681:, refuge of sovereigns, a letter by the hand of your faithful servant Frangipani, and you have furthermore entrusted to him miscellaneous verbal communications. You have informed me that the enemy has overrun your country and that you are at present in prison and a captive, and you have asked aid and succors for your deliverance. All this your saying having been set forth at the foot of my throne, which controls the world. Your situation has gained my imperial understanding in every detail, and I have considered all of it. There is nothing astonishing in emperors being defeated and made captive. Take courage then, and be not dismayed. Our glorious predecessors and our illustrious ancestors (may God light up their tombs!) have never ceased to make war to repel the foe and conquer his lands. We ourselves have followed in their footsteps, and have at all times conquered provinces and citadels of great strength and difficult of approach. Night and day our horse is saddled and our saber is girt. May the God on High promote righteousness! May whatsoever He will be accomplished! For the rest, question your ambassador and be informed. Know that it will be as said.
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1374:
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of
Dhulkadria, of Diyarbakir, of Kurdistan, of Azerbaijan, of Persia, of Damascus, of Aleppo, of Cairo, of Mecca, of Medina, of Jerusalem, of all Arabia, of Yemen and of many other lands which my noble fore-fathers and my glorious ancestors (may God light up their tombs!) conquered by the force of their arms and which my August Majesty has made subject to my flamboyant sword and my victorious blade, I, Sultan Suleiman Khan, son of Sultan Selim Khan, son of Sultan Bayezid Khan: To thee who art
3062:
1625:
1839:
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20:
1085:, and commercial privileges were also given to French merchants in the Turkish Empire. Through the capitulations of 1535, the French received the privilege to trade freely in all Ottoman ports. A formal alliance was signed in 1536. The French were free to practice their religion in the Ottoman Empire, and French Catholics were given custody of holy places. The capitulations were again renewed in 1604, and lasted up until the establishment of the
1433:
3904:
3286:
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795:
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483:
1424:, who had accompanied Saint-Blancard in his mission. Although the French accompanied most of the campaigns of Barbarossa, they sometimes refrained from participating in Turkish assaults, and their accounts express horror at the violence of these encounters, in which Christians were slaughtered or taken as captives.
3540:. During 1721–22, he visited France on an extensive fact-finding mission, with the objective of gathering information for the modernization of the Ottoman Empire. On his return to the Ottoman capital, Mehmed Çelebi presented his contacts, experiences and observations to the Sultan in the form of a book, a
2581:, offering troops at the time they would request, and claiming that he felt close to them, "since they did not worship idols, believed in one God and fought against the Pope and Emperor". The Ottoman Empire was indeed known at that time for its religious tolerance. Various religious refugees, such as the
3864:, the effective rulers of Egypt under nominal Ottoman suzerainty, but still raised the French flag side by side with the Ottoman banner throughout the Egyptian territory, claiming his love for Islam, and saying that they were saving the Ottomans from the Mamluks. Selim III however immediately declared a
1213:
and establish there a king whom La Forest will nominate, a person who has credit and knows well these islands which he will retain in the devotion of, and under the shade and support of the King . Furthermore, he will recognize this blessing, and send tribute and pension to the Grand Signor to reward
3927:
Are you blind to your own interests – have you ceased to reign? (...) If Russia has an army of 15,000 men at Corfu, do you think that it is directed against me? Armed vessels have the habit of hastening to
Constantinople. Your dynasty is about to descend into oblivion... Trust only your true friend,
2868:
For the three centuries following the beginning of the alliance, the
Ottoman effectively continued to respect their commitment to protect Christian communities in their realm. The French kings succeeding to Francis I also generally maintained their pro-Ottoman policy. Numerous Ottoman embassies were
672:
I who am the Sultan of
Sultans, the sovereign of sovereigns, the dispenser of crowns to the monarchs on the face of the earth, the shadow of the God on Earth, the Sultan and sovereign lord of the Mediterranean Sea and of the Black Sea, of Rumelia and of Anatolia, of Karamania, of the land of Romans,
2649:
The great emperor of the Turks does with as great devotion as any prince in the world honour and observe the religion by him received from his ancestors, and yet detests he not the strange religions of others; but on the contrary permits every man to live according to his conscience: yes, and that
844:
Astonishing order, no violence. Merchants, women even, coming and going in perfect safety, as in a
European town. Life as safe, as large and easy as in Venice. Justice so fairly administered that one is tempted to believe that the Turks are turned Christians now, and that the Christians are turned
3915:
Soon however, in 1803, France and Great
Britain were again at war, and Napoleon went to great lengths to try to convince the Ottoman Empire to fight against Russia in the Balkans and join his anti-Russian coalition. On its side, Russia vied for Ottoman favour, and succeeded in signing a Treaty of
892:
I cannot deny that I wish to see the Turk all-powerful and ready for war, not for himself – for he is an infidel and we are all
Christians – but to weaken the power of the emperor, to compel him to make major expenses, and to reassure all the other governments who are opposed to such a formidable
1900:
encircling the
Habsburg Empire, combined tactical operations were significantly hampered by the distances involved, the difficulties in communication, and the unpredictable changes of plans on one side or the other. From a financial standpoint, fiscal revenues were also generated for both powers
3162:
and obtained new capitulations recognizing him as sole protector of the
Catholics. Soon Louis revived the alliance to facilitate his expansionist policies. Louis refrained from entering into a formal alliance with the Ottoman Empire, but maintained a cautious neutrality favourable to the Turks,
1690:
sent to the king by the Great Turk, with his
Turkish Army and grands seigneurs to the number of 30,000 combatants during the winter in his town and port of Toulon... for the accommodation of the said army as well as the well-being of all his coast, it will not be suitable for the inhabitants of
1415:
For two years, until 1538, Saint-Blancard would accompany the fleet of Barbarossa, and between 1537 and 1538, Saint-Blancard would winter with his galleys in Constantinople and meet with Suleiman. During that time, Saint-Blancard was funded by Barbarossa. The campaign of Saint-Blancard with the
2416:, the Franco-Ottoman fleet managed to vanquish them and capture 7 galleys on 5 August 1552. The Franco-Ottoman fleet left Naples to go back to the east on 10 August, missing the Baron de la Garde who reached Naples a week later with 25 galleys and troops. The Ottoman fleet then wintered in
1464:
The Franco-Ottoman alliance was crippled for a while however, due to Francis' official change of alliance at Nice in 1538. Open conflict between Charles and Francis would resume in 1542, as well as Franco-Ottoman collaboration, with the 4 July 1541 assassination by Imperial troops of the
1452:
on 18 June 1538. In the truce, Charles and Francis made an agreement to ally against the Ottomans to expel them from Hungary. Charles V turned his attention to fighting the Ottomans, but could not launch large forces in Hungary due to a raging conflict with the German princes of the
1182:
and other lands, locations, cities, ships and subjects of Genoa, and not to stop until they have accepted and recognized the king of France. The King, besides the above land force, will additionally help with his naval force, which will comprise at least 50 vessels, of which 30
2387:
In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean. The Ottoman fleet was accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luez d'Aramon, who accompanied the Ottoman fleet from Istanbul in its raids along the coast of
1228:
Finally, Suleiman intervened diplomatically in favour of Francis on the European scene. He is known to have sent at least one letter to the Protestant princes of Germany to encourage them to ally with Francis I against Charles V. Francis I effectively allied with the
3723:, as France was clearly in need of an eastern diversion against its continental enemies. For the Ottoman Empire, the French Revolution was a godsend, since conflict between European powers could only weaken the states that were its traditional enemies. For Sultan
1112:. The Ottoman Empire also provided considerable financial support to Francis I. In 1533, Suleiman sent Francis I 100,000 gold pieces, so that he could form a coalition with England and German states against Charles V. In 1535, Francis asked for another 1 million
1552:
In early 1542, Polin successfully negotiated the details of the alliance, with the Ottoman Empire promising to send 60,000 troops against the territories of the German king Ferdinand, as well as 150 galleys against Charles, while France promised to attack
1583:
as the objective for the Ottoman expedition, in order to obtain a seaway to Genoa. Polin, after some delays in Venice, finally managed to take a galley to Constantinople on 9 May 1542, but he arrived too late for the Ottomans to launch a sea campaign.
2068:
justified the alliance by comparing it to Charles V's relations with Persia and Tunis. Dolet also claimed that it should not be "forbidden for a prince to make alliance and seek intelligence of another, whatever creed or law he may be." The author
3053:, for influence in the Levant. In the context of competition for influence between Western powers, relations between France and the Ottoman Empire started to cool significantly. In 1643, the French lost the custody of the Holy Places to the Greeks.
1955:. It also gave the opportunity for the Ottoman Empire to become involved in European diplomacy and gain prestige in its European dominions. According to historian Arthur Hassall the consequences of the Franco-Ottoman alliance were far-reaching:
4321:"The Memoirs of Philip de Commines, Lord of Argenton: Containing the Histories of Louis XI. and Charles VIII. Kings of France and of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy: To which is Added, The Scandalous Chronicle, Or Secret History of Louis XI"
3038:, who created a sensation at the French court and even triggered a Turkish fashion. The Orient came to have a strong influence in French literature, as about 50% of French travel guides in the 16th century were dedicated to the Ottoman Empire.
