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General Murat, who took him. However, under these untoward circumstances, we have the satisfaction of observing the enemy's loss to be such, that a few more victories like this will annihilate the French army. It is much to be lamented that we had not two regular regiments, in addition to the remnant of the
Chiflick (sic) corps, which was almost entirely cut to pieces for want of support; we should then have been able to have kept the redoubt and castle of Aboukir, which Mustapha Pasha and Patrona Bey took by assault, on the 15th ultimo; as it was, the unformed mass of irregular infantry could not withstand the spirited at-tack of a small body of French cavalry, which leaped over the works after having been three times repulsed by the effect of our cannon. On my arrival, five days after the disembarkation, I found the Turkish army in a very different position from that in which I hoped to find it, from the correspondence which had passed between Mustapha Pasha and me; and much less considerable, being but 5,000 men instead of 15,000, as had been reported. Hassan Bey, who came with me, had but 2,000, and as Buonaparte was at Rahmania, an attack was to be expected immediately; it was therefore the more necessary to make the best of our ground. The Turks are not easily brought to quit their arms for entrenching tools, of which they only begin to see the utility; thus the attempt at making lines across the peninsula, from the redoubt to the sea on each side, was very imperfect. The gun-boats were ordered to take a station to flank these lines, but there was no stimulating their crews to any degree of exertion in the transporting of them, and thus the enemy had less fire opposed to them than might have been produced, had the division destined for the west side of the Isthmus reached its station. The English rowing boats alone went there, after completely clearing the east side from the enemy, and we felt the insufficiency of our fire so much the more, since even that made a considerable impression on the blue column as it advanced to the assault; it was even repulsed twice, but the barbarous custom of the Turks, in cutting off the heads of their fallen enemies, to effect which they ran forward irregularly, produced a burst of indignation amongst the French infantry, which 'rallied them; the suddenness of their return to the assault discomfited the unconnected defenders of these imperfect lines ; the sea was soon covered with hundreds of fugitives swimming off to us, and the castle on the point became too much crowded for it to be practicable for the besieged to act in its defence, or for us to supply such a numerous garrison....
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the sand-banks on the shore, and totally exposed to the sea, their fire, though well served and directed into the mass of them, being from two guns only, was insufficient for their destruction, or to keep them in check, and consequently rather goaded them on than otherwise; the four gun-boats would have effectually hindered their approach to the redoubt, and covered the retreat of the
Chiflick regiment from the village in front ; the Turkish launches would have checked the enemy sufficiently for the Turks to rally ; finally, there being no prompt punishment for disobedience of orders, nor any immediate successor to the principal chief, in case of his death, capture, absence, illness, or excess of fatigue ; and in short, such a want of gradation in the distribution of ranks, that it is indispensably necessary for the principal chief to super-intend the execution of the most trifling service him-self, to the ultimate prejudice of his authority on greater questions where every one pretends to decide. The mutinous spirit of their army was carried so far as to produce the actual arrest of the governor and principal personages in the castle, and increased the difficulty of supplying their wants, as, in the disorder, they forced the boats which brought water to them to return with fugitives, firing on those who approached with necessary caution, fearing to be overpowered with more than they could bear.
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the eastern side were driven back with supporting fire from the
English ships. As the French retreated, hundreds of Turks emerged from their fortifications and set in pursuit of the retreating French, beheading the corpses of dead Frenchmen. After the rout of the Turks defending the 1st line, Napoleon contemplated moving his artillery batteries to the two hills infront of the 2nd line, which was heavily defended and seemed impervious to attack. But seeing that the western bay of Aboukir extended like a cape, and moved his artillery there. This allowed the French batteries to bombard the Ottoman's right flank. The Ottomans maneuvered their right flank slightly inland, leaving a small gap in their line. At this juncture, Murat saw an opportunity with an opening in the Turkish line and numerous Ottoman soldiers emerging out of the protection of their fortifications to mutilate the French dead, and charged his cavalry at these scattered Turks. A wave of panic spread through the Turks, all the way to their defensive lines, and within minutes Murat found himself charging deep into the Turkish encampment, where he found Mustapha Pasha's tent. The Pasha emerged before Murat and fired a pistol at him, wounding him in the jaw. Murat swung his sabre at the Pasha's right hand, cutting off two of his fingers and ordered his men to seize him.
