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Regarding stelai (Greek plural of stele), in the period of the
Archaic style in Ancient Athens (600 BC) stele often showed certain archetypes of figures, such as the male athlete. Generally their figures were singular, though there are instances of two or more figures from this time period. Moving into the 6th and 5th centuries BC, Greek stelai declined and then rose in popularity again in Athens and evolved to show scenes with multiple figures, often of a family unit or a household scene. One such notable example is the Stele of Hegeso. Typically grave stelai are made of marble and carved in relief, and like most Ancient Greek sculpture they were vibrantly painted. For more examples of stelai, the Getty Museum's published Catalog of Greek Funerary Sculpture is a valuable resource
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770:, which is a popular tourist attraction. Elsewhere, many unwanted steles can also be found in selected places in Beijing, such as Dong Yue Miao, the Five Pagoda Temple, and the Bell Tower, again assembled to attract tourists and also as a means of solving the problem faced by local authorities of what to do with them. The long, wordy, and detailed inscriptions on these steles are almost impossible to read for most are lightly engraved on white marble in characters only an inch or so in size, thus being difficult to see since the slabs are often 3m or more tall.
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841:. They consist of tall sculpted stone shafts or slabs and are often associated with low circular stones referred to as altars, although their actual function is uncertain. Many stelae were sculpted in low relief, although plain monuments are found throughout the Maya region. The sculpting of these monuments spread throughout the Maya area during the
206:(headstone, tombstone, gravestone, or marker) may technically be considered the modern equivalent of ancient stelae, though the term is very rarely applied in this way. Equally, stele-like forms in non-Western cultures may be called by other terms, and the words "stele" and "stelae" are most consistently applied in
54:
445:
Stele fulfilled several functions. There were votive, commemorative, and liminal or boundary stelae, but the largest group was the tomb stelae. Their picture area showed the owner of the stele, often with his family, and an inscription listed the name and titles of the deceased after a prayer to one,
571:
Greek funerary markers, especially in Attica, had a long and evolutionary history in Athens. From public and extravagant processional funerals to different types of pottery used to store ashes after cremation, visibility has always been a large part of
Ancient Greek funerary markers in Athens.
453:
Liminal, or boundary, stele were used to mark size and location of fields and the country's borders. Votive stelae were exclusively erected in temples by pilgrims to pay homage to the gods or sacred animals. Commemorative stelae were placed in temples by the pharaoh, or his senior officials,
1979:
1798:
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In the mastaba tombs of the Old
Kingdom (2686 - 2181 BC), stelae functioned as false doors, symbolizing passage between the present and the afterlife, which allowed the deceased to receive offerings. These were both real and represented by formulae on the false door.
521:, had a commemorative function or served as boundary markers. Although sometimes plain, most bore a cuneiform inscription that would detail the stele's function or the reasons for its erection. The stele from Van's "western niche" contained annals of the reign of
1085:. In the latter area, there are a number of anthropomorphic and phallic stelae, which are associated with graves of rectangular shape flanked by vertical slabs. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.
2013:
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442:. These vertical slabs of stone are used as tombstones, for religious usage, and to mark boundaries, and are most commonly made of limestone and sandstone, or harder kinds of stone such as granite or diorite, but wood was also used in later times.
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1892:
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is one of nine megalithic pillar sites in the central Gurage Zone of
Ethiopia. As of 1997, 118 stele were reported in the area. Along with the stelae in the Hadiya Zone, the structures are identified by local residents as
987:
More than 1,200 Khmer inscriptions of varying length have been collected. There was an 'explosion' of Khmer epigraphy from the seventh century, with the earliest recorded Khmer stone inscription dating from 612 AD at
462:, describing the campaigns of the Nubian pharaoh Piye as he reconquered the country; the Restoration Stele of Tutankhamun (1336 - 1327 BC), detailing the religious reforms enacted after the Amarna period; and the
700:
Erecting steles at tombs or temples eventually became a widespread social and religious phenomenon. Emperors found it necessary to promulgate laws, regulating the use of funerary steles by the population. The
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There are more than 100,000 surviving stone inscriptions in China. However, only approximately 30,000 have been transcribed or had rubbings made, and fewer than those 30,000 have been formally studied.
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Steles have also been used to publish laws and decrees, to record a ruler's exploits and honors, to mark sacred territories or mortgaged properties, as territorial markers, as the boundary steles of
1772:
1455:
1122:, which point to a medieval period of activity at the tail end of the Adal Sultanate's reign. Among these settlements, Aw Barkhadle is surrounded by a number of ancient stelae. Burial sites near
957:
Khmer inscriptions are a corpus of post-5th century historical texts engraved sometimes on steles, but more generally on materials such as stone and metal ware found in a wide range of mainland
470:. In Ptolemaic times (332 - 30 BC), decrees issued by the pharaoh and the priesthood were inscribed on stelae in hieroglyphs, demotic script and Greek, the most famous example of which is the
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1859:
1481:
1054:
erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet.
