Fritz Kern - Knowledge

946:, and his flight to Switzerland had opened him up to suspicion and bureaucratic hurdles. As it became clear that the university was in no hurry to welcome him, and his health continued to deteriorate, he instead applied for early retirement. During 1945/46 he had undergone three surgical interventions in connection with a long-standing kidney disease. 1947 was a year of medical urgency thanks to an inflamed appendix which was deemed inoperable on account of the weakened condition of his heart. The alternative treatment, involving a savagely light diet, kept him alive for three more years, but his deteriorating health was nevertheless by this stage a continuing concern. Fritz Kern's retirement took effect at the end of term in July 1946, while he himself was still in Switzerland. Due to lengthy 481:- mostly in the upper ranks - for more than half a century, and combined his naval service with ministerial office for nearly two decades, was an invaluable resource for Kern as an historian and as a constant participant on the fringes of politics. On a personal level the two remained firm friends until von Tirpitz died, in 1930. The Tirpitz memoire was viewed by critics as explosive because of the way, they thought, it carefully sought to put the role of the German military in an "appropriate" light. The book also highlighted the importance of sustaining 1139:. It was perhaps a reflection of the work's vast ambitions that only the first part was completed. It presents "a guide to the centuries and millennia of base culture" and was published posthumously in 1953. By the early 1960s Fritz Kern's intensively forensic approach to sources had fallen out of fashion, while his interpretations, which a generation earlier might have been deemed merely "conservative-traditionalist", were being critiqued, if at all, merely as "old-fashioned". 1105:), published originally in 1914, reset the compass, and remains influential more than a century later. He intended it as a "comparative constitutional history of the Middle Ages" and an investigation of the "interconnections between law and the world vision". The underlying theme of the book is defined by the author in its 1914 introduction as "the relationship between ruler and the people in the creation of government, its implementation and its termination". An 447:). Although described in some sources as an archive, the department he headed up also specialised in various other document related activities, involving coded messaging, helping to brief German intelligence operatives sent to work abroad and producing false identity papers for them. Between 1916 and 1918 he was in effect commuting on a slightly irregular basis between Berlin and the family home at 251:, who became a life-long friend. Von Below had a reputation as a fierce defender of prevailing traditions of political and constitutional historiography: he was more than happy to share with students his own fascination with the precision of the legalistic presentational style habitually involved with constitutional history. In 1904 Kern moved to the 455:, ten miles away. Given the stress and pressures of combining family duties with two demanding parallel careers in different parts of the country, his health - never robust - deteriorated: during several months directly following the war he largely absented himself from the public sphere, and was seriously ill during the winter of 1918/1919. 355:. The post involved no class teaching duties, and he was for the most part able to determine his own academic timetabling. There were also important developments in his personal life at this time. He earned his habilitation with a piece of work on the early centuries of French expansionist policy up until 1308 ( 950:

procedures on which the British military authorities insisted, the retirement process took a further nine months, and so formally took effect only on 1 April 1947, by means of a letter dated 17 April 1947 and supplied by the appropriate ministry department. Kern now hoped and believed that his return

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and take part in attempts to negotiate with the Americans and British in order to obtain an "acceptable peace". With the benefit of hindsight it is clear that the hopes of the Canaris group were far-fetched. Nevertheless, it is apparent that in or before October 1944 Fritz Kern became a member of the

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as the government in Paris sought to exploit problems over reparations as justification for the permanent annexation of this coal-rich part of Germany, or at least the permanent conversion of it into a quasi-autonomous "buffer state" under French influence. Towards the end of 1923 Kern was involved

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There were further delays before Kern was able to resume his German residency. He was now in receipt of income in Germany now including, presumably, his university pension, but for the first eight months following his formal retirement any money he received in occupied Germany was directed into a

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with his wife and their youngest child, surviving on the small amounts of income that his wife was able to earn from domestic work in the homes of strangers (which was allowed without a work permit). It was a period of acute privation. Optimistic that they would soon be allowed home, Kern remained

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evolved into a position of opposition to the war, and he was persuaded to remain quietly in Bonn. he was never among the leaders of the anti-war movement, however. His personal life was also in crisis, as he was forced to accept that his elder daughter was incurably ill and would never be able to

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in the course of his travels and studies during happier times. The principal product of his studies during this period was a much expanded version of his 1932 essay "Anfangen der Weltgeschichte" which would be published posthumously as "Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte. Ein Forschungsbericht und

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In Autumn 1948, notwithstanding the bureaucratic hurdles involving visas and other documentation and the continuing deductions on his currency receipts, Kern felt well enough to undertake a major round trip in connection with the ten volume "Historia Mundi" for which he was making preparations.

