50:
1279:
802:
364:
Following the assassination of
Chitepo on 18 March 1975, Sithole assumed leadership of the party, but faced immediate opposition from the more militant wing of ZANU, as Sithole was a proponent of détente. This crisis grew with the Mgagao Declaration, where ZANLA leaders and guerillas declared their
409:(registered as such) won a majority with ZAPU (registered as PF–ZAPU) in second place. ZAPU merged into ZANU–PF in 1987. Sithole's group (registered as ZANU) failed to win any seats in 1980. Later it won a few seats and was renamed
891:
754:
373:, with the support of ZANLA, who continued the murder and intimidation of farmers. Both groups continued to use the name ZANU. The Mugabe faction formed the
1338:
1318:
832:
365:
opposition to
Sithole, and led to the effective split of ZANU into a group led by Sithole, who renounced violent struggle, and the group led by
293:, the two major tribes of the country. Both ZANU and ZAPU formed political wings within the country (under those names) and military wings: the
1343:
943:
1047:
321:
Most of ZANU's operations were planned from exile, where the party leadership was based throughout the 1970s, when the party had offices in
1323:
879:
242:
130:
1287:
1094:
1333:
955:
747:
1328:
1252:
402:
342:
294:
1313:
996:
246:
1258:
966:
949:
298:
1042:
862:
844:
763:
740:
185:
1264:
358:
868:
850:
1058:
885:
226:
116:
1100:
1088:
931:
816:
659:
499:
467:
1053:
856:
1106:
978:
436:
1118:
790:
822:
137:
19:
This article is about the political formation during the period 1963–1980. For the military formation, see
972:
699:
961:
897:
374:
390:
290:
838:
492:
The
Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia
431:
385:" or "ZANU Sithole", joined a transitional government of whites and blacks in 1979, led by Bishop
1082:
1020:
990:
1064:
775:
649:
457:
1124:
1076:
909:
190:
361:(FROLIZI) in 1973 after Shamuyarira's bid for the party leadership was defeated by Chitepo.
1292:
1112:
1015:
903:
426:
180:
8:
827:
142:
90:
85:
249:, where ZANU–PF has been in power ever since, and ZANU–Ndonga a minor opposition party.
1223:
1153:
354:
258:
234:
214:
162:
157:
65:
49:
1278:
1229:
1176:
1032:
1026:
719:
655:
495:
463:
218:
146:
301:(ZIPRA) respectively to fight the struggle from neighbouring countries – ZANLA from
1199:
711:
270:
80:
632:
Re-living the second
Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
614:
Re-living the second
Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
596:
Re-living the second
Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
578:
Re-living the second
Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
1282:
1070:
262:
75:
28:
732:
1217:
1193:
1037:
874:
150:
1307:
1205:
1170:
1147:
1141:
723:
700:"ZANU(PF) strategies in general elections, 1980-2000: Discourse and coercion"
386:
370:
366:
326:
230:
27:. For the political party led by Ndabaningi Sithole and Wilson Nkumbula, see
353:
There were two splits within ZANU prior to independence. The first was with
1211:
715:
555:
286:
266:
70:
937:
784:
414:
410:
406:
382:
238:
126:
24:
686:
302:
274:
60:
285:. In contrast to future developments, both parties drew from both the
1235:
627:
609:
591:
573:
537:
210:
801:
767:
310:
222:
393:
in London, where a new constitution and elections were prepared.
378:
389:. When sanctions remained in place, he joined Muzorewa for the
330:
322:
306:
278:
281:. The founders were dissatisfied with the militant tactics of
282:
20:
521:
626:
608:
590:
572:
23:. For the post-1980 history of the political party, see
229:(ZAPU) in 1963. ZANU split in 1975 into wings loyal to
651:
The
History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony
517:
515:
513:
511:
449:
413:; it remains a minor party with support among the
785:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
762:
1305:
245:. These two sub-divisions ran separately at the
892:Zimbabwe African People's Union – Federal Party
508:
455:
336:
748:
643:
641:
554:
524:The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga war
405:to the newly constituted state of Zimbabwe,
1095:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
833:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
273:decided to split from ZAPU at the house of
16:1963–1975 militant organisation in Rhodesia
755:
741:
681:Lord Soames, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe."
638:
536:
562:. Cape Town: Haum (Standard Press, Ltd.).
343:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
295:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
1339:Political parties disestablished in 1975
1319:1963 establishments in Southern Rhodesia
880:Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga
396:
348:
950:Movement for Democratic Change Alliance
648:Asante, Molefi Kete (10 October 2014).
489:
377:with ZAPU in 1976, and became known as
1306:
956:Movement for Democratic Change – Ncube
697:
647:
522:David Martin; Phyllis Johnson (1981).
316:
1344:Political parties established in 1963
997:Zimbabwe United People's Organisation
863:United Movement for Democratic Change
845:National Alliance for Good Governance
736:
654:. Taylor & Francis. p. 397.
261:, Henry Hamadziripi, Mukudzei Midzi,
359:Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
299:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
1324:1970s disestablishments in Rhodesia
494:. Africa World Press. p. 321.
456:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009).
257:ZANU was formed 8 August 1963 when
13:
1059:Responsible Government Association
345:(ZANLA) was ZANU's military wing.
14:
1355:
1334:African resistance to colonialism
1101:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
932:Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe
634:. Stylus Publishing. p. 158.
616:. Stylus Publishing. p. 146.
598:. Stylus Publishing. p. 105.
580:. Stylus Publishing. p. 160.
1329:1975 disestablishments in Africa
1277:
915:Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance (ZYA)
857:Patriotic Union of Mandebeleland
800:
48:
1314:Zimbabwe African National Union
1107:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party
985:Zimbabwe African National Union
979:United African National Council
886:Zimbabwe African People's Union
691:
675:
357:and others leaving to join the
227:Zimbabwe African People's Union
203:Zimbabwe African National Union
117:Zimbabwe African People's Union
41:Zimbabwe African National Union
1089:Rhodesian White People's Party
944:Movement for Democratic Change
620:
602:
584:
566:
548:
530:
483:
437:Zimbabwe African Peoples Union
1:
1119:United National Federal Party
791:Citizens Coalition for Change
698:Kriger, N. (1 January 2005).
443:
381:. Sithole's faction, dubbed "
225:, formed as a split from the
526:. Zimbabwe Publishing House.
337:Relationship with armed wing
309:, and ZIPRA from Zambia and
252:
237:, later respectively called
7:
630:; Preben Kaarsholm (2006).
612:; Preben Kaarsholm (2006).
594:; Preben Kaarsholm (2006).
576:; Preben Kaarsholm (2006).
544:. London: Blake Publishing.
462:. Peter Lang. p. 117.
420:
10:
1360:
898:Zimbabwe Development Party
18:
1273:
1245:
1186:
1163:
1134:
1048:National Democratic Party
1006:
967:People's Democratic Party
922:
809:
798:
774:
490:Sibanda, Eliakim (2005).
391:Lancaster House Agreement
176:
168:
156:
136:
122:
112:
104:
96:
56:
47:
38:
851:National Patriotic Front
839:Mthwakazi Republic Party
432:Rhodesian propaganda war
1083:Rhodesia National Party
991:Zimbabwe Unity Movement
938:Forum Party of Zimbabwe
560:The Battle for Rhodesia
459:Do 'Zimbabweans' Exist?
158:Political position
1065:Rhodesian Action Party
817:Coalition of Democrats
685:56#3 (1980): 405–419.
1125:United Rhodesia Party
1077:Rhodesia Labour Party
910:Zimbabwe Labour Party
869:United People's Party
683:International Affairs
403:1980 general election
397:Zimbabwe independence
349:Leadership and splits
247:1980 general election
1293:Politics of Zimbabwe
1113:United Federal Party
1016:Central Africa Party
904:Zimbabwe First Party
716:10.1093/afraf/adi016
427:Politics of Zimbabwe
181:Politics of Zimbabwe
1226:(ZANU, ZANU–Ndonga)
828:Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn
317:Operations in exile
143:African nationalism
91:Herbert Ushewokunze
86:Washington Malianga
1288:Parties by country
1224:Ndabaningi Sithole
1154:Emmerson Mnangagwa
923:Defunct Zimbabwean
542:The Great Betrayal
355:Nathan Shamuyarira
259:Ndabaningi Sithole
235:Ndabaningi Sithole
213:organisation that
66:Ndabaningi Sithole
1301:
1300:
1230:Morgan Tsvangirai
1177:Morgan Tsvangirai
1033:Confederate Party
1027:City Youth League
1007:Defunct Rhodesian
823:Liberal Democrats
764:Political parties
209:) was a militant
199:
198:
186:Political parties
147:African socialism
123:Succeeded by
1351:
1281:
1200:Arthur Mutambara
973:Republican Front
804:
757:
750:
743:
734:
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728:
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552:
546:
545:
534:
528:
527:
519:
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505:
487:
481:
480:
478:
476:
453:
297:(ZANLA) and the
271:Leopold Takawira
81:Leopold Takawira
52:
36:
35:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1269:
1255:(ZANU, ZANU–PF)
1241:
1214:(ZAPU, ZANU–PF)
1182:
1164:Prime Ministers
1159:
1130:
1071:Rhodesian Front
1008:
1002:
962:Patriotic Front
924:
918:
805:
796:
770:
761:
731:
704:African Affairs
696:
692:
680:
676:
666:
664:
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625:
621:
607:
603:
589:
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571:
567:
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531:
520:
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488:
484:
474:
472:
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454:
450:
446:
423:
399:
375:Patriotic Front
351:
339:
319:
263:Herbert Chitepo
255:
195:
149:
145:
129:
113:Split from
89:
84:
79:
76:Herbert Chitepo
74:
69:
64:
43:
42:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1249:
1247:
1246:Armed factions
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1218:Welshman Ncube
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1194:Nelson Chamisa
1190:
1188:
1184:
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1180:
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1080:
1074:
1068:
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1051:
1045:
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1038:Dominion Party
1035:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
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988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
959:
953:
952:(MDC-Alliance)
947:
941:
935:
928:
926:
920:
919:
917:
916:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
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875:United Parties
872:
866:
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854:
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836:
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813:
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771:
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690:
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619:
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583:
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441:
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429:
422:
419:
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350:
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338:
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318:
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277:in Highfield,
254:
251:
219:white-minority
197:
196:
194:
193:
188:
183:
177:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
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154:
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151:Pan-Africanism
140:
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101:
98:
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58:
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39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1345:
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1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:Abel Muzorewa
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:Robert Mugabe
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:Robert Mugabe
1146:
1143:
1142:Canaan Banana
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
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1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:Federal Party
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1005:
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992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
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957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
927:
921:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
882:(ZANU–Ndonga)
881:
878:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
812:
810:Other parties
808:
803:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
780:
777:
776:Parliamentary
773:
769:
765:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
738:
735:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:(414): 1–34.