732:
make seven stone inscriptions commemorating and praising his work, of which fragments of two survive. One of the most famous mountain steles is the 13 m (43 ft) high stele at
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suggests this reuse was a deliberate desire to capitalize on the potency of the past. Some scholars have suggested
Urartian steles may have influenced the development of the Armenian
1832:
645:
of famous historical figures. In addition to their commemorative value, many
Chinese steles are regarded as exemplars of traditional Chinese calligraphic scripts, especially the
1436:
845:(250–900 AD), and these pairings of sculpted stelae and circular altars are considered a hallmark of Classic Maya civilization. The earliest dated stela to have been found
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413:
created a field of some 2,700 blank steles. The memorial is meant to be read not only as the field, but also as an erasure of data that refer to memory of the
Holocaust.
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1633:
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with a funerary, commemorative, or edifying text. They can commemorate talented writers and officials, inscribe poems, portraits, or maps, and frequently contain the
446:
or several, of the gods of the dead and request for offerings. Less frequently, an autobiographical text provided additional information about the individual's life.
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Thousands of steles, surplus to the original requirements, and no longer associated with the person they were erected for or to, have been assembled in Xi'an's
195:. Stelae were occasionally erected as memorials to battles. For example, along with other memorials, there are more than half-a-dozen steles erected on the
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between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Some were located within temple complexes, set within monumental rock-cut niches (such as the niche of the Rock of
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stones are vertical grave and boundary markers, erected at hundreds of sites in
Ireland throughout the first millennium AD, bearing inscriptions in the
2570:
Grossman, Janet
Burnett. Greek Funerary Sculpture : Catalogue of the Collections at the Getty Villa. Los Angeles: JPaul Getty Museum, 2001. Print.
1702:
2960:
1110:), it denoted the final resting place of a local saint. Surveys by A.T. Curle in 1934 on several of these important ruined cities recovered various
870:
had its origin around 400 BC and continued through to the end of the
Classic Period, around 900, although some monuments were reused in the
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A number of such stone monuments have preserved the origin and history of China's minority religious communities. The 8th-century Christians of
454:
detailing important events of his reign. Some of the most widely known Egyptian stelae include: the Kamose Stelae, recounting the defeat of the
1760:
3238:
2561:
Campbell, Gordon. The Grove Encyclopedia of Classical Art and Architecture. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.
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78:
1993:
721:, while the lower-level officials had to be satisfied with steles with plain rounded tops, standing on simple rectangular pedestals.
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196:
82:
751:, which survived adverse events of the later history by being buried underground for several centuries. Steles created by the
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2999:
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Ethiopia in broader perspective: papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Kyoto 12-17 December 1997
2708:
2674:
2431:
2290:
2297:
Stele: Upright slab of stone, worked or unworked, erected for memorial or cuitic purposes. Sometimes inscribed or decorated.
2552:
Robinson, Edward. "An Archaic Greek Grave Monument." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 8.5 (1913): 94. CrossRef. Web.
904:. Stelae in a few sites display a much more three-dimensional appearance where locally available stone permits, such as at
896:
Hundreds of stelae have been recorded in the Maya region, displaying a wide stylistic variation. Many are upright slabs of
2281:
Reich, Ronny; Katzenstein, Hannah (1992). "Glossary of Archaeological Terms". In Kempinski, Aharon; Reich, Ronny (eds.).
3310:
2543:
Caskey, L. D. "An Archaic Greek Grave Stele in Boston." American Journal of Archaeology 15.3 (1911): 293. CrossRef. Web.
859:. During the Classic Period almost every Maya kingdom in the southern lowlands raised stelae in its ceremonial centre.
3315:, a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on steles
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1364:
697:) containing biographical information on deceased people began to be written on stone tablets rather than wooden ones.
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constitute one of the largest and most significant sources of information on those civilisations, in particular
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decoration, but most Maya stelae were probably brightly painted in red, yellow, black, blue and other colours.
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17:
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contexts to objects from Europe, the ancient Near East and Egypt, China, and sometimes Pre-Columbian America.
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3274:
3229:(Spring–Autumn 1996). "Kings of Stone: A Consideration of Stelae in Ancient Maya Ritual and Representation".
842:
2602:
2027:, featuring typical geometric and solar forms, as it was the custom since the period previous to Roman times
1951:
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have a number of steles of considerable antiquity as well, often containing both Chinese and Arabic text.
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of North and South America that are made out of stone may also be considered a specialized type of stele.
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580:
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sculpted on one or more faces, with available surfaces sculpted with figures carved in relief and with
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989:
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160:. The surface of the stele often has text, ornamentation, or both. These may be inscribed, carved in
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Khmer inscriptions are the only local written sources for the study of ancient Khmer civilization.
