French invasion of Egypt and Syria

2400: 2853: 2612: 4165: 3710:, one by land to Gaza and another by land to Arish. During the retreat the army picked clean all the lands through which they passed, with livestock, crops and houses all being destroyed. Gaza was the only place to be spared, in return for remaining loyal to Bonaparte. To speed the retreat, Napoleon suggested the controversial step of euthanizing his own soldiers who were terminally ill with plague (between 15 and 50, sources vary) and not expected to recover through an opium overdose, to relieve their suffering, ease the retreat, prevent the spread of the disease and prevent the torture and executions the soldiers left behind would have received if captured by the enemy; his doctors refused to carry out such orders but there is also evidence in the form of first-hand testimonies that claim the mass euthanasia did take place, and the matter remains one for debate. 854: 835: 4048:– as Bonaparte saw it, this meant France needed him and would welcome him back. With the Egyptian campaign stagnating and political instability developing back home, a new phase in Bonaparte's career was beginning – he felt that he had nothing left to do in Egypt which was worthy of his ambition and that (as had been shown by the defeat at Acre) the forces he had left to him there were not sufficient for an expedition of any importance outside of Egypt. Bonaparte thus spontaneously decided to return to France. According to an accusatory letter by General Kléber, his successor in Egypt, Napoleon also foresaw that the army was getting yet weaker from losses in battle and to disease and would soon have to surrender and be taken prisoner by its enemies, which would destroy all the prestige he had won by his many victories. 2529: 5238: 2520:, have tyrannised the most beautiful part of the world; but God, on whom all depends, has ordained that their empire shall end. People of Egypt, they have told you that I come to destroy your religion, but do not believe it; in reply I come to restore your rights, punish the usurpers and that I respect God, his prophet and the Quran more than the Mamluks. Tell them that all men are equal before God; wisdom, talents, virtues are the only things to make one man different from another... Is there a more beautiful land? It belongs to the Mamluks. If Egypt is their farm, then they should show the lease that God gave them for it... Cadis, cheiks, imans, tchorbadjis, and notables of the nation tell the people that we are true friends of Muslims. Wasn't it us who destroyed the 3504: 2118: 4270: 3933: 9468: 67: 1006: 968: 331: 319: 181: 534: 523: 3727:, the head of the French army, general Bonaparte, who loves Mahomet's religion; he is back sound and well, thanking God for the favours he has given him. He has entered Cairo by the gate of Victory. This day is a great day; no one has ever seen its like; all the inhabitants of Cairo have come out to meet him. They have seen and recognised that it is the same commander in chief, Bonaparte, in his own person; but those of Jaffa, having refused to surrender, he handed them all over to pillage and death in his anger. He has destroyed all its ramparts and killed all those found there. There were around 5,000 of Jezzar's troops in Jaffa – he destroyed them all. 9403: 9335: 977: 512: 501: 490: 479: 468: 457: 437: 236: 1318: 1301: 545: 2524:? Wasn't it us who destroyed the Pope who used to say that he had a duty to make war on Muslims? Wasn't it us who have at all times been friends to the Great Lord and enemies to his enemies? ... Thrice happy are those who will be with us! They shall prosper in their fortune and in their rank. Happy are those who will be neutral! They will get to know us over time, and join their ranks with ours. But unhappy, thrice unhappy, are those who shall arm themselves for the Mamluks and who shall fight against us! There shall be no hope for them, they shall perish. 2623: 2819: 5253: 9209: 3302:, and followed by a 300-man escort, Bonaparte set out for the Red Sea and after three days' marching across the desert he and his caravan arrived at Suez. After giving orders to complete the fortifications at Suez, Bonaparte crossed the Red Sea and on 28 December moved into Sinai to look for the celebrated mountains of Moses 17 kilometres from Suez. On his return, surprised by the rising tide, he ran the risk of drowning. Arriving back at Suez, after much exploration the expedition fulfilled its aim, finding the remains of the 425: 408: 397: 386: 375: 364: 353: 342: 194: 2682: 4151: 3323: 2837: 564: 277: 8867: 949: 938: 920: 909: 898: 887: 876: 865: 1267: 1335: 253: 1255: 1027: 987: 816: 805: 794: 775: 755: 743: 724: 713: 702: 691: 680: 669: 658: 647: 636: 619: 608: 589: 576: 290: 1284: 3576: 2580: 4106:, where contrary winds kept them until 8 October, when they set out for France. This was the last time Napoleon set foot upon his birthland. When the coast came in sight, ten British ships were sighted. Contre-amiral Ganteaume suggested changing course towards Corsica, but Bonaparte said "No, this manoeuvre would lead us to England, and I want to get to France." This courageous act saved them and on 8 October (16 vendémiaire year VIII) the frigates anchored in the roads off 418: 3565: 206: 6064:

dit-il; eh bien! il faut rester ici, ou en sortir grands comme les anciens. » L'armée se montra satisfaite de cette courte et si énergique allocution; mais les populations indigènes, considérant la défaite d'Aboukir comme un retour prochain de la fortune en leur faveur, s'occupèrent dès lors des moyens de secouer le joug odieux que des étrangers s'efforçaient de leur imposer, et de les chasser de leur pays. Ce project eut bientôt un commencement d'exécution.

4083:. On 23 August, a proclamation informed the army that Bonaparte had transferred his powers as commander in chief to General Kléber. This news was taken badly, with the soldiers angry with Bonaparte and the French government for leaving them behind, but this indignation soon ended, since the troops were confident in Kléber, who convinced them that Bonaparte had not left permanently but would soon be back with reinforcements from France. As night fell, the frigate 1222: 5227: 1229: 12972: 3850:. On 12 February, General Davout discovered the enemy positions and immediately made his military arrangements. He formed his cavalry in two lines, and, in this order of battle, he swooped down on the Mamluks. Osman bey Hassan was dangerously wounded, as he saw his horse killed under him. The French cavalry rushed with such impetuosity on the Ottomans, and the fight turned into fury. However, the Mamluks were defeated and forced to abandon the battlefield. 3500:

besiegers' cannonballs caused one of the towers to crumble. Despite the defenders' desperate resistance, Jaffa fell. Two days and two nights of carnage were enough to assuage the French soldiers' fury – 4,500 prisoners were shot or beheaded by an executioner taken on in Egypt. This vengeful execution found apologists, who wrote that Napoleon could neither afford to hold such a large number of prisoners nor let them escape to rejoin Jezzar's ranks.

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have to stay here, or leave as great men just as the ancients did". The army then showed itself happy at this short energetic response, but the native Egyptians considered the defeat at Aboukir as fortune turning in their favour and so from then on busied themselves to find means to throw off the hateful yoke the foreigners were trying to impose on them by force and to hunt them from their country. This project was soon put into execution.

3164: 9433: 1784: 9378: 4610:, set up to propagandise the expeditionary force itself and support its morale. Such propaganda spread back to France, where news of defeats such as at sea in Aboukir Bay and on land in Syria were suppressed. Defeats could be blamed on the now-assassinated Kléber, leaving Napoleon free from blame and with a burnished reputation. This opened his way to power and he profited from his reputation by engineering his becoming 1236: 12992: 4684:

expressed the Mamelukes' wish to become the bodyguard to the first consul. They wished to serve him as living shields against those who would seek to harm him. The first consul became receptive of admitting a unit of carefully selected cavalrymen as his personal guard. He had an officer pay appropriate respects to the foreign troops and provided Napoleon himself with a full report to the number of refugees.

13002: 7293: 3866:. On 3 March, Ottomans launched an attack on the flotilla which was called "L' Italie" led by Captain Morandi with 200 marines and 300 wounded and blind on board. Morandi tried to manoeuvre but the vessel was boarded by hundreds of invaders, in which he ordered that the vessel to be set on fire. He was later killed by rain of hostile bullets. However, all on board were eventually mutilated and killed. 3684:, commander of the British fleet, and his ships' crews landed. These factors renewed the courage of the besieged and they pushed Bonaparte's force back, with stubborn fury on both sides. Three final consecutive assaults were all repulsed, convincing Bonaparte that it would be unwise to continue trying to capture Acre. He raised the siege in May and consoled his soldiers with the proclamation: 3492:. This city was surrounded by high walls flanked by towers. Jezzar had entrusted its defence to elite troops, with the artillery manned by 1,200 Ottoman gunners. The city was one of the ways into Syria, its port could be used by his fleet and a large part of the expedition's success depended on its fall. This meant Bonaparte had to capture the city before advancing further, and so he laid 3532:

sick and touched them, saying "See, it's nothing", then left the hospital and told those who thought his actions unwise "It was my duty, I'm commander-in-chief". Some later historians state that Napoleon avoided touching or even meeting plague-sufferers to avoid catching it and that his visits to the sick were invented by later Napoleonic propaganda. For example, long after the campaign,

3156: 2711:. He is said to have shown his army the pyramids behind the enemy's left flank and at the moment of ordering the attack shouted "Soldiers, see the tops of the Pyramids" – in accounts written long afterwards, this phrase was altered into "Soldiers, remember that from the top of these pyramids, 40 centuries of history contemplate you." This was the start of the so-called 3207:. Excited by the sheikhs and imams, the local citizens swore by the Prophet to exterminate all and any Frenchman they met, and all Frenchmen they encountered – at home or in the streets – were mercilessly slaughtered. Crowds rallied at the city gates to keep out Bonaparte, who was repulsed and forced to take a detour to get in via the Boulaq gate. 3626:

ordered a general sortie against Bonaparte's camp. This sortie was supported by its own artillery and a naval bombardment from the British. With his usual impetuosity, Bonaparte pushed Jezzar's columns back against their own walls and then went to help Kléber, who was retrenched in the ruins with 4,000 Frenchmen under his command against 20,000 Ottomans at

3803:. On 22 January, Desaix formed three squares, two infantry and one cavalry. The latter was placed in the centre of the other two, in order to be protected. The French were scarcely drawn up in line, as the enemy cavalry completely surrounded them, while a column of Arabs from Yanbu fired continuously on their left. Desaix instructed the riflemen of the 4099:

board on the Egyptian coast unopposed with the fleet bearing his large army. It has been suggested that Sidney Smith and other British commanders in the Mediterranean helped Napoleon evade the Royal Navy blockade, thinking that he might act as a Royalist element back in France, but there is no solid historical evidence in support of this conjecture.

2599:. These precautions were made vital by the imminent arrival of the British fleet, which had already been seen near Alexandria 24 hours before the French fleet's arrival. It was wisest to avoid the risks of a naval battle – a defeat could have disastrous results and it was in the force's better interests to go by land, marching at top speed to 2662:, with orders to seize and hold the entrance to the port housing the French fleet, which had to follow the route to Cairo down the river's left bank and rejoin the army at Rahmanié. On 20 Messidor (8 July), Bonaparte arrived at Demenhour, where he found the forces that had met up, and on 22 Messidor they marched to 3238:. Bonaparte said that "He is too late – you've begun, now I will finish!". He then immediately ordered his cannon to open fire on the Mosque. The French broke down the gates and stormed into the building, massacring the inhabitants. At the end of the revolt 5,000 to 6,000 Cairenes were dead or wounded. 3719:

force was largely destroyed and Bonaparte himself was dead. On his return Bonaparte scotched these rumours by re-entering Egypt as if he was at the head of a triumphal army, with his soldiers carrying palm branches, emblems of victory. In his proclamation to the inhabitants of Cairo, Bonaparte told them:

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An unusual aspect of the Egyptian expedition was the inclusion of an enormous contingent of scientists and scholars ("savants") assigned to the invading French force, 167 in total. This deployment of intellectual resources is considered as an indication of Napoleon's devotion to the principles of the

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ensued. In a few hours the trenches were taken, 10,000 Ottomans drowned in the sea and the rest captured or killed. Most of the credit for the French victory that day goes to Murat, who captured Mustapha himself. Mustapha's son was in command of the fort and he and all his officers survived but were

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Shortly after Bonaparte's return from facing Ibrahim came Mohammed's birthday, which was celebrated with great pomp. Bonaparte himself directed the military parades for the occasion, preparing for this festival in the sheik's house wearing oriental dress and a turban. It was on this occasion that the

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After the naval defeat at Aboukir, Bonaparte's campaign remained land-bound. His army still succeeded in consolidating power in Egypt, although it faced repeated nationalist uprisings, and Napoleon began to behave as absolute ruler of all Egypt. He set up a pavilion and from within it presided over a

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The campaign ultimately ended in failure, with 15,000 French troops killed in action and 15,000 by disease. Napoleon's reputation as a brilliant military commander remained intact and continued to increase, despite some of his failures during the campaign. This was due to his expert propaganda, such

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built a hot air balloon from paper, coloured with the tricolour red, white and blue of the French Republic. They launched the balloon above Azbakiyya Square above a crowd of spectators, but the balloon soon fell to earth, causing panic among the spectators. The French had also planned to demonstrate

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On their 41-day voyage back they did not meet a single enemy ship to stop them, with some sources suggesting that Bonaparte had purchased the British fleet's neutrality via a tacit agreement, though others hold this unlikely, since many would argue that he also had a pact with Nelson to leave him to

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Sidney Smith had sent him, he was in communication with the British fleet, from which he had learned of events in France. As Bonaparte saw (and later mythologised) France was thrown back into retreat, its enemies had recaptured France's conquests, France was unhappy at its dictatorial government and

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had profound implications for the Bedouin resistance. Suddenly finding themselves abandoned by an erstwhile ally and their main source of supply gone, Bedouin tribes faced increased pressure from both French forces and, indirectly, Ottoman-backed elements. The French, now also knowing of the Ottoman

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led his forces to fight 3,000 Meccan Infantry and 350 Mamluks in the plain of Abnud, located on the right bank of the Nile to the south of Qena. The French with their square formation managed to advance on the Ottoman forces who later garrisoned themselves in the houses of Abnud. The fighting lasted

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After sixty days' repeated attacks and two murderous and inconclusive assaults, the city remained uncaptured. Even so, it was still awaiting reinforcements by sea as well as a large army forming up in Asia on the sultan's orders to march against the French. To find out the latter's movements, Jezzar

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and Bonaparte organised the most magnificent celebration possible. On his orders, an immense circus was built in the largest square in Cairo, with 105 columns (each with a flag bearing the name of a département) round the edge and a colossal inscribed obelisk at the centre. On seven classical altars

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On the night of the 1st of July, Bonaparte who was informed that Alexandria intended to resist him, rushed to get a force ashore without waiting for the artillery or the cavalry to land, in which he marched on Alexandria at the head of 4,000 to 5,000 men. At 2 am, 2 July, he set off marching in

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The fleet was about to set sail when a crisis developed with Austria, and the Directory recalled Bonaparte in case war broke out. The crisis was resolved in a few weeks, and Bonaparte received orders to travel to Toulon as soon as possible. It is claimed that, in a stormy meeting with the Directory,

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The French force's situation was now critical – the enemy could harass its rear as it retreated, it was tired and hungry in the desert, and it was carrying a large number of plague-sufferers. To carry these sufferers in the middle of the army would spread the disease, so they had to be carried

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to treat those of his soldiers who had caught the plague, whose symptoms had been seen among them since the start of the siege. A report from generals Bon and Rampon on the plague's spread worried Bonaparte. To calm his army, it is said he went into the sufferers' rooms, spoke with and consoled the

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Reynier and the vanguard quickly arrived before Arish, captured it, destroyed part of the garrison and forced the rest to take refuge in the castle. At the same time he caused Ibrahim's mamluks to flee and captured their camp. Bonaparte's French forces left Egypt on 5 February and, seven days after

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16 km (10 mi) from Syria's frontier with Egypt, which he was in charge of guarding. Certain that war with the Ottoman sultan was imminent and that he would be unable to defend against the Ottoman army, Bonaparte decided that his best defence would be to attack them first in Syria, where a

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Even so, thanks to the taxes he imposed on them to support his army, the Egyptians remained unconvinced of the sincerity of all Bonaparte's attempts at conciliation and continued to attack him ceaselessly. Any means, even sudden attacks and assassination, were allowed to force the "infidels" out of

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The transports had sailed back to France, but the battle fleet stayed and supported the army along the coast. The British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson had been searching in vain for the French fleet for weeks. The British fleet had not found it in time to prevent the landings in Egypt,

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The winds' violence suddenly forced the fleet to the army's left and straight into the enemy fleet, which was supported by musket fire from 4,000 Mamluks, reinforced by peasants and Arabs. The French fleet had numerical superiority but still lost its gunboats to the enemy. Attracted by the sound of

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The committee, after carrying through the trial with all due solemnity and process, thought it necessary to follow Egyptian customs in its application of punishment; it condemned the assassin to be impaled after having his right hand burned; and three of the guilty sheikhs to be beheaded and their

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had landed seven siege artillery pieces at Jaffa. Bonaparte then ordered two assaults, both vigorously repulsed. A fleet was sighted flying the Ottoman flag and Bonaparte realised he must capture the city before that fleet arrived with reinforcements. A fifth general attack was ordered, which took

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to equal citizens, permitting them to “carry weapons, mount mules or horses, wear turbans and dress in whatever way they like”. He also punished those who had killed Copts in the chaos following the French arrival. In return, he demanded that the Copts show “zeal and fidelity in the service of the

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and the infelicitous style of their proclamations. Over the course of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, al-Jabarti wrote a wealth of material regarding the French and their occupation tactics. Among his observations, he rejected Napoleon's claim that the French were "muslims" (the wrong noun case was

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Eighty ships have dared to attack Alexandria but, beaten back by the artillery in that place, they have gone to anchor in Aboukir Bay, where they began disembarking . I leave them to do this, since my intention is to attack them, to kill all those who do not wish to surrender, and to leave others

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Mourad Bey and Osman bey Hassan, who commanded the Mamluk corps, could not stand against the charge of Davout's cavalry. They abandoned their positions, and dragged the whole army in their flight. The French pursued their enemies until the next day, and did not stop until after having pushed them

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Finally, after four months away from Egypt, the expedition arrived back at Cairo with 1,800 wounded, having lost 600 men to the plague and 1,200 to enemy action. In the meantime Ottoman and British emissaries had brought news of Bonaparte's setback at Acre to Egypt, stating that his expeditionary

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to coordinate attacks on French outposts, supply caravans, and vulnerable positions. These coordinated efforts were instrumental in sowing discord among the French ranks and hindering their ability to consolidate control over the region. While the Bedouin insurgency was primarily characterized by

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This disastrous event did not disconcert at all – ever impenetrable, he did not allow any emotion to appear that he had not tested in his mind. Having calmly read the despatch which informed him that he and his army were now prisoners in Egypt, he said "We no longer have a navy. Well! We'll

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Colonel Barthelemy Serra took the first steps towards creating a Mameluke Corps in France. On September 27, 1800, he wrote a letter from Cairo to the first consul, couched in an Oriental style. He regretted being very far away from Napoleon and offered his total devotion to the French nation and

4364:, discovered the Rosetta Stone in July 1799. Many of the antiquities discovered by the French in Egypt, including the stone, were signed over to the British at the end of the campaign by Menou as part of his treaty with Hutchinson. The French scholars' research in Egypt gave rise to the 4-volume 3818:

The Arabs were attacked so vividly which forced them to flee, leaving about thirty of their own in the square, both killed and wounded. Afterwards, the Arabs of Yanbu, having rallied, came back to attack, and wanted to capture the village of Samhud, but the riflemen of the 96th Infantry Regiment

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and firing them at areas containing rebel forces. During the night, French soldiers advanced around Cairo and destroyed any barricades and fortifications they came across. The rebels soon began to be pushed back by the strength of the French forces, gradually losing control of their areas of the

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on the occupiers but also undermined the morale of French forces along with undermining the security of French lines, contributing to the overall difficulty of maintaining control over the deserts. Despite the constant attacks by Bedouin tribes, the French ultimately maintained control in urban