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find the
Ottoman army lying in wait. Napoleon had to reassess his plans; according to his intelligence, the enemy commander was the white-bearded Mustapha Pasha. A leader who had won several victories against the Russians in the previous Russo-Turkish war. This was to be a different battle than those with the Mamluks, one against a commander who had experience against European armies. Mustapha Pasha knew of Napoleon's strengths; his superlative tactics, decisiveness in speed and the imperviousness of his squares. He nullified these advantages by fortifying his army in two strong defensive lines along the peninsula, with both his flanks anchored on the shores. This protected him from flanking action, and also forced the French to attack on his own terms. Napoleon approached Abukir with the divisions of Lannes, Desaix and Murat's cavalry, 7,700 men and 1,000 horsemen, and the Turks had 15,000-18,000 men, 8,000 of whom were in a condition to fight. According to François Furet and Denis Richet ("French Revolution", Macmillan 1970, XI-14). According to Mustapha Pasha himself, corroborated by British commander Sidney Smith, this number was actually only 7,000 men. The clash between the two armies took place near Alexandria, but the victorious French called it "the battle of Abu Qir" (or Aboukir) to avenge
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last extremity. The Pasha's 2nd letter to the besieged Turks chided them for their continued resistance, which was spilling more blood needlessly, at this juncture the besieged Turks agreed to a ceasefire. The French colonel in charge of the engineers, Bertrand used the advantage of this ceasefire to reconnoiter the fort, but a firefight broke out subsequently. The Turks sallied out of the fort and captured a few houses in front of it, Lannes wanted to counterattack and drive them back, but he was dissuaded from this by
Bertrand, who wisely stated that even if these buildings were retaken, it would cost the French more troops when the Turks try to recapture them, and advised Lannes to wait a few days until the digging of siege trenches was complete, which would force the Turkish soldiers back inside the fort, and the siege would ideally cost no casualties to the French. The Turks, encouraged by their small success, made another sortie and captured more buildings in the village on June 28. And after this, even made a sortie on French positions on Sheikh hill.
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833:, who was in the siege trenches, attacked the Turks and drove them out of the village back inside the fortress. At the 30th, two batteries of heavy guns and three batteries of mortars came into action and began bombarding the fort, while at the night of the 30th French sappers began mining below the fort to mine and blow up the counterscarp. But at 2 August, at dawn, the Turks crowded out of their fort, without any envoy of capitulation. The Turkish troops were starved, and many became delirious and half-crazed from drinking seawater over the course of the siege. After holding out for 8 days, they simply walked out en-masse and asked for mercy. Of their surrender, the French captain Charles François describes the surrender;
784:' division was placed on the right. Murat was in the vanguard with his cavalrymen. The Turkish fortifications and trenches on the western flank, facing Lanusse, were still unfinished, and the division under Lanusse managed to breakthrough the Turkish line after ferocious fighting. Lannuse took advantage of the rout on the Ottoman right flank to swing around and behind the left flank of the 1st enemy defensive line. This caused a widespread panic among the defending Turks on the left flank, without anywhere to retreat, many took to the water and attempted to swim to the nearest Turkish and British ships, where almost all of them drowned. According to Napoleon,
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to send the heavily wounded Turks to the Anglo-Ottoman fleet in exchange for the captured French garrison of
Aboukir), Sidney Smith then handed the French envoy appointed by Napoleon several of the latest newspapers, and verbally told the envoy that the directory had summoned Napoleon back to Paris (he had read the summons letter, which was intercepted by the British blockade, and presumably was trying to get Napoleon out of Egypt, which would ideally greatly weaken the French position in Egypt). Napoleon read these newspapers, which were more confirmation to the grave situation political situation of France in Europe, where almost all of the
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751:, located 40 miles south of Aboukir. Kleber was to set out with his division from the eastern Delta for Damanhur as well, Desaix was to march down the Nile with as much of his division as possible to provide a reserve in case the Ottoman army marched on Cairo. Napoleon set out with almost all the French troops in Cairo for Damanhur as well, leaving the city to be policed and garrisoned only by his local Egyptian 'police chief', a man known as "Barthelemy". Marmont was ordered by Napoleon to remain in Alexandria with his 1,200 troops, in case the Turkish army marched upon it.
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the isthmus that leads to
Rosetta (east) and the isthmus that leads to Alexandria (west). Previously, this was only true for Alexandria. The lake south of Aboukir (sporadically referred to as Aboukir bay or lake of Aboukir or by its local name 'Lake Ma'adieh), came to existence in 1770 when the beachwall south-east of the peninsula was breached by high tides, flooding the large landmass. This made Aboukir reachable only by 3 thin avenues; the road extending directly southwards leading to Damanhur and the
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908:(ceremonial flags issued to Pashas). The captured cannons included two small English cannons, which were presented by the King of England as a gift to Sultan Selim. These cannons were given to a French cavalry brigade. For his gallant charge and capture of the Turkish Pasha, Napoleon promoted Murat to divisional general, and gave him great credit for the victory at Aboukir. Lannes was also promoted to divisional general, and Bertrand to the rank of colonel.
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death. But our commanders and soldiers, forgetting their previous hatred of the enemy, felt for them all the compassion and care evoked by their deplorable state. We gave them food and drink, and in spite of the precautions taken to prevent the illness that comes from eating too much too quickly after having suffered from hunger, three-quarters of those 3,000 men died of indigestion.
954:. Sidney Smith would soon, for reasons that can only be understood as elaborate, lift the blockade of the Egyptian coast and take his fleet for provisioning at an allied port (he would state that his salted provisions were completely exhausted at this stage). This gave Napoleon an opening in which he would be able to escape from Egypt.