1408:, and Suleiman returned with his fleet to Constantinople by mid-September without having captured Corfu. French ambassador Jean de La Forêt became seriously ill and died around that time. Francis I finally penetrated into Italy, and reached
2033:
power. Charles V strongly appealed to the rest of Europe against the alliance of Francis I, and caricatures were made showing the collusion between France and the Ottoman Empire. In the late sixteenth century, Italian political philosopher
3842:
Peoples of Egypt, you will be told that I have come to destroy your religion: do not believe it! Answer that I have come to restore your rights and punish the usurpers, and that, more than the Mamluks, I respect God, his Prophet and the
2276:
indeed increased considerably after 1535. After the Capitulations of 1569, France also gained precedence over all other Christian states, and her authorization was required for when another state wished to trade with the Ottoman Empire.
1011:
3195:
to persevere in his fight against the Habsburgs. Pamphleters and poets would criticize the position of Louis, and reinforce the unity of the League, by describing a battle between European "Liberty" on the one hand and "Eastern
668:, which managed to reach Constantinople, the Ottoman capital, with secret letters asking for the deliverance of king Francis I and an attack on the Habsburg. Frangipani returned with an answer from Suleiman, on 6 February 1526:
3163:
encouraged them to open a new front against the Habsburgs, and effectively took advantage of their conflict with the Holy Roman Empire to further the territorial interests of France. In 1679 and 1680, Louis through his envoy
3602:, France effectively supported the Ottoman Empire into maintaining a strong presence in Europe against Austria for several more decades, and "re-emerged in its traditional role as the Ottomans' best friend in Christendom".
7599:
3837:
in India. Although the long period of Franco-Ottoman friendship was now over, Napoleon I still claimed great respect for Islam, and appealed to the long history of friendly relations between the Ottoman Empire and France:
3460:
especially exemplify this tradition ("the superb carpets of the Savonnerie, which long rivalled the carpets of Turkey, and latterly have far surpassed them") which was further adapted to local taste and developed with the
1652:. In this action 110 Ottoman galleys, amounting to 30,000 men, combined with 50 French galleys. The Franco-Ottomans laid waste to the city of Nice, but were confronted by a stiff resistance which gave rise to the story of
3305:
By the end of the 17th century, the first major defeats of the Ottoman Empire reduced the perceived threat in European minds, which led to an artistic craze for Turkish things. There was a fashion for Turkish things with
1798:, accompanied Barbarossa's fleet, on a diplomatic mission to Suleiman. The French fleet accompanied Barbarossa during his attacks on the west coast of Italy on the way to Constantinople, as he laid waste to the cities of
3763:
was sent to the Ottoman court with artillery equipment, and French artillerymen and engineers to help with the development of the Ottoman arsenals and foundries. Infantry and cavalry officers were also to train the
962:
In 1534 a Turkish fleet sailed against the Habsburg Empire at the request of Francis I, raiding the Italian coast and finally meeting with representatives of Francis in southern France. The fleet went on to capture
769:. In his 1528 letter to Francis I Suleiman politely refused, but guaranteed the protection of Christians in his states. He also renewed the privileges of French merchants which had been obtained in 1517 in Egypt.
1066:. These capitulations allowed the French to obtain important privileges, such as the security of the people and goods, extraterritoriality, freedom to transport and sell goods in exchange for the payment of the
7667:
3692:. Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation. However, all instructors had to leave with the end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1798.
7633:
7629:
4023:
in July 1807. The alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire was maintained, and a peace settlement was brokered between Russia and the Ottomans, but the territories the Ottomans had been promised (
526:. Louis XI refused to see the envoys, but a large amount of money and Christian relics were offered by the envoy so that Cem could remain in custody in France. Cem was transferred to the custody of
3750:
in 1795 to help organize Ottoman artillery. He did not go, for just days before he was to embark for the Near East he proved himself useful to the Directory by putting down a Parisian mob in the
3246:
The most Christian Turk, the most Christian ravager of Christendom, the most Christian barbarian who had perpetrated on Christians outrages of which his infidel allies would have been ashamed.
3605:
Also, as the Ottoman Empire was losing ground militarily during the 18th century, it made numerous efforts to recruit French experts for its modernization. The French officer and adventurer
7639:
403:
As the first non-ideological alliance in effect between a Christian and Muslim state, the alliance attracted heavy controversy for its time and caused a scandal throughout Christendom.
1725:, the call to prayer occurred five times a day, and Ottoman coinage was the currency of choice. According to an observer: "To see Toulon, one might imagine oneself at Constantinople".
1195:, which will also be refreshed and supplied with food and ammunition by the King, who, by these actions, will be able to achieve his aims, for which he will be highly grateful to sir
3594:
Throughout the period, contacts were varied and multiple. France was willing to help in order to maintain strategic balance in Europe. Through its intervention and that of Ambassador
656:
when the first efforts at establishing an alliance were made. A first French mission to Suleiman seems to have been sent right after the Battle of Pavia by the mother of Francis I,
3041:
French influence remained paramount at Constantinople, and the Capitulations were renewed in 1604, forcing all nations to trade under the protection and flag of France, except for
1461:
against the Imperial fleet. At the end of the conflict, Suleiman set as a condition for peace with Charles V that the latter returns to Francis I the lands that were his by right.
699:. The Ottomans were also greatly attracted by the prestige of being in alliance with such a country as France, which would give them better legitimacy in their European dominions.
3493:
761:
that same year. In 1528 also, Francis used the pretext of the protection of Christians in the Ottoman Empire to again enter into contact with Suleiman, asking for the return of a
2469:
On 1 February 1553, a new treaty of alliance, involving naval collaboration against the Habsburg was signed between France and the Ottoman Empire. In 1553, the Ottoman admirals
2181:
2547:(1559) and the accidental death of Henry II that same year. The newfound peace between the European powers however created long-lasting disillusionment on the Ottoman side.
1587:
Meanwhile, Francis I initiated the hostilities with Charles V on 20 July 1542, and kept with his part of the agreement by laying siege at Perpignan and attacking Flanders.
3681:
2706:, rather than Habsburg candidates, partly in order to be more agreeable to the Ottoman Empire. The choice of Henri de Valois had apparently been proposed by the Ottoman
2049:
denounced the alliance in a 1587 work, claiming that "this confederation has been the occasion to diminish the glory and power of such a flourishing kingdom as France."
3731:). He established permanent embassies in several European countries, and turned to France for help. Various experts were sent, and in 1795, French envoy extraordinaire
1162:, who will direct him to the Grand Signor. To this objective, next summer, he with send the military force he is preparing to recover what it unjustly occupied by the
3528:(1703–1730) endeavoured to send an embassy to France in order to formally establish France as a strategic ally against the common Russian and Austrian enemy. In 1720,
3112:
Initially, the sentiment of Louis towards the Ottoman Empire seems to have been quite negative, and French troops assisted the Austrians against the Turks at the 1664
4836:
3183:
with Austria and to move to the offensive. From 1683 and for a period of sixteen years, the Holy Roman Empire would be occupied in fighting the Ottoman Empire in the
1985:
1974:
782:
to Charles V in his fight against the Ottomans. However, the Ottomans would continue their campaigns in Central Europe, and besiege the Habsburg capital in the 1529
9362:
8777:
3666:
717:
645:
power was in reversal of that of his predecessors. The pretext used by Francis I was the protection of the Christians in Ottoman lands, through agreements called "
1858:. French troops were supplied to the Ottomans on the Central European front: in Hungary, a French artillery unit was dispatched in 1543–1544 and attached to the
1191:
and other vessels, accompanied by one of the largest and most beautiful carracks that ever was on the sea. This fleet will accompany and escort the army of sir
1939:
to accompany him in his campaign. Gabriel de Luetz was able to give decisive military advice to Suleiman, as when he advised on artillery placement during the
1830:. They arrived in Constantinople on 10 August 1544 to meet with Suleiman and give him an account of the campaign. Polin was back to Toulon on 2 October 1544.
959:. Suleiman explained that "he could not possibly abandon the King of France, who was his brother". The Franco-Ottoman alliance was by then effectively made.
2312:
2097:
wrote in defense of the alliance, at the same time minimizing it and legitimizing on the ground that Francis I was defending himself against an aggression.
9277:
3876:, who both felt both threatened by Napoleon's conquests. On January 3, 1799, the Ottoman Empire allied with Russia, and two days later with Great Britain.
3412:
2137:
1097:
Jean de la Forêt also had secret military instructions to organize a combined offensive on Italy in 1535: Through the negotiations of de La Forêt with the
447:, which Charles had partial control over. France was pressured in the West, while the Ottoman Empire expanded on the eastern side of the Holy Roman Empire.
23:
Francis I (left) and Suleiman I (right) initiated the Franco-Ottoman alliance. They never met in person; this is a composite of two separate paintings by
3976:, Selim III finally refused to ratify the Russian and British alliances, and recognized Napoleon as Emperor, formally opting for an alliance with France
7606:
6927:
Vlahakis, George; Malaquias, Isabel Maria Coelho de Oliveira; Brooks, Nathan M.; Wright, David; Gunergun, Feza; Regourd, M. Francois (January 4, 2006).