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managed to slip half of their ships in between the land and the French line, thus attacking from both sides. In a few hours 11 out of the 13 French ships of the line and 2 out of the 4 French frigates were captured or destroyed; the four remaining ships fled. This frustrated Bonaparte's goal of

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Ce désastreux événement ne le déconcerta point: toujours impénétrable, nul ne s'aperçut de l'émotion qu'il devait éprouver intérieurement. Après avoir lu tranquillement la dépêche qui lui apprenait que lui et son armée étaient dès lors prisonniers en Egypte: « Nous n'avons plus de flotte,

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and in the course of the expedition the scholars also observed and drew the flora and fauna in Egypt and became interested in the country's resources. The Egyptian Institute saw the construction of laboratories, libraries, and a printing press. The group worked prodigiously, and some of their

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First Bonaparte advanced to Alexandria, from which he marched to Aboukir, whose fort was now strongly garrisoned by the Ottomans. Bonaparte deployed his army so that Mustapha would have to win or die with all his family. Mustapha's army was 18,000 strong and supported by several cannons, with

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fire from Maltese fortifications. The French troops met some initial resistance but pressed forward. The Knights' ill-prepared force in that region, numbering only about 2,000, regrouped. The French pressed on with their attack. After a fierce gun battle lasting twenty-four hours, most of the

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All the outer works were in the besiegers' power and a breach could be produced. When Bonaparte sent a Turk to the city's commander to demand his surrender, the commander beheaded him despite the envoy's neutrality and ordered a sortie. He was repulsed and on the evening of the same day the

4442:, Africa, India and even much of Eastern Europe and Russia, printing was a minor, specialised activity until the 18th century at least. From about 1720, the Mutaferrika Press in Istanbul produced substantial amounts of printing, some of which the Egyptian clerics were aware of at the time. 3782:

In the meantime, Mourad Bey's army was reinforced by a thousand sheriffs arriving from beyond the Red Sea, two hundred and fifty Mamluks led Hassan bey Jeddaoui and Osman bey Hassan, in addition to Nubians and North Africans led by Sheikh Al-Kilani, where they encamped near the village of

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Upon hearing these endeavours, General Davout mobilized his forces on 2–3 January 1799, where he met a multitude of armed men near the village of Sawaqui. The insurgents were easily routed, and eight hundred of them remained on the battlefield. However, the locals kept gathering around

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in the rear, where they were most at risk from the fury of the Ottomans, keen to avenge the massacres at Jaffa. There were two hospital depots, one in the large hospital on Mount Carmel and the other at Jaffa. On Bonaparte's orders, all those at Mount Carmel were evacuated to Jaffa and

2172:, to join the forces of Tipu Sultan and drive away the English." The Directory agreed to the plan in March, though troubled by its scope and cost. They saw that it would remove the popular and over-ambitious Napoleon from the centre of power, though this motive long remained secret. 3045:'s entrenchments and attacked the French, who formed themselves into three squares, one large and two small at its angles. The Mamluks as previous encounters attacked furiously but were repulsed. The Mamluks attempted to use their four cannons, but a vigorous attack led by Captain 3994:

captured and sent back to Cairo as part of the French triumphal procession. Seeing Bonaparte return with these high-ranking prisoners, the population of Cairo superstitiously welcomed him as a prophet-warrior who had predicted his own triumph with such remarkable precision.

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replied that only two foreign ships would be allowed to enter the port at a time. Under that restriction, re-victualling the French fleet would take weeks, and it would be vulnerable to the British fleet of Admiral Nelson. Napoleon therefore ordered the invasion of Malta.

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Bonaparte's initial use of Arabic in his printed proclamations was rife with error. In addition to much of the awkwardly translated Arabic wording being unsound grammatically, often the proclamations were so poorly constructed that they were undecipherable. The French

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in August, Napoleon wrote, "I hope... I shall be able to unite all the wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform regime based on the principles of the Quran which alone are true and which alone can lead men to happiness." Bonaparte's secretary

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was critical of Napoleon and the French, he preferred them over the Ottomans. To Jabarti, Napoleon was compassionate towards Muslims and poor folk and he safeguarded the lives of innocents and civilians. This was at odds with the "arrogance, cruelty and tyranny" of

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silently moored by the shore, with three other ships escorting her. Some became worried when a British corvette was sighted at the moment of departure, but Bonaparte cried "Bah! We'll get there, luck has never abandoned us, we shall get there, despite the English."

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From the English, famous for arts and commerce, to the hideous and fierce Bedouin, you have caught the gaze of the world. Soldiers, your destiny is fair... This day, 40 million citizens celebrate the era of representative government, 40 million citizens think of

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in particular. The invasion demonstrated the military, technological, and organisational superiority of the Western European powers to the Middle East. This led to profound social changes in the region. The invasion introduced Western inventions, such as the

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and 500 men. However, after a rather lively shooting in the city, the defenders gave up and fled. The city had not had time to surrender and put itself at the French's discretion but, despite Bonaparte's orders, the French soldiers broke into the city.

2332:... Soldiers, sailors, you have been neglected until this day; today, the greatest concern of the Republic is for you... The genius of liberty, which made you, at her birth, the arbiter of Europe, wants to be genius of the seas and the furthest nations. 2883:

and claiming friendship between France and the Ottoman Empire despite French intervention in the breakaway state. This position as a liberator initially gained him solid support in Egypt and later led to admiration for Napoleon from the Albanian

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reports that, "Bonaparte was a master of what we would now call spin, and his genius for it is demonstrated by reports in Arabic sources that several of his more outlandish allegations were actually taken seriously in the Egyptian countryside."

2999:(French) Republic”. On 21 December 1798, he appointed four Coptic members to his new consultative assembly that replaced the first assemblies, and which did not include Copts, and which he had to abolish soon after the First Cairo Revolution. 2472:

used to protect all religions. You will here find different customs to those of Europe, you must get accustomed to them. The people among whom we are going treat women differently to us; but in every country whoever violates one is a monster.

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organized French military. Utilizing their mobility and mastery of desert navigation, the Bedouin struck swiftly and retreated into the vast expanses, making it challenging for the French to pursue and engage them in a conventional battle.

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Soldiers! You are one of the wings of the French army. You have made war on the mountains, on the plains, and in cities; it remains for you to fight on the seas. The Roman legions, that you sometimes imitated but no longer equalled, fought

2160:. He assured the Directory that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions." According to a 13 February report by 3330:

In the meantime the Ottomans in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) received news of the French fleet's destruction at Aboukir and believed this spelled the end for Bonaparte and his expedition, trapped in Egypt. Sultan

2313:, the officer in charge of preparing the fleet. The army embarked confident in their commander's talent and on 19 May, just as he embarked, Bonaparte addressed the troops, especially those who had served under him in the 4038:

The land battle at Abukir was Bonaparte's last action in Egypt, partly restoring his reputation after the French naval defeat at the same place a year earlier. During the prisoner exchange at Aboukir and notably via the

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and the Nile by order of the pharaohs. Before setting out on the expedition, he gave Cairo back its self-government as a token of its pardon – a new 'divan' made up of 60 members replaced the military commission.

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where it landed on 1 July, although Napoleon's plan had been to land elsewhere. On the day of the landing, Napoleon told his troops "I promise to each soldier who returns from this expedition, enough to purchase six

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granted him the title Ali-Bonaparte after Bonaparte proclaimed himself "a worthy son of the Prophet" and "favourite of Allah". Around the same time he took severe measures to protect pilgrim caravans from Egypt to

2905:), it was merely in his character of a military and political chief in a Mussulman country. To do so was essential to his success, to the safety of his army, and... to his glory... In India he would have been for 4664:, processes were set in motion between East and West that still dominate our contemporary cultural and political perspectives. And the Napoleonic expedition, with its great collective monument of erudition, the 2101:

and an opponent of British control in that country. As France was not ready for a head-on attack on Great Britain itself, the Directory decided to intervene indirectly and create a "double port" connecting the

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After feeding the war for three months in the heart of Syria with a handful of men, taking forty guns, fifty flags, 10,000 prisoners, razing the fortifications of Gaza, Kaïffa, Jaffa, Acre, we shall return to

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only enriches a small number of men; it dishonours us, it destroys our resources; it makes enemies of the people who it is in our interest to have as our friends. The first city we will encounter was built by

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with the aim of propagating Enlightenment values in Egypt through interdisciplinary work, including improving its agricultural and architectural techniques. A scientific review was created under the title

1884:. Napoleon proclaimed the invasion as being intended to "defend French trade interests" and to establish "scientific enterprise" in the region, and envisioned the campaign as the first step of a march to 10555: 4854: 3751:, capital of Upper Egypt, and waited there for a flotilla to bring them ammunition. However, twenty days passed without hearing of the flotilla. In the meantime, Mourad Bey had contacted chieftains from 2707:. The heat was unbearable and the army was exhausted and needed a rest, but there was not enough time and so Bonaparte drew up his 25,000 troops for battle approximately 15 km (9 mi) from the 2567:

three columns, on the left, Menou attacked the "triangular fort", where he received seven wounds, while Kléber was in the centre, in which he received a bullet in the forehead but was only wounded, and

2424:

The peoples we will be living alongside are Muslims; their first article of faith is "There is no other god but God, and Mahomet is his prophet". Do not contradict them; treat them as you treated the

3068:. Bedouin tribes, traditionally nomadic inhabitants of the arid landscapes, successfully disrupted French logistics and conducting successful raids against French forces and nearby French garrisons. 2152:

elite. In France, "Egyptian" fashion was in full swing – intellectuals believed that Egypt was the cradle of Western civilization and wished to conquer it. French traders already based on the

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To conceal its withdrawal from the siege, the army set off at night. Arriving at Jaffa, Bonaparte ordered three evacuations of the plague sufferers to three different points – one by sea to

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began on 18 March but the French were unable to take it and it was here that the Syrian campaign came to an abrupt halt. The city was defended by newly created Ottoman modern, elite infantry (

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At Cairo the army found the rest and supplies it needed to recover, but its stay there could not be a long one. Bonaparte had been informed that Murad Bey had evaded the pursuit by Generals

4110:. As there were no sick men on board and the plague in Egypt had ended six months before their departure, Bonaparte and his entourage were allowed to land immediately without waiting in 3680:. Phélippeaux ordered cannon to be placed in the most advantageous positions and new trenches dug as if by magic behind the ruins which Bonaparte's forces had captured. At the same time 2544:(1753–1825 C.E/ 1166–1240 A.H) were heavily critical of Napoleon's objectives. As a major chronicler of the French invasion, Jabarti decried the French invasion of Egypt as the start of: 6230: 3879:

for hours, afterward, the French managed to reach the courtyard of the village and set the houses on fire. The Ottomans were forced to escape and the remaining injured were all killed.

2770:, and instead put it totally under British control. News of the naval defeat reached Bonaparte en route back to Cairo from defeating Ibrahim but, far from being worried, Mullié states: 3669:

the outer works, planted the French tricolour on the rampart, pushed the Ottomans back into the city and forced the Ottoman fire to relent. Acre was thus taken or about to capitulate.

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to keep an eye on the movements of Ibrahim, who was heading towards Syria. Bonaparte personally led the pursuit of Ibrahim, beat him at Salahie and pushed him completely out of Egypt.

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encountered the Turks. According to Kléber's report, 2,000 to 3,000 Janissaries were killed or drowned and 800 surrendered, including their leader Ismaël Bey. The Turks also lost 32

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used in the Arabic proclamation, making it a lower case "m") and poorly understood the French concept of a republic and democracy – words which did not exist at the time in Arabic.

4022:

The Bedouin, caught in a precarious situation, struggled to maintain their coordinated resistance efforts. By mid-1801, the decline of the Bedouin resistance became evident as the

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were only just able to maintain control of Lower Egypt. The Ottoman peasants had common cause with those rising against the French in Cairo – the whole region was in revolt.

3703:. The gun horses were abandoned before Acre and Bonaparte and all his officers handed their horses over to the transport officer Daure, with Bonaparte walking to set an example. 2901:

Bonaparte's principle was... to look upon religions as the work of men, but to respect them everywhere as a powerful engine of government... If Bonaparte spoke as a Mussulman (

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He only shared the secret of his return with a small number of friends whose discretion and loyalty were well-known. He left Cairo in August on the pretext of a voyage in the

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leaving Cairo, Bonaparte too arrived at Arish and bombarded one of the castle towers. The garrison surrendered two days later and some of the garrison joined the French army.

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to meet Bonaparte and offered to hand over the city to him. Three days later, he moved his main headquarters there. Desaix was ordered to follow Mourad, who had set off for

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and Ottomans. The Bedouin were gradually pushed back from strategic positions, and their ability to disrupt French logistics waned. The final blow came with renewed French

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hot air balloon flight during their celebrations of the anniversary of the founding of the French Republic in 1798, but the scientists had lost their equipment due to the

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had significantly reduced the Knights' income and their ability to put up serious resistance. Half of the Knights were French, and most of these knights refused to fight.

2399: 3650:. The enemy army, taken by surprise at many points at once, was routed and forced to retreat, leaving their camels, tents, provisions and 5,000 dead on the battlefield. 2723:, with cannons and supplies safely on the inside. In all 300 French and approximately 6,000 Mamluks were killed. The battle gave rise to dozens of stories and drawings. 2666:, where they then awaited the fleet with their provisions. The fleet arrived on 24 Messidor (12 July) and the army began to march again at night, followed by the fleet. 5892:

Original text: Napoleon Bonaparte, ed. C.A. Fischer, Collection Générale et Complète de lettres… de Napoléon le Grand… Leipzig: H. Graff, 1808; pp. 58–59. Available at

5833: 11849: 11844: 6194: 4885: 3979:, Saïd-Mustapha, which had joined up with the forces under Murad Bey and Ibrahim. Before leaving Giza, where he found them, Bonaparte wrote to Cairo's divan, stating: 2555:

had been the first to set out for Egypt, and was the first Frenchman to land. Bonaparte and Kléber landed together and joined Menou at night at the cove of Marabout (

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in Azbakiyya Square, and a second arch which was inscribed with the words "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet" and decorated by the Genoese artist

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The first contact between the two sides occurred on 3 October and a second minor fight took place, which began to deplete food and ammunition of the French forces.

2852: 2979:" and a cannon volley. Later, Bonaparte held a feast for two hundred people in a garden in Cairo and sent soldiers to plant a French flag on the top of a pyramid. 2611: 75: 3972:

and was descending on Lower Egypt. Bonaparte thus marched to attack him at Giza, also learning that 100 Ottoman ships were off Aboukir, threatening Alexandria.

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Lucy's Bones, Sacred Stones, & Einstein's Brain: The Remarkable Stories Behind the Great Objects and Artifacts of History, From Antiquity to the Modern Era

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The French were determined to exterminate the Mamluks or to expel them from Egypt. By that time, the Mamluks were driven out of Faiyum to Upper Egypt. General

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centers. However, the constant pressure from the Bedouin and the logistical strain caused by their raids contributed to the overall difficulties faced by the

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trenches defending it on the landward side and free communication with the Ottoman fleet on the seaward side. Bonaparte ordered an attack on 25 July and the

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poured scorn on the ideas and cultural ways of the French. Despite their cordial proclamations to the natives, with some French soldiers even converting to

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The Mamluks maintained with their strategy of inciting the locals against the French forces. On 1 May 1799, General Davout's forces killed at least 2,000

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Napoleon then opened negotiations. Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta, Von Hompesch surrendered the main fortress of

869: 2959:. Here there was some awkwardness – the painting flattered the French but aggrieved the defeated Egyptians they were trying to win over as allies. 9884: 8785: 8740: 8647: 8594: 8525: 8395: 8369: 8286: 8183: 8110: 5084: 2078: 2055: 4693: 4496:, a Cairene cleric and historian, received the proclamations with a combination of amusement, bewilderment, and outrage. He berated the French's poor 4023: 3138: 2654:, 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Alexandria, on 18 Messidor (6 July). Meanwhile, Bonaparte left Alexandria, leaving the city under Kléber's command. 301: 12376: 5202: 3822:

However, the numerous Muslim forces were advancing, uttering frightful cries, and the Mamluks swooped down on the squares commanded by the generals,

3452: 2572: 1069: 779: 73: 10192: 4376:, published on Napoleon's orders between 1809 and 1821. Publications such as these of Napoleon's discoveries in Egypt gave rise to fascination with 10816: 9420: 4927: 74: 11623: 9480: 3819:

assaulted them viciously and directed against them such a sustained fire, in which they were obliged to withdraw, after having lost many people.

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Their original aim was to help the army, notably by opening a Suez Canal, mapping out roads and building mills to supply food. They founded the

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In January 1799, during the canal expedition, the French learned of the hostile Ottoman movements and that Jezzar had seized the desert fort of

9273: 4916: 3830:, but they were so strongly repulsed by artillery and musketry fire that they had to withdraw, leaving the battlefield strewn with their dead. 3740:

informed Bonaparte of his situation, and soon received a reinforcement of 1,000 cavalry and three light artillery pieces, commanded by General

3538: 3507: 4164: 70: 12245: 5871: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4859: 4250: 4080: 505: 9619: 4341: 3646:, while Bonaparte himself put his troops between the Ottomans and the magazines. These manoeuvres were successful, in what was known as the 9415: 5571: 5211: 2994:

and the most prominent Coptic layperson) as General Steward of Egypt. In his Declaration to the Coptic Nation, Napoleon elevated them from

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on the Red Sea, after he marched through the desert, to halt further incoming of Meccan troops or any possible invasion from the English.

13131: 13126: 13026: 7356: 5898: 5811: 258: 3630:. Bonaparte conceived a trick which used all the advantages offered him by the enemy position, sending Murat and his cavalry across the 3083:

and resist foreign occupation. The vast and harsh desert terrain provided the Bedouin with a natural advantage, allowing them to launch

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Dictionnaire historique des batailles, siéges, et combats de terre et de mer: qui ont en lieu pendant la révolution Française, Volume 3

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Without losing time or returning to Cairo, Bonaparte ordered his generals to make all speed to meet the army commanded by the pasha of

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Rumours became rife as 40,000 soldiers and 10,000 sailors were gathered in French Mediterranean ports. A large fleet was assembled at

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allowed the French army to be repatriated in British ships. Menou also signed over to Britain all Egyptian antiquities, such as the

3187:. However, in October of that year, discontent against the French led to an uprising by the people of Cairo. While Bonaparte was in 71: 12712: 12103: 10876: 7819: 4019:

betrayal, intensified their military operations against the Bedouin, exploiting the newfound advantage to suppress the resistance.

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assassinated Kléber with a dagger in the heart, chest, left forearm and right thigh. Command of the French army passed to General

3550:" during his coronation rites – this was no coincidence, since 1804 was the year Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself emperor. 12147: 11881: 10585: 10545: 9614: 9527: 8988: 6901: 5237: 4901: 4875: 9183: 3210:

The French army's situation was critical – the British were threatening French control of Egypt after their victory at the

839: 13121: 11424: 10453: 10227: 9944: 7552: 5401: 4944: 4906: 4880: 2693:

After a day's rest at Chebreiss, the French land force continued the pursuit. On 2 Thermidor (20 July), it arrived 800 metres (

2283: 10931: 2888:, who succeeded where Bonaparte had not in reforming Egypt and declaring its independence from the Ottomans. In a letter to a 2757:. The French believed that they were open to attack only on one side, the other side being protected by the shore. During the 2069:

in 1777 to determine its feasibility. Baron de Tott's report was favourable, but no immediate action was taken. Nevertheless,

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Dictionnaire historique des batailles, siéges, et combats de terre et de mer, qui ont eu lieu pendant la Révolution Française

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were astonished by French technological advancements and appreciated what they perceived as the fair nature of trials in the

4193:

in early 1800, but Britain refused to sign and Kör Yusuf sent an amphibious assault force of 30,000 Mamlukes against Kléber.