544:, by now aged 73, had retired the previous year. Kern succeeded to the Bonn History professorship. His wife and children remained in the family home just outside Frankfurt for more than a year, but in July 1923 a suitable newly constructed "professor house" became available for rent in the 359:). The dissertation was published in book form in 1910. Although it highlights its author's formidable skills as a meticulous researcher and interpreter of sources, the book also repeatedly discloses elements of the underlying Franco-German antagonism which were features of the intensified 1153:, became a standard work and has in some ways retained the respect of subsequent scholars more effectively than some of his more recent and more ambitiously scoped works. For German scholars there is an obvious contrast to be drawn with the success of the decentralised evolution of the 971:

special closed account due to inscrutable financial regulations imposed by the British military authorities, the ambiguities of which were copper-plated with ultra-cautious interpretations inferred by nervous German officials. It was only on 17 August 1948 that Kern was able to enter the

223:, a "humanist" secondary school with a strong focus on Greek and Roman culture in its curriculum. He continued to attend this school for ten years. Kern was a scholarly pupil, winning many prizes including one, in 1902 for a speech he delivered as part of the celebrations for of 399:. For Fritz Kern it became an over-riding duty to seek out men of political influence and make himself available for "political" work: between 1914 and 1918 he undertook government work, at times in place of and at times in parallel with, his university responsibilities. 576:

and the surrounding countryside. The background to the incident is one of desperate economic austerity coupled with considerable political complexity and disagreement over finding a way ahead: Kern's interest was presumably fuelled by the fact that the so-called

195:. Both his parents came from legal-administrative "establishment" families, and were members of what would have been considered Württemberg's "minor aristocracy". Hermann von Kern (1854–1932), his father, was a senior government administrator who later became a 371:, Kern came round to a more mainstream view of the evolution of the France during the medieval period, seeing the issues in the context of European political evolution more broadly. With regard to the twentieth century, however, his fevered preoccupation with 243:. However, in 1903 he decided he wished to become not a lawyer but an historian. His father agreed to this change of direction only with the greatest reluctance. There followed six terms as a history student, of which the first two were spent studying at 1065:. In place of the destructive nationalist polemical approach to history that had prevailed across Europe for so long, the idea was to present a universal-historical perspective, grounded in the "Historia Mundi" on which Fritz Kern was already working. The 271:, an old fashioned German nationalist whose lectures on medieval history positively glowed with enthusiasm as he related the deeds and exploits of the more heroic among the German emperors of the medieval period. Schäfer was an unapologetic advocate of the 983:, after which the payments began to flow again, though they continued to be subjected to a 10% deduction by the authorities until the currency reforms of 9 May 1949. By that time, however, he was at least no longer prevented from returning to Germany. 967:). Ideas for the project had evidently been forming in his mind for many years, and securing the publication contract represented the fulfilment of a longstanding ambition: in the event the work would not be published during his lifetime, however. 892:. The military occupation authorities saw no reason to prioritize the return of exiled Germans, which was accordingly prohibited by default. It was not the 1918-style armistice that Kern had anticipated and for which he had been prepared. In 782:

where, thanks to contacts sustained through the 1930s, he was able to use a library and call upon the services of research assistants. In October 1943 he arranged for his extensive accumulation of "research materials" to be conveyed to

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was in failing health and losing his sight. Kern provided extensive practical help in terms of collating, transcribing and publishing primary source document. During his foreign visits over this period he was able to work both on the

905:. As far as hunger and his always delicate health permitted, he worked in the libraries there on his latest academic preoccupations. After accepting that the enforced Swiss exile was not coming to an end any time soon he moved to 733:

to the government's war preparations, which within the higher echelons of the military establishment were widely deplored or mistrusted. Subsequently, Kern also came into contact with the Prussian Finance Minister

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throughout this period.) Despite his support for conservatism, Kern was careful to steer clear of the extremist right. Nevertheless, at least during the immediate post-war period, Kern was no admirer of the

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persuaded the university authorities that Kern's first term at the new university should be replaced by a "holiday" whereby his linguistic abilities and familiarity with "abroad" might be used in the service of

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was permitted to re-open, and "that part of the teaching body remaining intact" were invited to present themselves to a commission of enquiry established by the university senate in order that any necessary