9392:
9352:
4109:, with the agreement of the Ottoman Empire, with the objective to fulfill its mission to protect Christians in the Middle East, following massacres of
971:
on 16 August 1534 and continued raiding the Italian coast with the support of Francis I. In a counter-attack however, Charles V dislodged them in the
1063:
1575:
Polin left Constantinople on 15 February 1542 with a contract from Suleiman outlining the details of the Ottoman commitment for 1542. He arrived in
7649:
Mathieu Grenet, « Muslim missions to early modern France, c.1610-c.1780 : notes for a social history of cross-cultural diplomacy »,
3810:
With the advent of Napoleon I, France adopted a strongly expansionist policy which put it in direct contact with the Ottoman Empire. Following the
885:
833:
803:
9054:
8334:
3080:
2540:
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in 1789, about 300 French artillery officers and engineers were active in the Ottoman Empire to modernize and train artillery units. From 1784,
3147:
were a major problem throughout the centuries, leading to regular punitive expeditions by France (1661, 1665, 1682, 1683, 1688). French admiral
4051:, the Ottoman Empire and Russia agreed to make peace, just as Russia was anxious to liberate this southern front in anticipation of Napoleon's
2110:
1119:
3661:
from 1783, a French Military Mission was sent to the Ottoman Empire to train the Turks in naval warfare and fortification building. Up to the
1517:, active naval collaboration took place between the two powers to fight against Spanish forces, following a request by Francis I, conveyed by
1214:
him for the financial support he will have provided to the King, as well as the support of his navy which will be fully assisted by the King .
9377:
8435:
1591:
was sent to Constantinople to ascertain the Ottoman offensive, but it turned out that Suleiman, partly under the anti-alliance influence of
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while the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the Ottoman fleet failed to arrive.
2803:
while the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the Ottoman fleet failed to arrive.
2683:
The Ottoman Empire was at the height of its power, but for the forty years after these events, France would become embroiled in the bitter
2614:
2052:
Numerous authors intervened to take the defense of the French king for his alliance. Authors wrote about the Ottoman civilization, such as
7640:« Antoine Escalin des Aimars (1498?–1578) – De la Garde-Adhémar au siège de Nice, le parcours d'un Ambassadeur de François Ier »
3536:
and sent to Paris. His embassy of eleven months was notable for being the first ever foreign representation of a permanent nature for the
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against the Habsburg, but without success. Louis communicated to the Turks that he would never fight on the side of the Austrian Emperor
2449:
4035:
were never returned, although the Ottomans themselves had complied with their part of the agreement by moving their troops south of the
8799:
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7765:
3788:
Through his conquests (here, Napoleon's empire at its greatest extent in 1811) Napoleon came in direct contact with the Ottoman Empire.
3345:
2142:
3879:
Britain took the opportunity to ally with the Ottoman Empire in order to repel Napoleon's invasion, intervening militarily during the
2857:
2853:
2401:
1287:. While Francis I was attacking Milan and Genoa in April 1536, Barbarossa was raiding the Habsburg possessions in the Mediterranean.
1047:
was sent to Istanbul, and for the first time was able to become permanent ambassador at the Ottoman court and to negotiate treaties.
267:
8807:
6360:
2980:
1873:
1764:
1070:
and customs fees. These capitulations would in effect give the French a near trade monopoly in seaport-towns that would be known as
621:. This situation forced Francis I to find an ally against the powerful Habsburg Emperor, in the person of Suleiman the Magnificent.
9372:
8842:
7028:
Friends and Rivals in the East: Studies in Anglo-Dutch Relations in the Levant from the Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Century
6333:
4039:. Faced with betrayal by Russia, and the failure of France to have the agreement enforced, the Ottoman Empire, now ruled by Sultan
3833:
in 1798 and fought against the Ottomans to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with
3179:, and he instead massed troops at the eastern frontier of France. These reassurances encouraged the Turks not to renew the 20-year
2613:
and in the Ottoman Empire, where they were given right of residence and worship. Further, the Ottomans supported the Calvinists in
2293:
2109:
argued in 1540 that the alliance was permissible because "against one's enemies one can make arrows of any kind of wood." In 1551,
1989:
Caricature showing the Emperor conducting the king of France and the Sultan walking as captives bound together. Early 17th century.
874:
555:, in which the Sultan of Egypt had made concessions to the French and the Catalans, and which would be later extended by Suleiman.
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1637:
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unsuccessful in battle and squeezed between the French invasion and the Ottomans, he and Francis I ultimately made peace with the
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in plans against Spain in the 1570s. Around 1575, plans were made for a combined attack of Aragonese Moriscos and Huguenots from
2654:, suffers four diverse religions viz. that of the Jews, that of the Christians, that of the Grecians, and that of the Mahometans.
2205:
were brought back, annotated and studied by scholars such as Guillaume Postel. Transmission of scientific knowledge, such as the
1513:
and England; but, although the conflict was ruinously expensive for the major participants, its outcome was inconclusive. In the
1466:
145:
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Rouillard, Clarence D. The Turk in French History, Thought and Literature, 1520–1660 (Paris: Boivin & Compagnie, 1973) 358.
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with 12 galleys in early September 1537. Saint-Blancard in vain attempted to convince the Ottomans to again raid the coasts of
4083:
2628:
2014:
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1247:
Franco-Ottoman military collaboration took place during the Italian War of 1536–1538 following the 1536 Treaty negotiated by
125:
3124:. One of the reasons was that Louis XIV was in a shifting alliance with the Habsburgs, especially through his marriage with
2577:, so that a Dutch-Ottoman alliance was considered and a letter was sent from Suleiman the Magnificent to the "Lutherans" in
691:
The plea of the French king nicely corresponded to the ambitions of Suleiman in Europe, and gave him an incentive to attack
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by the end of July 1537, and departed two weeks later with many prisoners. Barbarossa had laid waste to the region around
9193:
8857:
8487:
8411:
7607:""A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty" The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal"
3501:
2535:, Henry II obtained the dispatch of an Ottoman fleet to Italy in 1558, with little effect however apart from the sack of
2018:
1932:
1922:
646:
535:
8358:
3374:. French authors used the East as a way to enrich their philosophical work and a pretext to write comments on the West:
2194:
1728:
Throughout the winter, the Ottomans were able to use Toulon as a base to attack the Spanish and Italian coasts, raiding
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as envoy extraordinary. Napoleon promised to help the Ottoman Empire recover lost territories. He wrote to the Sultan:
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3276:
2676:
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1592:
1557:, harass the coasts of Spain with a naval force, and send 40 galleys to assist the Turks for operations in the Levant.
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207:
1598:
When Francis I learnt from André de Montalembert that the Ottomans were not coming, he raised the siege of Perpignan.
1579:
on 8 March 1542 to obtain a ratification of the agreement by Francis I. Accordingly, Francis I designated the city of
1074:. Foreign vessels had to trade with Turkey under the French banner, after the payment of a percentage of their trade.
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Armstrong, Elizabeth; Armstrong, Elizabeth (Tyler); Forbes, Elizabeth; Armstrong, Elizabeth Tyler (January 4, 1954).
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5000:
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4905:
4803:
4745:
4715:
4683:
4647:
4617:
4590:
4551:
4524:
4497:
4458:
4431:
4401:
4375:
4225:
4182:
3989:
3985:
3942:
3737:
3587:
1595:, was unwilling to send an army that year, and promised to send an army twice as strong the following year, in 1543.
1366:, carrying about 10,000 people into slavery. Francis however failed to meet his commitment, and instead attacked the
567:
85:
9133:
1957:"The Ottoman alliance had powerfully contributed to save France from the grasp of Charles V, it had certainly aided
1529:
9257:
8569:
1951:
The alliance provided strategic support to, and effectively protected, the kingdom of France from the ambitions of
924:
916:
819:
815:
45:
9039:
3035:
2029:
Side effects included a lot of negative propaganda against the actions of France and its "unholy" alliance with a
855:
9247:
9213:
9208:
9128:
9088:
9019:
9009:
8980:
8920:
8896:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8546:
8517:
8346:
7951:
7651:
7098:"History of Ottoman Turks: From the Beginning of Their Empire to the Present Time. Chiefly Founded on Von Hammer"
3996:
with the help of Sebastiani, but lost several major encounters against Russia, and he was finally toppled by his
3772:, but they were frustrated by the opposition of the Janissaries. This relationship would sour with the ascent of
3677:
3626:
3465:
carpets. This tradition also spread to England where it revived the English carpet industry in the 18th century.