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The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book : Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery, 1792–1815

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at Beni Adi near Asyut. However, as they were pursuing Murad Bey into Upper Egypt, the French discovered the monuments at

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and to exterminate a handful of infidels who have come to destroy the religion of Mohammed. He also sent emissaries to

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province since 1517, but was now out of direct Ottoman control, and was in disorder, with dissension among the ruling

1979: 12420: 11949: 11175: 10973: 9924: 9265: 9226: 8772: 8403: 7433: 7384: 7254: 7200: 7174: 7099: 6983: 6964: 6861: 6761: 6583: 5935: 5748: 5680: 5650: 5581: 5532: 5512:, features an Egyptian Campaign, where players can control French armies throughout the campaigns in Egypt and Syria. 5395: 4956: 4818: 4455: 4246: 4014:

with Bedouin tribes. The resulting betrayal, colloquially known as The Taein fi Al-Zuhr of 1801. The betrayal of the

3681: 3191:, the city's population began spreading weapons around to one another and fortifying strongpoints, especially at the 2352: 2348: 1963: 1194: 527: 483: 8973: 4329: 4324:(who did some of the empirical work upon which his "analytical theory of heat" was founded in Egypt), the physicist 4269: 4216:

on 6 September, with the conclusions of the committee charged with judging those responsible for the assassination:

4158: 2245: 12553: 12216: 11939: 11357: 11212: 11058: 10936: 10881: 10744: 9919: 9826: 9160: 7636: 7576: 6135: 4977: 2719:. (Around 40,000 Mamluk soldiers stayed away from the battle.) The French defeated the Mamluk cavalry with a giant 1055: 880: 10354: 10142: 10069: 6928: 2630: 13081: 13076: 12912: 12880: 12633: 12359: 11769: 11489: 10295: 10004: 8943: 7405: 7377: 7349: 6896: 5710: 4296:

These scholars included engineers and artists, members of the Commission des Sciences et des Arts, the geologist

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after two hours' fierce fighting. The enemy fled in disorder towards Cairo, leaving 600 dead on the battlefield.

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in 1798 and his foray into Syria have had by far the greater consequence for the modern history of Orientalism."

4309: 13116: 13091: 13086: 12481: 12275: 12238: 10530: 10132: 9909: 8602: 7740: 7592: 7310: 5527: 5125: 4844: 4530:, to the Middle East, eventually leading to the establishment of Egyptian independence and modernization under 4190: 2217: 1854: 1805: 335: 9537: 3812: 3424: 695: 12768: 12563: 11969: 11494: 11477: 11170: 11123: 11113: 11098: 10921: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10622: 10535: 9058: 8533: 8377: 8356: 8294: 8214: 8077: 7812: 7732: 7697: 4366: 3767:

to bring reinforcements, and Hassan Bey Jeddaoui who also conjured to join against the enemies of the Quran.

2897:

wrote that his employer had no serious interest in Islam or any other religion beyond their political value.

2617:

Carte physique et politique de la syrie pour servir a l'histoire des conquetes du general Bonaparte en Orient

2591:

When the whole expeditionary force had been disembarked, Admiral Brueys received orders to take the fleet to

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February (Pluviôse-Ventôse year VIII) – French troops begin their withdrawal, but the British admiral

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and was right on the coast, enabling it to be reinforced and resupplied by the British and Ottoman fleets.

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assistants, was responsible for translating the first of Napoleon's French proclamations into Arabic. The

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city. Bonaparte personally hunted down rebels from street to street and forced them to seek refuge in the

2184:: 13 ships of the line, 14 frigates, and 400 transports. To avoid interception by the British fleet under 12995: 12907: 12749: 12491: 12381: 12204: 11999: 11866: 11809: 11705: 11580: 11038: 11008: 10349: 9974: 9869: 9748: 9728: 9639: 9568: 9390: 8888: 8655: 8348: 8201: 7689: 5537: 5449: 5408: 5256: 5078: 4896: 4807: 4261:

on 25 June ended all hostilities between France and the Ottoman Empire, returning Egypt to the Ottomans.

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Auf dem Schlachtfeld des Empire. Männlichkeitskonzepte in der Bildproduktion zu Napoleons Ägyptenfeldzug

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printing press, which were far superior in speed, efficiency and quality to the nearest presses used in

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that cast him as a liberator of the people from Ottoman and Mamluk oppression, praising the precepts of

2809:

materialist, libertine philosophers ... they deny the Resurrection, and the afterlife, and ... prophets

2603:

to frighten the enemy commanders and surprise them before they could put any defence measures in place.

2081:. In early 1798, Bonaparte proposed an expedition to Egypt and convinced the Directory to establish the 2046:

had assumed executive power in France. It would resort to the army to maintain order in the face of the

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The Anglo-Ottomans then commenced their land offensive, the French were defeated by the British in the

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cannons which were placed on ships in Damietta under the command of Captain Standelet. He also ordered

3335:

decided to wage war against France, and sent two armies to Egypt. The first army, under the command of

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

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On the day of the festival, Bonaparte addressed his troops, enumerating their exploits since the 1793

2856:"Tracé du théatre des opérations militaires" from E.L.F. Hauet's manuscripts of the Campaign in Egypt 2310: 747: 12868: 12811: 12778: 12543: 12453: 12415: 12410: 12398: 12297: 11989: 11959: 11944: 11696: 11347: 11312: 11307: 11018: 10866: 10499: 10084: 9816: 9659: 9514: 9317: 8880: 8756: 8679: 8557: 8541: 7125:

Narrative of the French expedition in Egypt, and the operations in Syria. Translated from the French.

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and suppressed the subsequent rebellions violently. Although Napoleon tried to co-opt local Egyptian

2753:

but on 1 August Nelson discovered the French warships anchored in a strong defensive position in the

2729:'s brigade pursued the routed enemy and at night entered Cairo, which had been abandoned by the beys 2492: 2287: 2001:. On the social and technological front, the expedition's legacy includes the re-introduction of the 1850: 1798: 1362: 1086: 858: 10394: 9939: 9771: 9547: 8928: 3219: 2552: 2233: 2062: 623: 549: 13061: 12944: 12924: 12732: 12558: 12354: 12342: 12179: 12157: 11824: 11774: 11715: 11674: 11550: 11545: 11511: 11472: 10207: 10054: 10009: 9339: 9334: 9078: 8908: 8898: 8711: 8695: 8573: 8488: 8335: 8319: 8222: 7996: 7560: 6054: 5484: 4572: 4493: 4242: 4114:. At 6 pm he set off for Paris, accompanied by his chief of staff Berthier. He stopped off at 4068: 3961: 3875: 3846:

on 9 February. Meanwhile, Osman bey Hassan had stationed his forces at the foot of a mountain near

3827: 3639: 3052:

After several hours of fighting, the French went on the offensive and the Mamluks fled southwards.

2794: 2541: 2342: 2229: 2189: 2086: 1873: 1858: 1571: 1419: 1334: 1145: 976: 241: 11342: 9634: 6231:"Napoleon Bonaparte's declaration to the Coptic nation on 7 December 1798 – a new social contract" 4387:

The scientists also tested methods in hot air ballooning while in Egypt. Several months after the

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The combined Muslim army marched on 21 January 1799 in the desert, until they reached Samhud near

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In a largely unsuccessful effort to gain the support of the Egyptian population, Bonaparte issued

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The troops Bonaparte left behind were supposed to be honourably evacuated under the terms of the

4134:

and the sea. The garrison of Damietta, 800 infantry and 150 cavalry strong, commanded by General

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He prepared around 13,000 soldiers who were organised in divisions under the command of Generals

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Napoleon faced a Bedouin insurgency that formed in Bedouin camps in the barren deserts near the

2205: 2188:, the expedition's target was kept secret. It was known only to Bonaparte himself, his generals 2006: 798: 593: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13005: 12934: 12863: 12685: 12653: 12347: 12285: 12280: 11994: 11459: 11153: 10601: 9849: 9682: 9286: 8978: 8963: 8836: 8703: 8581: 8327: 8247: 7916: 7791: 7783: 7673: 5453: 5431: 5391: 5337:

8 April – Battle at Nazareth, French victory, Junot with 500 defeats 3000 Ottoman soldiers

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served as a reminder for modernising Arab monarchs to implement wide-ranging military reforms.

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were complaining of harassment by the Mamluks, and Napoleon wished to walk in the footsteps of

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to Jaffa with siege artillery pieces. The total artillery sent on the campaign was 80 cannon.

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11 April – Battle of Cana, French victory, Napoleon wins a great battle against Ottomans

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territories, it encountered resistance from Bedouin tribes that sought to defend their local

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of Egypt is widely regarded in contemporary academic circles to be "the first act of modern

4474:, understood Arabic grammar and vocabulary, but did not know how to use them idiomatically. 4126:

On 1 November 1799, the British fleet commanded by Admiral Sidney Smith unloaded an army of

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before anchoring the battle-fleet in the old port of Alexandria if possible or taking it to

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Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti's Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798 – Expanded Edition

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Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des expéditions en Égypte et en Syrie. Deuxième édition.

4257:, which the French had collected. After initial talks in Al Arish on 30 January 1802, the 3027:. The Mamluks did not fight, and the flotilla returned on September 12 at the entrance of 2512:. The hour of their punishment has come. For too long this horde of slaves, bought in the 2315: 8: 12917: 12897: 12717: 12665: 12660: 12599: 12501: 12184: 12115: 12110: 11829: 11533: 11367: 11337: 11332: 11118: 11033: 10988: 10841: 10404: 10334: 10182: 10112: 9969: 9949: 9914: 9889: 9821: 9522: 9048: 8432: 8311: 8069: 7981: 7756: 7748: 7724: 7483: 6993:

Bernède, Allain (1998). Gérard-Jean Chaduc; Christophe Dickès; Laurent Leprévost (eds.).

5509: 5157: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4597: 4485: 3359:

with about eight thousand soldiers. He also knew he would get about 42,000 soldiers from

3125: 3108: 3084: 2479: 2237: 2169: 2157: 2129: 2094: 1959: 1885: 1668: 853: 834: 10089: 10044: 5039:(detachments) No. 4 Company, 2nd Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain Henry Thomson 4580:, which he characterised as an un-Islamic system marked by corruption, backwardness and 4470:

differs greatly in grammar, vocabulary, and idiom. Venture de Paradis, who had lived in

3262:

With Egypt quiet again and under his control, Bonaparte used this time of rest to visit

2622: 12727: 12638: 12538: 12405: 12233: 12199: 12152: 12130: 12026: 11928: 11799: 11686: 11633: 11327: 11138: 10926: 10916: 10886: 10821: 10739: 10657: 9864: 9629: 9594: 9445: 9407: 9402: 9150: 9068: 9063: 8809: 8801: 8496: 8456: 8268: 8161: 7925: 7900: 7844: 7827: 7665: 6779:

The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times

6103:

The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times

6078:

The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times

5976:

The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times

5643:

Enlightening the British: Knowledge, Discovery and the Museum in the Eighteenth Century

5437:

3 September (16 Fructidor year VIII) – The British recapture Malta from the French

5419: 5300: 5175: 5166: 5139: 5130: 5036:(detachments) No. 2 Company, 2nd Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain Daniel Gahan 4938: 4737: 4634: 4397: 4205: 3211: 2758: 2642: 2556: 2375:

Knights' force in the west surrendered. Napoleon, during his stay in Malta, resided at

2051: 1920: 1745: 1708: 1580: 1317: 1110: 953: 563: 276: 92: 10212: 10029: 9791: 9664: 9221: 9175: 7512: 3677: 3432: 2818: 2568: 2366:

French troops disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June. General

1865:, whose pursuit was hampered by a lack of scouting frigates and reliable information. 728: 12981: 12875: 12675: 12582: 12533: 12486: 12471: 12386: 12302: 12189: 12087: 12068: 11901: 11575: 11570: 11501: 11484: 11467: 11322: 11247: 10441: 10374: 10364: 10344: 9450: 8748: 8687: 8671: 8464: 7544: 7398: 7365: 7268: 7250: 7232: 7196: 7170: 7113: 7095: 7089: 7051: 7031: 7016: 6998: 6979: 6960: 6857: 6832: 6807: 6782: 6757: 6606: 6579: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6476: 6474: 6446: 6417: 6388: 6340: 6195:"Mu'allem Jirjis Al-Jawhari, Islam, Napleon Bonaparte and the Copt's cashmere turban" 6106: 6081: 5979: 5914: 5783: 5744: 5676: 5646: 5577: 5496:

31 August (13 Fructidor year IX) – Siege of Alexandria ends in Menou's surrender

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One of those fighting on the Ottoman side was the French émigré and engineer officer

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World Epidemics: A Cultural Chronology of Disease from Prehistory to the Era of Zika

5042:(detachments) No. 3 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain W. Wilson 3984:

alive to be led in triumph to Cairo. This will be a handsome spectacle for the city.

3291: 2681: 2670:

gunfire, Bonaparte ordered his land force to the charge and attacked the village of

12836: 12793: 12763: 12611: 12393: 12322: 12264: 11979: 11974: 11954: 11876: 11691: 11592: 11523: 11506: 11447: 11160: 10689: 10509: 10369: 10162: 10157: 10147: 9879: 9806: 9743: 9713: 9485: 9455: 9350: 9053: 8903: 8828: 8565: 8549: 8504: 8440: 8411: 8206: 8085: 7968: 7933: 7475: 7426: 7419: 7085: 7081:, éditions Tallandier (couronné par l'Académie française), 1984, new edition, 2003. 7078: 6806:. Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 183–184, 192, 195–198. 5090: 5045: 4933: 4731: 4720: 4611: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4150: 3322: 3204: 3129: 2836: 2708: 2521: 2257: 2043: 1869: 1755: 1650: 1371: 928: 924: 843: 783: 763: 732: 553: 445: 441: 12648: 10288: 7391: 7123: 6486: 6471: 4325: 4212:, who held command from 3 July until August 1801. Menou's letter was published in 3615: 3543: 3420:

victory would give him more time to prepare against the Ottoman forces on Rhodes.

3119:

The insurgency reached its peak in 1799, during which Bedouin tribes formed loose

2935:

Egypt. Military executions were unable to deter these attacks and they continued.

2370:

landed soldiers and cannon in the western part of the main island of Malta, under

1935:

forced the French to withdraw from Syria. Following his defeat in Syria, Napoleon

628: 12826: 12643: 12594: 12496: 12312: 12048: 12031: 11662: 11587: 11352: 11297: 11148: 11143: 10851: 10754: 10434: 10222: 9899: 9894: 9859: 9609: 9213: 9208: 9110: 9033: 8923: 8893: 8252: 8128: 7853: 7799: 7600: 7132: 6891: 6600: 6459: 6059:

Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850

5717: 5515: 5006: 4626: 4423: 4388: 4293:

obfuscating the true motives of the invasion: the increase of Bonaparte's power.

3484:

After marching 100 kilometres (60 mi) across the desert the army arrived in

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en route to Egypt, wrote the following proclamation to the Muslim inhabitants of

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against the French. Successful ambushes and surprise attacks not only inflicted

2482:. We shall find at every step great remains worthy of exciting French emulation. 2061:

The notion of annexing Egypt as a French colony had been under discussion since

1970:, concluding the defeat of Napoleon's expedition. These last French forces were 913: 568: 12975: 12929: 12783: 12722: 12506: 12307: 11819: 11747: 11606: 11540: 11277: 11227: 10891: 10856: 10846: 10627: 10504: 10446: 10252: 10074: 9854: 9574: 9437: 9432: 9382: 9377: 9197: 8385: 7619: 5634: 5487: 5331: 4593: 4519: 4513:, the campaign had a powerful impact on the Ottoman Empire in general, and the 4497: 4431: 4415: 4321: 4234: 4015: 4007: 3493: 3479: 3372: 3364: 2762: 2532:

Kléber wounded in front of Alexandria, engraving by Adolphe-François Pannemaker

2407:

Napoleon departed Malta for Egypt. After successfully eluding detection by the

2329: 2145: 2002: 1830: 1553: 1523: 1283: 1185: 1125: 1005: 967: 330: 318: 185: 180: 7281:; Rare Books and Special Collections Library; the American University in Cairo 5834:"Napoleon's bedroom at Palazzo Parisio in Valletta! – Malta Weather Site Blog" 3862:. When Desaix and his forces reached Asyut, his flotilla was left behind near 3635: 3542:

in 1804. This showed Napoleon touching a sick man's body, modelling him on an

3011:. On 25 August 1798, General Desaix embarked at the head of his division on a 2508:

who govern Egypt have insulted the French nation and covered their traders in

37:"French invasion of Egypt" redirects here. For the 20th-century conflict, see 13020: 12858: 12846: 12841: 12521: 11611: 11232: 11013: 10518: 10489: 10359: 10177: 9954: 9796: 9692: 9584: 9145: 9088: 7035: 5013: 4794: 4392: 4377: 4305: 4254: 4072: 4056: 3950: 3896: 3607: 3460: 3455:(3,404). Every infantry and cavalry division had 6 cannons. Napoleon took 16 3440: 3283: 3230: 3223: 3111:

tactics, capitalized on their familiarity with the terrain to evade the more

3092: 3080: 2841: 2655: 2280: 2268: 2221: 2197: 1994: 1838: 1834: 1678: 809: 662: 424: 417: 407: 396: 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 226: 193: 10570: 9984: 5021:

No. 1 Company, 2nd Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain Thomas Charleton

4370:(published from 1798 to 1801). A subsequent and more comprehensive text was 12985: 12575: 11984: 11643: 11262: 11257: 10525: 10470: 10384: 10339: 10167: 10049: 9841: 8998: 8983: 8953: 6361: 6213:"سير القديسين والشهداء في الكنيسة القبطية الأرثوذكسية: المعلم جرجس الجوهري" 5721: 5024:

No. 5 Company, 3rd Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain William Bentham

4709: 4653: 4577: 4478: 4317: 4131: 4064: 3858:

By the end of February 1799, Sherif Hassan and 2,000 Infantry arrived from

3823: 3631: 3619: 3591: 3575: 3528: 3355:(8,000 men). The second army, under the command of Mustafa Pasha, began on 3336: 3307: 3295: 3200: 3088: 3024: 2876: 2663: 2647: 2579: 2469: 2465: 2291: 2047: 2026: 1932: 1788: 942: 824: 717: 651: 597: 412: 368: 6138:. George Mason University Center for History and New Media. Archived from 3564: 2986:

history. On 30 July 1798, just a few days after his arrival, he appointed

12004: 11735: 11725: 11518: 11267: 10734: 10379: 10237: 10127: 9904: 9874: 9023: 8343: 8136: 5473: 5304: 5063: 5027:

No. 5 Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain F. M. Sproule

4855:

13th (1st Somersetshire, Prince Albert's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot

4716:, as it was known was the colloquial name of the forces under command of 4649: 4645: 4615: 4543: 4527: 4452: 4439: 4127: 4076: 3815:, at the head of a squadron of cavalry, would charge the enemy in flank. 3627: 3436: 3176: 3028: 3020: 3019:

where he began to encounter supply problems, then he went up the Nile to

3008: 2754: 2742: 2671: 2592: 2213: 2121: 2090: 2022: 2010: 1971: 1916: 1889: 1543: 640: 38: 10477: 6718:

Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti's Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798

6139: 5226: 5018:

No. 7 Company, 1st Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain John Lemoine

3598:

and the munitions and provisions stored there, along with the castle at

3339:, had set out with 12,000 soldiers; but was reinforced with troops from 2947:. Two triumphal arches were built to commemorate the campaign: a wooden 2650:

marched across the desert with his division and two cannon, arriving at

2077:

and Napoleon, which continued in their correspondence during Napoleon's

1077: 12053: 12011: 11068: 10283: 10122: 9738: 9093: 7568: 7144:

Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Expéditions en Égypte et en Syrie

6976:

Napoleon's Egyptian Campaigns 1798-1801 Volume 79 of Men-at-arms series

6309: 5457: 5280: 5114: 5110: 4670:, provided a scene or setting for Orientalism.. Napoleon's invasion of 4523: 4514: 4381: 4290: 4111: 4052: 3775:

to combat the French. On 8 January, Davout met another local forces at

3392: 3384: 3180: 2910: 2746: 2730: 2497: 2412: 2408: 2161: 2111: 2085:. He further wished to strengthen French trade interests over those of 2074: 2014: 1998: 1967: 1862: 429: 9990: 5030:

No. 6 Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain G. Cookson

3251: 3218:

and his army were still in the field in Upper Egypt, and the generals

3107:. The Bedouin tribes, having far superior knowledge of the desert and 12892: 12364: 11222: 11207: 10117: 9763: 9674: 9257: 8626: 7043: 4569: 4562: 4539: 4443: 3916: 3808: 3784: 3524: 3485: 3352: 3332: 3215: 3188: 3096: 3046: 3016: 2914: 2537: 2457: 2371: 1955: 1943:, but recognizing that the campaign was lost, and with the news of a 1382: 684: 390: 323: 7334: 6639:

Frank McLynn, "Napoleon: a biography", Pimlico, 1998. (pp. 180–183).