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in order to try and resolve "salary issues" before setting off on a second round trip on 19 January in connection the "Historia Mundi" project. This time his trip, lasting around seven weeks, took him to

367:, but which post-1945 appear as distractions in a work focused on developments in the Medieval period. It is fair to add that during the id-1920s, apparently influenced by the foreign policy approach of 1049:, with an invitation to become involved in a project for the "detoxifying" German history books used in the schools. Kern elaborated the idea into the plan that had already set out in August 1948 at the 656:. Kern was clearly no communist. Nevertheless, he had for many years been warning Germans against Hitler, and as the nature of the regime became ever clearer he was clearly, as a known opponent of the 420:

only in May 1915, following careful negotiation and calculation by the government over which side to back.) There were also briefer missions on behalf of the German Foreign Ministry to

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Fritz Kern's first marriage ended in divorce in 1941. Later that same year he married Elisabeth Charlotte Ahrens (1904 - ), the daughter of Dr. Reinhold Ahrens, a health official from

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Kern comprehensively reworked the text. The book showcases the cultural framework that Kern had by this time developed, whereby he sought to supersede the old historical prisms of

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during 1918/19 to compose an autobiographical memoir on behalf of the latter. The access afforded to the private papers and insights of a "larger than life" figure who had known

624:. Through this period, and even more clearly during the early 1930s, Fritz Kern's own attitudes to the international situation also evolved. He became increasingly committed to 2314:"Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages. Part I, The Divine Right of Kings and the Right of Resistance in the Early Middle Ages; Part II, Law and Constitution in the Middle Ages" 211:(in this instance a senior judicial position) in Stuttgart. Fritz Kern had a sister who was four years younger than he was and a brother who was eleven years his junior. 831:

resistance group. Popitz, Canaris and Oster were all unmasked and during the closing weeks of the war executed for their treason. Through a sense of duty, by the time the

287:. It was published towards the end of that same year as a book. His doctoral research concerned the history of deeds issued by notaries in Italy: it was supervised by 1069:

was established in 1950. Kern lived long enough to be its founding director, with Lortz serving as co-director. The "Historia Mundi" idea was taken forward by others.

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project, on which scholars were by this time working on the third volume. Kern's old tutor, Karl Zeumer, had taken responsibility for the period covered by the reign of

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was destroyed in a bomb attack on 18 October 1944, Kern was back in town. He survived the destruction and made his way to Berlin, but before Christmas 1944 was back in

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support herself. In 1941 Fritz and Bertha Kern were divorced. Kern remarried later that year. At around the same time his entire library was destroyed by enemy bombs.

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Fritz Kern: Gottesgnadentum und Widerstandsrecht im früheren Mittelalter. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Monarchie. Leipzig 1914, Nachdruck Darmstadt 1954, p. XI ff.

1236:). Koehler, Leipzig 1914 (7th edition, unchanged reprint of the 2nd edition of 1954. Produced by Rudolf Buchner. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1980, 942:, and so resume his teaching duties for the Summer 1946 term. However, he had been personally isolated from colleagues (and from virtually everyone else) during the 207:. His mother, born Marie von Hufnagel (1860–1944), was a daughter of Georg Ludwig von Hufnagel (1825–1900), a lawyer who towards the end of his career served as 696:. He continued to support Markov's group even after Markov himself was arrested, sentenced, and in 1936 imprisoned, despite the associated dangers to himself. 2699: 275:

solution to the problem (from the perspective of Berlin) of what to do about Austria. On 15 August 1906, still aged only 22, Kern received his doctorate at

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wrote an essay in which he evaluated and dismissed as "myth" Kern's thesis of a French "expansionist policy" during the medieval period at the expense of

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memoire. Over the next few years he engaged in politics through his parallel career as a journalist and commentator. Meanwhile, in 1922 he moved down-

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birthday, on the intriguing subject "Frederick the Great as Crown Prince". After passing his school final exams, during 1902/03 he spent two terms at the

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Studies by Fritz Kern, Professor in the University of Bonn. Translated with an Introduction by S. B. Chrimes, Lecturer in the University of Glasgow.