737:
3226:
1694:
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The stelae at Tiya and other areas in central Ethiopia are similar to those on the route between
422:
629:) have been a major medium of stone inscription in China, the earliest examples dating from the
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and officialdom: the top noblemen and mandarins were eligible for steles installed on top of a
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35:
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1997:
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977:) and relating to the Khmer civilization. The study of Khmer inscriptions is known as Khmer
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1424:
638:
307:. The most famous example of an inscribed stela leading to increased understanding is the
66:
610:
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steles were freestanding stone obelisks that served a variety of purposes, erected in the
8:
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Parentage Statements and Paired Stelae: Signs of Dynastic Succession for the Classic Maya
1927:
1220:
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Steles are found at nearly every significant mountain and historical site in China. The
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that destroyed their synagogue several times, to tell us something about their world.
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in 1916), or erected beside tombs. Others stood in isolated positions and, such as the
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930:
525:, with events detailed yearly and with each year separated by the phrase "For the God
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Egyptian steles (or Stelae, Books of Stone) have been found dating as far back as the
3290:
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3190:
3180:
3156:
3136:
3126:
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2909:
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2427:
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2054:
1919:
1911:
1903:
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1522:
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709:, listed a number of stele types available as status symbols to various ranks of the
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I accomplished these deeds". Urartian steles are sometimes found reused as Christian
432:
324:
286:
242:
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2000:. Typical inscriptions include the names of the deceased interred under the stones.
358:
of Scotland, often intricately carved, date from between the 6th and 9th centuries.
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and declined at the same time as this institution. The production of stelae by the
792:, dating to 731, is the best preserved monument from the city. It depicts the king
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586:
96:
47:
43:
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323:. Two steles built into the walls of a church are major documents relating to the
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or commemorative purposes. Stelae as slabs of stone would also be used as ancient
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3033:
2903:
2876:
2794:
Ancient Stone Sites of New England and the Debate Over Early European Exploration
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1989:
1967:
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152:, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the
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39:
2583:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute, 6th edition (2022): 81.
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Chinese ink rubbings of the 1489 (left) and 1512 (right) steles left by the
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2343:
By Egypt Exploration Society Archaeological Survey of Egypt 1908, p. 19
1923:
1907:
1625:
1413:
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522:
467:
389:
385:
369:
304:
203:
65:, depicting King K'ac Yipyaj Chan K'awiil ("Smoke Shell"), as drawn by
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1985:
1959:
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978:
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897:
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733:
526:
351:
241:, or to commemorate military victories. They were widely used in the
234:
2084:
912:. Plain stelae do not appear to have been painted nor overlaid with
909:
755:
in 1489, 1512, and 1663, have survived the repeated flooding of the
633:. Chinese steles are generally rectangular stone tablets upon which
557:
396:, are among the most common types of stele seen in Western culture.
1955:
1880:
1851:
1756:
1082:
1043:
970:
962:
951:
882:
813:
789:
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486:
347:
343:
295:
The large number of stelae, including inscriptions, surviving from
274:
266:
157:
62:
905:
809:
58:
3233:. 29–30 (29/30 The Pre-Columbian). Cambridge, Massachusetts, US:
2074:
2020:
1537:
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1115:
1093:
1047:
966:
847:
669:
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393:
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3105:. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 Jun. 2015.
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886:
534:
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455:
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331:
250:
238:
199:
at the locations of notable actions by participants in battle.
188:
161:
2851:
Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers
2221:
2215:
2176:
2170:
2126:
1134:
1000:
427:
108:
34:. Several terms redirect here. For other uses of "Stela", see
2364:
1980, pp. 66ff) or Shalmaneser's stela at Saluria (Boardman,
2257:
1732:
1566:
1325:
1289:
1147:
1123:
1019:
language. They have occasionally been described as "steles."
1012:
852:
802:
729:
335:
282:
270:
254:
168:
144:
134:
2772:
2736:
2696:
2426:. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 214–223.
728:
made five tours of his domain in the 3rd century BC and had
2132:
1119:
1089:
1032:
974:
603:
502:
466:, which features the first known historical mention of the
114:
2662:
851:
in the Maya lowlands was recovered from the great city of
2991:
Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society
2532:
Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia
2519:
Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia
1359:
contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images
893:, at least 166, although they are very poorly preserved.
392:, typically with inscribed name and often with inscribed
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2148:
based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes
705:
laws, instituted in the 14th century by its founder the
3312:
The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture
2686:
2684:
2285:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 312.