6571: 5740:

Napoleon and Persia: Franco-Persian Relations Under the First Empire

5472:

19 April (29 Germinal year IX) – British and Ottoman forces capture

5033:

No. 7 Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain I. Wood

4107: 3163: 2347:

When Napoleon's fleet arrived off Malta, Napoleon demanded that the

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and see with his own eyes the possibility of a canal (known as the

3120: 3100: 3012: 2651: 2513: 2487: 2383: 2325: 1846: 1610: 581: 7462: 6945: 2351:

allow his fleet to enter the port and take on water and supplies.

1989:, the expedition was a success that led to the publication of the 11237: 6948:

An interactive journey following Napoleon's expedition to Egypt,

5477: 5122: 5010: 4728: 4717: 4103: 4003: 3976: 3892: 3760: 3700: 3400: 3388: 3271: 3171:. Napoleon extended amnesty to the leaders of the revolt in 1798. 3042: 2659: 2571:

on the right attacked the city gates. Alexandria was defended by

2509: 2474: 2453: 2164:, "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send force from 2103: 1940: 1877: 267: 218: 210: 7028:

Bonaparte et l'Islam d'après les documents français & arabes

5445:

8 March (17 Ventôse year IX) – British landing near Aboukir

5245:(July 1799), where thousands of Ottoman soldiers drowned in the 3128:

tactics, there were instances where the tribes managed to score

2615:

1803 map noting fleet anchor points and location of 17 battles:

1868:

The expedition was the result of a confluence of interests. The

11597: 11555: 11402: 7292: 5268: 4551: 4427: 3904: 3888: 3752: 3643: 3396: 3356: 3344: 3199:, was killed by the revolting Cairenes, as well as Bonaparte's 3032: 2995: 2902: 2889: 2869: 2716: 2704: 2449: 2444:. Have the same tolerance for the ceremonies prescribed by the 2441: 2417: 2272: 2181: 2149: 2066: 1951: 9533:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

7110:

British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest

6105:. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 12–13. 5639:"Napoleon and Egyptology: Britain's Debt to French Enterprise" 5466:

31 March (10 Germinal year IX) – Ottoman army arrives at

5351:

just as the latter are about to be overwhelmed at the foot of

11628: 11433: 9467: 6700: 6080:. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 4–12. 5491: 5427: 5274: 4713: 4671: 4661: 4565: 4489: 4481: 4471: 4419: 4201: 3859: 3847: 3779:, where he killed a thousand men and put the rest to flight. 3776: 3772: 3764: 3756: 3748: 3595: 3584: 3520: 3489: 3456: 3443:(900), a brigade of infantry and cavalry under Brigade chief 3416: 3380: 3376: 3184: 3168: 3076: 3072: 2983: 2928: 2923: 2880: 2798: 2789: 2784: 2600: 2596: 2461: 2445: 2437: 2429: 2264: 2098: 2089:

in the Middle East, hoping to join forces with France's ally

2070: 3523:

for the city along with a large hospital on the site of the

12041: 6781:. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. p. 227. 5246: 4189:

Kléber had negotiated with Smith and the Ottoman commander

3900: 3863: 3843: 3800: 3348: 3263: 3061: 2738: 2433: 2200:. Bonaparte was the commander, with subordinates including 2165: 2153: 9507: 7075:

Journal du capitaine François dit 'le dromadaire d'Égypte'

6629:. Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon. 2012. pp. 521–522. 4391:

in 1798, inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conté and mathematician

4044:

was nostalgic for the glorious peace it had signed in the

3787:, all supported by the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and the 3155: 3007:

After his defeat at the Pyramids, Mourad Bey retreated to

2737:. On 4 Thermidor (22 July), the notables of Cairo came to 66: 9347: 5978:. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. p. 2. 5415:

wins one last victory, against a force of 30,000 Ottomans

5303:, British naval victory over French squadron anchored in 4534:

in the first half of the 19th century and eventually the

4118:, where he built a pyramid commemorating the expedition. 4011: 2906: 2505: 2425: 2420:

of land." (approximately 7.6 acres or 3.1 ha) and added:

2050:

and royalist threats, and count in particular on General

27:

1798–1801 campaign during the War of the Second Coalition

6995:

La campagne d'Égypte : 1798–1801 Mythes et réalités

6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6258: 6256: 4357:

discoveries were not finally cataloged until the 1820s.

4102:

On 1 October, Napoleon's small flotilla entered port at

4055:

without arousing suspicion, accompanied by the scholars

3015:

and sailed up the Nile. On 31 August, Desaix arrived at

2938:

22 September was the anniversary of the founding of the

2536:

Despite the idealistic promises proclaimed by Napoleon,

7167:

Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon : 1796–1815

6929:

Royal Navy Squadron Cruising off Alexandria August 1798

6852:

W. Said, Edward (1979). "1: The Scope of Orientalism".

6011: 6009: 6007: 5992: 5551: 4886:

79th (Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot

3278:

Then, accompanied by his colleagues from the Institut,

3103:

and convoys for French logistical lines which siphoned

3099:

of the French forces but also created a need for local

3031:. Desaix learned that the Mamluks were in the plain of 2715:, a French victory over an enemy force of about 21,000 6445:. Penguin Random House Publishing Group. p. 188. 6292: 6290: 6101:

De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo".

6076:

De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo".

5375:

embarks on the frigate Muiron and abandons command to

4200:

in March 1800, and then suppressed an insurrection in

2813: 6827:

A. Bell, David (2015). "Epilogue: 1815–the Present".

6553: 6541: 6529: 6517: 6268: 6253: 6241: 5732: 5730: 4274:

The Egyptian Expedition under the orders of Bonaparte

2931:, writing a letter himself to the governor of Mecca. 10263:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

6021: 6004: 5608: 5418:

14 June (25 Prairial year VIII) – A Kurd named

4241:

from 17 August – 2 September, Menou eventually

4204:. On 14 June (26 prairial), a Syrian student called 3915:

On 29 May 1799, General Belliard managed to capture

3590:

From Jaffa the army set off for the coastal town of

3488:, where it rested for two days, and then moved onto 10495:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

7585:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6287: 5938:

Déclaration du général Bonaparte au peuple égyptien

5672:

Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World

5309:

10 August – Battle at Salheyeh, French victory

4542:, the French arrival marks the start of the modern 4492:reacted incredulously to Napoleon's proclamations. 2982:Napoleon's administration of Egypt is important in 2309:Bonaparte arrived at Toulon on 9 May, lodging with 2302:Bonaparte threatened to dissolve them and director 7091:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal 6831:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 111. 5727: 5312:7 October – Battle of Sédiman, French victory 5267:19 May (30 Floréal year VI) – Departure from 4978:42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot (The Black Watch) 4633:" and also criticised for its role in shaping the 4466:is distantly related to the Egyptian dialect; and 3664:Returning to besiege Acre, Bonaparte learned that 3229:The French responded by setting up cannons in the 2848:, on display at the National Army Museum in London 2403:Landing of Napoleon's troops in Egypt in July 1798 3270:) said to have been cut in antiquity between the 2943:were inscribed the names of heroes killed in the 2783:, Napoleon instituted a French administration in 2606: 2263:The fleet at Toulon was joined by squadrons from 2054:, already a successful commander, having led the 13018: 9421:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 6705:. Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Jami'i. pp. 33–41. 5299:1 and 2 August (14–15 Thermidor year VI) – 5273:11 June (23 Prairial year VI) – Capture of 4723:, the armies order of battle in March 1800 was; 3747:On 29 December 1798, the French army arrived at 249: 7077:, 2 vol., introduction critique et annexes par 6856:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 42–43, 76. 5315:21 October (30 Vendémiaire) – Cairo Revolt 5279:1 July (13 Messidor year VI) – Landing at 4093: 3842:Desaix continued to march south, as he reached 2175: 232: 83:Click an image to load the appropriate article. 69: 7463:Significant civil and political events by year 6416:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 353. 5974:De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "1: Cairo". 5480:after a four-day bombardment, opening the Nile 4678: 4648:, Napoleonic invasion led to the dominance of 4422:by Napoleon. He brought with his expedition a 3539:Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa 3375:. The Ottomans planned two offensives against 3041:On 7 October, Mourad Bey's troops came out of 2394: 161:Capitulation of French administration in Egypt 11418: 10600: 10586: 7350: 7231:. Jonathan Cape, Random House, London, 2007. 6572:Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne (1831). 5569: 4972:40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot 4967:28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot 4962:23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot 4860:90th Regiment of Foot (Perthshire Volunteers) 4509:In addition to its significance in the wider 3509:Napoleon visiting the plague victims of Jaffa 3447:(400), a camel company (89), artillery under 2583:The capture of Alexandria, bas-relief on the 2411:for thirteen days, the fleet was in sight of 2306:gave him a pen saying "Sign there, general!" 1962:. The French forces left in Egypt ultimately 1806: 1351: Napoleon in command till 23 August 1799 1063: 10615: 10516: 10475: 10451: 10432: 9416:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 7219:Société de militaires et de marins (1818b). 7210:Société de militaires et de marins (1818a). 6776: 6715: 6362:"The Torrent: Poisoning the plague-stricken" 6100: 6075: 5973: 5595: 5593: 5483:27 June (8 Messidor year IX) – General 4694:Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798) 3997: 2017:in the Middle East, the emergence of modern 124:(3 years, 2 months and 1 day) 8103: 6720:. Markus Wiener Publishing. pp. 27–33. 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6372: 6310:"Egypt: History – French Occupation Period" 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5404:refuses to recognize the convention's terms 5361:, French troops retire after eight assaults 4917:89th (Princess Victoria's) Regiment of Foot 4766:12th (The Prince of Wales's) Light Dragoons 3731: 3095:routes. These raids not only disrupted the 2745:. An observation corps was put in place at 11425: 11411: 10593: 10579: 9620:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 7357: 7343: 7317:French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns 7048:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East 7042: 6932:, United States Army Combined Arms Center. 6733:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East 6688:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East 6673:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East 6401: 6159: 6157: 5780:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East 5069:84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot 4834:92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot 4698: 4342:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers 3439:(2,938), a cavalry division under General 2032: 1913:initially successful expedition into Syria 1876:and create a "double port" connecting the 1813: 1799: 1070: 1056: 9885:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 9543:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 9366:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 6954: 6881:. New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 9. 6745: 6407: 6378: 5998: 5590: 5557: 5386:24 January (4 Pluviôse year VIII) – 4687: 4621: 4177:. British victory over the French at the 4033: 3546:king-healer touching sufferers from the " 3519:Before leaving Jaffa, Bonaparte set up a 3451:(1,387), and engineers and sappers under 3256:Bonaparte and his chief of staff in Egypt 2766:strengthening the French position in the 2240:. His aides de camp included his brother 1978:officially ended the hostilities between 1923:stranded French troops in Egypt, and the 10317: 7601:Nationalization of the Church properties 7084: 7025: 6973: 6917:, 1911, Delhi, India. pp. 23 & 329. 6657: 6512:Société de militaires et de marins 1818a 6500:Société de militaires et de marins 1818b 6481:Société de militaires et de marins 1818b 6466:Société de militaires et de marins 1818a 6430: 6368:. Unwin Brothers, Ltd. pp. 135–136. 6324: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5620: 5614: 5434:, a convert to Islam, takes over command 5371:23 August (6 Fructidor year VII) – 5364:1 August (14 Thermidor year VII) – 5251: 5236: 5225: 5113:squadron still in the area cruising off 4268: 4264: 4163: 4149: 3931: 3927: 3574: 3563: 3502: 3321: 3250: 3246: 3162: 3154: 3071:As the French army advanced through the 2851: 2835: 2817: 2680: 2621: 2610: 2578: 2527: 2398: 2116: 10546:Historiography of the French Revolution 9817:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 9528:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 7164: 6992: 6902:United States Army Combined Arms Center 6851: 6826: 6651:Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows 6598: 6436: 6353: 6330: 6296: 6281: 6262: 6247: 6181:Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows 6166:Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows 6154: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5407:20 March (29 Ventôse year VIII) – 5343:16 April (27 Germinal year VII) – 5221: 4902:18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot 3922: 3676:, one of Bonaparte's classmates at the 3579:The monument to Napoleon's soldiers at 2685:The Battle of the Nile: Destruction of 14: 13019: 9553:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 9508:Other significant figures and factions 7244: 7064: 6997:(in French). Paris: Musée de l'Armée. 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6359: 6052: 6015: 5919:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5720:Emission Deux mille ans d'Histoire by 5668: 4907:30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot 4145: 2389: 929: 784: 764: 12451: 12262: 12085: 11926: 11445: 11406: 11200: 10966: 10809: 10682: 10574: 10421: 10316: 9600:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 9506: 9356:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 9295:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 9253:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 8856: 8102: 7733:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 7461: 7364: 7338: 7229:Napoleon in Egypt: The Greatest Glory 7190: 6876: 6801: 6752:. Michigan University Press. p. 6648: 6178: 6163: 6027: 5946:from the original on 1 September 2010 5782:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8–10. 5736: 5696: 5645:. British Museum Press. p. 151. 5633: 5502: 5448:21 March (30 Ventôse year IX) – 5292:21 July (3 Thermidor year VI) – 5050:500 sailors assigned to the artillery 4289:, and by others as a masterstroke of 3910: 3882: 3317: 3055: 3002: 2975:The speech was followed by cries of " 1872:hoped to disrupt the trade routes of 1051: 158:Failure of French expedition to Syria 13001: 11024:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94) 9754:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 9166:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 8857: 7953:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 7320:French invasion of Egypt and Syria 6730: 6685: 6670: 6339:. Garrett County Press. p. 57. 5936:"Wikisource – Full text of the 5777: 5764: 5664: 5662: 5058:, troops commanded by Major General 4983:58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot 4876:2nd (Queen's Royal) Regiment of Foot 4829:54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot 4196:Kléber defeated the Mamlukes at the 4121: 3693: 3258:, painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1863 2328:now on this same sea and now on the 1861:while being followed by the British 1853:. It was the primary purpose of the 122:1 July 1798 – 2 September 1801 12991: 11039:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900) 11029:Second Madagascar expedition (1895) 10422: 9361:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 7279:Napoleonic Egypt Digital Collection 7185:French Invasion of Egypt, 1798–1801 6749:A history of the modern Middle East 6703:Ta'rikh, Muddat al-faransis bi misr 5874:from the original on 21 August 2015 5814:from the original on 6 January 2018 4881:50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot 4550:'s destruction of the conventional 4410:Global spread of the printing press 3853: 3794: 3536:produced the commissioned painting 3326:Map of campaigns in Egypt and Syria 2858:at the American University in Cairo 2814:Bonaparte's administration of Egypt 2563:to be hoisted in Egypt was raised. 2336: 2083:Commission des Sciences et des Arts 1829:was the invasion and occupation of 24: 13132:19th century in the British Empire 13127:18th century in the British Empire 13027:French invasion of Egypt and Syria 10551:Influence of the French Revolution 10541:Symbolism in the French Revolution 9305:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 9266:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 7521:Convocation of the Estates General 6897:British Army in Egypt 1 March 1800 6777:De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). 6701:'Abd al-Rahman Al-Jabarti (2000). 6675:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 148. 6381:"The Chronology: Summer 1798–1800" 5357:20 May (1 Prairial an VII) – 4912:44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot 4871:Richard Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan 4802:Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards 3869: 3837: 3834:beyond the Cataracts of the Nile. 3410: 3144: 2065:undertook a secret mission to the 1888:, where he would join forces with 1827:French invasion of Egypt and Syria 78:French invasion of Egypt and Syria 65: 51:French invasion of Egypt and Syria 25: 13158: 13072:Wars involving the United Kingdom 12372:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 10999:French conquest of Senegal (1854) 10193:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 9925:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 9227:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 9009:François Christophe de Kellermann 8248:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 7285: 6735:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. 6690:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 31. 5901:from the original on 7 April 2016 5711:La Campagne d'Egypte de Bonaparte 5659: 4999:, commanded by Brigadier General 4850:8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot 4456:Jean Michel de Venture de Paradis 4403: 3634:to defend the river crossing and 2761:the arriving British fleet under 2275:and was put under the command of 2134:British East India Company forces 2073:became a topic of debate between 2042:At the time of the invasion, the 1919:fleet by the British navy at the 13000: 12990: 12980: 12971: 12970: 12229:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 11432: 11388:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988) 11079:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67) 11019:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) 10912:Burma–France relations (1729–56) 9920:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 9827:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 9797:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 9688:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 9466: 9431: 9401: 9376: 9333: 9207: 9084:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 8865: 7637:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 7291: 7169:(in French). Paris: Tallandier. 5942:(in French). Fr.wikisource.org. 4592:, both Jabarti and his disciple 3713: 1782: 1381: 1333: 1316: 1299: 1282: 1265: 1253: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1025: 1004: 985: 975: 966: 947: 936: 918: 907: 896: 885: 874: 863: 852: 833: 814: 803: 792: 773: 753: 741: 722: 711: 700: 689: 678: 667: 656: 645: 634: 627: 617: 606: 587: 574: 562: 543: 532: 521: 510: 499: 488: 477: 466: 455: 435: 423: 416: 406: 395: 384: 373: 362: 351: 340: 329: 317: 288: 275: 251: 234: 204: 192: 179: 12713:Identification card controversy 11253:Tunisian independence (1952–56) 11034:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903) 10872:French and Indian War (1754–60) 10258:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 10005:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 9930:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 9141:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 9136:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 9116:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 8944:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 7862:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 7223:(in French). Menard et Desenne. 7214:(in French). Menard et Desenne. 7065:Herold, J. Christopher (1962). 6920: 6907: 6885: 6870: 6845: 6820: 6795: 6770: 6739: 6724: 6709: 6694: 6679: 6642: 6633: 6619: 6592: 6565: 6302: 6223: 6205: 6187: 6172: 6128: 6119: 6094: 6069: 6046: 6033: 5967: 5958: 5928: 5886: 5856: 5826: 5796: 4703: 4660:"with Napoleon's occupation of 3610:much farther up the coast. The 3179:into Egypt, swiftly conquering 2831:Princeton University Art Museum 2144:At the time, Egypt had been an 18:French invasion of Egypt (1798) 11619:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 11303:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36) 11243:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31) 11134:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62) 10887:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 10531:Women in the French Revolution 10133:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 9310:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 8974:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 8603:French invasion of Switzerland 7311:French invasion of Switzerland 7267:(Marburg: Jonas Verlag 2008), 6950:The National Library of Israel 6746:Cleveland, William L. (2004). 6379:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2017). 6199:copticliterature.wordpress.com 5563: 5528:Mediterranean campaign of 1798 5005:No. 5 Company, 1st Battalion, 4845:John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden 4330:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 4159:Musée historique de Strasbourg 4002:In a maneuver that caught the 3553: 2703: mi) from the village of 2607:Victory on land, defeat at sea 2428:, the Italians; respect their 2005:to Egypt, the founding of the 1855:Mediterranean campaign of 1798 13: 1: 13122:French colonisation in Africa 11927: 11368:First Indochina War (1946–54) 11119:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47) 10536:Incroyables and merveilleuses 10355:Pierre Claude François Daunou 10143:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 9274:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 9245:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 8542:Naval Engagement off Brittany 8295:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 8269:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 8078:Constitution of the Year VIII 7813:Committee of General Security 7698:National Legislative Assembly 7553:National Constituent Assembly 7069:. New York: Harper & Row. 6959:(in French). Paris: Balland. 6829:Napoleon: A Concise Biography 6575:Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 6312:. Touregypt.net. 20 June 2011 5964:Cairo, Nezar AlSayyad, p. 174 5675:. Greenwood. pp. 13–14. 5544: 5533:Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809) 5104: 4955:, commanded by Major General 4926:, commanded by Major General 4895:, commanded by Major General 4869:, commanded by Major General 4843:, commanded by Major General 4817:, commanded by Major General 4458:, plausibly with the help of 4360:A young engineering officer, 3942: 2631:Louis-François, Baron Lejeune 1980:France and the Ottoman Empire 1954:, Napoleon opportunistically 1892:, the ruler of French-allied 85:Left to right, top to bottom: 13067:Wars involving Ottoman Egypt 12246:Twin towns and sister cities 12086: 11758:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 11181:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 10765:King William's War (1689–97) 10454:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 10248:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 10138:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 10035:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 9935:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 9625:Charles Malo François Lameth 9300:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 9131:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 9074:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 8274:Second Battle of Wissembourg 7961:Constitution of the Year III 7249:(in French). Paris: Fayard. 7026:Cherfils, Christian (1914). 5452:, French defeat, army under 5060:Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet 4824:1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot 4584:. Although they opposed the 4229:on March 21, surrendered at 4175:Philip James de Loutherbourg 4094:Bonaparte's voyage to France 3560:Battle of Mount Tabor (1799) 2176:Before departure from Toulon 2021:, and the popularization of 1937:repelled the Ottoman landing 1902:British possessions in India 1845:forces under the command of 7: 12774:Vehicle registration plates 12452: 12428:Water supply and sanitation 12263: 11446: 11248:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48) 11074:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50) 10947:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) 10862:King George's War (1744–48) 10350:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 9975:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 9910:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 9870:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 9749:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 9734:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 9729:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 9538:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 9391:William V, Prince of Orange 8261:First Battle of Wissembourg 8218:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 7934:Closing of the Jacobin Club 7803:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 7760:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 7620:Abolition of the Parlements 7593:Women's March on Versailles 7195:. London: Greenhill Books. 6955:Bainville, Jacques (1997). 6125:Cherfils 1914, pp. 105, 125 5669:Watson, William E. (2003). 5538:Crusader invasions of Egypt 5521: 5079:13th Bombay Native Infantry 4897:Sir John Doyle, 1st Baronet 4808:3rd Regiment of Foot Guards 4679:Mamelukes in French service 4637:narrative of 19th century 4504: 3938:Bonaparte Before the Sphinx 2840:The skeleton of Napoleon's 2395:Disembarkment at Alexandria 2037: 1993:, and the discovery of the 1931:by Anglo-Ottoman forces at 1212:War of the Second Coalition 149:End of Mamluk rule in Egypt 58:War of the Second Coalition 10: 13163: 13142:Invasions of Ottoman Syria 13137:Invasions of Ottoman Egypt 12433:Water resources management 11129:French conquest of Vietnam 10842:Queen Anne's War (1702–13) 10485:French Republican calendar 10040:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 9665:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 9019:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 8969:Charles François Dumouriez 8959:Jacques François Dugommier 8773:League of Armed Neutrality 8606:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 8558:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 8381:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 8360:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 8024:Second Congress of Rastatt 7808:Committee of Public Safety 7795:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 7015:. Harper, New York, 2007. 6974:Barthorp, Michael (1992). 6957:Bonaparte en Égypte: poème 6939: 6387:. McFarland. p. 118. 6061:(in French). p. 111. 5347:relieves the troops under 5074:2nd Bombay Native Infantry 4691: 4538:, or Arab Renaissance. To 4407: 4308:(a founding member of the 4245:to the British. Under the 3657: 3557: 3477: 3175:In 1798, Napoleon led the 3148: 2636: 2627:The Battle of the Pyramids 2340: 2256:, and the Polish nobleman 1948:reversing French conquests 36: 29: 13057:Military history of Egypt 12966: 12792: 12464: 12460: 12447: 12328:Impact on the environment 12318:Entrepreneurship policies 12271: 12258: 12094: 12081: 11935: 11922: 11890: 11792: 11458: 11454: 11441: 11380: 11353:Franco-Thai War (1940–41) 11290: 11193: 11149:Sino-French War (1884–85) 11144:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) 11091: 11064:Río de la Plata (1838–40) 11051: 10959: 10904: 10892:Santo Domingo (1795–1809) 10834: 10802: 10782: 10727: 10675: 10645: 10608: 10602:French colonial conflicts 10500:Cult of the Supreme Being 10428: 10417: 10323: 10312: 10271: 10105: 10098: 9983: 9840: 9762: 9673: 9660:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 9566: 9515:Patriotic Society of 1789 9513: 9502: 9464: 9429: 9399: 9374: 9331: 9318:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 9240:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 9205: 9196: 9174: 8879: 8863: 8852: 8821: 8784: 8757:Convention of Alessandria 8739: 8646: 8593: 8524: 8394: 8368: 8285: 8182: 8109: 8098: 8054: 8043:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 8035: 8008: 7945: 7881: 7776: 7709: 7658: 7612: 7504:What Is the Third Estate? 