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His marriage towards the end of 1909 prompted the realisation that he could not afford to lead a life of total independence. Fritz Kern received his

847:. Two days the Swiss authorities arranged for Kern's wife and child to be "most gently kidnapped" (to quote the English language term used in an 1742: 1572: 1173:

In 1909 Fritz Kern became engaged to and then married Bertha the sixth recorded child and youngest daughter of the recently deceased philosopher

2060: 632:'s economic crisis was followed by destructive levels of unemployment, political polarisation and parliamentary deadlock, during the run-up to 279:

for a piece of work entitled "Dorsualkonzept und Imbreviatur. Zur Geschichte der Notariatsurkunde in Italie". His dissertation earned him a

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and make himself available to go back to his "old job" - presumably a reference to his work between 1915 and 1918, running an archive for the

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requirements might be determined. Kern was self-evidently still "intact" and he expressed the hope that he might be permitted to return on a

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that had emerged during the nineteenth century. His own contributions dealt with characteristic passion about the tragic denouement of the

1456:. Vol. 302. Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte Frankfurt am Main & Vittorio Klostermann GmbH, Frankfurt am Main. 1208:

Acta Imperii Angliae et Franciae ab anno 1267 ad annum 1313. Dokumente vornehmlich zur Geschichte der auswärtigen Beziehungen Deutschlands.

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and on his own complementary researches which concerned the evolution of state institutions and political developments more generally in

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Magnus Ryan (author); Natalie Fryde (compiler-editor); Pierre Monnet (compiler-editor); Otto Gerhard Oexle (compiler-editor) (2002).

1652: 795:, and in August 1944 he joined them there. However, he subsequently arranged to have his family and surviving worldly goods sent to 2339:

Charles Smyth (1 June 1040). "Book Review: Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages. By Fritz Kern. Translated by S. B. Chrimes": 469.

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could no longer be deferred. Meanwhile, after a long period of "preparation", in the first part of 1948 he signed a contract with

644:. Any retreat from his traditionalist ultra-conservatism remained at best ambivalent, however. During the early months of the 463: 1177:. The marriage would be followed in due course by the births of two daughters, ____ and Gisela, along with one son, Berthold. 400: 2043:

Oliver Schillings: Vom Bourgeois zum Citoyen. Fritz Kern zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. Münster 2001, pp. 233–267, 271–274

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as frequently and for as long as the opportunities allowed. The late summer and autumn of 1941 he spent on the shores of the

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would endure. In 1913, despite his relative youth, Fritz Kern was offered and accepted an extraordinary professorship at

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Max Friedrich Ludwig Hermann Kern - always identified in sources simply as Fritz Kern - was born into an upper middle-class

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178c Zweite Vorschlagsliste der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Bonn an das Kultusministerium. Bonn, 30. Juli 1921

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played a desperate double-game as members of the military establishment who were also in touch with British intelligence.

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and the universal history of humanity. His major work, "Gottesgnadentum und Widerstandsrecht im früheren Mittelalter" (

440: 2606:(author) ; Franz Fuchs (compiler-editor); Paul-Joachim Heinig (compiler-editor); Jörg Schwarz (compiler-editor) (2009). 2313: 443:, in August 1915 he took charge of setting up and then running an "archive" for the "Nachrichten-Offizier-Berlin" (NOB: 428:. Kern was also able to engage in networking during his time working for the foreign ministry, becoming acquainted with 2714: 2689: 2393: 1769: 1008:, renewing old contacts and setting up new ones. In December he spent more time in Paris. In January 1949 he visited 499: 2405: 1698: 1536: 1241: 1215: 1046: 972: 280: 1351:"Kern, Fritz: Historiker, * 28.9.1884 Stuttgart, † 21.5.1950 Mainz. (evangelisch, seit Dezember 1949 katholisch)" 1184:. The marriage was followed by the birth of the couple's son, Fritz Kern's fourth recorded child and second son. 1174: 1061:, with a "Universal History" department which he would head up and a "Religious History" department to be led by 771: 347:. The qualification opened up the path to a life-long university career, and he now accepted an academic post at 219:

Following two years in a pre-school, Fritz Kern was still only 8 when he was enrolled at Stuttgart's prestigious

1120:) which appeared in 1919, and in which he sought to show how the law derives from that which is "old and good". 387:

In July 1914 he accepted the offer of a full professorship in Medieval and Modern History at the newly launched

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During the war and directly after it Kern became an increasingly vocal and fervent advocate of an intensely

2694: 952: 889: 856: 839:. In February 1945 Fritz Kern entrusted his German assets to the custody of a lawyer in the border-town of 220: 1359:. Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (HiKo), München. pp. 519–520 2665:. Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek (Electronic version: 2010). 1907. pp. 270–271 918: 909:, settling near the university. He was able to obtain some support for historical research work from the 730: 681: 625: 560: 533: 510:

December 1919 marked a reinvigorated return to political engagement as Fritz Kern became the producer of

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Stammbaum und Artbild der Deutschen und ihrer Verwandten. Ein kultur- und rassengeschichtlicher Versuch.