431:
Egyptian hieroglyphs on an Egyptian funerary stela in
2760:
2715:
2233:
2224:
2209:
2185:
2164:
2141:
2120:
1591: BC), engraved on the back of a reused stele of
939:
862:
Stelae became closely associated with the concept of
123:
102:
2938:"Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae"
2748:
2478:"Egyptian Stelae in Field Museum of Natural History"
2218:
2212:
2173:
2167:
2129:
2123:
2036:
889:
raised the greatest number of stelae known from any
740:
commemorating his imperial sacrifices there in 725.
111:
105:
2681:
2206:
2161:
2117:
1883:, displaying efforts at modern preservation of the
808:Stela H, a high-relief in-the-round sculpture from
99:
3320:Egyptian Stelae in Field Museum of Natural History
3168:
946:" (683 CE) at the beginning of the text. Found in
3014:G.W.B. Huntingford, "The Town of Amud, Somalia",
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
3328:
2707:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFuente_et_al.1999 (
2280:
2657:, vol. II, Brill Archive, pp. 451–452
2603:"The Stele of Mount Hua Temple at The West Alp"
938:. It contains the oldest, firmly dated use of "
2673:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMartinGrube2000 (
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2406:
687:. During the Han dynasty, tomb inscriptions (
656:are rare: there are a handful from before the
3166:
2778:
2742:
2702:
2471:
2469:
1371:beside adjacent text, in accordance with the
688:
46:. For the Ten Commandments stone tablet, see
2619:
1505:and assigned to the Abealzu-Filigosa culture
222:The funerary stele of Thrasea and Euandria,
3239:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2668:
2628:
1365:removing excessive or indiscriminate images
77:Stele to the French 8th Infantry Regiment.
3175:(6th ed.). Stanford, California, US:
3167:Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
2983:
2981:
2466:
2312:
2309:Commons:Category:Battle of Waterloo steles
1042:contains many stelae. In the highlands of
3280:
2935:
2929:
2847:
2790:
2421:
1994:Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery
1442:Egyptian grave stela of Nehemes-Ra-tawy,
1387:Learn how and when to remove this message
942:" as a decimal figure, seen in the date "
311:, which led to the breakthrough allowing
3285:(6 ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts:
3235:President and Fellows of Harvard College
2874:
2650:
2644:
1962:in 1409 with trilingual inscriptions in
1152:
1133:
1070:(Ahmad "Gurey" or "Gran"), ruler of the
1066:or "Gran's stone", in reference to Imam
1026:
999:
929:
609:
579:
556:
426:
217:
72:
52:
27:Stone or wooden slab erected as a marker
3271:The New Berlin: Memory, Politics, Place
3201:
3149:Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica
2978:
2878:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1
2754:
2500:
2498:
402:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
14:
3329:
3225:
3111:
3052:
3031:
2868:
2817:
2766:
2730:
2690:
1624:BC), used as a boundary marker and to
1096:, whenever an old site had the prefix
1088:Near the ancient northwestern town of
167:Stelae were created for many reasons.
3025:
2987:
2908:. Shokado Book Sellers. p. 370.
2901:
2895:
2475:
1595:'s, with the earliest mention of the
315:to be read. An informative stele of
269:, and, most likely independently, in
3211:(Master's thesis). Provo, Utah, US:
2495:
1343:
365:is a specialized kind of stele. The
334:), set up without inscriptions from
3099:Collon, Dominique, et al. "Stele."
3038:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98.
2245:
2108:The plural in English is sometimes
1850:, a slab cross from Early Medieval
1536:receiving his law from the sun god
1363:Please help improve the section by
934:The Sambor Inscription, written in
24:
3323:, documentation of collection 1936
2651:de Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1892),
2283:The Architecture of Ancient Israel
2194:inflection of Greek nouns in Latin
1102:in its name (such as the ruins of
833:Maya stelae were fashioned by the
25:
3393:
3304:
3062:. Somali Heritage and Archaeology
2994:. The Red Sea Press. p. 90.
2848:Menninger, Karl (10 April 2013).
2534:, 2015, footnote 311 on page 198.
2424:The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
2274:
1808:(781) records the success of the
1129:
1022:
736:with the personal calligraphy of
594:Renovation Stele dated Year 9 of
423:Art of ancient Egypt § Stele
346:, were monuments of pre-literate
3231:RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics
2446:
2202:
2157:
2113:
2039:
2012:
1978:
1943:
1891:
1858:
1840:
1797:
1771:
1744:
1739:period, built sometime after 583
1724:
1712:(196 BC), establishing the
1701:
1661:
1632:
1603:
1573:
1544:
1510:
1480:
1454:
1435:
1401:
1373:Manual of Style on use of images
1348:
801:
781:
95:
3202:Stewart, Daniel Moroni (2009).
3121:. London, UK and New York, US:
3078:
3008:
2841:
2811:
2791:Goudsward, David (5 May 2014).