972:). He very secretively prepared to abandon Egypt and go back to France and only informed Kleber with a letter in the very same day he departed, to the great chagrin of his troops and generals who viewed this as nothing short of betrayal (especially Kleber, who would be appalled to see the letters Napoleon dispatched to
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6th. The absolute denial of the
Turkish launches to accompany the English commodore when he went with his boats to the westward, after having cleared the east side of the Peninsula of every Frenchman, so that when the English boats came round and found the French infantry lodged and crouched amongst
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The French suffered only 220 dead and 600 wounded while the
Turkish losses were enormous: 2,000 dead on the battlefield, 11,000 men drowned, 5,000 prisoners of war and 2,000 missing and unaccounted for. Napoleon would claim that "of the enemy who came ashore, not a single one escaped." This was not
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The French then proceeded to attack the 2nd
Turkish line, which was strongly defended. The French attack, under bombardment from the Turkish and English ships, was repulsed, but the western side of the peninsula was poorly supported by English and Turkish ships, two impressions made by the French on
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over the course of the last several months (Murad had been chased squarely out of Egypt, and had been forced to seek refuge in some remote oasis' and prey on Sudanese villages south of Upper Egypt to survive). When Napoleon received (at the time he was several miles northwest of Cairo, participating
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Napoleon learned from the Pasha of the situation in Europe, where a large coalition was threatening France. (he had been completely in the dark regarding developments in Europe for a long time, due to the British blockade). And an envoy sent to Sidney Smith for exchanging prisoners (Napoleon wanted
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5th. The backwardness of the Turkish gun-boats, which were ordered to take a commanding station to the westward of the Isthmus, but which never arrived there ; also the inefficacy of the Turkish launches, which were ordered to possess themselves of the lake, and cross their fire on the Isthmus
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Aboukir is a small, thin peninsula jutting out of the Egyptian coastline, approximately ~35 kilometers north-west (due west) of Alexandria on the coastline. The peninsula overlooks bays on both of its side. The peninsula and fort occupy a strategic point, as they overlook the juncture that connects
817:
Napoleon at this stage left for Alexandria and gave charge of the siege to Lannes. Mustapha Pasha, who was now a captive of the French, wrote multiple dispatches to the beleaguered Turks, ordering them to surrender, this was refused and the survivors of the battle swore to defend the fort to their
802:
Outside the Pasha's tent, the mayhem did not cease, and the Turkish army had broken into a complete rout and thousands of soldiers were fleeing to the sea on both sides of the Peninsula. A few thousand of the Turks retreated northwards and took refuge inside the fort of Aboukir, these included the
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Napoleon assembled 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry at Damanhur. He was greatly concerned that the Turkish army would march out of the Peninsula and attack anywhere in Egypt, so he set out immediately with his army without waiting for Kleber. He arrived near Aboukir in 24 July and was relieved to
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3rd. The Pasha not having listened to the advice on this head, sent him by Sir Sidney Smith, through Major Bromley, which pointed out Damietta and Rosetta as the stations to which his forces should be directed, while the fleet occupied the Bay of Aboukir being not only a powerful diversion, but
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I am sorry to have to acquaint your lordship of the entire defeat of the first division of the Ottoman army, destined to act against the enemy in Egypt, under the command of his excellency Mustapha Serasker, who is wounded and taken prisoner, after having defended himself gallantly, and wounded
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They came out to offer themselves up to the vengeance of their victors. The son of the Pasha and his lieutenants came out at the head of the Turkish soldiers, who looked like ghosts. They threw down their arms that they no longer had the strength to carry, and all of them bowed down, asking for
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Proud of this success, Mustapha Pasha was in no hurry to march on Cairo. Murad Bey, who had managed to escape and join him, said, "The French dreaded that you could not support the presence, I watch, and they are fleeing before me." and Murad replied, "Pasha, be glad that it suits the French to
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On 14 July a British fleet of sixty ships landed with 16,000 men under the command of Mustapha Pasha, a veteran of the last Russo-Turkish war. The Ottoman troops overran the encampment of 300 French troops near Aboukir and slaughtered them, then set siege on the fortress of Aboukir – which was
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was an experienced commander who had fought against the Russians. He knew that cavalry charges against the French squares were futile. So, he sought to avoid them by fortifying his beachhead with two defensive lines. From this beachhead Mustafa could carry out the invasion of Egypt. However,
747:, then military-governor of Alexandria, on July 15, reporting that a large flotilla of English and Ottoman ships had arrived off Aboukir and disembarked 10,000 troops, Napoleon wasted no time and sent several dispatches. He ordered Murat to stop the pursuit of Murad bey and to converge to
929:
4th. The want of water, owing to want of casks in the transports, and even in the Turkish men-of-war, which rendered the disembarkation on the first point of the coast of Egypt which they reached, an object of unavoidable necessity, and occasioned the extreme of distress for want of that
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2nd. Its being far less in number than supposed and reported, and certainly unequal to undertaking the siege of Alexandria, consequently fit only to carry on a harassing war of posts, under the protection of the naval force, to cause a division in favour of the Vizier, and facilitate his
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The ottoman army fled in panic. Some Ottomans drowned trying to swim to the British ships two miles away from shore, while others fled to Abukir castle, but they surrendered shortly thereafter. The Turkish army was annihilated, French losses were under 1,000. News of the victory reached
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With British support, the Ottomans now declared war on France, and in 1799 sent two armies to recapture Egypt. One of these was carried by the British fleet, while the other marched down the Syrian coast. Napoleon took the initiative and marched north in February 1799, taking
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Murat's charge was so rapid that he burst inside Mustafa's tent and captured the Turkish commander, severing two of the Turk's fingers with his sabre. In return, Mustafa shot Murat in the jaw. Immediately, Murat was operated on and resumed his duties the next day.
