yellow) 2022:. Using 1843:Idi Amin 1808:Canberra 1794:vintage 1777:Claymore 1697:and the 1674:and the 1619:Zimbabwe 1562:governor 1555:radicals 1542:Shaba II 1476:Ethiopia 1472:Tanzania 1443:Cold War 1382:Portugal 1349:dominion 1341:Rhodesia 1248:Zimbabwe 1246:and now 1240:Rhodesia 1037:Ignition 1011:Overload 948:Flotilla 941:Cauldron 768:Strength 274:Portugal 243:Rhodesia 228:Rhodesia 149:Botswana 133:Zimbabwe 129:Rhodesia 121:Location 77:Rhodesia 46:Cold War 12038:Outline 11986:Symbols 11962:English 11935:Indians 11924:Goffals 11894:British 11851:Ndebele 11846:Manyika 11727:Culture 11708:Tourism 11656:Economy 11287:History 10689:Amerika 10572:Comecon 10457:Fascism 10447:Zionism 10396:Titoism 9937:Contras 9405:Détente 8682:Comecon 8311:Symbols 8298:Ndebele 8258:Indians 8252:Goffals 8231:Rhodies 8215:British 8172:Ndebele 8167:Manyika 8095:Society 8076:Tourism 8045:Dollar 8034:Economy 7999:Cabinet 7941:(SRANC) 7658:History 7201:Praeger 6561:Bibcode 6499:Bibcode 6127:Sources 4932:Reuters 4203:7 March 3361:Casspir 3315:ZANU–PF 3084:ZANU PF 3047:Ndebele 3000:ZANU-PF 2968:leader 2827:during 2821:cockpit 2580:PPSh-41 2552:Mission 2480:), and 2470:anthrax 2462:cholera 2380:FRELIMO 2279:embargo 2225:purple. 1969:Ndebele 1935:FRELIMO 1859:Bedford 1538:Shaba I 1428:Ndebele 1242:(later 1223:Second 1163:Miracle 1135:Mineral 1128:Chamber 1095:Gatling 1043:Hill 31 955:Griffin 709:† 605:† 184:changes 30:Second 12019:Flower 12009:Emblem 11999:Anthem 11994:Animal 11913:Others 11899:Greeks 11532:Rivers 11269:under 11243: 10640:Pravda 10442:Racism 10381:Maoism 10133:Kosovo 9654:Condor 9330:Pueblo 9316:May 68 8944:Gladio 8862:Tuapse 8525:Jungle 8517:Priboi 8355:Flower 8333:Emblem 8323:Anthem 8318:Animal 8241:Others 8220:Greeks 8053:Pound 7965:(UNFP) 7953:(SRLP) 7947:(SRCP) 7885:Police 7640:under 7573: 7554: 7527: 7508: 7477: 7425: 7399: 7376: 7359: 7340: 7300: 7272: 7251: 7232: 7207: 7182: 7149: 7124: 7101: 7078: 7055: 7036: 7013: 6992: 6967: 6939: 6920: 6874: 6851: 6829: 6808: 6785: 6762: 6739: 6720: 6690: 6667: 6625: 6600: 6579: 6538: 6517: 6476: 6385: 6331: 6312: 6257: 6231: 6212: 6146: 5297: 4196: 4063: 3980: 3972: 3617: 3387:board. 3311:Sinoia 3091:RENAMO 3005:Harare 2956:, and 2845:Dakota 2752:Umtali 2702:RENAMO 2658:, the 2464:) and 2376:Zambia 2295:Sinoia 2260:Zambia 2195:, and 2128:, and 2066:Israel 2005:Lusaka 1981:Zambia 1866:UR-416 1851:Unimog 1775:, and 1769:FN MAG 1730:FN FAL 1701:. The 1478:, and 1430:under 1182:Hectic 1175:Quartz 1142:Placid 1114:Vanity 1088:Snoopy 962:Excess 934:Nickel 920:Pagoda 914:Sinoia 824:1979: 810:1979: 781:1979: 