2784:
2595:
2586:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2440:
2313:Timmermans, D. (7 March 2012).
2023:in Bidarray, western Pyrenees,
1755:of the Yamanoue Stele (681) in
1552:Baal with Thunderbolt
668:, and several hundred from the
652:Chinese steles from before the
3287:Harvard University Asia Center
2397:
2384:
2371:
2362:University of California Press
2346:
2334:
2325:
2302:
2196:, and sometimes anglicized to
2102:
1785:(8th century), depicting
822:
566:Archaeological Museum of Corfu
13:
1:
3367:Archaeological artefact types
3342:Stone monuments and memorials
3283:Chinese History: A New Manual
3275:University of Minnesota Press
3086:The Cambridge Ancient History
2654:The Religious System of China
2482:Biodiversity Heritage Library
2476:Allen, Thomas George (1936).
2449:"The Stelae of Ancient Egypt"
2267:
2001:
1869:
1684:
1677:
1647:
1618:
1585:
1555:
1526:
1495:
1462:
1443:
1417:
1126:likewise feature old stelae.
1031:A sword symbol on a stele at
875:
489:kingdom which existed in the
223:
79:One of more than half a dozen
3281:Wilkinson, Endymion (2022),
2352:e.g., Piye's victory stela (
2019:A disc shaped gravestone or
1639:A votive stela honoring the
1610:An unusually well-preserved
1265:Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten
1230:The Doctorate steles at the
7:
2936:Fattovich, Rodolfo (1987).
2358:Ancient Egyptian Literature
2032:
1906:, Prince of Xining (1348),
1690:BC original located in the
1561: century BC), an
1523:Code of Hammurabi
1301:In the Western Hemisphere:
1232:Temple of Literature, Hanoi
919:
660:, roughly a dozen from the
281:civilisations, notably the
10:
3398:
3153:Cambridge University Press
2902:Fukui, Katsuyoshi (1997).
2875:Brockman, Norbert (2011).
2506:Urartian Art and Artifacts
1833:forbidden to travel abroad
1339:
1275:Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu
1068:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
995:
923:
881:–1521). The major city of
826:
420:
213:
145:
135:
29:
3177:Stanford University Press
3118:Maya Art and Architecture
2864:– via Google Books.
2807:– via Google Books.
2779:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2743:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2581:Chinese History: A Manual
2422:Strudwick, Helen (2006).
1532: BC), depicting the
1318:Guatemala: Stela 14 from
689:
552:
477:
277:, and, independently, by
183:government notices or as
3362:Ancient Near East steles
3247:10.1086/RESvn1ms20166947
3213:Brigham Young University
3088:, Part 1, 2nd Edition, (
3032:Briggs, Phillip (2012).
2881:. ABC-CLIO. p. 30.
2095:
738:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
575:
416:
3372:Egyptian artefact types
3357:Ancient Egyptian stelas
2854:. Courier Corporation.
2669:Martin & Grube 2000
1501: BC) recovered at
1324:Honduras: Stela H from
1237:The Ram Khamhaeng stele
197:battlefield of Waterloo
2957:10.3406/ethio.1987.931
2070:Monumental inscription
1789:, the consort of king
1731:A Buddhist Stele from
1369:moving relevant images
1242:Ukrainian stone stelae
1166:
1150:
1035:
1009:
954:
619:
607:
568:
440:First Dynasty of Egypt
435:
399:Most recently, in the
230:
202:A traditional Western
86:
81:steles located on the
70:
42:. For the battle, see
36:Stela (disambiguation)
32:Stele (disambiguation)
3147:Pool, Christopher A.
3107:Subscription required
2641:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2625:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2607:Vincent's Calligraphy
2592:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2319:The British monuments
2090:Stele of the Vultures
1998:Newport, Rhode Island
1791:Shield Jaguar II
1787:Lady Eveningstar
1653: BC), carved at
1295:Stone of the Guanches
1255:Decree of Nectanebo I
1156:
1137:
1030:
1003:
933:
794:Yuknoom Took' K'awiil
678:Northern and Southern
613:
583:
560:
430:
273:and elsewhere in the
221:
171:stelae were used for
76:
56:
3352:Inscriptions by type
3084:Boardman, John, ed.
2988:Lewis, I.M. (1998).
2579:Endymion Wilkinson,
2256:) when derived from
2240:).) or occasionally
1306:Tres Zapotes Stela C
319:is preserved in the
313:Egyptian hieroglyphs
83:Waterloo battlefield
67:Frederick Catherwood
38:. For the town, see
30:For other uses, see
3237:acting through the
3123:Thames & Hudson
2824:www.connemara.irish
2315:"Waterloo Campaign"
2005: 18th century
1827:. It is borne by a
1489:neolithic Sardinian
1468: BC) from the
1221:Pig stele of Edessa
1157:A victory stele of
768:Stele Forest Museum
317:Tiglath-Pileser III
3060:"National Museums"
2945:Annales d'Éthiopie
2703:Fuente et al. 1999
1914:in six languages:
1683:recreation of the
1314:La Mojarra Stela 1
1186:King Ezana's Stela
1171:Stele of Vespasian
1167:
1165:Mesopotamian king.