709:
705:
701:
694:
688:
684:
678:
663:
661:9781135013486
657:
653:
652:
644:
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633:
629:
623:
615:
611:
605:
597:
593:
587:
579:
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569:
561:
557:
556:Reed, Douglas
551:
543:
539:
533:
525:
518:
516:
514:
512:
503:
501:1-59221-275-1
497:
493:
486:
471:
469:9783039119417
465:
461:
460:
452:
448:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
394:
392:
388:
387:Abel Muzorewa
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Simon Muzenda
368:
367:Robert Mugabe
362:
360:
356:
346:
344:
334:
332:
328:
327:Dar es Salaam
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Robert Mugabe
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:Green, yellow
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
131:ZANU – Ndonga
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:8 August 1963
99:
95:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1232:(MDC, MDC–T)
1212:Joshua Nkomo
1196:(MDC–T, CCC)
1054:Reform Party
1021:Centre Party
984:
707:
703:
693:
682:
677:
665:. Retrieved
650:
631:
622:
613:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
541:
532:
523:
491:
485:
473:. Retrieved
458:
451:
400:
363:
352:
340:
333:and London.
320:
267:Edgar Tekere
256:
206:
202:
200:
71:Edgar Tekere
33:
667:20 November
411:ZANU-Ndonga
383:ZANU Mwenje
243:ZANU–Ndonga
29:ZANU–Ndonga
1308:Categories
1187:Key people
1135:Presidents
906:(ZimFirst)
538:Smith, Ian
444:References
303:Mozambique
275:Enos Nkala
61:Enos Nkala
1236:Ian Smith
1173:(ZANU–PF)
1156:(ZANU–PF)
1150:(ZANU–PF)
894:(ZAPU–FP)
787:(ZANU–PF)
724:0001-9909
628:Fay Chung
610:Fay Chung
592:Fay Chung
574:Fay Chung
279:Salisbury
253:Formation
211:socialist
191:Elections
163:Left-wing
105:Dissolved
1283:Politics
768:Zimbabwe
558:(1966).
540:(1997).
475:7 August
421:See also
311:Botswana
289:and the
223:Rhodesia
221:rule in
217:against
138:Ideology
57:Founders
1265:FROLIZI
1220:(MDC–N)
1202:(MDC–M)
1179:(MDC–T)
1097:(SRANC)
1009:parties
958:(MDC–N)
925:parties
835:(MDC–T)
778:parties
407:ZANU–PF
401:At the
379:ZANU-PF
291:Ndebele
239:ZANU–PF
169:Colours
127:ZANU–PF
97:Founded
25:ZANU–PF
1261:(ZAPU)
1208:(UANC)
1144:(ZANU)
1121:(UNFP)
1109:(SRLP)
1103:(SRCP)
1091:(RWPP)
999:(ZUPO)
987:(ZANU)
981:(UANC)
888:(ZAPU)
865:(UMDC)
859:(PUMA)
847:(NAGG)
819:(CODE)
722:
687:online
658:
498:
466:
439:(ZAPU)
331:Maputo
323:Lusaka
307:Zambia
215:fought
1259:ZIPRA
1253:ZANLA
1127:(URP)
1115:(UFP)
1085:(RNP)
1079:(RLP)
1067:(RAP)
1061:(RGA)
1050:(NDP)
1029:(CYL)
993:(ZUM)
969:(PDP)
946:(MDC)
940:(FPZ)
934:(CAZ)
912:(ZLP)
900:(ZDP)
871:(UPP)
853:(NPF)
841:(MRP)
793:(CCC)
287:Shona
283:Nkomo
21:ZANLA
1238:(RF)
1073:(RF)
1023:(CP)
975:(RF)
720:ISSN
669:2017
656:ISBN
496:ISBN
477:2013
464:ISBN
415:Ndau
369:and
341:The
305:and
269:and
241:and
233:and
207:ZANU
201:The
108:1975
766:in
712:doi
708:104
1310::
718:.
706:.
702:.
640:^
510:^
417:.
329:,
325:,
313:.
265:,
88:,
83:,
78:,
73:,
68:,
63:,
756:e
749:t
742:v
726:.
714::
671:.
504:.
479:.
205:(
31:.
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