705: 601: 402:Zambia 399: 369: 308: 295:Israel 292: 271: 261:(1979) 255: 240: 225: 216:(1964) 210: 159:Result 139:Zambia 95: 84: 82: 75: 73: 64:Angola 12045:Index 11967:Shona 11881:White 11871:Tonga 11861:Shona 11841:Lemba 11836:Kunda 11828:Black 11769:Music 11764:Media 11125:Stasi 10592:SAARC 10587:ASEAN 10552:SEATO 10405:Other 10370:Juche 10128:Korea 10041:1990s 9754:1980s 9398:1970s 9021:1960s 8773:1950s 8483:1940s 8464:NEATO 8459:SEATO 8449:ANZUS 8338:Flags 8293:Shona 8202:White 8192:Tonga 8182:Shona 8162:Lemba 8157:Kunda 8149:Black 7974:Queen 7959:(UFP) 7935:(RLP) 7923:(RAP) 7917:(RGA) 7506:S2CID 7475:S2CID 6641:(PDF) 6577:S2CID 6515:S2CID 6410:(PDF) 6399:(PDF) 6383:S2CID 6189:(PDF) 6178:(PDF) 5131:(PDF) 4194:S2CID 4124:(PDF) 4117:(PDF) 4000:(PDF) 3978:S2CID 3831:(PDF) 3365:Nyala 3309:near 3244:Notes 2992:Shona 2954:Kenya 2664:Mapai 2646:ZANLA 2627:Mapai 2623:ZANLA 2608:RPG-7 2604:RPG-2 2584:AK-47 1997:SWAPO 1957:ZIPRA 1919:ZANLA 1755:SMG, 1480:Libya 1424:ZIPRA 1420:Shona 1412:ZANLA 1149:Motel 1121:Beira 1066:Dingo 1049:Aztec 1030:Eland 981:Panga 969:Birch 927:Yodel 357:ZIPRA 339:ZANLA 131:(now 12014:Flag 11930:Jews 10665:TASS 10557:METO 10547:NATO 9773:and 9771:1980 9328:USS 8454:METO 8439:NATO 8225:Jews 7929:(RF) 7571:ISBN 7552:ISBN 7525:ISBN 7423:ISBN 7397:ISBN 7374:ISBN 7357:ISSN 7338:ISSN 7298:ISBN 7270:ISBN 7249:ISBN 7230:ISBN 7205:ISBN 7180:ISBN 7147:ISBN 7122:ISBN 7099:ISBN 7076:ISBN 7053:ISBN 7034:ISBN 7011:ISBN 6990:ISBN 6965:ISBN 6937:ISBN 6918:ISBN 6872:ISBN 6849:ISBN 6827:ISBN 6806:ASIN 6783:ISBN 6760:ISBN 6737:ISBN 6718:ISBN 6688:ISBN 6665:ISBN 6652:2011 6623:ISBN 6598:ISBN 6536:ISBN 6474:ISBN 6438:2011 6418:2013 6329:ISBN 6310:ISBN 6255:ISBN 6229:ISBN 6210:ISBN 6197:2011 6166:2011 6144:ISBN 5696:2011 5607:2015 5581:2021 5553:2021 5527:2011 5499:2021 5471:2011 5411:2011 5398:Time 5379:2011 5366:Time 5295:ISBN 5276:2012 5263:Time 5241:2021 5213:2011 5166:2011 5138:2022 5113:2022 5021:2011 4995:2014 4984:The 4966:2014 4940:2014 4861:2011 4848:Time 4526:2011 4479:2011 4466:Time 4444:2011 4416:2011 4283:2011 4270:Time 4205:2023 4100:2019 4072:2019 4061:ISSN 4036:2019 4011:2024 3970:ISSN 3843:2015 3763:2011 3615:ISBN 3558:2011 3507:2020 3019:and 2966:ZANU 2950:Fiji 2802:Time 2789:SA-7 2606:and 2598:and 2586:and 2414:and 2246:and 2172:and 2140:The 2024:SA-7 2018:and 2001:ZAPU 1875:. A 1857:and 1839:T-55 1806:and 1786:The 1753:Sten 1749:Bren 1663:Time 1485:The 1454:and 1452:Cuba 1217:The 1156:Uric 353:ZAPU 335:ZANU 111:Date 88:and 66:and 48:and 11749:Art 11271:UDI 11120:KGB 11115:MVD 11100:MI6 11095:MI5 11090:CIA 10562:EEC 7642:UDI 7498:doi 7467:doi 6569:doi 6507:doi 6457:doi 6373:doi 5013:BBC 4186:doi 3962:doi 2831:at 2823:of 2807:BBC 2681:in 2629:in 2600:RPK 2596:RPD 2592:SKS 2588:AKM 2283:oil 2045:of 1781:UDI 1757:Uzi 1500:RSF 1281:'s 1277:of 1269:'s 1261:); 1250:). 