1151:
1036:
1010:
955:
926:Khmer inscriptions
635:Chinese characters
620:
608:
569:
533:gravestones or as
491:Armenian Highlands
436:
382:specialized steles
231:
87:
71:
3161:978-0-521-78312-5
3094:978-0-521-22496-3
3045:978-1-84162-371-9
3001:978-1-56902-103-3
2820:"connemara.irish"
2521:, 2015, p177-182.
2433:978-1-4351-4654-9
2403:Till (2005): 168.
2292:978-965-221-013-5
2055:Cantabrian stelae
1904:Stele of Sulaiman
1474:Sion, Switzerland
1397:
1396:
1389:
1280:The Opa Oranmiyan
1176:Code of Hammurabi
902:hieroglyphic text
835:Maya civilization
717:and crowned with
622:Steles (Chinese:
606:, Shandong, China
562:Stele of Arniadas
539:Armenian churches
433:Manchester Museum
330:Standing stones (
325:Etruscan language
243:ancient Near East
16:(Redirected from
3389:
3377:Heraldic charges
3347:Stone sculptures
3300:
3266:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3198:
3174:
3171:The Ancient Maya
3144:
3102:Grove Art Online
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2959:. Archived from
2942:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2826:. Archived from
2815:
2809:
2808:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2599:
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2590:
2584:
2577:
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2544:
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2535:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2492:
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2461:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2419:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2278:
2261:
2247:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2106:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2016:
2006:
2003:
1982:
1947:
1895:
1874:
1871:
1862:
1844:
1801:
1775:
1748:
1728:
1705:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1665:
1652:
1649:
1641:Thracian goddess
1636:
1623:
1620:
1607:
1590:
1587:
1577:
1560:
1557:
1548:
1531:
1528:
1514:
1500:
1497:
1484:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1422:
1419:
1405:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1181:Gwanggaeto Stele
880:
877:
805:
785:
747:left behind the
719:hornless dragons
692:
691:
509:, discovered by
409:, the architect
350:cultures in the
228:
225:
185:boundary markers
148:
147:
138:
137:
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
48:Tablets of Stone
44:Battle of Stelai
21:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3327:
3326:
3307:
3297:
3269:Till, Karen E.
3217:
3215:
3208:
3187:
3133:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2578:
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2542:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2474:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2420:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2234:
2205:
2201:
2186:
2160:
2156:
2142:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2028:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1990:funerary stelae
1983:
1974:
1948:
1939:
1896:
1887:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1802:
1793:
1776:
1767:
1766:steles in Japan
1749:
1740:
1729:
1720:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1680:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1608:
1599:
1588:
1582:Merneptah Stele
1578:
1569:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1529:
1515:
1506:
1498:
1485:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1423: BC) from
1420:
1406:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1250:Merneptah Stele
1226:Stone of Terpon
1163:23rd-century BC
1132:
1025:
1017:Primitive Irish
1004:Ogham stone in
998:
948:Kratié province
928:
922:
878:
864:divine kingship
831:
825:
820:
819:
818:
817:
816:
806:
798:
797:
786:
664:, 160 from the
647:clerical script
578:
555:
480:
464:Merneptah Stele
425:
419:
301:Central America
226:
216:
124:
98:
94:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3306:
3305:External links
3303:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3278:
3267:
3223:
3199:
3185:
3164:
3145:
3131:
3109:
3097:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3051:
3044:
3024:
3022:(1978), p. 184
3007:
3000:
2977:
2928:
2914:
2894:
2888:978-1598846546
2887:
2867:
2860:
2840:
2810:
2803:
2783:
2781:, p. 183.
2771:
2769:, p. 158.
2759:
2747:
2745:, p. 235.
2735:
2733:, p. 149.
2714:
2705:, p. 187.
2695:
2680:
2671:, p. 113.