7495: 7468: 7457: 7372: 6437:Roberts, Andrews (2014). 6043:New York, Macmillan, 1966 6041:The Campaigns of Napoleon 5868:archive.maltatoday.com.mt 5838:blog.maltaweathersite.com 5603:(in French). p. 106. 5394:with the British admiral 5097:Madras Sappers and Miners 4997:Artillery & Engineers 4511:French Revolutionary Wars 4380:culture and the birth of 4247:terms of his capitulation 3998:End of Bedouin Insurgency 3874:On 8 March 1799, General 3723:He is back in Cairo, the 3403:area or the port city of 3049:managed to capture them. 2945:French Revolutionary Wars 2805:condemned the French as: 2436:, as you respected their 2368:Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers 2353:Grand Master von Hompesch 1851:French Revolutionary Wars 1544:Roman and Byzantine Egypt 1096: 1088:French Revolutionary Wars 1036:15,000 killed and wounded 1015:50,000 killed and wounded 997: 959: 859:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 309: 171: 114: 63: 55: 50: 30:For other conflicts, see 12099:Administrative divisions 11775:2011 Egyptian revolution 11716:1952 Egyptian revolution 11512:Lighthouse of Alexandria 11228:Volta-Bani War (1915–16) 11092:Asia & Pacific Ocean 10847:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52) 10208:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 10173:Joséphine de Beauharnais 10055:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 10025:François-Nicolas Vincent 10010:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 9184:Charles-Alexandre Linois 9079:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 9059:François Séverin Marceau 9039:François Joseph Lefebvre 8934:Jean-Étienne Championnet 8909:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 8904:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 8899:Alexandre de Beauharnais 8889:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 8611:French Invasion of Egypt 8489:Second Battle of Bassano 8223:Battle of Kaiserslautern 7997:Conspiracy of the Equals 7690:The Constitution of 1791 7561:Storming of the Bastille 7131:Miot, Jacques-François. 6599:Roberts, Andrew (2015). 6408:Strathern, Paul (2008). 6331:Rachlin, Harvey (2013). 6053:Mullié, Charles (1852). 4947:(French royalist/emigre) 4941:(French royalist/emigre) 4930:(mostly foreign troops) 4494:Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti 4418:was first introduced to 4362:Pierre-François Bouchard 4170:The Battle of Alexandria 3732:Campaigns in Upper Egypt 3473: 3241: 2542:Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti 2343:French invasion of Malta 2212:, Berthier, Caffarelli, 2196:, and the mathematician 1997:, creating the field of 1960:overthrew the government 1958:, sailed to France, and 1909:early victories in Egypt 12303:Egyptian stock exchange 11363:South Vietnam (1945–46) 11233:Kaocen revolt (1916–17) 11161:Second Opium War (1860) 11154:North Vietnam (1886–96) 11139:North Vietnam (1873–74) 10942:East Indies (1793–1801) 10877:North America (1778–83) 10745:North America (1627–29) 10735:Beaver Wars (1609–1701) 10188:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 10060:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 10020:Antoine-François Momoro 10015:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 9832:François de Neufchâteau 9782:Charles-François Lebrun 9724:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 9605:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 9481:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 9287:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 9282:Karl Mack von Leiberich 8914:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 8728:Second Battle of Zurich 8619:Irish Rebellion of 1798 8465:First Battle of Bassano 8303:Second Battle of Boulou 8104:Revolutionary campaigns 8062:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 7977:Council of Five Hundred 7765:First republic declared 7701:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 7682:Declaration of Pillnitz 7406:Constitutional monarchy 7327:Irish Rebellion of 1798 7165:Pigeard, Alain (2004). 6410:"The Retreat from Acre" 4699:British order of battle 4667:Description de l'Égypte 4644:According to Professor 4373:Description de l'Égypte 4314:Claude Louis Berthollet 4155:Assassination of Kléber 4130:near Damietta, between 3653: 3618:) under the command of 3594:. En route it captured 3383:, across the desert of 3023:and progressed towards 2311:Benoît Georges de Najac 2033:Preparations and voyage 1991:Description de l'Égypte 1915:, the destruction of a 1489:3rd Intermediate Period 1469:2nd Intermediate Period 1449:1st Intermediate Period 748:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 154:Franco-Ottoman alliance 13147:Egypt–France relations 13082:19th century in France 13077:18th century in France 12634:International rankings 11639:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 11298:Boxer Rebellion (1901) 11263:Cameroon War (1955–64) 11258:Algerian War (1954–62) 11176:Leewards War (1888–97) 10974:Indian Ocean (1809–11) 10852:Dummer's War (1721–25) 10755:Carib Expulsion (1660) 10517: 10476: 10452: 10433: 9945:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 9940:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 9850:Maximilien Robespierre 9683:Jacques Pierre Brissot 9548:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 8979:Louis-Charles de Flers 8964:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 8929:Jean François Carteaux 8704:First Battle of Zurich 8667:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 8622:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 8582:Treaty of Campo Formio 8328:Glorious First of June 8256:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 8215:Expedition to Sardinia 7893:Desmoulins guillotined 7828:Assassination of Marat 7820:Fall of the Girondists 7792:Revolutionary Tribunal 7784:Execution of Louis XVI 7674:Champ de Mars massacre 7577:Abolition of Feudalism 7050:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6877:Pawly, Ronald (2006). 6802:Moreh, Shmuel (2004). 6653:. Vintage. p. 80. 6183:. Vintage. p. 78. 6168:. Vintage. p. 77. 6055:"Chapter 6: Bonaparte" 5570:Daniel Panzac (2005). 5392:Convention of El Arish 5323:11–19 February – 5294:Battle of the Pyramids 5260: 5249: 5234: 5121:Squadron commanded by 4988:Royal Corsican Rangers 4688:French order of battle 4676: 4622:Charges of imperialism 4614:in the coup d'état of 4598:French judicial system 4556:Battle of the Pyramids 4334:Alire Raffeneau-Delile 4281: 4249:, the British General 4239:besieged in Alexandria 4223: 4187:Convention of El Arish 4182: 4161: 4046:Treaty of Campo Formio 4034:Bonaparte leaves Egypt 3986: 3953: 3807:to attack them, while 3805:96th Infantry Regiment 3729: 3691: 3587: 3581:Stella Maris Monastery 3572: 3516: 3496:to it from 3–7 March. 3399:by sea landing in the 3327: 3259: 3195:. A French commander, 3172: 3160: 2973: 2957:Battle of the Pyramids 2919: 2872:to his main officers. 2860: 2849: 2833: 2811: 2777: 2713:Battle of the Pyramids 2690: 2639:Battle of the Pyramids 2634: 2619: 2588: 2559:), on which the first 2550: 2533: 2526: 2484: 2460:, for the religion of 2404: 2334: 2254:Thomas Prosper Jullien 2202:Thomas Alexandre Dumas 2141: 2140:, where he was killed. 2138:Siege of Srirangapatna 2063:François Baron de Tott 2023:Orientalist narratives 1857:, in which the French 550:Antoine de Phélippeaux 310:Commanders and leaders 227:Albanian bashi-bazouks 145:Anglo-Ottoman victory 79: 13117:1799 in Ottoman Syria 13092:19th century in Egypt 13087:18th century in Egypt 12239:Terrorism and tourism 11697:1948 Arab–Israeli War 11529:Library of Alexandria 11278:Bizerte crisis (1961) 11109:Philippines (1844–45) 11059:West Indies (1804–10) 11014:Ivory Coast (1883–98) 10937:East Indies (1778–83) 10867:Nova Scotia (1749–55) 10857:Natchez revolt (1729) 10817:West Africa (1758–63) 10750:West Indies (1635–59) 10623:South Carolina (1562) 10390:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 9655:Jean-Charles Pichegru 9635:Jean-François Rewbell 9121:Jean-Charles Pichegru 9004:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 8994:Jacques Maurice Hatry 8765:Battle of Hohenlinden 8638:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 8473:Battle of Emmendingen 8420:Battle of Castiglione 8307:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 8238:Battle of Hondschoote 7909:Thermidorian Reaction 7873:(throughout the year) 7646:Fête de la Fédération 7572:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 7556:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 7540:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 7247:Dictionnaire Napoléon 7245:Tulard, Jean (1999). 7191:Smith, Digby (1998). 6978:. Osprey Publishing. 6716:Shmuel Moreh (1995). 6360:Ludwig, Emil (1927). 6136:"Bonaparte and Islam" 5808:foreignaffairs.gov.mt 5737:Amini, Iradj (1999). 5508:The 2010 video game, 5296:, French land victory 5287:Battle of Shubra Khit 5255: 5241:General Murat at the 5240: 5229: 4658: 4588:and the ideas of the 4522:, and ideas, such as 4367:Mémoires sur l'Égypte 4338:Nicolas-Jacques Conté 4272: 4265:Scientific expedition 4218: 4167: 4153: 3981: 3935: 3928:Land battle at Abukir 3789:Cataracts of the Nile 3721: 3686: 3648:Battle of Mount Tabor 3606:and even the town of 3578: 3569:Battle of Mount Tabor 3567: 3506: 3325: 3268:Canal of the Pharaohs 3254: 3247:Canal of the Pharaohs 3166: 3158: 3149:Further information: 3130:significant victories 3097:logistical operations 2968: 2955:with scenes from the 2940:First French Republic 2899: 2886:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 2855: 2839: 2821: 2807: 2772: 2684: 2625: 2614: 2582: 2546: 2531: 2502: 2452:, as you had for the 2422: 2402: 2321: 2250:Eugène de Beauharnais 2120: 1429:Early Dynastic Period 998:Casualties and losses 881:Charles-Louis Lasalle 780:Maximilian Caffarelli 77: 12950:World Heritage Sites 12769:Units of measurement 12224:Proposed new capital 11970:Environmental issues 11731:United Arab Republic 11624:Muhammad Ali dynasty 10770:Santo Domingo (1691) 10318:Influential thinkers 10065:Jean-François Varlet 9965:Jean-Lambert Tallien 9960:Jean Bon Saint-André 9787:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 9709:Marquis de Condorcet 9558:Nicolas de Condorcet 9323:Dagobert von Wurmser 9156:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 9099:Pierre-Jacques Osten 9014:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 8949:Louis-Nicolas Davout 8939:Chapuis de Tourville 8481:Battle of Schliengen 8428:Battle of Theiningen 8349:Battle of Aldenhoven 8233:Battle of Wattignies 8202:Battle of Neerwinden 8016:Coup of 18 Fructidor 7529:Death of the Dauphin 7300:at Wikimedia Commons 7150:The Quarterly Review 6913:Major A. C. Lovett, 6879:Napoleon's Mamelukes 6649:Scurr, Ruth (2022). 6235:copticliterature.com 6179:Scurr, Ruth (2022). 6164:Scurr, Ruth (2022). 5743:. Mage. p. 12. 5450:Battle of Alexandria 5409:Battle of Heliopolis 5257:Battle of Heliopolis 5233:(April 1799) by Gros 5222:Timeline and battles 5117:was organised into: 5064:British Raj (India)) 4727:Commanding General, 4631:European imperialism 4607:Courrier de l'Égypte 4540:modernist historians 4320:, the mathematician 4304:, the mathematician 4302:Henri-Joseph Redouté 4280:, early 19th century 4251:John Hely-Hutchinson 4227:Battle of Alexandria 4198:battle of Heliopolis 4179:Battle of Alexandria 4136:Jean-Antoine Verdier 4041:Gazette de Francfort 4030:operations in 1801. 3923:Abukir to withdrawal 3660:Siege of Acre (1799) 3571:against the Ottomans 2909:, at Thibet for the 2803:Abdullah al-Sharqawi 2540:intellectuals like ' 2019:European imperialism 1927:of Napoleon and his 1699:Muhammad Ali dynasty 1081:Egypt–Syria campaign 799:Jean-Baptiste Perrée 707:Jean-Antoine Verdier 674:Louis-Nicolas Davout 506:John Hely-Hutchinson 13052:Invasions by France 12622:Freedom of religion 12517:Mass sexual assault 11882:Timekeeping devices 11780:2013 Rabaa massacre 11753:Egyptian–Libyan War 11223:Zaian War (1914–21) 11208:Wadai War (1906–11) 10984:Algeria (1835–1903) 10932:Vietnam (1777–1820) 10882:Caribbean (1778–83) 10405:Mary Wollstonecraft 10183:Jean Sylvain Bailly 9970:Pierre Louis Prieur 9915:Jean-Henri Voulland 9890:Jacques-Louis David 9822:Jean Joseph Mounier 9523:Jean Sylvain Bailly 9161:Belgrand de Vaubois 9049:Jean-Antoine Marbot 8989:Emmanuel de Grouchy 8794:Treaty of Lunéville 8433:Battle of Neresheim 8378:Siege of Luxembourg 8357:Siege of Luxembourg 8312:Battle of Tourcoing 8243:Siege of Bellegarde 8070:Coup of 18 Brumaire 7982:Council of Ancients 7757:National Convention 7749:September Massacres 7725:Brunswick Manifesto 7717:France declares war 7484:Assembly of Vizille 7298:Expédition d’Égypte 7156:: 1–55. April 1815. 7112:. Routledge, 2013. 7094:. Alfred A. Knopf. 7073:Jourquin, Jacques, 6915:The Armies of India 6731:Cole, Juan (2007). 6686:Cole, Juan (2007). 6671:Cole, Juan (2007). 6333:"The Rosetta Stone" 5778:Cole, Juan (2007). 5510:Napoleon: Total War 5462:siege of Alexandria 4771:26th Light Dragoons 4761:11th Light Dragoons 4627:Napoleonic invasion 4486:Al-Azhar University 4336:, and the engineer 4322:Jean-Joseph Fourier 4310:École polytechnique 4146:End of the campaign 3666:Rear-Admiral Perrée 2977:Vive la République! 2913:, and in China for 2390:Alexandria to Syria 2170:Sultanate of Mysore 2158:Alexander the Great 2130:Napoleone Bonaparte 1898:at war with Britain 1534:Ptolemaic dynasties 892:Rose de Beauharnais 840:Brueys d'Aigalliers 760:Cousin de Dommartin 12812:Art (contemporary) 12492:Capital punishment 12382:Telecommunications 12059:Towns and villages 12027:Qattara Depression 11840:Muslim Brotherhood 11810:Cigarette industry 11670:British occupation 11581:Crusader invasions 11551:Rashidun Caliphate 11273:Ifni War (1957–58) 11268:Suez Crisis (1956) 10243:Loménie de Brienne 10218:Madame de Lamballe 10153:Napoléon Bonaparte 9950:Prieur de la Marne 9865:Camille Desmoulins 9719:Marie Jean Hérault 9595:Jean-Sifrein Maury 9590:Arnaud de La Porte 9446:Alexander Korsakov 9232:Count of Clerfayt 9151:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 9064:Auguste de Marmont 8919:Napoléon Bonaparte 8810:Algeciras campaign 8802:Treaty of Florence 8680:Battle of Stockach 8513:Ireland expedition 8497:Battle of Calliano 8457:Battle of Rovereto 8449:Battle of Würzburg 7901:Law of 22 Prairial 7870:Anti-clerical laws 7845:The Death of Marat 7666:Flight to Varennes 7067:Bonaparte in Egypt 6946:Napoleon Was Here! 6237:. 17 October 2011. 6201:. 13 October 2011. 5716:2010-07-26 at the 5503:In popular culture 5420:Suleiman al-Halabi 5301:Battle of the Nile 5261: 5250: 5235: 5231:Battle at Nazareth 4776:Hompesch's Hussars 4738:Lieutenant General 4652:narratives of the 4635:civilizing mission 4582:summary executions 4532:Muhammad Ali Pasha 4398:Battle of the Nile 4282: 4233:in April and then 4206:Suleiman al-Halabi 4183: 4162: 4157:, painting in the 4028:counter-insurgency 3954: 3911:Capture of Kosseir 3883:Battle of Beni Adi 3588: 3573: 3517: 3427:(with 2,160 men), 3351:(10,000 men), and 3328: 3318:Ottoman offensives 3260: 3212:Battle of the Nile 3173: 3161: 3087:attacks on French 3056:Bedouin Insurgency 3003:Pursuit of Mamluks 2966:and telling them: 2861: 2850: 2834: 2781:Battle of Pyramids 2759:Battle of the Nile 2691: 2643:Battle of the Nile 2635: 2620: 2589: 2557:Citadel of Qaitbay 2534: 2490:, aboard the ship 2405: 2142: 2110:, prefiguring the 1956:abandoned his army 1929:Army of the Orient 1921:Battle of the Nile 1746:Sultanate of Egypt 1736:British occupation 1709:Khedivate of Egypt 1581:Rashidun caliphate 1402:Predynastic Period 954:Jean-Andoche Junot 582:Napoleon Bonaparte 358:Muhammad Ali Pasha 282:Regency of Algiers 152:Formal end of the 80: 32:Franco-Ottoman War 13047:Conflicts in 1801 13042:Conflicts in 1800 13037:Conflicts in 1799 13032:Conflicts in 1798 13014: 13013: 12962: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12886:Football stadiums 12817:Botanical gardens 12696:Catholic dioceses 12588:Gender inequality 12512:Human trafficking 12443: 12442: 12377:Tallest buildings 12338:Military industry 12254: 12253: 12195:Political parties 12148:Islamic extremism 12136:Foreign relations 12077: 12076: 11918: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11658:French occupation 11576:Fatimid Caliphate 11571:Ikhshidid dynasty 11400: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11376: 11375: 11343:Vietnam (1930–31) 11328:Cilicia (1920–21) 11318:Vietnam (1918–21) 11313:Vietnam (1917–18) 11286: 11285: 11238:Rif War (1920–26) 11218:Morocco (1911–12) 11213:Casablanca (1907) 11189: 11188: 11087: 11086: 11047: 11046: 11009:Madagascar (1883) 10979:Algeria (1830–47) 10955: 10954: 10900: 10899: 10830: 10829: 10798: 10797: 10778: 10777: 10723: 10722: 10695:Senegal (1659–77) 10671: 10670: 10641: 10640: 10628:Florida (1562–65) 10568: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10442:Cockade of France 10413: 10412: 10375:Antoine Lavoisier 10365:Benjamin Franklin 10345:Anacharsis Cloots 10308: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10228:Louis de Breteuil 10070:Theophile Leclerc 9498: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9451:Alexander Suvorov 9192: 9191: 9126:Józef Poniatowski 9044:Étienne Macdonald 8848: 8847: 8749:Battle of Marengo 8712:Battle of Trebbia 8696:Battle of Cassano 8688:Battle of Magnano 8672:Battle of Ostrach 8574:Battle of Neuwied 8336:Battle of Fleurus 8320:Battle of Tournay 8197:War in the Vendée 8133:Royalist Revolts 8094: 8093: 7651: 7627:Abolition of the 7545:Tennis Court Oath 7537:National Assembly 7366:French Revolution 7333: 7332: 7323:Succeeded by 7296:Media related to 7273:978-3-89445-396-1 7237:978-0-224-07681-4 7227:Strathern, Paul. 7086:Karabell, Zachary 7057:978-1-4039-6431-1 7021:978-0-06-059767-2 7004:978-2-901-41823-8 6926:George Nafziger, 6838:978-0-19-026271-6 6813:978-1-55876-337-1 6788:978-0-87140-373-5 6514:, pp. 74–75. 6414:Napoleon in Egypt 6112:978-0-87140-373-5 6087:978-0-87140-373-5 6039:Chandler, David. 5985:978-0-87140-373-5 5804:"Palazzo Parisio" 5789:978-1-4039-6431-1 5540: – 1154–1169 5426:in his garden in 5325:Siege of El Arish 5056:Coming from Egypt 4945:Dillon's Regiment 4786:Infantry Division 4753:Brigadier General 4639:European colonial 4618:(November 1799). 4590:French Revolution 4354:Décade égyptienne 4349:Institut d'Égypte 4328:, the naturalist 4237:in June. Finally 4122:Siege of Damietta 3694:Retreat from Acre 3534:Antoine-Jean Gros 3514:Antoine-Jean Gros 3035:by 24 September. 2992:Ibrahim El-Gohary 2988:Jirjis Al-Jawhary 2823:Napoleon in Cairo 2768:Mediterranean Sea 2504:For too long the 2361:French Revolution 2108:Mediterranean Sea 2007:Institut d'Égypte 1882:Mediterranean Sea 1823: 1822: 1774: 1773: 1727:Late Modern Egypt 1717: 1716: 1689:French occupation 1659: 1658: 1621:Ikhshidid dynasty 1591:Umayyad caliphate 1562: 1561: 1516:Greco-Roman Egypt 1507: 1506: 1410: 1409: 1393:Prehistoric Egypt 1204: 1203: 1046: 1045: 870:Horace Sébastiani 517:William Beresford 268:Bedouin tribesmen 219:Bedouin tribesmen 167: 166: 109:Alexandria (1801) 16:(Redirected from 13154: 13004: 13003: 12994: 12993: 12984: 12974: 12973: 12779:Waste management 12544:Academic grading 12462: 12461: 12449: 12448: 12421:Railway stations 12399:Cultural tourism 12298:Economic regions 12260: 12259: 12083: 12082: 11924: 11923: 11593:Mamluk Sultanate 11524:Diocese of Egypt 11507:Battle of Actium 11456: 11455: 11443: 11442: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11404: 11403: 11378: 11377: 11358:Indochina (1945) 11288: 11287: 11198: 11197: 11089: 11088: 11069:Mexico (1838–39) 11049: 11048: 10964: 10963: 10902: 10901: 10832: 10831: 10807: 10806: 10780: 10779: 10740:Brazil (1612–15) 10725: 10724: 10700:Djidjelli (1664) 10680: 10679: 10663:Brazil (1590–04) 10658:Brazil (1555–67) 10643: 10642: 10613: 10612: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10522: 10510:Temple of Reason 10481: 10457: 10438: 10419: 10418: 10370:Thomas Jefferson 10314: 10313: 10233:de Chateaubriand 10163:Joseph Bonaparte 10158:Lucien Bonaparte 10148:Marie Antoinette 10103: 10102: 10090:Sylvain Maréchal 10045:François Hanriot 9880:Louis Philippe I 9807:Louis Philippe I 9802:Philippe Égalité 9744:Olympe de Gouges 9714:Charlotte Corday 9704:Étienne Clavière 9504: 9503: 9486:Antonio Ricardos 9471: 9470: 9456:Andrei Rosenberg 9436: 9435: 9406: 9405: 9381: 9380: 9351:Ralph Abercromby 9338: 9337: 9313: 9290: 9277: 9269: 9261: 9248: 9235: 9212: 9211: 9203: 9202: 9107: 9054:Marcellin Marbot 8877: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8858:Military leaders 8854: 8853: 8841: 8833: 8829:Treaty of Amiens 8814: 8806: 8798: 8777: 8769: 8761: 8753: 8732: 8731:(25–26 Sep 1799) 8724: 8716: 8715:(17–20 Jun 1799) 8708: 8700: 8699:(27–28 Apr 1799) 8692: 8684: 8676: 8675:(20–21 Mar 1799) 8668: 8660: 8656:Second Coalition 8639: 8631: 8623: 8615: 8607: 8586: 8578: 8570: 8566:Treaty of Leoben 8562: 8554: 8553:(14–15 Jan 1797) 8550:Battle of Rivoli 8546: 8538: 8534:Italian campaign 8517: 8509: 8508:(15–17 Nov 1796) 8505:Battle of Arcole 8501: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8469: 8461: 8453: 8445: 8441:Battle of Amberg 8437: 8424: 8416: 8412:Battle of Lonato 8408: 8404:Italian campaign 8382: 8361: 8353: 8340: 8332: 8324: 8316: 8308: 8299: 8278: 8277:(26–27 Dec 1793) 8265: 8257: 8219: 8211: 8207:Battle of Famars 8175: 8100: 8099: 8082: 8074: 8066: 8047: 8028: 8020: 8001: 7993: 7973: 7965: 7957: 7938: 7930: 7922: 7913: 7905: 7897: 7874: 7866: 7858: 7850: 7840: 7832: 7824: 7804: 7796: 7788: 7769: 7761: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7729: 7721: 7702: 7694: 7686: 7678: 7670: 7669:(20–21 Jun 1791) 7649: 7641: 7633: 7624: 7605: 7597: 7589: 7581: 7573: 7565: 7557: 7549: 7541: 7533: 7525: 7517: 7509: 7488: 7480: 7476:Day of the Tiles 7459: 7458: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7336: 7335: 7307:Preceded by 7304: 7303: 7295: 7260: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7180: 7157: 7108:Mackesy, Piers. 