1238:of 384:ANC 12071:: 7550:. 7504:. 7494:49 7492:. 7473:. 7463:66 7461:. 7442:. 7421:. 7395:. 7321:. 7228:. 7224:. 7203:. 7199:. 7178:. 7174:. 7145:. 7120:. 7097:. 7074:. 7032:. 6988:. 6963:. 6916:. 6899:, 6895:. 6889:. 6870:. 6825:. 6804:. 6781:. 6758:. 6716:. 6704:; 6686:. 6643:. 6621:. 6596:. 6592:. 6575:. 6567:. 6557:14 6555:. 6534:. 6513:. 6505:. 6495:47 6493:. 6453:23 6451:. 6429:. 6381:. 6367:. 6363:. 6184:. 6142:. 5977:^ 5950:^ 5923:^ 5884:^ 5739:^ 5727:. 5704:^ 5685:. 5664:. 5639:^ 5570:. 5544:. 5515:. 5488:. 5459:. 5429:. 5395:. 5363:. 5340:^ 5313:^ 5303:. 5260:. 5249:^ 5229:. 5203:. 5174:^ 5154:. 5104:. 5029:^ 4982:. 4956:. 4930:. 4924:. 4881:^ 4845:. 4822:^ 4771:^ 4742:^ 4663:^ 4646:^ 4621:^ 4546:^ 4487:^ 4463:. 4452:^ 4348:^ 4321:^ 4306:^ 4291:^ 4267:. 4242:^ 4225:^ 4192:. 4180:. 4174:. 4148:^ 4088:. 4059:. 4053:. 4027:. 4002:. 3976:. 3968:. 3958:18 3956:. 3906:^ 3855:^ 3845:. 3833:. 3814:^ 3795:^ 3751:. 3668:^ 3653:^ 3609:. 3596:^ 3581:^ 3566:^ 3542:. 3530:^ 3515:^ 3495:. 3472:^ 3419:^ 3402:^ 3330:^ 3293:^ 3007:. 2952:, 2738:A 2578:, 2492:. 2418:. 2341:. 2242:, 2238:, 2234:, 2191:, 2187:, 1868:. 1853:, 1759:, 1713:. 1621:. 1474:, 1434:. 1285:. 844:c. 388:MK 359:) 341:) 11926:) 11922:( 11820:) 11816:( 11233:e 11226:t 11219:v 9933:) 9929:( 8938:" 8934:" 8911:" 8907:" 8406:e 8399:t 8392:v 8254:) 8250:( 8233:" 8229:" 8141:) 8137:( 7607:e 7600:t 7593:v 7579:. 7560:. 7512:. 7500:: 7481:. 7469:: 7450:. 7431:. 7405:. 7382:. 7363:. 7344:. 7325:. 7257:. 7238:. 7213:. 7188:. 7155:. 7130:. 7107:. 7084:. 7061:. 7042:. 7019:. 6998:. 6973:. 6945:. 6926:. 6903:. 6880:. 6857:. 6835:. 6812:. 6791:. 6768:. 6745:. 6726:. 6696:. 6673:. 6654:. 6631:. 6606:. 6583:. 6571:: 6563:: 6544:. 6521:. 6509:: 6501:: 6482:. 6463:. 6459:: 6440:. 6420:. 6389:. 6375:: 6369:3 6354:. 6337:. 6318:. 6263:. 6237:. 6218:. 6199:. 6168:. 6152:. 5793:. 5698:. 5651:. 5609:. 5583:. 5555:. 5529:. 5501:. 5473:. 5413:. 5381:. 5335:. 5278:. 5243:. 5215:. 5168:. 5140:. 5115:. 5090:. 5023:. 4997:. 4968:. 4942:. 4863:. 4805:. 4528:. 4481:. 4446:. 4418:. 4285:. 4207:. 4188:: 4182:7 4130:. 4102:. 4074:. 4038:. 4013:. 3984:. 3964:: 3765:. 3636:. 3623:. 3560:. 3509:. 3325:. 2835:. 2558:. 2371:. 2277:( 1656:. 882:e 875:t 868:v 390:) 386:( 355:( 337:( 282:) 278:( 135:) 101:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.