3113:
2748:. Selim II sent his support through a messenger, who endeavoured to put the Dutch in contact with the rebellious
1901:
through the ransoming of enemy ships in the Mediterranean. The French Royal House also borrowed large amounts of
217:
4079:
2945:
Spain in the 1570s. Around 1575, plans were made for a combined attack of Aragonese Moriscos and Huguenots from
8792:
8605:
7758:
7630:« Récits de voyage et représentation de l'espace. La Méditerranée de Jérôme Maurand, un espace vécu »
7395:
7036:
5979:
5947:
5809:"The History of England: The history of England: reigns of Edward the Sixth-Mary-and Elizabeth. In two volumes"
4932:
4869:
3732:
3574:
3231:
on 15 August 1684, giving him several territories which covered the frontier and protected France from foreign
3219:
in 1683. On that occasion, Louis not only declined to help the Austrians, but on the contrary tried to prevent
3016:
2602:
1338:
For 1537 important combined operations were agreed upon, in which the Ottomans would attack southern Italy and
1035:
Treaties, or capitulations, were passed between the two countries starting in 1528 and 1536. The defeat in the
692:
4258:"The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801-1922. Being a rev. and enl. ed. of The Ottoman Empire, 1801-1913"
1794:
1259:
8687:
8675:
8629:
8623:
8599:
8587:
8511:
8499:
8493:
8464:
7715:
7617:
4131:
3649:
3201:
3176:
2352:
2078:
1952:
1494:
1445:
1104:
it was agreed that combined military operations against Italy would take place, in which France would attack
1005:
602:
583:
344:
75:
5590:
Giovanni Botero, The Reason of State, Trans. P.J. Waley and D.P. Waley (New Haven: Yale U. P., 1956) 223-24.
3621:, creating cannon foundries, powder and musket factories and a military engineering school. Another officer
2162:
Cultural and scientific exchanges between France and the Ottoman Empire flourished. French scholars such as
1318:
with 30 galleys from 15 October 1536 (the first time a Turkish fleet laid up for the winter in Marseilles).
9382:
9203:
8737:
5138:
3606:
3563:
3445:
2561:
Ottoman power was also used by the French in the religious conflicts on the European scene. In 1566, under
2368:
2022:
1440:
in 1538. Francis actually refused to meet Charles V in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.
730:
641:. The objective for Francis I was to find an ally against the Habsburgs, although the policy of courting a
618:
420:
7901:
5644:"The History of Modern Europe from the Fall of Constantinople: In 1453, to the War in the Crimea, in 1857"
2844:
with other European powers against the Ottoman Empire, particularly with the Habsburg Empire, some of the
2714:
2544:
2038:
referred to the alliance as "a vile, infamous, diabolical treaty" and blamed it for the extinction of the
9330:
9148:
9123:
8915:
8747:
8557:
8286:
8226:
4146:
4126:
3370:
3191:, a coalition of European powers against the Ottomans, adopting a position of neutrality, and encouraged
1665:
1537:
742:
385:
349:
328:
34:
6601:
An Arab's Journey to Colonial Spanish America: The Travels of Elias al-Mûsili in the Seventeenth Century
2420:, where it was joined by the fleet of Baron de la Garde, ready for naval operations the following year.
9287:
9282:
9158:
9108:
9103:
8886:
8823:
8699:
8581:
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8470:
8316:
8161:
8151:
8146:
7681:
7515:
7408:
4048:
3952:
3334:
to Constantinople 1699 and stayed there until the end of his life in 1737, and later with the works of
2494:
2442:
2432:
2201:
Scientific exchange is thought to have occurred, as numerous works in Arabic, especially pertaining to
1867:
1518:
1485:
1242:
1163:
1101:
1016:
393:
9113:
3653:
Contemporary caricature of the 1783 French Military Mission in Constantinople training Ottoman troops.
2232:. French novels and tragedies were written with the Ottoman Empire as a theme or background. In 1561,
2122:
Apologie, faicte par un serviteur du Roy, contre les calomnies des Impériaulx: sur la descente du Turc
9237:
9153:
9098:
8785:
8405:
8292:
8202:
8084:
7751:
4052:
4044:
3712:
3671:
3242:, in effect relieving pressure from the Ottomans. Louis was reviled for this action, and was called:
2841:
2835:
2264:
Strategically, the alliance with the Ottoman Empire also allowed France to offset to some extent the
1863:
1843:
865:
746:
703:
339:
5609:
3622:
3579:
1350:
would attack northern Italy with 50,000 men. Suleiman led an army of 300,000 from Constantinople to
617:
to the Empire, renounce his Italian ambitions, and return his belongings and honours to the traitor
9078:
8681:
8441:
8382:
8262:
8244:
8238:
8156:
8141:
7532:
7449:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume III: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III
3869:
3595:
3415:
in 1664, but the fashion for coffee in Paris was triggered by the Ottoman ambassador to Louis XIV,
3260:
2874:
2840:
The conflict between the Ottomans and the Persians led the latter to try to forge a counter-acting
2753:
2688:
2532:
2462:
2458:
2085:, in which Francis is compared to the wounded man, the Emperor to the thieves, and Suleiman to the
2002:
1993:
1928:
1889:
1541:
1202:
1137:
1036:
1024:
972:
968:
870:
722:
629:
540:
468:
381:
287:
187:
155:
9138:
9044:
6653:
4705:
4673:
4514:
4391:
3339:
3293:
1588:
384:. The strategic and sometimes tactical alliance was one of the longest-lasting and most important
9242:
9183:
8563:
8340:
8304:
8298:
8126:
8089:
7826:
7470:
5667:
4516:
Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520-1536
4009:
3984:
to Paris as ambassador (1806–1811). Selim III's decisions in favour of France triggered the 1806
3892:
3633:, and was instrumental in the creation of mobile artillery units. He built fortifications on the
3401:
3368:
French literature also was greatly influenced. In 1704 was published the first French version of
2699:
2684:
2556:
2376:
2324:
2189:, copied circa 1536, bound according to regulations set under Francis I circa 1549, with arms of
1733:
1393:
1354:, with the objective of transporting them to Italy with the fleet. The Ottoman fleet gathered in
1291:
903:
606:
435:
227:
197:
165:
9029:
7025:
Hamilton, Alastair; Groot, Alexander Hendrik de; Boogert, Maurits H. Van Den (January 4, 2000).
4105:
In another example of cooperation, in 1860, France later intervened in the Ottoman territory of
3121:
2733:
1979:
Apologye en défense pour le Roy, fondée sur texte d'évangile, contre ses enemis et calomniateurs
1062:, although they only seem to have been ratified by the Ottomans later, in 1569, with ambassador
9163:
9093:
9083:
8970:
8310:
8220:
8208:
8002:
4087:
3811:
3457:
3349:
3327:
3125:
3099:
3073:
2405:
983:
783:
307:
247:
115:
105:
55:
7176:
7097:
7026:
6960:
6901:
6841:
6626:
6572:
6280:
6178:
6164:
6139:
6083:
5996:
5937:
5910:
5883:
5856:
5826:
5808:
5781:
5643:
5628:
5540:
5495:
5348:
5295:
5211:
5181:
5154:
4963:
4820:
4637:
4607:
4580:
4541:
4487:
4421:
4365:
4350:
4335:
4270:
3684:
arrived to instruct engineering drawings and techniques in the new Turkish engineering school
2710:
1691:
Toulon to remain and mingle with the Turkish nation, because of difficulties which might arise
9272:
9262:
9173:
9168:
9143:
9014:
9004:
8930:
8647:
8429:
8256:
7613:
7115:
7052:
6987:
6928:
6763:
6695:
6599:
6542:
6512:
6434:
5969:
5686:
5465:
5384:
4787:
4761:
4735:
4448:
4320:
4215:
4172:
4013:
3993:
3638:
3004:
2913:
Bilingual Franco-Turkish translation of the 1604 Franco-Ottoman Capitulations between Sultan
2633:
1855:
1498:
1389:
1331:
1051:
443:. Territories in yellow are ruled by Charles. Territories within the red boundary are of the
404:
7079:
6467:
1752:. The Ottomans departed from their Toulon base in May 1544 after Francis I had paid 800,000
1701:
1653:
1178:, who has a powerful naval force as well as a convenient location , to attack the island of
745:(1526–1530) going on, Francis I continued to look for allies in Central Europe and formed a
8925:
8476:
8423:
8364:
8328:
8280:
8268:
7997:
7916:
7891:
7846:
7713:
Jensen, De Lamar (Winter 1985). "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy".
5019:
Ward, Sir Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Sir Stanley Mordaunt (2004).
4071:, the Ottoman Empire was still recognized as an essential part of the European status quo.
4047:
with Great Britain, which was now at war with both France and Russia. In 1812, through the
3965:
3884:
3880:
3462:
3023:
2909:
2890:
2878:
2729:
2637:
2562:
2497:
for the benefit of France. The military alliance is said to have reached its peak in 1553.
2151:
1687:
1367:
1343:
1205:, Monsieur de La Forest must ask for 1 million in gold, and for his army to enter first in
1154:
987:
Letter of Suleiman to Francis I in 1536, informing Francis I of the successful campaign of
920:
908:
523:
503:
491:
8965:
5599:
Francois de la Noue, Discours Politiques et Militaires (Geneve: Librairie Droz, 1967) 428.
5125:
2229:
2101:
used examples from Christian history to justify the endeavour to obtain Ottoman support.
2070:
8:
9297:
9118:
8999:
8975:
8837:
8832:
8732:
4202:
4117:, claimed to continue its ancient role as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire.
4020:
3957:
3289:
3264:
3136:
3031:
2898:
2870:
2845:
2703:
2679:
in 1572, partly due to the desire of Polish nobles to be agreeable to the Ottoman Empire.
2672:
2574:
2090:
2046:
2010:
1965:, and from a French point of view, it had rescued the North German allies of Francis I."'