7105: 7079:Jacques Jourquin 7070: 7061: 7039: 7011:Burleigh, Nina. 7008: 6989: 6970: 6933: 6924: 6918: 6911: 6905: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6668: 6655: 6654: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6627:Journal de Paris 6623: 6617: 6616: 6602:Napoleon: A Life 6596: 6590: 6589: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6484: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6443:Napoleon: A Life 6434: 6428: 6427: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6285: 6279: 6266: 6260: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6161: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6050: 6044: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5840:. Archived from 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5775: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5734: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5631: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5573:Barbary Corsairs 5567: 5561: 5555: 5368:, French victory 5366:Battle of Abukir 5334:, French victory 5327:, French victory 5289:, French victory 5243:battle of Abukir 5091:Bombay Artillery 5085:Madras Artillery 5046:Maltese Pioneers 4939:Régiment de Roll 4934:Minorca Regiment 4744:Cavalry Division 4736:Chief of Staff, 4732:Ralph Abercromby 4721:Ralph Abercromby 4554:soldiers at the 4468:classical Arabic 4464:Maltese language 4378:Ancient Egyptian 3991:Battle of Abukir 3947:Jean-Léon Gérôme 3944: 3854:Massacre of Qena 3795:Battle of Samhud 3602:, the castle at 3205:Joseph Sulkowski 3167:The uprising in 2829:, 19th century, 2827:Jean-Léon Gérôme 2793:, scholars like 2709:Pyramids of Giza 2702: 2701: 2697: 2689:, August 1, 1798 2561:French tricolour 2522:Knights of Malta 2349:Knights of Malta 2337:Capture of Malta 2258:Joseph Sulkowski 2126:Sultan of Mysore 2079:Italian campaign 2056:Italian campaign 1987:scientific front 1945:Second Coalition 1870:French Directory 1815: 1808: 1801: 1789:Egypt portal 1787: 1786: 1785: 1756:Kingdom of Egypt 1732: 1731: 1675: 1674: 1577: 1576: 1520: 1519: 1425: 1424: 1398: 1397: 1385: 1375: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1343: 1337: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1224: 1171:Fort Julien 1156:2nd Aboukir 1141:1st Aboukir 1136:Mount Tabor 1101:Shubra Khit 1091: 1089: 1082: 1072: 1065: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1009: 1008: 990: 989: 988: 980: 979: 972:220,000 soldiers 971: 970: 952: 951: 941: 940: 931: 925:Joseph Sulkowski 923: 922: 912: 911: 901: 900: 890: 889: 879: 878: 868: 867: 857: 856: 848: 838: 837: 829: 819: 818: 817: 808: 807: 806: 797: 796: 795: 789: 786: 778: 777: 776: 769: 766: 758: 757: 756: 746: 745: 744: 737: 727: 726: 725: 716: 715: 714: 705: 704: 703: 694: 693: 692: 683: 682: 681: 672: 671: 670: 661: 660: 659: 650: 649: 648: 639: 638: 637: 631: 622: 621: 620: 611: 610: 609: 602: 592: 591: 590: 579: 578: 577: 567: 566: 558: 548: 547: 546: 537: 536: 535: 526: 525: 524: 515: 514: 513: 504: 503: 502: 493: 492: 491: 482: 481: 480: 471: 470: 469: 460: 459: 458: 452: 450: 442:Ralph Abercromby 440: 439: 438: 428: 427: 420: 411: 410: 400: 399: 389: 388: 378: 377: 367: 366: 356: 355: 345: 344: 334: 333: 322: 321: 294: 292: 291: 280: 279: 272: 264: 261: 257: 255: 254: 247: 244: 240: 238: 237: 223: 215:Nablus tribesmen 209: 208: 207: 197: 196: 184: 183: 116: 115: 68: 48: 47: 21: 13162: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13062:Napoleonic Wars 13017: 13016: 13015: 13010: 12954: 12945:Public holidays 12935:National anthem 12788: 12701:Coptic Churches 12644:Egyptian Arabic 12554:Medical schools 12456: 12439: 12355:Nuclear program 12267: 12250: 12180:Nationality law 12173:Supreme Council 12158:Law enforcement 12090: 12073: 12049:Sinai Peninsula 12032:Red Sea Riviera 11931: 11910: 11886: 11788: 11675:1919 revolution 11663:Revolt of Cairo 11588:Ayyubid dynasty 11566:Tulunid dynasty 11450: 11437: 11431: 11401: 11392: 11372: 11333:Syria (1925–27) 11323:Syria (1919–21) 11282: 11185: 11166:Japan (1863–64) 11099:Moluccas (1810) 11083: 11043: 10951: 10927:India (1756–63) 10922:India (1749–54) 10917:India (1746–48) 10896: 10826: 10794: 10774: 10760:Texas (1685–89) 10719: 10667: 10637: 10604: 10599: 10569: 10560: 10435:La Marseillaise 10424: 10423:Cultural impact 10409: 10319: 10300: 10267: 10223:Madame du Barry 10213:Catherine Théot 10203:Thérésa Tallien 10094: 10085:Gracchus Babeuf 10030:François Chabot 9987: 9979: 9900:Georges Couthon 9895:Marquis de Sade 9860:Jean-Paul Marat 9836: 9792:Bertrand Barère 9758: 9669: 9650:Boissy d'Anglas 9645:Madame de Staël 9610:Antoine Barnave 9578: 9571: 9562: 9509: 9490: 9465: 9460: 9430: 9425: 9400: 9395: 9375: 9370: 9332: 9327: 9311: 9288: 9275: 9267: 9259: 9246: 9233: 9222:József Alvinczi 9206: 9188: 9170: 9111:Nicolas Oudinot 9101: 9034:Claude Lecourbe 9029:Charles Leclerc 8924:Guillaume Brune 8894:Pierre Augereau 8864: 8859: 8844: 8839: 8837:Treaty of Paris 8831: 8817: 8812: 8804: 8796: 8780: 8775: 8767: 8759: 8751: 8735: 8730: 8722: 8714: 8706: 8698: 8690: 8682: 8674: 8666: 8658: 8642: 8637: 8629: 8621: 8613: 8605: 8589: 8584: 8576: 8568: 8560: 8552: 8544: 8536: 8520: 8515: 8507: 8499: 8491: 8483: 8475: 8467: 8459: 8451: 8443: 8435: 8422: 8414: 8406: 8390: 8380: 8364: 8359: 8351: 8338: 8330: 8322: 8314: 8306: 8297: 8281: 8276: 8263: 8255: 8253:Siege of Toulon 8217: 8209: 8192:First Coalition 8178: 8169: 8105: 8090: 8080: 8072: 8064: 8050: 8045: 8031: 8026: 8018: 8004: 7999: 7991: 7971: 7963: 7955: 7941: 7936: 7928: 7920: 7911: 7903: 7895: 7877: 7872: 7864: 7856: 7854:Law of Suspects 7848: 7838: 7830: 7822: 7802: 7800:Reign of Terror 7794: 7786: 7772: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7743: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7684: 7676: 7668: 7654: 7639: 7631: 7622: 7608: 7603: 7595: 7587: 7580:(4–11 Aug 1789) 7579: 7571: 7563: 7555: 7547: 7539: 7531: 7523: 7515: 7513:Réveillon riots 7507: 7491: 7486: 7478: 7464: 7453: 7368: 7363: 7324: 7319: 7308: 7288: 7257: 7203: 7177: 7140: 7122:Miot, Jacques. 7102: 7058: 7005: 6986: 6967: 6942: 6937: 6936: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6908: 6892:George Nafziger 6890: 6886: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6744: 6740: 6729: 6725: 6714: 6710: 6699: 6695: 6684: 6680: 6669: 6658: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6487: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6377: 6373: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6269: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6177: 6173: 6162: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6142:on 28 June 2011 6134: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6074: 6070: 6051: 6047: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5902: 5895:"Archived copy" 5893: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5844:on 4 March 2016 5832: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5776: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5735: 5728: 5724:, 22 July 2010. 5718:Wayback Machine 5707: 5706: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5635:James, T. G. H. 5632: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5524: 5516:Adieu Bonaparte 5505: 5330:7 March – 5224: 5187:Bonne Citoyenne 5107: 5007:Royal Artillery 4806:1st Battalion, 4800:1st Battalion, 4793:, commanded by 4751:, commanded by 4749:Cavalry Brigade 4706: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4624: 4594:Hassan Al-Attar 4586:French Republic 4566:Islamic scholar 4507: 4412: 4406: 4389:revolt of Cairo 4332:, the botanist 4312:), the chemist 4267: 4259:Treaty of Paris 4148: 4142:and 5 cannons. 4124: 4096: 4067:, and generals 4036: 4006:off guard, the 4000: 3930: 3925: 3913: 3885: 3872: 3870:Battle of Abnud 3856: 3840: 3838:Battle of Aswan 3797: 3734: 3716: 3696: 3678:École Militaire 3662: 3656: 3562: 3556: 3482: 3476: 3413: 3411:French response 3320: 3249: 3244: 3236:Al-Azhar Mosque 3197:Dominique Dupuy 3193:Al-Azhar Mosque 3159:Revolt in Cairo 3153: 3151:Revolt of Cairo 3147: 3145:Revolt of Cairo 3058: 3005: 2964:siege of Toulon 2949:arc de triomphe 2816: 2801:, clerics like 2721:infantry square 2699: 2695: 2694: 2645: 2637:Main articles: 2609: 2585:Arc de Triomphe 2569:Louis André Bon 2397: 2392: 2377:Palazzo Parisio 2345: 2339: 2242:Louis Bonaparte 2178: 2040: 2035: 1976:Treaty of Paris 1833:territories in 1819: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1729: 1719: 1718: 1672: 1661: 1660: 1641:Ayyubid dynasty 1631:Fatimid dynasty 1611:Tulunid dynasty 1601:Abbasid dynasty 1574: 1564: 1563: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1422: 1412: 1411: 1395: 1373: 1366: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1225: 1217: 1216:Egypt and Syria 1215: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1039: 1038:23,500 captured 1037: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1017:15,000 captured 1016: 1014: 1003: 992: 991:40,000 soldiers 986: 984: 981:30,000 soldiers 974: 973: 965: 946: 945: 935: 934: 917: 916: 906: 905: 903:Louis Bonaparte 895: 894: 884: 883: 873: 872: 862: 861: 851: 850: 844: 832: 831: 825: 815: 813: 812: 804: 802: 801: 793: 791: 790: 774: 772: 771: 770: 754: 752: 751: 750: 742: 740: 739: 733: 729:Louis André Bon 723: 721: 720: 712: 710: 709: 701: 699: 698: 690: 688: 687: 679: 677: 676: 668: 666: 665: 657: 655: 654: 646: 644: 643: 635: 633: 632: 618: 616: 615: 607: 605: 604: 598: 588: 586: 585: 575: 573: 561: 560: 554: 544: 542: 541: 533: 531: 530: 522: 520: 519: 511: 509: 508: 500: 498: 497: 489: 487: 486: 478: 476: 475: 467: 465: 464: 462:Gordon Drummond 456: 454: 453: 446: 436: 434: 433: 432: 422: 421: 405: 404: 394: 393: 383: 382: 372: 371: 361: 360: 350: 349: 339: 338: 328: 327: 316: 296:French Republic 289: 287: 274: 273: 270: 265: 262: 252: 250: 248: 245: 235: 233: 221: 205: 203: 199:Eyalet of Egypt 191: 178: 136: 134:Eyalet of Egypt 123: 86: 84: 82: 81: 76: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13160: 13150: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13008: 12998: 12988: 12978: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12895: 12890: 12889: 12888: 12883: 12881:Football clubs 12873: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12856: 12851: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12798: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12704: 12703: 12698: 12688: 12683: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12657: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12636: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12624: 12614: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12477:Animal welfare 12474: 12468: 12466: 12458: 12457: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12425: 12424: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12403: 12402: 12401: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12360:Power stations 12357: 12352: 12351: 12350: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12308:Egyptian pound 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12278: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12256: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12249: 12248: 12243: 12242: 12241: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12212:Prime Minister 12209: 12208: 12207: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12079: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12017:Northern coast 12014: 12009: 12008: 12007: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11920: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11892: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11767: 11762: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11748:Yom Kippur War 11740: 11739: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11703: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11699: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11650: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11631: 11626: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11590: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11543: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11509: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11470: 11464: 11462: 11452: 11451: 11439: 11438: 11430: 11429: 11422: 11415: 11407: 11398: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11390: 11384: 11382: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11348:Vietnam (1940) 11345: 11340: 11338:Vietnam (1930) 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11308:Vietnam (1916) 11305: 11300: 11294: 11292: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11204: 11202: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11126: 11124:Tourane (1856) 11121: 11116: 11114:Tourane (1847) 11111: 11106: 11101: 11095: 11093: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11055: 11053: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11004:Tunisia (1881) 11001: 10996: 10991: 10989:Morocco (1844) 10986: 10981: 10976: 10970: 10968: 10961: 10957: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10908: 10906: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10838: 10836: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10824: 10822:Morocco (1765) 10819: 10813: 10811: 10804: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10790:Siam (1687–90) 10786: 10784: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10731: 10729: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10717: 10715:Algiers (1688) 10712: 10710:Algiers (1683) 10707: 10705:Algiers (1682) 10702: 10697: 10692: 10690:Morocco (1629) 10686: 10684: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10649: 10647: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10633:Florida (1568) 10630: 10625: 10619: 10617: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10598: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10575: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10505:Cult of Reason 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10449: 10447:Flag of France 10444: 10439: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10286: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10253:Jacques Necker 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10109: 10107: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10075:Claire Lacombe 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 10000:Jacques Hébert 9996: 9994: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9855:Georges Danton 9852: 9846: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9768: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9699:Henri Grégoire 9695: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9640:Camille Jordan 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9581: 9579: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9519: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9477: 9475: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9412: 9410: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9344: 9342: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9284: 9279: 9271: 9263: 9255: 9250: 9242: 9237: 9229: 9224: 9218: 9216: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9180: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8883: 8874: 8861: 8860: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8834: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8807: 8799: 8790: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8770: 8762: 8754: 8745: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8725: 8720:Battle of Novi 8717: 8709: 8707:(4–7 Jun 1799) 8701: 8693: 8685: 8677: 8669: 8661: 8652: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8632: 8624: 8616: 8608: 8599: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8579: 8571: 8563: 8555: 8547: 8539: 8530: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8510: 8502: 8500:(6–7 Nov 1796) 8494: 8486: 8478: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8438: 8430: 8425: 8417: 8415:(3–4 Aug 1796) 8409: 8400: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8386:Peace of Basel 8383: 8374: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8354: 8346: 8341: 8333: 8325: 8317: 8309: 8300: 8291: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8271: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8228:Siege of Mainz 8225: 8220: 8212: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8164: 8159: 8157:Siege of Mainz 8154: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8139: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8075: 8067: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8021: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7994: 7989:13 Vendémiaire 7986: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7966: 7958: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7931: 7923: 7914: 7906: 7898: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7867: 7859: 7851: 7841: 7836:Levée en masse 7833: 7825: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7797: 7789: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7741:10th of August 7738: 7730: 7722: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7695: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7634: 7625: 7623:(Feb–Jul 1790) 7616: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7598: 7590: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7526: 7518: 7510: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7481: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7331: 7330: 7321: 7314: 7302: 7301: 7287: 7286:External links 7284: 7283: 7282: 7276: 7261: 7255: 7242: 7225: 7216: 7207: 7201: 7188: 7181: 7175: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7120: 7118:978-1134953578 7106: 7100: 7082: 7071: 7062: 7056: 7040: 7023: 7009: 7003: 6990: 6984: 6971: 6965: 6952: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6919: 6906: 6884: 6869: 6862: 6844: 6837: 6819: 6812: 6794: 6787: 6769: 6762: 6738: 6723: 6708: 6693: 6678: 6656: 6641: 6632: 6618: 6612:978-0698176287 6611: 6591: 6584: 6564: 6562:, p. 261. 6552: 6550:, p. 259. 6540: 6538:, p. 256. 6528: 6526:, p. 255. 6516: 6504: 6502:, p. 444. 6485: 6483:, p. 443. 6470: 6458: 6452:978-0698176287 6451: 6429: 6423:978-0553905885 6422: 6400: 6394:978-1476671246 6393: 6371: 6352: 6346:978-1939430915 6345: 6323: 6301: 6286: 6267: 6252: 6240: 6222: 6204: 6186: 6171: 6153: 6127: 6118: 6111: 6093: 6086: 6068: 6045: 6032: 6030:, p. 140. 6020: 6003: 5999:Bainville 1997 5991: 5984: 5966: 5957: 5927: 5885: 5855: 5825: 5795: 5788: 5763: 5749: 5726: 5695: 5681: 5658: 5651: 5619: 5607: 5589: 5582: 5562: 5560:, p. 351. 5558:Strathern 2008 5549: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5481: 5470: 5464: 5460:ready for the 5446: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5416: 5405: 5398: 5390:concludes the 5381: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332:Siege of Jaffa 5328: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4964: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4928:Charles Stuart 4921: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4791:Guards Brigade 4783: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4741: 4734: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4692:Main article: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4646:Edward W. Said 4623: 4620: 4526:and incipient 4520:printing press 4506: 4503: 4498:Arabic grammar 4416:printing press 4405: 4404:Printing press 4402: 4276:, painting by 4266: 4263: 4221:bodies burned. 4147: 4144: 4123: 4120: 4095: 4092: 4063:, the painter 4035: 4032: 4016:Ottoman Empire 4008:Ottoman Empire 4004:Bedouin tribes 3999: 3996: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3912: 3909: 3884: 3881: 3871: 3868: 3855: 3852: 3839: 3836: 3796: 3793: 3733: 3730: 3715: 3712: 3695: 3692: 3658:Main article: 3655: 3652: 3558:Main article: 3555: 3552: 3480:Siege of Jaffa 3478:Main article: 3475: 3472: 3431:(with 2,336), 3412: 3409: 3365:Constantinople 3319: 3316: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3146: 3143: 3113:conventionally 3057: 3054: 3004: 3001: 2815: 2812: 2763:Horatio Nelson 2608: 2605: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2341:Main article: 2338: 2335: 2330:plains of Zama 2316:Armée d'Italie 2281:Contre-amirals 2277:Admiral Brueys 2177: 2174: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2009:, the rise of 2003:printing press 1859:captured Malta 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1651:Mamluk dynasty 1647: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1575: 1572:Medieval Egypt 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1554:Sasanian Egypt 1550: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1524:Argead dynasty 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1459:Middle Kingdom 1455: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1264: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1240: 1233: 1226: 1219: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1188: 1186:2nd Cairo 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1116:1st Cairo 1113: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1052: 1044: 1043: 1022: 1011:Ottoman Empire 1000: 999: 995: 994: 993:10,000 sailors 982: 962: 961: 957: 956: 571: 539:Horatio Nelson 380:Abdullah Pasha 312: 311: 307: 306: 305: 304: 302:Armée d'Orient 284: 259:United Kingdom 230: 229: 224: 216: 213: 201: 186:Ottoman Empire 174: 173: 169: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 159: 156: 150: 142: 138: 137: 132: 130: 126: 125: 120: 112: 111: 64: 61: 60: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13159: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13112:1801 in Egypt 13110: 13108: 13107:1800 in Egypt 13105: 13103: 13102:1799 in Egypt 13100: 13098: 13097:1798 in Egypt 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13007: 12999: 12997: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12977: 12969: 12968: 12965: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12807:Art (ancient) 12805: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12743: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12686:Blasphemy law 12684: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12655: 12654:Sign Language 12652: 12650: 12649:Saʽidi Arabic 12647: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12450: 12446: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12426: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12395: 12392: 12388: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12287: 12286:National Bank 12284: 12283: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12270: 12266: 12261: 12257: 12247: 12244: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12089: 12084: 12080: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11934: 11930: 11925: 11921: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11889: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11676: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11654: 11651: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11612:Ottoman Egypt 11610: 11609: 11608: 11605: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11444: 11440: 11435: 11428: 11423: 11421: 11416: 11414: 11409: 11408: 11405: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10903: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10833: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10674: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10653:Brazil (1531) 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646:South America 10644: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616:North America 10614: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10596: 10591: 10589: 10584: 10582: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10519:Sans-culottes 10515: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10490:Metric system 10488: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10315: 10311: 10297: 10294: 10290: 10289:Panthéon Club 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10178:Joachim Murat 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9955:Gilbert Romme 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9777:de Cambacérès 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9694: 9693:Madame Roland 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9630:André Chénier 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9585:Grace Elliott 9583: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9505: 9501: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9272: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9210: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9146:Joseph Souham 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9089:Joachim Murat 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9069:André Masséna 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8868: 8862: 8855: 8851: 8840:(25 Jun 1802) 8838: 8835: 8832:(25 Mar 1802) 8830: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8811: 8808: 8805:(18 Mar 1801) 8803: 8800: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8774: 8771: 8766: 8763: 8760:(15 Jun 1800) 8758: 8755: 8752:(14 Jun 1800) 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8729: 8726: 8723:(15 Aug 1799) 8721: 8718: 8713: 8710: 8705: 8702: 8697: 8694: 8689: 8686: 8683:(25 Mar 1799) 8681: 8678: 8673: 8670: 8665: 8664:Siege of Acre 8662: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8636: 8635:Peasants' War 8633: 