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Napoleon camped his army for the night of the 24th, the next morning on 25 July he ordered an attack on the Ottoman army. Mustapha Pasha arranged his army in two strongly defended lines with both flanks anchored in the shores of the peninsula.
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The French attacked the Ottoman positions and quickly broke through the first defensive line before it was fully completed. The second line, however, proved tougher to defeat and the French withdrew for a while. At this point, cavalry general
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on its western embankment. (Later in 1801 the British would breach this embankment, causing the brackish seawater to flood into lake Mariouts, which hugely increased its size and cut Alexandria's most significant source of freshwater).
999:(fought a short distance west of the battlefield of Aboukir, on the isthmus to Alexandria) and surrendered on 2 September on identical conditions that were negotiated and agreed on previously by Kleber, Sidney Smith and the
702:, the isthmus leading westward to Alexandria, and the isthmus leading eastward to Rosetta. The middle landmass and road leading southward had lake Ma'adieh/Aboukir bay on its eastern embankment, and the ancient freshwater
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likewise conductive to the blockade and reduction of Alexandria by famine, which, now that it is strongly fortified, is the only way that an army, unused to the European mode of carrying on a siege, can attempt it.
1411:
Military Career of Napoleon the Great: An Account of the Remarkable Campaigns of the "man of Destiny"; Authentic Anecdotes of the Battlefield as Told by the Famous Marshals and Generals of the First Empire
976:, in which he minimized and downplayed the precarious conditions of the expedition. Kleber would dispatch a strong-worded letter to the directory informing them of the reality of the situation).
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Abukir gave the French a few months respite. Desaix continued through Upper Egypt in search of Murad Bey, who would soon accept a conditional peace with the French and ally himself with them.
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indispensable article, when the army had retreated into the castle, where the single well furnishes only brackish water, although the Peninsula furnishes good water wherever wells are sunk.
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true, Sidney Smith dispatched some boats to rescue some of the Turks who ran into the waters. Among the Ottomans rescued from the water was thirty-years old officer of Albanian descent
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734:" (who was observing him from the roof of her palace). Napoleon was not alerted by this, as the bey had only a skeleton force of Mamluks with him, and was worn out to the bone by
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Lannes could not hold back anymore and ordered an attack to drive the Turks back into the fort. During the fighting, he was wounded with a musket ball, and had to be evacuated.
788:
The enemy threw themselves into the water in an attempt to reach the boats which were more than 2 miles out at sea; they all drowned, the most horrible sight I've seen.
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garrisoned by a skeletal force of 35 French troops. These troops would surrender 3 days later. The peninsula changed hands and Ottoman flags fluttered on the bastion.
553:. (A second pitched battle followed on 8 March 1801.) No sooner had the French forces returned from a campaign to Syria, than the Ottoman forces were transported to
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1551:"Dominique-Jean Larrey, Chief Surgeon of the French Army with Napoleon in Egypt: Notes and Observations on Larrey's Medical Memoirs Based on the Egyptian Campaign"
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Sir William Sidney Smith, Letter to Lord Nelson, August 2nd 1799 off Aboukir bay. The life and correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, G.C.B., p.364
810:. The French bombarded the fort day and night, and the Turkish officers soon agreed to surrender, but their troops mutinied against this, having heard of
914:, leading the British flotilla, wrote the following to be "Causes of the defeat of the Ottoman army under Mustapha Pasha Serasker on the 25th July 1799;
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1st. The primary cause was the original formation of the army under feudal chiefs, without connection in its parts, organisation, or gradation in rank.
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and assist local uprisings against the British. This was duly approved, and in July 1798, a French expeditionary force of over 40,000 landed in
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The battle has become one of the greatly celebrated victories in French history. It has a plate relief on the Arc de Triomphe, and the
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before Napoleon arrived in October and this made him even more popular, an important asset considering the troubles brewing in the
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at the time) then took command of the siege. The Turks then made yet another sortie, capturing a bridgehead to the fort.
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several months later, on 1 November, and Kleber tenuously maintained French rule over the country thanks to his
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Sir Sidney Smith dispatched a letter to Horatio Nelson, on August 2, informing him of the defeat, writing;
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Pasha's son. These troops were reinforced by a detachment of English marines, which Sidney dispatched from
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On the main battlefield, the French captured 100 Ottoman banners, 32 field guns, 400 horses and three
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withdraw because if they turned, you would disappear before them like dust before the north wind."