1940:
1842:
French artillery troops were supplied to Suleiman for his Hungarian campaign – here, the
1710:
1490:
During the Italian War of 1542–46 Francis I and Suleiman I were again pitted against the
1454:
1347:
1294:
combined his twelve French galleys with a small Ottoman fleet belonging to Barbarossa in
1230:
1171:
726:
674:
587:
579:
563:
373:
9302:
7836:
4171:
Dimmock, Matthew; Dimmock, Professor of Early Modern Studies Matthew (January 4, 2005).
3478:
3397:
3335:
2922:
2285:
1358:
with 100 galleys, accompanied by the French ambassador Jean de La Forêt. They landed in
1248:
1124:
1044:
696:
518:, his brother and rival pretender to the Ottoman throne was being detained in France at
9024:
8990:
8669:
8452:
7796:
7732:
7701:
7693:
4844:
4068:
3919:
Napoleon continued his efforts to win the Ottoman Empire to his cause. He sent General
3752:
3743:
3599:
3547:
3533:
3441:
3331:
3239:
3188:
3069:
3046:
3042:
2930:
2918:
2822:, as a way to counter Habsburg attempts at supremacy in Europe. For a time though, the
2811:
2745:
2725:
2695:
2578:
2501:
2454:
2336:
2289:
2190:
1897:
1554:
1533:
1502:
1491:
1086:
935:
Suleiman ordered Barbarossa to put his fleet at the disposition of Francis I to attack
881:
860:
614:
558:
France had already been looking for allies in Central Europe. The ambassador of France
527:
397:
8955:
6697:
Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped Globalization
4004:. Mustafa IV however, persisted with the Franco-Ottoman alliance, and sent ambassador
3742:
attempted to establish a Treaty of Alliance. A young artillery officer by the name of
3180:
2995:
Henry IV continued the policy of Franco-Ottoman alliance and received an embassy from
2531:, and 150 galleys to be stationed in the West. Through the services of his ambassador
2504:, successor to Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon, is known to have participated to Suleiman's
2297:
2249:
1306:. After failing to capture the tower of Salé, the fleet raided the Spanish coast from
9198:
9178:
9073:
9063:
8960:
8663:
8458:
8376:
8322:
8274:
8214:
8136:
8079:
7941:
7705:
7634:
Mémoire de Master, Dir. par Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire, Université de Nice, 2007, 292 p.
7592:
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7564:
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7502:
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7474:
7453:
7433:
7418:
7399:
7378:
7347:
7320:
7293:
7266:
7218:
7182:
7121:
7058:
7032:
6993:
6966:
6934:
6907:
6877:
6850:
6820:
6784:
6728:
6701:
6632:
6605:
6578:
6551:
6521:
6488:
6440:
6404:
6366:
6339:
6309:
6257:
6230:
6203:
6105:
6064:
6002:
5975:
5943:
5916:
5889:
5862:
5835:
5787:
5760:
5733:
5692:
5546:
5501:
5471:
5393:
5354:
5301:
5217:
5190:
5160:
5082:
5050:
4996:
4969:
4928:
4901:
4865:
4799:
4741:
4711:
4679:
4643:
4613:
4586:
4547:
4520:
4493:
4454:
4427:
4397:
4371:
4286:
4282:
4221:
4178:
3973:
3920:
3908:
3720:
3689:
3662:
3509:
3497:
3228:
3220:
3184:
3011:, giving numerous advantages to France in the Ottoman Empire. An embassy was sent to
2528:
2397:
2265:
2256:. This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France.
2106:
2057:
1962:
1675:
1458:
1284:
1220:
1167:
1055:
1043:
motivated the Ottoman Empire to enter into a formal alliance with France. Ambassador
992:
936:
710:, so that the Ottoman Empire would be attacked on its rear. Envoys were sent to Shah
638:
637:
The alliance was an opportunity for both rulers to fight against the hegemony of the
610:
575:
476:
444:
277:
8417:
1819:
1781:
9252:
9034:
8945:
8352:
8007:
7961:
7931:
7896:
7774:
7724:
7685:
4032:
3888:
3676:
reached Constantinople with 12 experts. The same year, French engineering officers
3542:
3216:
3148:
3140:
3093:
2965:
in Aragon and the disarmament of the Moriscos. In 1576, a three-pronged fleet from
2791:
in Aragon and the disarmament of the Moriscos. In 1576, a three-pronged fleet from
2772:
2372:
2320:
2163:
2155:
2053:
2006:
1936:
1803:
1718:
1303:
1059:
766:
750:
661:
657:
237:
135:
8250:
6461:
4257:
502:
Some early contacts seem to have taken place between the Ottomans and the French.
9292:
9068:
8950:
8940:
8891:
8847:
8048:
8043:
7851:
7646:, Nice, Conseil Général des Alpes-Maritimes, n°188, Octobre-décembre 2007, 28 pp.
7447:
7372:
7341:
7314:
7287:
7260:
7212:
6871:
6814:
6778:
6749:
6722:
6303:
6251:
6224:
6197:
6099:
6058:
5998:
Muslims and the Gospel: Bridging the Gap : a Reflection on Christian Sharing
5754:
5727:
5712:
5103:
5076:
5044:
5020:
4990:
4922:
4895:
4859:
4141:
3830:
3819:
3357:
3144:
3129:
3117:
2974:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2505:
2393:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2035:
1886:
1866:, Suleiman took a commanding position in Hungary, obtaining the signature of the
1851:
1826:
who accompanied Polin and the Ottoman fleet in 1544, wrote a detailed account in
1421:
1381:
1351:
1295:
944:
707:
665:
598:
440:
4102:, a French-British-Ottoman alliance against Russia was signed on 12 March 1854.
3637:
and started a naval science course that laid the foundation stone for the later
3421:
3388:
3223:
from saving the city of Vienna, and he used the opportunity to attack cities in
2527:
On 30 December 1557, Henry II wrote a letter to Suleiman, asking him for money,
9232:
9188:
8935:
8810:
8022:
7443:
4417:
3873:
3847:... Is it not we who have been through the centuries the friends of the Sultan?
3823:
3815:
3760:
3747:
3706:
3583:
3537:
3505:
3050:
2966:
2958:
2849:
2807:
2792:
2784:
2610:
2570:
2233:
2094:
2086:
2039:
1777:
1679:
1656:. They had to raise the siege of the citadel upon the arrival of enemy troops.
1612:
1565:
1510:
1469:
1409:
1276:
1128:
1082:
1054:
on 18 February 1536, on the model of previous Ottoman commercial treaties with
1020:
948:
940:
825:
799:
774:
758:
605:. After several months in prison, Francis I was forced to sign the humiliating
594:
559:
472:
452:
377:
7992:
7689:
3425:, the first coffee-shop of Paris, in 1689. In the French high society wearing
1913:
as of 1565, the repayment of which became contentious in the following years.
419:". It lasted intermittently for more than two and a half centuries, until the
9346:
9323:
8757:
7806:
7468:
East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century
6335:
East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century
5578:
4633:
3969:
3728:
3529:
3486:
3361:
3103:
3061:
2737:
2618:
2340:
2317:
2065:
1998:
1958:
1789:
1769:
1649:
1617:
1607:
1569:
1514:
1506:
1449:
1437:
678:
424:
65:
7926:
3895:
in 1801. By 1802, the French were completely vanquished in the Middle East.
2756:
in October 1574, thus succeeding in reducing Spanish pressure on the Dutch.
2508:
campaign, and to have sailed with the Ottoman fleet in its campaign against
8762:
8388:
7987:
7530:
Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923
6989:
Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789-1923
4277:
Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1560–1660
4114:
4005:
3981:
3947:
3834:
3727:, this was a golden opportunity to modernize, and achieve the "New Order" (
3618:
3567:
3416:
3208:
3168:
3164:
3000:
2718:
2707:
2566:
2413:
2348:
2308:
Territory of the Ottoman Empire upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent.
2167:
2147:
1859:
1799:
1745:
1740:
and defeating Italo-Spanish naval attacks. Sailing with his whole fleet to
1670:
After the siege of Nice, the Ottomans were offered by Francis to winter at
1624:
1098:
1040:
988:
952:
686:
Answer from Suleiman the Magnificent to Francis I of France, February 1526.
482:
416:
412:
408:
389:
257:
4351:"Three Years in Constantinople: Or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844"
4336:"Three Years in Constantinople: Or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844"
2752:
of Spain and the pirates of Algiers. Selim also sent a great fleet in the
2565:, the French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire intervened in favour of the
2077:, a text defending the actions of Francis I by drawing parallels with the
1838:
1536:
of Francis I, caliber: 140mm, length: 307cm, recovered at the time of the
1505:. The course of the war saw extensive fighting in Italy, France, and the
714:
in 1525, and again in 1529, pleading for an attack on the Ottoman Empire.
8069:
8017:
7956:
7936:
6764:"The Industry of Nations: As Exemplified in the Great Exhibition of 1851"
6656:. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green – via Google Books.