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Gottesgnadentum und Widerstandsrecht im früheren Mittelalter. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Monarchie

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Gottesgnadentum und Widerstandsrecht im früheren Mittelalter. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Monarchie

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During the middle and later 1920s various events took place which went some way towards "normalising"

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Extremely influential in its day was Kern's substantial essay "Recht und Verfassung im Mittelalter" (

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for the next three years, it is far from certain that he would have chosen the "emigration" option.

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Over the next two and a half years Kern made a number of lengthy "archive study trips", visiting

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and its successors. Nevertheless, the patterns identified by Kern also attract dissent. In 2009

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report of the matter) and bought across the frontier to join him. Had Kern been aware that the

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As far as can be determined, between 1941 and 1944 Fritz Kern underwent a form of self-imposed

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Fritz Kern: Die Anfänge der französischen Ausdehnungspolitik bis zum Jahr 1308. Tübingen 1910.

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in some danger. Between 1933 and 1944 Fritz Kern remained in Germany, choosing a form of "

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BBAW Berlin-Brandenburgische; Wolfgang Neugebauer; Hartwin Spenkuch (26 September 2016).

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edition, entitled "Kingship and law", followed in 1939. In 1954, after Kern had died,

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between nations and peoples, and to the need for pan-European reconciliation. As the

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during the first part of 1909. Between 1906 and 1908, working under the auspices of

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Die Anfänge der französischen Ausdehnungspolitik bis zum Jahr 1308: Mit einer Karte

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he had no money and no work permit. Instead of a quick return home he was stuck in

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Dorsualkonzept und Imbreviatur zur Geschichte der Notariatsurkunde in Italien 1906

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relations with the rest of Europe. These included the conclusion, in 1922, of the

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It is known that, as early as 1934, Fritz Kern was closely associated with the

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Dorsualkonzept und Imbreviatur. Zur Geschichte der Notariatsurkunde in Italien

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was less than two weeks away, and that he would be banned from returning to

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went a step further, conducting secret talks during the summer of 1943 with

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certification from the assessors and a "valde laudabilis" commendation from

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loosely, "The Grace of God and Rights to Resist in the Early Middle Ages"

1098: 1034: 893: 844: 804: 396: 1794: 343:(higher academic qualification) on 10 November 1909, this time from the 1018: 815: 742:. At some point Kern's willingness to work for the military success of 726: 657: 637: 617: 613: 565: 236: 1307:

Aus dem Nachlass herausgegeben von Liselotte Kern. Francke, Bern 1952.

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Friedrich Wilhelm University (as the Humboldt was known at that time)

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Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte. Ein Forschungsbericht und Leitfaden.

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Humana civilitas (Staat, Kirche und Kultur). Eine Dante-Untersuchung

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His universal historical treatise "Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte" (

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among the prisoners of war being held at the processing facility at

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Ralf Forsbach; Dominik Geppert (compiler-editor) (1 October 2018).

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Die Anfänge der französischen Ausdehnungspolitik bis zum Jahr 1308.

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of the expansion, during the early and middle medieval periods, of

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Mohr, Tübingen 1911 (reprinted. Olms, Hildesheim and others 1973,

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The period was one of domestic and international crisis, with the

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The American Historical Review. 1 October 1940. pp. 111–112

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Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der briefadeligen Häuser

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who arranged for his invitation to join a History Symposium in

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where he worked on influencing the press. (Italy entered the

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he was employed as a research assistant for the long-running

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who became involved in politics. He held teaching chairs on

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Dante. 4 Vorträge zur Einführung in die Göttliche Komödie.

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of Germany, thanks to the intervention of his old friend

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A focus of Kern's work was the study of the comparative

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Publikationsorgane: "Die Grenzboten" und "Der Nauticus"

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Fritz Kern 1884-1950, Universalhistoriker und Philosoph

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Kern's earlier published work, setting out a curiously

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Welgeschichte - Globalgeschichte - Europa und die Welt

2178:"70. Todestag des ehemaligen IEG-Direktors Fritz Kern" 884:

while the western two thirds were divided between the

572:" who had launched an anti-government insurrection in 489:. (The former Russian empire was undergoing its own 2199:

Heinz Duchhardt; Matthias Schnettger (19 May 2015).