2661:
2643:
2627:
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2594:
2585:
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2510:
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2051:
2050:
2034:
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2030:
2029:
2025:Basque Country
2018:
2011:
2009:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1885:Pictish stones
1864:
1857:
1855:
1848:Rodney's Stone
1846:
1839:
1837:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1777:
1770:
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1470:Petit Chasseur
1460:
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1441:
1434:
1432:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1378:(October 2018)
1356:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:Raimondi Stela
1328:
1322:
1320:Piedras Negras
1316:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
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1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1131:
1130:Notable steles
1128:
1081:and Loyada in
1072:Adal Sultanate
1064:Yegragn Dingay
1057:Additionally,
1040:Horn of Africa
1024:
1023:Horn of Africa
1021:
997:
994:
959:Southeast Asia
924:Main article:
921:
918:
843:Classic Period
827:Main article:
824:
821:
807:
800:
799:
788:Stela 51 from
787:
780:
779:
778:
777:
776:
761:China's Muslim
715:stone tortoise
707:Hongwu Emperor
602:(AD 1349), in
577:
574:
554:
551:
519:Kelashin Stele
479:
476:
418:
415:
411:Peter Eisenman
356:Pictish stones
352:Late Stone Age
321:British Museum
215:
212:
208:archaeological
193:property lines
164:, or painted.
40:Stelae (Crete)
26:
18:Funerary stele
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3394:
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3296:9780674260184
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3252:
3248:
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3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:Stuart, David
3224:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3186:0-8047-4817-9
3182:
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3154:
3150:
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3138:
3134:
3132:0-500-20327-X
3128:
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3114:
3110:
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3103:
3098:
3095:
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3037:
3036:
3028:
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3017:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2966:on 2015-09-24
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:(14): 43–69.
2950:
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2907:
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2898:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2861:9780486319773
2857:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2830:on 2017-10-26
2829:
2825:
2821:
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2806:
2804:9781476604862
2800:
2797:. McFarland.
2796:
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2479:
2472:
2470:
2454:
2450:
2447:Dunn, Jimmy.
2443:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2418:
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2410:
2400:
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2387:
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2342:
2337:
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2320:
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2284:
2277:
2273:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2199:
2195:
2192:based on the
2191:
2190:
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2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Kurgan stelae
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
1999:
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1991:
1987:
1981:
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1965:
1961:
1957:
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1933:
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1925:
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1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1866:Sueno's Stone
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
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309:Rosetta Stone
306:
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298:
297:ancient Egypt
293:
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154:ancient world
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84:
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68:
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57:Stele N from
55:
49:
45:
41:
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33:
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3311:
3282:
3270:
3230:
3216:. Retrieved
3204:
3170:
3148:
3117:
3113:Miller, Mary
3100:
3085:
3079:Bibliography
3064:. Retrieved
3054:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3010:
2990:
2968:. Retrieved
2961:the original
2948:
2944:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2904:
2897:
2877:
2870:
2850:
2843:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:the original
2823:
2818:elisabetta.
2813:
2793:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2757:, p. 8.
2755:Stewart 2009
2750:
2738:
2698:
2693:, p. 9.
2664:
2653:
2646:
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:
2597:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2531:
2530:C. Maranci,
2526:
2518:
2517:C. Maranci,
2513:
2508:, 1968, p32.
2505:
2504:G. Azarpay,
2485:. Retrieved
2481:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2423:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
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2354:M. Lichtheim
2348:
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2241:
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2149:
2109:
2104:
1875:century) in
1737:Northern Wei
1412:'s funerary
1383:
1377:
1358:
1290:Burao steles
1196:Lemnos stela
1097:
1087:
1076:
1063:
1056:
1037:
1011:
990:Angkor Borei
986:
983:
956:
944:605 Saka era
895:
861:
846:
832:
772:
765:
757:Yellow River
753:Kaifeng Jews
742:
723:
703:Ming dynasty
699:
694:
654:Tang dynasty
651:
623:
621:
616:Kaifeng Jews
600:Yuan dynasty
596:Zhizheng era
585:
570:
481:
452:
448:
444:
437:
400:
398:
381:
370:high crosses
360:
340:North Africa
329:
294:
291:
279:Mesoamerican
232:
201:
166:
149:
140:
90:
88:
3241:: 148–171.
2970:7 September
2921:23 December
2767:Stuart 1996
2731:Stuart 1996
2691:Miller 1999
2360:Vol 3, The
2047:Asia portal
1952:Galle stele
1806:Xi'an Stele
1714:divine cult
1681: 1520
1674:Demosthenes
1597:name Israel
1589: 1200
1565:stele from
1559: 14th
1530: 1750
1499: 2500
1466: 2500
1461:Stele #25 (
1429:4th dynasty
1421: 2575
1410:Nefertiabet
1246:In Africa:
1216:Xi'an Stele
1206:Mesha Stele
1201:Lapis Niger
872:Postclassic
839:Mesoamerica
837:of ancient
829:Maya stelae
823:Maya stelae
749:Xi'an Stele
666:Eastern Han
662:Western Han
658:Qin dynasty
643:calligraphy
637:are carved
631:Qin dynasty
390:Gravestones
386:Totem poles
305:Maya stelae
247:Mesopotamia
3331:Categories
3218:2016-02-09
3066:13 October
3035:Somaliland
2915:4879749761
2834:2017-10-25
2612:2017-05-16
2453:Tour Egypt
2268:References
2007:and later.