4099:
4019:
In a final reversal however, Napoleon I finally vanquished Russia at the
3997:
3769:
3513:
3375:
3323:
3314:
3280:
3159:
2882:
2815:
2594:
2521:
2355:. The alliance allowed Henry II to push for French conquests towards the
2296:, continued the policy of alliance of his father Francis I. Painting by
2206:
2175:
1906:
1882:
1749:
1359:
1326:
460:
5713:"Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge"
2404:, but both were delayed and could not join the Ottomans in time. In the
1479:
1077:
A French embassy and a Christian chapel were established in the town of
8505:
8064:
7966:
7946:
7921:
7911:
7736:
4056:
4008:
to Paris to work out the details. Concurrently, Napoleon also formed a
4001:
3773:
2996:
2819:
2659:
2622:
2474:
2437:
2339:, also sealed a treaty with Suleyman in order to cooperate against the
2210:
2171:
1629:
1315:
1264:
956:
552:
519:
515:
507:
495:
487:
7697:
6954:
6952:
6950:
4260:. Cambridge : The University Press – via Internet Archive.
4174:
New Turkes: Dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in Early Modern England
3814:
in 1797, France acquired possessions in the Mediterranean such as the
3259:
The Ottomans were able to stage a counter-attack and succeeded in the
2806:
Ottoman support for France would continue, as well as support for the
2651:
1773:
1116:. The military instructions of Jean de la Forêt were highly specific:
729:
regarding the protection of Christians in his states. September 1528.
19:
8074:
8027:
8012:
7816:
7414:
5939:
Ottoman-Dutch Economic Relations in the Early Modern Period 1571-1699
5811:. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans – via Google Books.
5756:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
4060:
4040:
4028:
3934:
3903:
3826:. Relations with the Ottoman Empire became all of a sudden strained.
3724:
3658:
3634:
3525:
3453:
3353:
3308:
3298:
3285:
3197:
3192:
3089:
3085:
3065:
3027:
2894:
2586:
2582:
2273:
2269:
2220:, were brought back to be integrated in Royal libraries, such as the
2202:
1878:
1641:
1620:
in 1543, a combined Franco-Turkish force managed to capture the city.
1580:
1432:
1311:
1280:
1268:
1141:
711:
548:
456:
7728:
3709:
with his Military Mission being received by the Grand Vizier in 1796
3468:
3440:("in the manner of Turkey") was developed in France in the reign of
2304:
978:
794:
7906:
7743:
6947:
4837:"An Objective Historical Perspective of the Siege of Malta of 1565"
4275:
vol. 2 (1947; English edition 1970); cited after Avner Ben-Zaken,
4110:
4091:
4064:
4024:
3784:
3630:
3610:
3517:
3482:
3383:
3232:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2886:
2852:. This plan was formalized by two major diplomatic endeavours: the
2764:
2760:
2749:
2741:
2713:. When Henri left to return to France in 1575, he was succeeded by
2667:
2641:
2536:
2509:
2389:
2253:
2245:
2043:
2001:(center) enthroned over his defeated enemies (from left to right):
1916:
1807:
1561:
1388:
The Ottomans departed from Southern Italy, and instead mounted the
1279:
in 1536, starting the war. A Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in
1210:
1188:
1105:
1067:
829:
511:
7374:
Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923
4199:
The New Cambridge modern history: - v.2 The Reformation, 1520-1559
2946:
2768:
2362:
1818:
from Barbarossa's fleet to continue alone to the Ottoman capital.
1355:
7841:
7821:
7811:
6813:
Faroqhi, Suraiya; McGowan, Bruce; Pamuk, Sevket (28 April 1997).
5626:
3964:
In February 1806, following Napoleon's remarkable victory in the
3558:
3152:
3012:
3008:
2914:
2780:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2517:
2490:
2344:
2241:
1823:
1737:
1729:
1682:
and Italy, as well the communications between the two countries:
1363:
1307:
1184:
1179:
1159:
1149:
1028:
1015:
Draft of the 1536 Treaty negotiated between Jean de La Forêt and
824:
In early July 1532, Suleiman was joined by the French ambassador
779:
754:
464:
392:. The Franco-Ottoman military alliance reached its peak with the
7080:"History of Napoleon, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Etc"
5467:
Firearms of the Islamic World: In the Tareq Rajab Museum, Kuwait
4197:
R.C. Spooner, "The Habsburg-Valois Struggle" in G.R. Elton, ed.
2687:, and Ottoman power would start to slowly weaken after the 1571
2382:
1910:
1850:
On land Suleiman was concomitantly fighting for the conquest of
1004:"Echelles du Levant" redirects here. For the Maalouf novel, see
8742:
7971:
7801:
4036:
3858:
3765:
3449:
3430:
3426:
3419:, in 1669. Fashionable coffee-shops emerged such as the famous
3408:
3319:
3224:
3212:
2987:
2970:
2829:
2796:
2717:, who also had been supported by the Ottomans in obtaining the
2482:
2478:
2470:
2328:
2272:
trade, and French trade with the eastern Mediterranean through
2030:
1815:
1811:
1722:
1706:
1671:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1339:
1206:
1113:
1109:
1078:
837:
807:
762:
653:
642:
24:
5971:
The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History: Introduction
4861:
Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East
2371:. In 1551, the Ottomans, accompanied by the French ambassador
1524:
1019:, a few days before his assassination, expanding to the whole
772:
Francis I lost in his European campaigns, and had to sign the
7831:
6926:
6652:
Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay Baron (January 4, 1864).
6060:
Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700
4106:
3865:
3844:
3614:
3172:
2417:
2409:
2356:
2217:
2186:
2082:
1741:
1659:
1576:
1545:
1473:
1299:
1145:
964:
734:
597:
occurred when the French ruler Francis I was defeated at the
544:
6628:
Poetry and the Creation of a Whig Literary Culture 1681-1714
4000:
as he was trying to reform his army, and replaced by Sultan
2550:
2543:
in 1558. The conflict would finally come to an end with the
1696:
Instruction of Francis I to his Lord Lieutenant of Provence.
1298:(an Ottoman galley and 6 galiotes), to attack the island of
7886:
3433:
became fashionable, as well as lying on rugs and cushions.
2513:
2486:
1902:
1753:
1645:
943:. In July 1533 Francis received Ottoman representatives at
297:
7604:
3326:
started to become hugely popular, first with the works of
3263:, but they were finally defeated however in 1699 with the
3056:
2524:
was one of the key Ottoman protagonists in these actions.
1632:
fired by the Franco-Turkish fleet, now in a street of Nice
1392:
in August 1537. where they were met by the French Admiral
6870:
Black, Professor Jeremy; Black, Jeremy (4 January 2002).
3861:
3553:
2359:, while a Franco-Ottoman fleet defended southern France.
2343:. This was triggered by the 8 September 1550 conquest of
2060:, in sometimes extremely positive ways. In the 1543 work
1759:
677:, king of the province of France ... You have sent to my
633:
First letter from Suleiman to Francis I in February 1526.
6959:
A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (May 21, 2010).
6766:. The Society. January 4, 1852 – via Google Books.
6283:
Peace treaties and international law in European history
5668:"Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?"
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5075:
Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard (1977).
4764:. CUP Archive. January 4, 1902 – via Google Books.
3452:, and especially rose to prominence during the reign of
2209:, may have occurred on such occasions, at the time when
1833:
1644:
in August 1543, and collaborated to bombard the city of
1136:
Jean de la Forest, whom the King sends to meet with the
593:
A momentous intensification of the search for allies in
574:
between 1522 and 1525. At that time, following the 1522
6840:
Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976).
6654:"The History of England from the Accession of James II"
5825:
Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976).
4786:
Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976).
3227:
and parts of southern Germany. He was able to sign the
2477:
together with the French squadron raided the coasts of
1427:
6930:
Imperialism and Science: Social Impact and Interaction
3396:(1759). French travelers of the 17th century, such as
3318:, both of which became constitutive components of the
3312:, just as there was a fashion for Chinese things with
2744:
in order to open a new front against the Spanish King
1705:
Barbarossa's fleet wintering in the French harbour of
471:, the son of Selim, managed to expand Ottoman rule to
7668:"The French Economic Interests in the Ottoman Empire"
7511:
Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis
6305:
The Regency of Tunis and the Ottoman Porte, 1777-1814
6174:
6172:
6161:
The Moriscos of Spain: their conversion and expulsion
5559:
3898:
3629:. He succeeded in having a new foundry built to make
3007:" was signed between Henry IV and the Ottoman Sultan
2367:
Various military actions were coordinated during the
2292:, here standing on an oriental carpet, an example of
1640:
and the Ottoman forces, led by Barbarossa, joined at
1480:
Italian War of 1542–1546 and Hungary Campaign of 1543
664:. In December 1525 a second mission was sent, led by
624:
7452:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
7109:
7107:
7024:
6816:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
6506:
6504:
6135:
6133:
5820:
5818:
5070:
5068:
5066:
4957:
4955:
4953:
2740:, tried to obtain the support of the Ottoman Sultan
2621:
but also in France. The contemporary French thinker
2138:
Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance
2127:
1909:
and the Ottoman Empire, amounting to around 150,000
1092:
991:, and acknowledging the permanent French embassy of
586:
was signed between Francis I and the king of Poland
7117:
Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World
6812:
6098:Parker, Geoffrey; Smith, Lesley M. (January 1978).
5489:
5487:
5018:
4737:
Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World
3155:between 1682 and 1683, to help Christian captives.
2961:, but these projects foundered with the arrival of
2787:, but these projects foundered with the arrival of
2426:
2280:
479:thus entered in direct conflict with the Ottomans.