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immediately saw the flaw in the tactic as it meant that the Turks had nowhere to run if routed.
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had been ruled as a semi-autonomous province for centuries, and its potential occupation by
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James, T. G. H. (2003). "Napoleon and Egyptology: Britain's Debt to French Enterprise".
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on 18 March 1800, but less than a month later he was murdered in his garden in Cairo by
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Enlightening the British: Knowledge, Discovery and the Museum in the Eighteenth Century
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Napoleon previously received reports that Murad Bey was riding due north, passing the
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saw his opportunity and attacked with his cavalry, quickly routing the exposed Turks.
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the great slaughter of Ottoman prisoners captured by the French in the siege of Jaffa
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Charles François, Journal du capitaine François dit le "Dromadaire d'Egypte", P.359
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with Berthier, Murat, Lannes and several of his savants (including his favorite,
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lakes west of Cairo, he ordered Murat out to pursue him. But the bey returned to
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On 23 August, leaving the command to Kleber, Bonaparte embarked on the frigate
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1586:
The Sea Warriors: Fighting Captains and Frigate Warfare in the Age of Nelson
682:, an engineer and master of artillery who had studied with Bonaparte at the
1576:
1422:
905:
735:
703:
667:
554:
542:
83:
1567:
1550:
950:
were captured by the Austrians, and there was another insurrection in the
1386:
The Age of Napoleon: A History of European Civilization from 1789 to 1815
979:
In the long term, a French presence in Egypt was impossible to maintain.
781:
739:
635:
213:
397:
1450:. Vol. 1, A–G. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 3–4.
1302:
The life and correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, G.C.B.
699:
691:
647:
1335:
995:. Kleber's successor, Menou, lacking the skills of a war leader, was
655:
951:
1589:
748:
659:
534:
826:
687:
79:
1665:
1624:
719:
600:. This battle temporarily secured France's control over Egypt.
922:
uninterrupted progress into Egypt by the way of the desert.
874:
663:
643:
619:
1434:
At Aboukir and Acre: A Story of Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt
690:. The city was continually replenished with supplies by the
723:
1305:
Robarts – University of Toronto. London : R. Bentley.
630:
proposed its annexation as part of a wider plan to weaken
1592:, South Yorkshire, England: Seaforth Publishing. p.
780:'s division was placed on the left French flank, while
901:, who six years later would rule and transform Egypt.
626:
had been under discussion since 1774. In early 1798,
270:
7,000 in a state fit to fight according to the Pasha
1181:
638:. He hoped to use Egypt as the first step in taking
18:
Battle during the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria
1528:
Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World
268:5,000 under Mustapha Pasha, 2,000 under Hassan Bey
1485:
1383:
1361:Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns
1193:
793:Napoleon Bonaparte, Correspondence, Vol 5., p. 541
1216:
3575:
730:, and using a mirror, "sent several signals to
346:
313:
262:1,000 Cavalry : 335 men’s first 22th July
165:
1266:
1228:
852:Aboukir fort and peninsula, as it was in 1813.
1651:
1448:Ground Warfare: An international encyclopedia
1413:. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing. p.
565:fleet to put an end to French rule in Egypt.
383:
1381:
1299:Smith, William Sidney; Barrow, John (1848).
1147:
1145:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1051:
1049:
3543:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1298:
961:in the small flotilla under the command of
1658:
1644:
1341:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
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985:2nd Turkish amphibious assault at Damietta
390:
376:
46:
21:For other battles with similar names, see
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1142:
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1103:
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218:
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196:
3614:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
3589:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
1441:
1358:
1097:Paul Strathern, Napoleon in Egypt p. 396
1076:
1055:
860:
847:
766:
743:in the hunt of Murad bey) a report from
138:
1583:
1222:
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1014:in Paris was named after this victory.
238:
3576:
3552:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
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738:'s protracted pursuit of him through
371:
3594:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1555:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
1548:
1382:Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1975).
1334:
1234:
1211:
1003:, but declined and foundered by the
757:the former defeat of 1–3 August 1798
678:, the Ottoman governor, assisted by
3547:For the battles during World War I
865:"The Battle of Aboukir", relief by
13:
3609:French invasion of Egypt and Syria
1363:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland:
1287:
1240:
610:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
40:French invasion of Egypt and Syria
14:
3630:
1617:
1273:. Internet Archive. Bantam Dell.
295:2,000 missing and unaccounted for
23:Battle of Abukir (disambiguation)
1623:
1608:Originally published in 2001 by
1394:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1344:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
948:Italian territories he conquered
345:
338:
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140:
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614:Although nominally part of the
354:Battle of Abukir (1799) (Earth)
1549:Wood, Mary Mendenhall (2008).
1157:
1130:
1091:
1082:
1026:or Battle of Abukir Bay (1798)
1:
1446:. In Sandler, Stanley (ed.).
1431:Henty, George Alfred (1899).
1427:Originally published in 1895.
1409:Gibbs, Montgomery B. (1913).