1670: 1778: 1045:, the general director for Cultural Affairs in the 770:. During the summer of 1942 he spent two months in 524:, returning frequently to material included in the 1996: 1446: 445:loosely, "military intelligence service in Berlin" 2649: 2555: 2476:Die Verfassungsvorrang zwischen Recht und Politik 1859: 485:as a bulwark on behalf of western Europe against 2681: 2513: 2441: 2306: 1749: 992:Between 20 September and 14 November he visited 2239: 2092:. V&R Unipress. pp. 115–196, 180–184. 1812: 1380: 1187: 986: 568:for the students "defending themselves against 155:(28 September 1884 - 21 May 1950) was a German 2657:"II. Linie ... Hartmann (1862) ... Stammreihe" 2596: 2519: 2472: 2252:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 51–78. 2137: 2700:Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt 2562:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–35. 2338: 1929: 1650: 1348: 774:(which was a German puppet state through the 2332: 2249:Feudal Oblighations and Rights of Resistance 787:, a remote village in the mountains between 705:in September 1939. Kern was keen to rush to 451:, at the end of the local railway line into 408:. His initially assignment on behalf of the 2549: 2466: 2079: 2051: 2049: 1853: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1520: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1113:produced a new German edition of the work. 548:quarter of the town and they joined him in 2447: 2089:Repression und Ideologisierung (1933-1945) 1784: 1755: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1376: 1374: 1260:vol. 1, section 1). Koehler, Leipzig 1913. 652:were principally concerned with targeting 626:cultural exchange and mutual understanding 462:position, grappling passionately with the 2170: 2055: 2003:. Duncker & Humblot. pp. 27–35. 1990: 2710:Academic staff of the University of Bonn 2705:Academic staff of the University of Kiel 2046: 1801: 1741:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1571:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1323: 307:in 1908 and, possibly most importantly, 2617:. Böhlau Verlag, Koln. pp. 349–374 2615:König,FürstenundReichim 15. Jahrhundert 1862:"Bezold, Friedrich Gustav Johannes von" 1579: 1497: 1407: 1371: 1305:Geschichte und Entwicklung (Evolution). 353:"Privatdozent" (sub-professorial tutor) 294: 259:. Here he passed through the school of 239:and in order that he might perfect his 138:2. Elisabeth Charlotte Ahrens (1904 - ) 2682: 1942:Leo Just (1904 - 1964) ... Footnote 14 675: 391:. At 30, he was the youngest of the 78:German Federal Republic (West Germany) 2520:Bertil Lundman (1951). "Frizt Kerz". 1997:Frank-Lothar Kroll (1 January 2008). 1386:"In Memoriam Fritz Kern, 1884 - 1950" 1197:, doctoral dissertation, Berlin 1906. 1137:biologically derived social darwinism 963:, for a ten volume "Historia Mundi" ( 382: 2479:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 77–104. 1264:Recht und Verfassung im Mittelalter. 2556:Joseph R. Strayer (26 March 2019). 2450:Recht und Verfassung im Mittelalter 1813:Sebastian Rojek (23 October 2017). 1684:Liselotte Kern (1904-1979) (1980). 1525:Liselotte Kern (1904-1979) (1980). 1151:the highly centralised French state 925:Meanwhile, on 17 November 1945 the 640:government from coming to power in 401:Under-secretary of State Zimmermann 214: 13: 2528:. Journal of Anthropology: 93–95. 2394:Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1895:. De Gruyter. pp. 1286–1288. 1450:Fritz Kern und das gute alte Recht 843:, and on 27 April he crossed into 762:, however, but seems to have left 435:After working for some weeks as a 14: 2736: 2473:Birgit Enzmann (22 August 2009). 2452:(1992 ed.). 978-3534000357. 2000:Publizistische Auseinandersetzung 1945:. V&R Unipress. p. 129. 30:Max Friedrich Ludwig Hermann Kern 1819:. De Gruyter. pp. 330–420. 1693:. Ludwig Rohrscheid GmbH, Bonn. 1067:"Institute for European History" 738:and other members the so-called 715:Combined Military High Command ( 682:anti-government resistance group 505: 136:1. Bertha von Hartmann (1886 - ) 2540: 2297: 2150:"Der Beginn der Weltgeschichte" 2037: 1273:vol. 120, 1919, pp. 1–79, 1175:Eduard von Hartmann (1842–1906) 1118:loosely, "Law and Constitution" 466:. Notably, he teamed up with 127:University of Frankfurt am Main 1133:bourgeois-liberal evolutionism 1055:Institute for European History 1053:History Symposium, for a new " 932:"cleansing" ("denazification") 890:four military occupation zones 862: 758:. He did not simply remain in 585:took place a short distance up 564:in obtaining weapons from the 199:loosely, "national councillor" 170:between 1914 and 1922, and at 1: 2534:10.1080/00141844.1951.9980731 1395:. Anthropos. pp. 666–667 1317: 1125:"Beginnings of World History" 620:of 1929 which dealt with the 330:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 317:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 249:Georg von Below (1858 - 1927) 182: 2065:Portal Rheinische Geschichte 1658:. Max Kern. pp. 351–375 1301:Teubner, Leipzig u. a. 1933. 