8628: 8625: 8620: 8617: 8612: 8609: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8585:(17 Oct 1797) 8583: 8580: 8577:(18 Apr 1797) 8575: 8572: 8569:(17 Apr 1797) 8567: 8564: 8561:(25 Jan 1797) 8559: 8556: 8551: 8548: 8545:(13 Jan 1797) 8543: 8540: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8514: 8511: 8506: 8503: 8498: 8495: 8490: 8487: 8484:(26 Oct 1796) 8482: 8479: 8476:(19 Oct 1796) 8474: 8471: 8466: 8463: 8458: 8455: 8450: 8447: 8444:(24 Aug 1796) 8442: 8439: 8436:(11 Aug 1796) 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8421: 8418: 8413: 8410: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8358: 8355: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8339:(26 Jun 1794) 8337: 8334: 8329: 8326: 8323:(22 May 1794) 8321: 8318: 8315:(18 May 1794) 8313: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8298:(24 Apr 1794) 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8264:(13 Oct 1793) 8262: 8259: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8216: 8213: 8210:(23 May 1793) 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8173: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8084: 8081:(24 Dec 1799) 8079: 8076: 8071: 8068: 8065:(18 Jun 1799) 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8046:(11 May 1798) 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8025: 8022: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8007: 7998: 7995: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7964:(22 Aug 1795) 7962: 7959: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7937:(11 Nov 1794) 7935: 7932: 7927: 7924: 7921:(28 Jul 1794) 7918: 7915: 7912:(27 Jul 1794) 7910: 7907: 7904:(10 Jun 1794) 7902: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7871: 7868: 7865:(16 Oct 1793) 7863: 7860: 7857:(17 Sep 1793) 7855: 7852: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7839:(23 Aug 1793) 7837: 7834: 7831:(13 Jul 1793) 7829: 7826: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7793: 7790: 7787:(21 Jan 1793) 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7768:(22 Sep 1792) 7766: 7763: 7758: 7755: 7750: 7747: 7744:(10 Aug 1792) 7742: 7739: 7734: 7731: 7728:(25 Jul 1792) 7726: 7723: 7720:(20 Apr 1792) 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7699: 7696: 7691: 7688: 7685:(27 Aug 1791) 7683: 7680: 7677:(17 Jul 1791) 7675: 7672: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7650:(14 Jul 1790) 7648: 7647: 7643: 7640:(12 Jul 1790) 7638: 7635: 7632:(23 Jun 1790) 7630: 7626: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7602: 7599: 7594: 7591: 7588:(26 Aug 1789) 7586: 7583: 7578: 7575: 7570: 7567: 7564:(14 Jul 1789) 7562: 7559: 7554: 7551: 7548:(20 Jun 1789) 7546: 7543: 7538: 7535: 7532:(4 June 1789) 7530: 7527: 7522: 7519: 7516:(28 Apr 1789) 7514: 7511: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7487:(21 Jul 1788) 7485: 7482: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7392:Ancien Régime 7389: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7329: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7263:Melanie Ulz: 7262: 7258: 7256:2-213-60485-1 7252: 7248: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7202:1-85367-276-9 7198: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7176:2-84734-073-4 7172: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7101:0-375-40883-5 7097: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6985:9780850451269 6981: 6977: 6972: 6968: 6966:2-7158-1135-7 6962: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6931: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6910: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6880: 6873: 6865: 6863:0-394-74067-X 6859: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6765: 6763:0-8133-4048-9 6759: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6697: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6652: 6645: 6636: 6628: 6622: 6614: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6585:9780342283217 6581: 6578:. Scribners. 6577: 6576: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6468:, p. 31. 6467: 6462: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6311: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6284:, p. 63. 6283: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6265:, p. 62. 6264: 6259: 6257: 6250:, p. 61. 6249: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6160: 6158: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6122: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6018:, p. 64. 6017: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6001:, p. 31. 6000: 5995: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5961: 5945: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5922: 5916: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5752: 5750:0-934211-58-2 5746: 5742: 5741: 5733: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5684: 5682:0-275-97470-7 5678: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5663: 5654: 5652:0-7141-5010-X 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5616: 5615:Barthorp 1992 5611: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5585: 5583:9789004125940 5579: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5422:assassinates 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359:Siege of Acre 5356: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5228: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5098: 5095:(detachment) 5094: 5092: 5089:(detachment) 5088: 5086: 5083:(detachment) 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062:(moving from 5061: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5014:William Mudge 5012: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5002: 5001:Robert Lawson 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795:Major General 4792: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4740:H. Hutchinson 4739: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4695: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4393:Gaspard Monge 4390: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4326:Étienne Malus 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306:Gaspard Monge 4303: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4287:Enlightenment 4279: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4255:Rosetta Stone 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4116:Saint-Raphaël 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4010:entered into 4009: 4005: 3995: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3951:Hearst Castle 3948: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3920: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3759:to cross the 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3714:Back in Egypt 3711: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3616:Nizam-ı Cedid 3613: 3612:siege of Acre 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544:Ancien Régime 3541: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3527:monastery at 3526: 3522: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461:contre-amiral 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304:ancient canal 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093:communication 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3064:and later in 3063: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2877:proclamations 2873: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2842:Arabian horse 2838: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755:Bay of Abukir 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656:General Dugua 2653: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2470:Roman legions 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2379:in Valletta. 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2269:Civitavecchia 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:Gaspard Monge 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2132:, confronted 2131: 2128:, an ally of 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:Great Britain 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995:Rosetta Stone 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:Great Britain 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1679:Ottoman Egypt 1677: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1420:Ancient Egypt 1416: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1342: 1336: 1319: 1302: 1285: 1268: 1256: 1230: 1223: 1213: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1083: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1042: 1041:Total: 38,500 1033: 1023: 1021: 1020:Total: 65,000 1012: 1007: 1002: 1001: 996: 983: 978: 969: 964: 963: 958: 955: 950: 944: 939: 932: 926: 921: 915: 910: 904: 899: 893: 888: 882: 877: 871: 866: 860: 855: 849: 847: 841: 836: 830: 828: 822: 811: 810:Charles Dugua 800: 787: 781: 767: 761: 749: 738: 736: 730: 719: 708: 697: 686: 675: 664: 663:Joachim Murat 653: 642: 630: 625: 624:Jacques Menou 614: 603: 601: 595: 584: 583: 572: 570: 565: 559: 557: 551: 540: 529: 518: 507: 496: 495:George Ramsay 485: 474: 473:Samuel Graham 463: 451: 449: 443: 431: 426: 419: 414: 409: 403: 398: 392: 387: 381: 376: 370: 365: 359: 354: 348: 347:Mustafa Pasha 343: 337: 332: 326: 325: 320: 314: 313: 308: 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 285: 283: 278: 269: 266: 260: 243: 242:Great Britain 228: 225: 220: 217: 214: 212: 202: 200: 195: 190: 189: 188: 187: 182: 176: 175: 170: 160: 157: 155: 151: 148: 147: 146: 143: 140: 139: 135: 131: 128: 127: 121: 118: 117: 113: 110: 106: 105:Abukir (1801) 102: 101:Abukir (1799) 98: 94: 90: 62: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 12832:Coat of arms 12802:Architecture 12691:Christianity 12671:Prostitution 12617:Human rights 12576:Abaza family 12564:Universities 12529:Demographics 12482:Billionaires 12126:Constitution 12121:Conscription 12104:Governorates 11985:Halfaya Pass 11855:1954–present 11815:Constitution 11770:2010s Crisis 11682:World War II 11644:Urabi revolt 11561:Islamization 11495:31st Dynasty 11490:27th Dynasty 11194:20th century 11171:Korea (1866) 10960:19th century 10803:18th century 10676:17th century 10609:16th century 10526:Phrygian cap 10471:Bastille Day 10385:Thomas Paine 10340:Edmund Burke 10335:Beaumarchais 10329:Les Lumières 10327: 10168:Joseph Fesch 10080:Pauline Léon 10050:Jacques Roux 9989: 9573: 8999:Lazare Hoche 8984:Paul Grenier 8954:Louis Desaix 8813:(8 Jul 1801) 8797:(9 Feb 1801) 8768:(3 Dec 1800) 8691:(5 Apr 1799) 8492:(6 Nov 1796) 8468:(8 Sep 1796) 8460:(4 Sep 1796) 8452:(3 Sep 1796) 8423:(5 Aug 1796) 8352:(2 Oct 1794) 8331:(1 Jun 1794) 8073:(9 Nov 1799) 8019:(4 Sep 1797) 7956:(1 Apr 1795) 7926:White Terror 7919:guillotined 7896:(5 Apr 1794) 7843: 7823:(2 Jun 1793) 7693:(3 Sep 1791) 7644: 7604:(2 Nov 1789) 7596:(5 Oct 1789) 7524:(5 May 1789) 7502: 7479:(7 Jun 1788) 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7325: 7316: 7309: 7264: 7246: 7228: 7220: 7211: 7192: 7166: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7133: 7124: 7109: 7090: 7074: 7066: 7047: 7027: 7012: 6994: 6975: 6956: 6927: 6922: 6914: 6909: 6895: 6887: 6878: 6872: 6853: 6847: 6828: 6822: 6803: 6797: 6778: 6772: 6748: 6741: 6732: 6726: 6717: 6711: 6702: 6696: 6687: 6681: 6672: 6650: 6644: 6635: 6626: 6621: 6601: 6594: 6574: 6567: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6461: 6442: 6432: 6413: 6403: 6384: 6374: 6365: 6355: 6336: 6326: 6314:. Retrieved 6304: 6297:Pigeard 2004 6282:Bernède 1998 6263:Bernède 1998 6248:Bernède 1998 6243: 6234: 6225: 6217:st-takla.org 6216: 6207: 6198: 6189: 6180: 6174: 6165: 6144:. Retrieved 6140:the original 6130: 6121: 6102: 6096: 6077: 6071: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6040: 6035: 6023: 5994: 5975: 5969: 5960: 5948:. Retrieved 5937: 5930: 5903:. Retrieved 5888: 5876:. Retrieved 5867: 5864:"MaltaToday" 5858: 5846:. Retrieved 5842:the original 5837: 5828: 5816:. Retrieved 5807: 5798: 5779: 5754:. Retrieved 5739: 5722:France Inter 5686:. Retrieved 5671: 5642: 5617:, p. 6. 5610: 5600: 5572: 5565: 5553: 5396:Sidney Smith 5259:(March 1800) 5230: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5108: 5055: 4996: 4952: 4923: 4892: 4866: 4840: 4814: 4790: 4785: 4756:Edward Finch 4748: 4743: 4710:British Army 4707: 4704:British Army 4682: 4665: 4659: 4654:Muslim world 4643: 4625: 4612:First Consul 4605: 4602: 4578:Ottoman rule 4560: 4508: 4479:Sunni Muslim 4476: 4449: 4413: 4386: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4318:Vivant Denon 4295: 4283: 4278:Léon Cogniet 4273: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4195: 4184: 4168: 4154: 4132:Lake Manzala 4125: 4101: 4097: 4085: 4050: 4040: 4037: 4021: 4012:open warfare 4001: 3987: 3982: 3974: 3955: 3936: 3914: 3886: 3873: 3857: 3841: 3832: 3821: 3817: 3798: 3781: 3769: 3746: 3735: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3705: 3697: 3687: 3682:Sidney Smith 3671: 3663: 3642:to march on 3632:River Jordan 3624: 3620:Jezzar Pasha 3589: 3537: 3529:Mount Carmel 3518: 3508: 3498: 3483: 3468: 3422: 3414: 3337:Jezzar Pasha 3329: 3308:Senusret III 3277: 3261: 3255: 3228: 3209: 3201:Aide-de-camp 3174: 3118: 3089:supply lines 3070: 3059: 3051: 3040: 3037: 3006: 2990:(brother of 2981: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2961: 2948: 2937: 2933: 2920: 2900: 2874: 2865: 2862: 2822: 2808: 2788: 2778: 2773: 2751: 2725: 2692: 2686: 2674:, which was 2668: 2648:Louis Desaix 2646: 2626: 2616: 2590: 2573:Koraim Pasha 2565: 2551: 2547: 2535: 2503: 2491: 2485: 2466:Jesus Christ 2464:and that of 2448:, for their 2423: 2406: 2381: 2365: 2358: 2346: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2300: 2262: 2179: 2143: 2060: 2041: 2027:Muslim world 1984: 1906: 1900:, to attack 1867: 1826: 1824: 1770:1953–present 1669:Early modern 1548:30 BC–641 AD 1483:1550–1069 BC 1473:1650–1550 BC 1463:2055–1650 BC 1453:2181–2055 BC 1443:2686–2181 BC 1433:3150–2686 BC 1406:6000–3000 BC 1195:capitulation 1176:El Rahmaniya 1146:2nd El Arish 1121:1st El Arish 1040: 1031: 1019: 1010: 943:Louis Friant 914:Géraud Duroc 845: 826: 821:Martin Dupuy 734: 718:Jean Reynier 652:Louis Desaix 613:Thomas Dumas 599: 580: 569:Raïs Hamidou 555: 528:Sidney Smith 447: 413:Abdallah Bey 369:Jezzar Pasha 315: 286: 231: 177: 172:Belligerents 144: 89:the Pyramids 56:Part of the 43: 12996:WikiProject 12757:Scientology 12627:LGBT rights 12549:Law schools 12333:Lighthouses 12276:Agriculture 12005:Mount Sinai 11965:Earthquakes 11765:Mubarak era 11736:Six-Day War 11726:Suez Crisis 11721:Land reform 11468:Prehistoric 11104:Java (1811) 10994:Salé (1851) 10395:Abbé Sieyès 10380:Montesquieu 10296:Social Club 10238:Jean Chouan 10128:Louis XVIII 9905:Roger Ducos 9875:Paul Barras 9842:Montagnards 9772:Abbé Sieyès 9575:monarchiens 9383:Netherlands 9312:(Hungarian) 9260:(Hungarian) 9176:French Navy 9102: [ 9024:Jean Lannes 8881:French Army 8659:(1798–1802) 8630:(1798–1800) 8614:(1798–1801) 8344:Chouannerie 8305:(Pyrenees) 8170: [ 8137:Chouannerie 7929:(Fall 1794) 7917:Robespierre 7183:Rickard, J 7146:by J. Miot" 7142:"Review of 6854:Orientalism 6605:. Penguin. 6560:Herold 1962 6548:Herold 1962 6536:Herold 1962 6524:Herold 1962 6016:Tulard 1999 5708:(in French) 5474:Fort Julien 5456:digs in at 5353:Mount Tabor 5305:Aboukir Bay 5126:Samuel Hood 4953:6th Brigade 4924:5th Brigade 4893:4th Brigade 4867:3rd Brigade 4841:2nd Brigade 4815:1st Brigade 4650:Orientalist 4616:18 brumaire 4544:Middle East 4528:nationalism 4453:Orientalist 4440:Middle East 4384:in Europe. 4243:capitulated 4231:Fort Julien 4214:Le Moniteur 4128:Janissaries 3674:Phélippeaux 3628:Mount Tabor 3554:Mount Tabor 3548:King's Evil 3395:, and from 3177:French army 3139:French Army 3126:hit-and-run 3109:hit-and-run 3085:hit-and-run 3081:encampments 3029:Bahr Yussef 3009:Upper Egypt 2953:Michel Rigo 2866:fête du Nil 2743:Upper Egypt 2658:marched on 2593:Aboukir Bay 2486:On 1 July, 2093:, ruler of 2091:Tipu Sultan 2011:nationalism 1972:repatriated 1964:surrendered 1917:French Navy 1890:Tipu Sultan 1849:during the 1499:Late Period 1493:1069–664 BC 1479:New Kingdom 1439:Old Kingdom 1372:History of 696:René Savary 641:Jean Lannes 594:Jean Kléber 402:Ibrahim Bey 336:Yusuf Pasha 246:(1798–1800) 222:(1798–1799) 87:Battles of 39:Suez Crisis 13021:Categories 12908:Newspapers 12898:Mass media 12750:Synagogues 12718:Irreligion 12666:Literature 12661:Liberalism 12600:Healthcare 12502:Corruption 12185:Parliament 12116:Corruption 12111:Civil Code 12054:Suez Canal 12012:Nile Delta 11897:Alexandria 11867:Population 11862:Parliament 11830:Healthcare 11711:Nasser era 11485:Achaemenid 11460:Chronology 10284:Cordeliers 10198:Talleyrand 10123:Louis XVII 9985:Hébertists 9739:Jean Debry 9569:Feuillants 9198:Opposition 9094:Michel Ney 8516:(Dec 1796) 8124:Thionville 8027:(Dec 1797) 8000:(May 1796) 7992:5 Oct 1795 7969:Directoire 7849:(painting) 7752:(Sep 1792) 7736:(Jun 1792) 7569:Great Fear 7508:(Jan 1789) 7399:Revolution 7044:Cole, Juan 7030:. Pedone. 6146:11 October 6028:Smith 1998 5545:References 5488:surrenders 5458:Alexandria 5430:. General 5285:13 July – 5281:Alexandria 5115:Alexandria 5111:Royal Navy 5105:Royal Navy 4957:John Moore 4819:Eyre Coote 4573:Al-Jabarti 4561:While the 4524:liberalism 4515:Arab world 4408:See also: 4382:Egyptology 4291:propaganda 4235:Cairo fell 4112:quarantine 4061:Berthollet 4053:Nile Delta 3725:Bien-Gardé 3453:Caffarelli 3393:Al Khankah 3385:El Salheya 3369:Asia Minor 3300:Caffarelli 3280:Berthollet 3181:Alexandria 3134:casualties 2911:Dalai-lama 2795:Al-Jabarti 2779:After the 2498:Alexandria 2480:Alexander 2458:synagogues 2456:, for the 2432:and their 2413:Alexandria 2409:Royal Navy 2284:Villeneuve 2194:Caffarelli 2162:Talleyrand 2112:Suez Canal 2075:Talleyrand 2015:liberalism 1999:Egyptology 1974:, and the 1968:Alexandria 1863:Royal Navy 1528:332–310 BC 1503:664–332 BC 1307:Alexandria 1191:Alexandria 1181:Al Khankah 1151:Heliopolis 484:John Moore 430:Haim Farhi 12903:Magazines 12893:Egyptians 12728:Ahmadiyya 12639:Languages 12605:Hospitals 12539:Education 12406:Transport 12365:Aswan Dam 12293:Companies 12234:Terrorism 12200:President 12163:Massacres 12153:Judiciary 12131:Elections 12000:Mountains 11929:Geography 11907:Port Said 11850:1939–1954 11845:1928–1938 11800:Anarchism 11743:Sadat era 11687:Sultanate 11634:Khedivate 11534:Christian 11502:Ptolemaic 10118:Louis XVI 10113:Charles X 9764:The Plain 9675:Girondins 9615:Lafayette 9276:(Walloon) 9258:Pál Kray 9234:(Walloon) 8776:(1800–02) 8627:Quasi-War 8086:Consulate 7972:(1795–99) 7427:Consulate 7420:Directory 7036:253080866 5950:9 October 5756:9 October 5688:9 October 5576:. Brill. 5373:Bonaparte 5345:Bonaparte 5198:(18 guns) 5189:(20 guns) 5180:(32 guns) 5171:(36 guns) 5162:(38 guns) 5153:(74 guns) 5151:Swiftsure 5144:(74 guns) 5135:(74 guns) 4641:empires. 4570:historian 4444:Juan Cole 4438:. In the 4191:Kör Yusuf 4140:standards 3945:1868) by 3525:Carmelite 3449:Dommartin 3445:Bessières 3435:(2,449), 3353:Jerusalem 3333:Selim III 3306:built by 3216:Murad Bey 3189:Old Cairo 3121:alliances 3101:garrisons 3047:Jean Rapp 3017:Beni Suef 2915:Confucius 2895:Bourienne 2672:Chebreiss 2652:Demenhour 2475:Pillaging 2372:artillery 2296:Ganteaume 2288:Du Chayla 2226:Andréossy 2052:Bonaparte 2044:Directory 1760:1922–1953 1750:1914–1922 1740:1882–1922 1713:1867–1914 1703:1805–1953 1693:1798–1801 1683:1517–1867 1655:1250–1517 1645:1171–1250 1538:310–30 BC 685:Jean Rapp 391:Murad Bey 324:Selim III 12976:Category 12940:Olympics 12876:Football 12708:Hinduism 12676:Religion 12583:Feminism 12571:Families 12534:Diaspora 12497:Censuses 12487:Cannabis 12472:Abortion 12416:Airports 12411:Airlines 12387:Internet 12190:Passport 12168:Military 12141:Missions 12088:Politics 12069:Wildlife 11793:By topic 11706:Republic 11541:Sassanid 11052:Americas 10835:Americas 10728:Americas 10478:Panthéon 10466:Muscadin 10461:Marianne 10400:Voltaire 10279:Jacobins 10272:Factions 9812:Mirabeau 9268:(French) 8162:Jemappes 8146:Dauphiné 7629:Nobility 7441:Journals 7434:Glossary 7413:Republic 7385:Timeline 7187:, (2006) 7137:(1814). 7088:(2003). 7046:(2007). 6366:Napoleon 5944:Archived 5915:cite web 5905:11 March 5899:Archived 5872:Archived 5812:Archived 5714:Archived 5637:(2003). 5522:See also 5485:Belliard 5468:El-Arich 5216:(2 guns) 5207:(2 guns) 5160:Seahorse 4974:(3 coys) 4778:(3 Sqns) 4563:Egyptian 4548:Napoleon 4505:Analysis 4436:Istanbul 4298:Dolomieu 4069:Berthier 3966:Donzelot 3962:Belliard 3889:fellahin 3876:Belliard 3828:Belliard 3708:Damietta 3604:Nazareth 3417:El-Arish 3405:Damietta 3341:Damascus 3312:Necho II 3292:Dutertre 3105:manpower 3073:Egyptian 3021:Behneseh 3013:flotilla 2687:L'Orient 2676:captured 2664:Rahmanié 2587:in Paris 2538:Egyptian 2514:Caucasus 2510:slanders 2493:L'Orient 2488:Napoleon 2454:convents 2384:Valletta 2326:Carthage 2238:Zajączek 2230:Belliard 2190:Berthier 2038:Proposal 1907:Despite 1896:who was 1847:Napoleon 1766:Republic 1635:969–1171 1363:a series 1361:Part of 1244:500miles 1106:Pyramids 960:Strength 129:Location 93:the Nile 13006:Commons 12925:Museums 12869:regions 12837:Cuisine 12822:Castles 12794:Culture 12764:Smoking 12745:Judaism 12733:Mosques 12612:Housing 12559:Schools 12465:General 12454:Society 12394:Tourism 12323:Fishing 12281:Banking 12265:Economy 11990:Islands 11980:Geology 11975:Fossils 11960:Deserts 11955:Climate 11945:Borders 11891:By city 11877:Saladin 11825:Genetic 11805:Capital 11692:Kingdom 11607:Ottoman 11473:Ancient 11448:History 11381:Pacific 10360:Diderot 10106:Figures 9991:Enragés 9697:Father 9408:Prussia 9340:Britain 9289:(Saxon) 9247:(Swiss) 9214:Austria 7128:(1816) 6940:Sources 6316:5 March 5940:, 1798" 5478:Rosetta 5196:Fortune 5178:Alcmene 5169:Emerald 5142:Goliath 5133:Zealous 5123:Captain 5011:Captain 4797:Ludlow 4729:General 4718:General 4604:as his 4484:of the 4482:clerics 4460:Maltese 4340:of the 4181:in 1801 4104:Ajaccio 4081:Marmont 3977:Rumelia 3917:Kosseir 3893:Dendera 3761:Red Sea 3701:Tantura 3425:Reynier 3401:Aboukir 3389:Bilbeis 3379:: from 3361:Albania 3288:Le Père 3272:Red Sea 3231:Citadel 3043:Sédiman 2870:kaftans 2846:Marengo 2747:Elkanka 2735:Ibrahim 2717:Mamluks 2698:⁄ 2660:Rosetta 2518:Georgia 2450:mosques 2442:bishops 2418:arpents 2304:Reubell 2168:to the 2146:Ottoman 2136:at the 2106:to the 2104:Red Sea 2048:Jacobin 2025:of the 1985:On the 1941:Aboukir 1911:and an 1880:to the 1878:Red Sea 1831:Ottoman 1625:935–969 1615:868–905 1605:750–935 1595:661–750 1585:641–661 1558:619–629 1161:Mandora 1085:of the 927: ( 846:† 827:† 782: ( 762: ( 735:† 600:† 556:† 448:† 211:Mamluks 12986:Portal 12827:Cinema 12681:Baháʼí 12595:Health 12343:Mining 12313:Energy 12037:Rivers 11950:Cities 11872:Postal 11653:Modern 11598:Mamluk 11556:Fustat 11546:Muslim 11478:topics 11436:topics 11201:Africa 10967:Africa 10810:Africa 10683:Africa 10099:Others 9438:Russia 8872:France 8537:(1797) 8407:(1796) 8142:Vendée 8119:Verdun 7946:1795–6 7889:Danton 7448:Museum 7378:Causes 7271: 7253: 7240:online 7235: 7199: 7173: 7116: 7098: 7054: 7034: 7019: 7013:Mirage 7001: 6982: 6963: 6860: 6835: 6810: 6785: 6760: 6609: 6582: 6449: 6439:"Acre" 6420: 6391: 6343: 6109: 6084: 5982: 5786: 5747: 5679: 5649: 5580: 5424:Kléber 5413:Kléber 5388:Kléber 5377:Kléber 5349:Kléber 5269:Toulon 5214:Toride 5205:Légère 5009:under 4552:Mamluk 4430:, and 4428:Arabic 4424:French 4108:Fréjus 4086:Muiron 4077:Lannes 4024:French 3970:Davout 3958:Desaix 3905:Philae 3897:Thebes 3824:Friant 3813:Savary 3753:Jeddah 3742:Davout 3738:Desaix 3689:Egypt. 3644:Nablus 3640:Rampon 3464:Perrée 3437:Lannes 3429:Kléber 3397:Rhodes 3373:Greece 3371:, and 3357:Rhodes 3345:Aleppo 3296:Costaz 3077:Syrian 3066:Arabia 3033:Faiyum 2996:dhimmi 2984:Coptic 2903:Muslim 2890:sheikh 2731:Mourad 2705:Embabé 2633:, 1808 2468:. 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