1035:
603:
326:Location within Mediterranean
1442:Isenberg, Joseph M. (2002).
1437:. London: Blackie & Son.
1040:
856:
545:on 25 July 1799, during the
7:
1526:Watson, William E. (2003).
1511:. Oxford, England: Osprey.
1017:
869:on the South Façade of the
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666:, but was then held up at
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20:
3562:Ottoman victories are in
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1983:
1970:
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1678:
1584:Woodman, Richard (2014).
1392:The Story of Civilization
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674:. The defence was led by
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408:French Revolutionary Wars
329:Show map of Mediterranean
299:
278:
254:
181:
132:
62:
45:
37:
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1469:. British Museum Press.
1444:"Aboukir (25 July 1799)"
1365:Rowman & Littlefield
1252:Strathern, Paul (2008).
1125:Durant & Durant 1975
547:French campaign in Egypt
533:(or Aboukir or Abu Qir)
245:Sir William Sidney Smith
1630:Battle of Abukir (1799)
1359:Connelly, Owen (2006).
1267:Paul Strathern (2008).
1030:Battle of Abukir (1801)
1530:. Greenwood. pp.
1507:Pawly, Ronald (2012).
1484:McLynn, Frank (2002).
1318:Correspondence, Vol. 5
1005:British prime minister
940:
894:
878:
853:
846:
825:(military governor of
796:
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686:but was now a British
680:Antoine de Phélippeaux
289:2,000 killed in action
229:Jacques-François Menou
182:Commanders and leaders
1568:10.3138/cbmh.25.2.515
1488:Napoleon: A biography
993:a student of theology
989:victory at Heliopolis
916:
883:
864:
851:
835:
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770:
279:Casualties and losses
1632:at Wikimedia Commons
1509:Napoleon's Mamelukes
1492:. New York: Arcade.
1001:Ottoman Grand Vizier
983:managed to defeat a
981:Jean Antoine Verdier
401:Egypt–Syria campaign
323:class=notpageimage|
284:220 killed in action
272:18,000 or 20,000 men
53:The Battle of Abukir
997:defeated at Canopus
101: /
1166:, pp. 196–197
1024:Battle of the Nile
879:
854:
773:
628:Napoleon Bonaparte
569:Seid Mustafa Pasha
551:Battle of the Nile
539:Seid Mustafa Pasha
535:Napoleon Bonaparte
188:Napoleon Bonaparte
3584:Conflicts in 1799
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3081:(1789–1908)
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2340:(1550–1700)
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1975:(1453–1550)
1966:
1965:
1683:(1299–1453)
1628:Media related to
1603:978-1-84832-202-8
1518:978-1-78096-419-5
1499:978-1-55970-631-5
1457:978-1-57607-344-5
1401:978-0-671-21988-8
1374:978-0-7425-5317-0
1351:978-1-4039-6431-1
1280:978-0-553-80678-6
1270:Napoleon in Egypt
1254:Napoleon in Egypt
642:, then to invade
634:interests in the
524:
523:
366:
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357:Show map of Earth
128:
127:
105:31.317°N 30.067°E
57:Antoine-Jean Gros
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1390:. Volume XI of
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1671:Ottoman Empire
1669:involving the
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1618:External links
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1320:. p. 537.
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3270:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3078:Modernization
3075:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:Naval battles
3023:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:Naval battles
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:Naval battles
2233:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1972:Classical Age
1969:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:Naval battles
1949:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1541:0-275-97470-7
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1476:0-7141-5010-X
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1237:, p. 520
1236:
1231:
1225:, p. 122
1224:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1178:, p. 202
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1154:, p. 196
1153:
1148:
1146:
1139:, p. 195
1138:
1133:
1127:, p. 113
1126:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1077:Connelly 2006
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1056:Isenberg 2002
1052:
1050:
1045:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1012:Rue D'Aboukir
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
974:the Directory
971:
967:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
913:
909:
907:
902:
900:
887:
882:
876:
872:
868:
863:
850:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
823:General Menou
819:
815:
813:
809:
808:
800:
789:
785:
783:
779:
769:
760:
758:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
705:
701:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:Djezzar Pasha
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
611:
601:
599:
595:
589:
585:
583:
577:
575:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
410:
403:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
373:
370:
341:
324:
308:
298:
288:
283:
282:
277:
271:
266:
259:
258:
253:
246:
241:
235:
234:Mustafa Pasha
232:
230:
226:
221:
215:
210:
204:
199:
193:
192:Joachim Murat
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:Great Britain
163:
152:
149:
137:
136:
131:
123:
120:
119:
114:
85:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
24:
16:
3563:
3548:
3539:
3479:
3457:
3439:
3417:
3375:
3368:
3346:
3274:
3267:
3245:
3233:
3226:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3145:
3133:
3106:
3090:Land battles
3031:
3013:
3006:
2944:
2937:
2915:
2908:
2904:2nd Belgrade
2899:Petrovaradin
2891:
2884:
2877:
2871:Land battles
2842:
2830:
2803:
2786:
2764:
2752:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2690:Egri Palanka
2688:
2681:
2664:
2657:
2645:
2623:
2576:
2564:
2557:
2535:
2528:
2516:
2499:
2492:
2470:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2349:Land battles
2320:
2316:Gulf of Oman
2303:
2286:
2274:
2267:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2223:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2091:
2059:
2052:
2040:
2006:1st Belgrade
1984:Land battles
1939:
1927:
1905:
1888:
1879:Hermannstadt
1871:
1864:
1859:Thessalonica
1857:
1850:
1838:
1811:
1794:
1784:Philadelphia
1782:
1775:
1768:
1763:Sırp Sındığı
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1700:Kulaca Hisar
1698:
1692:Land battles
1585:
1558:
1554:
1527:
1508:
1487:
1466:
1447:
1433:
1410:
1391:
1385:
1360:
1340:
1317:
1311:
1301:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1230:
1223:Woodman 2014
1218:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1132:
1093:
1084:
1009:
978:
965:
958:
956:
944:
941:
936:
934:with them.