1188:Published output (selection) 1127:) appeared first in 1933. 987:Detoxifying history teaching 723:Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Canaris 717:"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht" 7: 2205:. De Gruyter. p. 259. 1447:Johannes Liebrecht (2016). 1168: 729:had already set in place a 395:professors. Weeks later, 168:Frankfurt (Main) University 10: 2741: 2345:10.1177/0040571X4004024020 2148:(foreword) (March 1953). 1860:Gisbert Beyerhaus (1955). 1279:10.1524/hzhz.1919.120.jg.1 593:where he was now working. 430:Foreign Minister von Bülow 2715:German resistance members 2690:Historians from Stuttgart 1258:Mittelalterliche Studien. 1226:Mittelalterliche Studien. 1081:hospital on 21 May 1950. 557:value of money collapsing 261:Karl Zeumer (1849 - 1914) 142: 132: 118: 106: 84: 58: 25: 18: 1867:Neue Deutsche Biographie 1356:Neue Deutsche Biographie 1312: 1072: 959:, a publishing house in 872:eastern third of Germany 727:General Major Hans Oster 612:of 1925, along with the 559:and French forces still 460:nationalist-conservative 437:simultaneous interpreter 263:, a noted specialist in 2559:The King and his family 2144:Fitz Kern (main text); 1393:Analecta et Additamenta 1269:Historische Zeitschrift 1084: 886:principal allied powers 711:intelligence department 561:occupying the Rhineland 412:involved travelling to 389:University of Frankfurt 247:where he was taught by 177: 174:between 1922 and 1946. 2368:Cite journal requires 1653:"Fritz Kern 1884-1950" 1651:Hans Hallmann (1980). 1349:Hans Hallmann (1977). 1295:Lehmann, München 1927. 1041:, he was contacted by 973:French occupation zone 965:"History of the World" 901:near the frontier, in 810:Between 1942 and 1944 803:and the frontier with 731:clandestine opposition 502:with deep misgivings. 229:University of Lausanne 205:Kingdom of Württemberg 74:North Rhine-Westphalia 1077:Fritz Kern died in a 911:Societas Verbi Divini 622:war reparations issue 570:Rhineland separatists 361:Franco–German rivalry 1250:Mohr, Tübingen 1914. 1203:Mohr, Tübingen 1910. 1144:deterministic vision 922:Leitfaden" in 1953. 668:and focusing on his 542:Friedrich von Bezold 496:new republican order 477:well, served in the 464:"war guilt" question 373:Franco–German enmity 295:Academic progression 112:University professor 2695:German medievalists 2448:Fritz Kern (1972). 1937:Matthias Schnettger 1785:Fritz Kern (1910). 1756:Fritz Kern (1906). 1043:Raymond Schmittlein 938:being organised by 915:Posieux-Froideville 676:Twelve Hitler years 658:National Socialists 518:National liberalism 365:Franco-Prussian War 2641:has generic name ( 2604:Jean-Marie Moeglin 2278:has generic name ( 2118:has generic name ( 1971:has generic name ( 1159:Jean-Marie Moeglin 927:University of Bonn 833:University of Bonn 686:University of Bonn 672:responsibilities. 638:National Socialist 538:University of Bonn 406:the imperial state 383:Government service 363:that followed the 345:University of Kiel 285:his own supervisor 123:University of Bonn 2569:978-0-691-19838-5 2486:978-3-531-91633-0 2459:978-3-534-00035-7 2259:978-3-525-35391-2 2212:978-3-11-039717-8 2099:978-3-8470-0839-2 2010:978-3-428-52822-6 1952:978-3-8470-1115-6 1902:978-3-11-046753-6 1826:978-3-11-053013-1 1463:978-3-465-04288-4 1287:978-3-534-20883-8 1206:als Herausgeber: 1155:Holy Roman empire 1148:what later became 1057:" to be based in 756:security services 740:Wednesday Society 713:on behalf of the 692:doctoral student 650:security services 646:Hitler government 602:Treaty of Rapallo 546:Baumschulwäldchen 491:Civil War agonies 369:Gustav Stresemann 281:"magna cum laude" 273:"Greater Germany" 150: 149: 114:Writer-journalist 40:28 September 1884 2732: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2612: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2216: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2154: 2146:Hermann Trimborn 2141: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2123: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2053: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2014: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1956: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1810: 1799: 1798: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1692: 