1986:Tombstones
1873: 9th
1810:missionary
1688: 280
1651: 400
1622: 520
1447: 760
1414:slab stele
1114:, such as
879: 900
592:Yan Temple
523:Sarduri II
493:of modern
468:Israelites
421:See also:
348:Megalithic
227: 365
204:gravestone
3263:193661049
2381:, p. 265
2368:, p. 335)
2080:Runestone
2060:Headstone
1992:) at the
1960:Sri Lanka
1928:'Phags-pa
1819:China in
1783:Yaxchilan
1764:protected
1759:, one of
1718:Ptolemy V
1408:Princess
1285:Gao-Saney
1211:Naram-Sin
1191:Kul Tigin
1159:Naram-Sin
1112:artefacts
1008:, Ireland
979:epigraphy
936:Old Khmer
898:limestone
891:Maya city
857:Guatemala
734:Mount Tai
685:dynasties
235:Akhenaton
143:, plural
3255:20166947
3195:57577446
3155:, 2007 (
3141:41659173
3115:(1999).
2394:, p. 277
2392:op. cit.
2379:op. cit.
2366:op. cit.
2033:See also
1956:Zheng He
1954:left by
1881:Scotland
1852:Scotland
1781:35 from
1757:Takasaki
1692:Athenian
1563:Ugaritic
1304:Mexico:
1083:Djibouti
1052:Axumites
1044:Ethiopia
971:Thailand
963:Cambodia
952:Cambodia
920:Cambodia
883:Calakmul
814:Honduras
790:Calakmul
711:nobility
639:intaglio
547:khachkar
531:Armenian
487:Iron Age
483:Urartian
344:Scotland
275:Far East
267:Ethiopia
187:to mark
173:funerary
158:monument
130:), from
63:Honduras
2341:Memoirs
2075:Obelisk
2021:hilarri
1972:Persian
1964:Chinese
1936:Chinese
1920:Tibetan
1908:bearing
1902:of the
1900:rubbing
1821:Chinese
1753:rubbing
1538:Shamash
1521:of the
1519:lunette
1449:–656 BC
1340:Gallery
1116:pottery
1094:Somalia
1048:Eritrea
996:Ireland
967:Vietnam
848:in situ
564:at the
543:Maranci
495:Armenia
458:; the
394:epitaph
374:Ireland
367:Insular
363:obelisk
332:menhirs
299:and in
263:Eritrea
259:Somalia
214:History
189:borders
69:in 1839
3382:Stones
3337:Steles
3293:
3277:, 2005
3261:
3253:
3193:
3183:
3159:
3139:
3129:
3092:
3042:
3016:Azania
2998:
2912:
2885:
2858:
2801:
2487:May 4,
2458:8 July
2430:
2390:Pool,
2377:Pool,
2331:Collon
2289:
2250:stelas
2198:steles
2150:stelae
2110:stelai
2085:Stećci
1970:, and
1934:, and
1932:Tangut
1924:Uyghur
1916:Nepali
1877:Forres
1825:Syriac
1813:Alopen
1695:market
1655:Athens
1644:Bendis
1503:Laconi
1492:menhir
1367:or by
1330:Peru:
1108:Awbube
1104:Awbare
1050:, the
914:stucco
910:Toniná
887:Mexico
680:, and
590:-born
553:Greece
535:spolia
515:Orbeli
499:Turkey
478:Urartu
456:Hyksos
407:Berlin
354:. The
251:Greece
239:Amarna
162:relief
150:stēlai
146:στήλαι
3259:S2CID
3251:JSTOR
3209:(PDF)
2964:(PDF)
2941:(PDF)
2258:Latin
2254:stelæ
2242:stela
2237:-leez
2154:stelæ
2096:Notes
1968:Tamil
1779:Stele
1761:three
1733:China
1612:Greek
1567:Syria
1425:Egypt
1326:Copan
1148:Aksum
1144:stele
1140:Ezana
1138:King
1124:Burao
1120:coins
1013:Ogham
906:Copán
853:Tikal
810:Copán
745:Xi'an
730:Li Si
695:mùzhì
576:China
527:Haldi
417:Egypt
336:Libya
283:Olmec
271:China
255:Egypt
181:Roman
177:Greek
169:Grave
156:as a
141:stēlē
136:στήλη
132:Greek
91:stele
59:Copán
3291:ISBN
3191:OCLC
3181:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3137:OCLC
3127:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3068:2013
3040:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2972:2014
2923:2014
2910:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2799:ISBN
2709:help
2675:help
2489:2020
2460:2014
2428:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2235:STEE
2189:-lee
2187:STEE
2145:-lye
2143:STEE
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1910:the
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1823:and
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1804:The
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503:Iran
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