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
912:Sidney Smith
910:
903:
899:Muhammed Ali
895:
884:
880:
836:
820:
816:
806:
801:
797:
787:
774:
753:
728:the Pyramids
726:and climbed
717:
713:
709:
704:Lake Mariout
696:
652:
613:
590:
586:
578:
567:
559:Sidney Smith
543:Ottoman army
530:
528:
515:capitulation
496:El Rahmaniya
466:2nd El Arish
460:
441:1st El Arish
267:
203:Géraud Duroc
133:Belligerents
70:25 July 1799
52:
38:Part of the
15:
3383:Shipka Pass
3337:Başgedikler
3332:Akhaltsikhe
3297:Akhaltsikhe
3141:Mount Tabor
3124:Shubra Khit
3059:2nd Ochakov
3002:2nd Ochakov
2962:Stavunchany
2957:1st Ochakov
2501:Nagykanizsa
2179:Leobersdorf
1316:Bonaparte.
1200:Watson 2003
1176:McLynn 2002
1164:McLynn 2002
1152:McLynn 2002
1137:McLynn 2002
1112:, p. 7
1058:, p. 4
740:Upper Egypt
636:Middle East
286:600 wounded
248:Patrona Bey
214:Jean Lannes
108: /
3578:Categories
3377:Kızıl Tepe
3253:Dervenakia
3151:Heliopolis
3015:Karánsebes
2939:Banja Luka
2859:Old Regime
2844:Samothrace
2772:Cape Corvo
2666:Negroponte
2653:2nd Mohács
2647:Vrtijeljka
2614:2nd Vienna
2599:2nd Khotyn
2584:Krasnobród
2524:1st Khotyn
2512:Tashiskari
2478:Călugăreni
2425:Gvozdansko
2397:Mostaganem
2276:Formentera
2269:1st Jeddah
2166:1st Mohács
2131:Mercidabık
2067:Breadfield
2054:Valea Albă
2016:Târgoviște
2001:2nd Oranik
1929:2nd Kosovo
1923:1st Oranik
1824:Karanovasa
1790:Dubravnica
1756:Adrianople
1336:Cole, Juan
1188:James 2003
1110:Pawly 2012
1036:References
700:Nile Delta
692:Royal Navy
672:two months
648:Alexandria
604:Background
511:Alexandria
501:Al Khankah
471:Heliopolis
250:Hassan Bey
3435:Velestino
3430:Al Wajbah
3354:Eupatoria
3342:Kurekdere
3302:Kulevicha
3258:Karpenisi
3228:Drăgășani
2992:Kozludzha
2928:Yeghevārd
2832:Oinousses
2696:Slankamen
2609:Trembowla
2559:Novi Zrin
2494:Keresztes
2488:2nd Brest
2453:1st Brest
2225:Sokhoista
2213:Esztergom
2138:Han Yunus
2082:Cătlăbuga
2042:Otlukbeli
2021:2nd Mokra
1958:Gallipoli
1913:1st Mokra
1873:Novo Brdo
1840:Nicopolis
1819:Kırkdilim
1742:Gallipoli
1728:Pelekanon
1612:, London.
1610:Constable
1235:Wood 2008
1212:Cole 2007
1041:Citations
963:Ganteaume
857:Aftermath
805:HMS
670:for over
656:Gaza City
537:defeated
3517:Navarino
3512:Gerontas
3475:Kaliakra
3408:Taşkesen
3398:4th Kars
3364:3rd Kars
3359:Chernaya
3348:Oltenița
3312:2nd Acre
3287:2nd Kars
3276:Phaleron
3269:Kamatero
3263:Arachova
3241:Vasilika
3212:Valtetsi
3176:Al-Safra
3171:Slobozia
3161:Arpachai
3135:1st Acre
3129:Pyramids
3064:Fidonisi
2977:Aspindza
2972:Khresili
2967:1st Kars
2826:Mytilene
2782:Focchies
2712:Moulouya
2706:Ustechko
2672:Batočina
2589:Niemirów
2537:Köbölkút
2364:Temesvár
2294:Girolata
2257:Balearic
2145:Ridanieh
2125:Koçhisar
2112:Turnadag
2105:Çaldıran
2011:Albulena
1996:Krusevac
1991:Leskovac
1901:Torvioll
1896:Kunovica
1890:Zlatitsa
1735:Demotika
1590:Barnsley
1577:19227793
1338:(2007).