1681: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1648: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1522: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1455: 1444: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1390: 1378: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1346: 853:German surrender 824:Heinrich Himmler 662:Inner emigration 630:Great Depression 616:of 1925 and the 610:Locarno Treaties 608:and the various 410:Foreign Ministry 269:Dietrich Schäfer 215:Formal education 209:senate president 65: 39: 37: 16: 15: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2638: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2585: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 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1190: 1171: 1099:Medieval period 1097:history in the 1087: 1075: 989: 875:became parts of 865: 820:Johannes Popitz 799:, close to the 736:Johannes Popitz 678: 579:Siebengebirge ( 508: 385: 334:Medieval France 297: 291:(1864 – 1921). 221:Karls-Gymnasium 217: 185: 180: 172:Bonn University 137: 125: 113: 111: 99: 95: 91: 85:Alma mater 80: 67: 63: 54: 41: 35: 33: 32: 31: 21: 12: 11: 5: 2738: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2677: 2676: 2648: 2639:|author1= 2595: 2568: 2548: 2539: 2512: 2485: 2465: 2458: 2440: 2406: 2379: 2370:|journal= 2331: 2305: 2296: 2276:|author1= 2258: 2238: 2211: 2191: 2169: 2157:Francke Verlag 2136: 2116:|author2= 2098: 2078: 2045: 2036: 2009: 1989: 1951: 1928: 1901: 1881: 1852: 1825: 1800: 1777: 1771:978-9333694056 1770: 1748: 1699: 1669: 1578: 1537: 1496: 1462: 1406: 1370: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1261: 1251: 1245: 1228:vol. 1, H. 2, 1219: 1204: 1198: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1170: 1167: 1135:together with 1111:Rudolf Buchner 1095:constitutional 1086: 1083: 1074: 1071: 988: 985: 957:Francke Verlag 948:denazification 919:Vienna Mission 868:After May 1945 864: 861: 684:set up at the 677: 674: 583:) insurrection 513:Die Grenzboten 507: 504: 426:Constantinople 384: 381: 296: 293: 216: 213: 184: 181: 179: 176: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 120: 116: 115: 108: 104: 103: 86: 82: 81: 68: 66:(aged 65) 60: 56: 55: 42: 29: 27: 23: 22: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2737: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2644: 2632: 2616: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2591: 2579: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2461: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2424: 2409: 2407:3-534-00129-X 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2300: 2292: 2281: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2234: 2222: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2195: 2179: 2173: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2121: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057:Ralf Forsbach 2052: 2050: 2040: 2032: 2020: 2012: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1985: 1974: 1969:|author= 1962: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1932: 1924: 1912: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1885: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1836: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1767: 1764:, Stuttgart. 1763: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1737: 1725: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1700:3-7928-0413-1 1696: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1574: 1567: 1555: 1540: 1538:3-7928-0413-1 1534: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1492: 1480: 1465: 1459: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 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761: 757: 753: 748: 745: 741: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 718: 712: 708: 704: 701: 697: 695: 694:Walter Markov 691: 687: 683: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 582: 581:"seven hills" 575: 571: 567: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 514: 506:After the war 503: 501: 497: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:imperial navy 476: 472: 469: 468:Grand admiral 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 398: 397:war broke out 394: 390: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 292: 290: 289:Michael Tangl 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265:legal history 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 233:Jurisprudence 230: 226: 225:the emperor's 222: 212: 210: 206: 202: 200: 197:"Staatsrat" ( 194: 190: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 158: 154: 145: 141: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 109: 107:Occupation(s) 105: 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