7665:
6169:
4472:
4470:
3151:fought the Barbary corsairs in 1681 and bombarded
778:in August 1529. He was even forced to supply some
7104:
6501:
6130:
6029:
6027:
5815:
5450:
5448:
5244:
5242:
5063:
4950:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4113:Christians. At that time, France, led by Emperor
3818:as well as former Venetian bases on the coast of
3469:Continued support from Louis XV to the Revolution
2869:received at the French court: from Suleiman I to
2860:. The results however seem to have been limited.
2826:turned the Ottomans' attention away from Europe.
999:
979:Permanent embassy of Jean de La Forêt (1535–1537)
16:16th century alliance of Francis I and Suleiman I
9344:
7712:
7412:The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801–1927
6958:
6400:The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927
5484:
5411:
5409:
5184:International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties
4924:The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History
4729:
4727:
4565:
4563:
3980:, and war with Russia and Britain. He also sent
2396:. The plan was to join with the French fleet of
2327:as well as later Ottoman campaigns. Painting by
2213:was establishing his own astronomical theories.
1917:French support in the Ottoman-Safavid war (1547)
1814:and took about 6,000 captives, but separated in
930:
915:Ottoman embassies were sent to France, with the
888:in March 1531 his strategy regarding the Turks:
41:
30:
9363:Military alliances involving the Ottoman Empire
7245:
7243:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7096:Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd (January 4, 1856).
7082:. John A.M. Duncanson – via Google Books.
6986:Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (January 4, 2001).
6844:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
6780:Sloan's Architecture - The Late Georgian Period
6680:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6123:
6121:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5829:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
5542:Louis XIV amp the Zenith of the French Monarchy
5137:From Edith Garnier, "L'Alliance Impie", p.141.
4790:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
4467:
2363:Cooperation during the Italian War of 1551–1559
1568:. The port was seized in the name of France by
1457:. On 28 September 1538 Barbarosa won the major
1418:Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie
1378:Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie
702:Meanwhile, Charles V was manoeuvring to form a
601:on February 24, 1525, by the troops of Emperor
7306:
7011:
7009:
6571:Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (January 4, 2000).
6327:
6325:
6024:
5445:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5239:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4296:
4170:
4159:
3524:In the early 18th century, the Ottoman Sultan
3407:There were also numerous culinary influences.
1931:attacked Persia in his second campaign of the
757:, who himself had just become a vassal of the
388:, and was particularly influential during the
372:, was an alliance established in 1536 between
8793:
7759:
7547:Suleiman the Magnificent – Sultan of the East
6433:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (30 January 2008).
6101:The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century
5406:
5350:Suleiman the Magnificent - Sultan of the East
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
4724:
4560:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4045:Treaty of Peace, Commerce and Secret Alliance
3116:, and the Venetians against the Turks at the
2383:Joint attacks on the Kingdom of Naples (1552)
1601:
578:, Francis I was attempting to ally with king
7673:International Journal of Middle East Studies
7240:
7143:
6669:
6379:
6118:
5956:
5685:Tilley, Arthur Augustus (December 4, 2008).
5074:
4982:
4704:Merriman, Roger Bigelow (November 4, 2008).
4672:Merriman, Roger Bigelow (November 4, 2008).
4539:
4323:. G. Bell and sons – via Google Books.
4067:. In the post-Napoleonic world, at the 1815
2830:Ottoman-Persian diplomatic rivalry in Europe
2694:In 1572, after the death of the Polish king
1674:, so that they could continue to harass the
1330:The French and Ottoman fleets joined at the
7393:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918
7078:Lehmanowsky, John Jacob (January 4, 1832).
7077:
7006:
6322:
6275:
6273:
6097:
6052:
6050:
6048:
5729:Anti-Italianism in Sixteenth-century France
5323:
4692:
4217:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918
3719:This policy initially continued during the
1525:Failed coordination in the campaign of 1542
1236:
1108:while the Ottoman Empire would attack from
8800:
8786:
7766:
7752:
7561:The Ottoman Empire and early modern Europe
7312:
7178:Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged
7091:
7089:
6985:
6903:Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged
6869:
6570:
6484:The Ottoman Empire and the World Around it
5027:
4965:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe
4234:
3992:. Selim III repelled the British fleet of
3609:(1675–1747) went in the service of Sultan
1660:Barbarossa wintering in Toulon (1543–1544)
1472:, as he was travelling through Italy near
1436:Francis I and Charles V made peace at the
840:. Rincon also described the Ottoman camp:
9393:1536 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
9353:Bilateral relations of the Ottoman Empire
7377:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7339:
6895:
6893:
6439:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 24.
5909:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984).
5882:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984).
5855:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984).
5519:
5517:
5494:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984).
5210:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976).
4988:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4579:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976).
4540:Arnold-Baker, Charles (January 4, 2001).
4486:Merriman, Roger Bigelow (March 4, 2007).
4447:Merriman, Roger Bigelow (March 4, 2007).
4364:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976).
4319:Commynes, Philippe de (January 4, 1856).
2551:Support of Protestantism under Charles IX
2493:. A Franco-Ottoman fleet accomplished an
2392:in Southern Italy, capturing the city of
2216:Books, such as the Muslim holy text, the
1321:
832:. Antonio Rincon presented Suleiman with
660:, but the mission was lost on its way in
609:, through which he had to relinquish the
8335:Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands
6839:
6651:
6624:
6432:
6270:
6191:
6189:
6045:
5824:
5688:The Literature of the French Renaissance
5148:
5146:
4887:
4857:
4785:
4703:
4671:
4609:Margaret of Angouleme - Queen of Navarre
4605:
4485:
4446:
4416:
4318:
4289:and the crocodile". R. Schwarzenbach,
4078:
4074:
3941:
3902:
3783:
3699:
3648:
3573:
3557:
3492:
3485:as a child receiving Ottoman ambassador
3477:
3382:in 1721, a satirical essay on the West,
3344:
3284:
3079:
3060:
2979:
2908:
2666:
2627:
2541:Ottoman invasion of the Balearic islands
2448:
2436:
2311:
2303:
2294:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
2284:
2180:
2141:
1992:
1984:
1973:
1872:
1837:
1763:
1717:During the wintering of Barbarossa, the
1700:
1636:Most notably, the French forces, led by
1623:
1611:
1528:
1431:
1372:
1325:
1258:
1118:
1010:
982:
902:
854:
793:
789:
716:
628:
481:
434:
18:
7086:
6747:
6480:
6249:
5752:
5746:
5631:. CUP Archive – via Google Books.
5382:
5014:
5012:
4961:
4384:
3911:negotiated the alliance with Selim III.
3779:
3695:
3627:reform efforts for the Ottoman military
3292:portrayed as a Turkish lady in 1747 by
3057:Revival of the alliance under Louis XIV
2949:under Henri de Navarre against Spanish
2933:'s accession to the throne, the French
2539:. The Ottomans also contributed by the
1467:French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
1219:Military instruction from Francis I to
875:Ottoman carpets in Renaissance painting
9345:
8132:Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship
7442:
7370:
7210:
7175:Aksan, Virginia H. (January 4, 2007).
7114:Watson, William E. (January 4, 2003).
7113:
7100:. R. Bentley – via Google Books.
7095:
6900:Aksan, Virginia H. (January 4, 2007).
6890:
6720:
6693:
6459:
6396:
6332:Gocek, Fatma Muge (December 3, 1987).
6301:
6222:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6056:
5994:
5967:
5908:
5881:
5854:
5806:
5725:
5684:
5678:
5642:Dyer, Thomas Henry (January 4, 1861).
5514:
5493:
5463:
5209:
5042:
4920:
4893:
4768:
4734:Watson, William E. (January 4, 2003).
4733:
4632:
4606:Robinson, A. Mary F. (March 4, 2007).
4578:
4533:
4512:
4363:
4353:. H. Colburn – via Google Books.
4338:. H. Colburn – via Google Books.
4255:
4012:in 1807, through the signature of the
3554:Diplomatic and technical collaboration
3532:was assigned as Ottoman ambassador to
3404:routinely visited the Ottoman Empire.
3187:. Louis refused to participate in the
2732:, through his pro-Huguenot ambassador
2702:of his own, Poland elected the French
2573:, after a request for Ottoman help by
2259:
1828:Itinéraire d'Antibes à Constantinonple
1760:Captain Polin in Constantinople (1544)
1560:A landing harbour in the north of the
8781:
8721:
8178:
8110:
7868:
7785:
7747:
7285:
7174:
6899:
6776:
6598:Farah, Caesar E. (November 1, 2003).
6597:
6540:
6510:
6397:Miller, William (September 4, 1966).
6358:
6331:
6196:Gocek, Fatma Muge (3 December 1987).
6195:
6186:
5995:Miller, Roland E. (January 4, 2005).
5935:
5779:
5646:. J. Murray – via Google Books.
5297:A New General Biographical Dictionary
5180:Singh, Nagendra Kr (September 2002).
5179:
5152:
5143:
4818:
4348:
4333:
4214:Kann, Robert A. (November 26, 1980).
4043:, finally signed on 5 January 1809 a
3360:, made for the Grande Galerie in the
3330:, who had accompanied the embassy of
3270:
2991:: "Entrance of the Great Turk", 1626.