1018:See also
889:—
841:—
791:—
749:Damanhur
732:his wife
660:El Arish
574:Napoleon
426:Pyramids
255:Strength
75:Location
3564:italics
3502:Nauplia
3497:Algiers
3441:Domokos
3425:Mouzaki
3413:Novšiće
3393:Aladzha
3370:Al-Hasa
3307:Algiers
3235:Sculeni
3217:Doliana
3207:Erzurum
3196:Alamana
3108:Giurgiu
3097:Focșani
3039:Matapan
3008:Mehadia
2997:Kinburn
2952:Perekop
2917:Samarra
2910:Kurijan
2821:Algiers
2816:Algiers
2811:Algiers
2760:Lepanto
2683:Zernest
2677:2nd Niš
2636:Eperjes
2619:Párkány
2594:Komarno
2578:Ładyżyn
2507:Sufiyan
2483:Giurgiu
2439:Torches
2411:Szigeth
2390:Tlemcen
2357:Tlemcen
2299:Alborán
2288:Preveza
2243:Zonchio
2219:Karagak
2199:Algiers
2192:Baghdad
2185:Gorjani
2159:Tlemcen
2119:Algiers
2061:Shkodra
1918:Otonetë
1884:1st Niš
1866:Golubac
1852:Çamurlu
1802:Pločnik
1777:Maritsa
1770:Samokov
1749:Ihtiman
1707:Bapheus
1667:Battles
1423:1253331
1328:Sources
827:Rosetta
778:Lanusse
745:Marmont
688:Colonel
632:British
563:British
529:In the
481:Mandora
405:of the
274:30 guns
264:17 guns
236: (
216: (
205: (
194: (
96:30°04′E
93:31°19′N
80:Abu Qir
3470:Tendra
3459:Andros
3419:Ulcinj
3388:Plevna
3202:Gravia
3182:Jeddah
3146:Abukir
3114:Izmail
3102:Rymnik
3049:Patras
3033:Imbros
2946:Grocka
2923:Kirkuk
2879:Chelif
2838:Andros
2754:Cyprus
2659:Crimea
2530:Candia
2518:Cecora
2432:Çıldır
2371:Palast
2322:Djerba
2099:Dubica
2093:Krbava
2087:Vrpile
2048:Vaslui
2031:Vaikal
1846:Ankara
1829:Rovine
1813:Kosovo
1807:Bileća
1721:Nicaea
1714:Dimbos
1673:by era
1600:
1575:
1538:
1515:
1496:
1473:
1454:
1421:
1398:
1371:
1348:
1277:
959:Muiron
952:Vendée
831:Davout
782:Lannes
763:Battle
736:Desaix
720:Natron
662:, and
624:France
594:France
486:Canope
172:
159:
148:France
145:
121:Result
3522:Sinop
3507:Samos
3492:Athos
3327:Nezib
3322:Konya
3292:Varna
3282:Petra
3222:Lalas
3189:Čegar
3166:Batin
3156:Derna
3119:Măcin
3044:Çeşme
2987:Kagul
2982:Larga
2933:Ganja
2893:Pruth
2766:Tunis
2737:Zenta
2719:Lugos
2701:Hodów
2641:Kassa
2566:Jijel
2472:Banat
2466:Sisak
2460:Bihać
2404:Krupa
2384:Tadla
2305:Ponza
2282:Tunis
2250:Modon
2152:Jajce
2077:Adana
2036:Meçad
2026:Ohrid
1935:Polog
1907:Varna
1834:Ohrid
1796:Savra
1532:13–14
970:Monge
875:Paris
807:Tigre
664:Jaffa
644:India
620:Egypt
582:Murat
555:Egypt
446:Jaffa
84:Egypt
55:, by
3317:Hims
3247:Peta
2886:Oran
2732:Azov
2726:Ulaş
2625:Buda
2604:Lwów
2206:Pest
1680:Rise
1598:ISBN
1573:PMID
1536:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1419:OCLC
1396:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1275:ISBN
724:Giza
668:Acre
451:Acre
431:Nile
67:Date
3549:see
3540:see
2631:Vác
2418:Fez
2378:Fez
2263:Diu
2072:Una
1594:122
1563:doi
1415:128
814:.
650:.
561:'s
557:by
541:'s
239:POW
219:WIA
208:WIA
197:WIA
3580::
1596:.
1588:.
1571:.
1559:25
1557:.
1553:.
1534:.
1417:.
1367:.
1289:^
1242:^
1144:^
1117:^
1102:^
1063:^
1048:^
873:,
759:.
658:,
618:,
82:,
3566:.
1659:e
1652:t
1645:v
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391:e
384:t
377:v
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25:.
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