2858:Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)
2854:Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
1885:. The letter is countersigned by the
1862:. Following major sieges such as the
1834:Joint campaign in Hungary (1543–1544)
1784:, a priest who accompanied the fleet.
898:Francis I to the Venetian ambassador.
459:and the unification of swaths of the
8753:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi
8197:Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands
7773:
7286:Haldi, Stacy Bergstrom (June 2003).
7258:
6625:Williams, Abigail (March 24, 2005).
6481:Faroqhi, Suraiya (January 4, 2006).
6436:Historic cities of the Islamic world
5968:Karpat, Kemal H. (January 4, 1974).
5912:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
5885:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
5858:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
5715:. 1838 – via books.google.com.
5641:
5497:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
5464:Elgood, Robert (November 15, 1995).
5346:
5294:Rose, Hugh James (October 4, 2008).
5293:
5213:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
5101:
5046:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
5009:
4582:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
4367:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
4291:Schweizerisches Archiv für Volksunde
4213:
3473:
3167:encouraged the Ottoman Grand Vizier
3034:in 1669 in the person of ambassador
2222:Bibliothèque Royale de Fontainebleau
1509:, as well as attempted invasions of
1428:Habsburg-Valois Truce of Nice (1538)
927:led by representatives of Suleiman.
533:France had signed a first treaty or
9403:Military alliances involving Turkey
9358:Military alliances involving France
8694:Austrian expedition against Morocco
7655:, Vol. 19, No. 2-3 (2015): 223–244.
7605:Piccirillo, Anthony Carmen (2009).
6147:
5538:
4989:Mattingly, Garrett (January 1988).
4894:Frazee, Charles A. (22 June 2006).
4256:Miller, William (January 4, 1923).
3799: Conquered "Rebellious" States
3617:, and endeavoured to modernize the
3158:In 1673, Louis sent a fleet to the
1969:
1877:Letter of Francis I to the Drogman
1254:
647:Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
13:
7659:
7499:Orientalism in early Modern France
7430:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520–1566
7340:Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1938).
6962:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
5915:. American Philosophical Society.
5888:. American Philosophical Society.
5861:. American Philosophical Society.
5807:Turner, Sharon (January 4, 1839).
5665:
5500:. American Philosophical Society.
5216:. American Philosophical Society.
4962:Goffman, Daniel (April 25, 2002).
4707:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566
4675:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566
4585:. American Philosophical Society.
4489:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566
4450:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566
4423:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566
4370:. American Philosophical Society.
4349:White, Charles (January 4, 1846).
4334:White, Charles (January 4, 1846).
4220:. University of California Press.
4137:International relations, 1648–1814
3899:A final, but short-lived, alliance
3386:used the Oriental appeal to write
3277:Orientalism in early modern France
3215:, but was finally repulsed at the
2134:Orientalism in early modern France
947:, and he would dispatch in return
625:Alliance of Francis I and Suleiman
451:Following the Turkish conquest of
439:Western Europe in 1525, after the
14:
9414:
7625:– Senior Honors Thesis in History
7563:Cambridge University Press, 2002
7262:Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000
6748:Blagdon, Francis William (1803).
6694:Chanda, Nayan (October 1, 2008).
6466:. Walker, Wise & Co. p.
6302:Moalla, Asma (27 November 2003).
5936:Bulut, Mehmet (January 4, 2001).
5780:Black, Jeremy (January 4, 2002).
5383:Konstam, Angus (19 August 2008).
5347:Lamb, Harold (November 4, 2008).
4513:Reston, James (January 4, 2009).
3968:in December 1805 and the ensuing
2986:Le Grand Bal de la Douairière de
2969:was planned to disembark between
2795:was planned to disembark between
2650:more is, near unto his palace at
2224:, to create a foundation for the
2128:Cultural and scientific exchanges
1935:, France sent him the ambassador
1896:Besides the powerful effect of a
1881:, 28 December 1546, delivered by
1564:was prepared for Barberousse, at
1093:Military and financial agreements
859:The French ambassador to England
9378:France–Turkey military relations
9317:
8809:
8359:Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir
7333:
7279:
7252:
7231:
7204:
7195:
7168:
7159:
7134:
7071:
7045:
7018:
6979:
6920:
6863:
6833:
6806:
6797:
6770:
6756:
6741:
6714:
6687:
6660:
6645:
6618:
6591:
6564:
6534:
6474:
6453:
6426:
6417:
6359:Goody, Jack (January 26, 2004).
6352:
6295:
6243:
6216:
5629:"Robert Estienne, Royal Printer"
4543:The Companion to British History
3688:established by the Grand Vizier
2779:, in agreement with the king of
2427:Joint invasion of Corsica (1553)
2281:Military alliance under Henry II
2195:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
2062:Les Gestes de Francoys de Valois
1283:by the end of 1536, threatening
1166:, and from there, to attack the
1050:Jean de La Forêt negotiated the
925:Ottoman embassy to France (1534)
917:Ottoman embassy to France (1533)
873:, 1533, including an example of
820:Ottoman embassy to France (1534)
816:Ottoman embassy to France (1533)
804:this magnificent tiara or helmet
382:Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire
9398:France–Ottoman Empire relations
9373:16th-century military alliances
9258:Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)
8524:Battle of the Oinousses Islands
7786:
7666:Raccagni, Michelle (May 1980).
7652:Journal of Early Modern History
7591:Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris
6091:
6077:
6036:
6015:
5988:
5929:
5902:
5875:
5848:
5800:
5773:
5719:
5705:
5659:
5650:
5635:
5620:
5602:
5593:
5584:
5532:
5457:
5436:
5427:
5418:
5376:
5367:
5340:
5314:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5230:
5203:
5173:
5131:
5119:
5110:
5095:
4941:
4914:
4878:
4851:
4829:
4812:
4754:
4665:
4656:
4626:
4599:
4572:
4506:
4479:
4440:
4410:
4393:The Cambridge History of Poland
4357:
4281:. A contemporary Swiss song by
3805: Conquered "Allied" States
3411:was introduced to Marseille by
3049:which were competing, with the
2953:, in agreement with the Bey of
2863:
2824:Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)
2500:In 1555, the French ambassador
2075:Apologye en défense pour le Roy
1946:
1933:Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)
1923:Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)
1521:, also known as Captain Polin.
911:fought in alliance with France.
834:a magnificent four-tiered tiara
798:In 1532, the French ambassador
652:King Francis was imprisoned in
582:of Poland. Finally, in 1524, a
9388:1530s establishments in France
9209:Brussels Conference Act (1890)
8816:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
8606:Moroccan seizure of the Betsey
7869:
7513:The Cambridge History of Islam
7396:University of California Press
7120:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
6750:"Paris as it was and as it is"
6721:Chanda, Nayan (October 2008).
6403:. Taylor & Francis Group.
6223:Franko, Mark (30 April 1993).
6180:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614
5726:Heller, Henry (January 2003).
5335:The Cambridge History of Islam
5104:"The history of modern Europe"
5078:The Cambridge History of Islam
5043:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976).
5021:"The Cambridge Modern History"
4968:. Cambridge University Press.
4762:"The Cambridge Modern History"
4740:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
4642:. Cambridge University Press.
4342:
4327:
4312:
4264:
4207:
4191:
3978:"our sincere and natural ally"
3733:Raymond de Verninac-Saint-Maur
2632:16th century copy of the 1569
2609:) were able to find refuge at
1678:, and especially the coast of
1000:Trade and religious agreements
547:in 1500, during the reigns of
1:
8465:Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto
8179:
8162:US Treaty with Morocco (1836)
8152:US Treaty with Algiers (1815)
8147:US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)
8137:US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)
8111:
7716:The Sixteenth Century Journal
7364:
7356:– via books.google.com.
7329:– via books.google.com.
7302:– via books.google.com.
7275:– via books.google.com.
7227:– via books.google.com.
7054:Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte
6886:– via books.google.com.
6829:– via books.google.com.
6793:– via books.google.com.
6752:– via books.google.com.
6737:– via books.google.com.
6604:. Syracuse University Press.
6541:Stoye, John (February 2008).
6511:Stoye, John (February 2008).
6318:– via books.google.com.
6266:– via books.google.com.
6239:– via books.google.com.
6212:– via books.google.com.
6114:– via books.google.com.
6073:– via books.google.com.
5769:– via books.google.com.
5742:– via books.google.com.
5526:by William Bayne Fisher p.384
5524:The Cambridge history of Iran
5139:Anthony Carmen Piccirillo p.1
5106:– via books.google.com.
5091:– via books.google.com.
5059:– via books.google.com.
5023:– via books.google.com.
5005:– via books.google.com.
4937:– via books.google.com.
4910:– via books.google.com.
4874:– via books.google.com.
4858:Hershlag, Zvi Yehuda (1980).
3588:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
3578:A fortification built by the
3448:, who was returning from the
3211:Kara Mustafa almost captured
3084:English pamphlet criticizing
3022:An embassy was again sent to
2079:parable of the Good Samaritan
1744:, Barbarossa negotiated with
1416:Ottomans was written down in
1006:Ports of Call (Maalouf novel)
931:Combined operations (1534–35)
836:, made in Venice for 115,000
806:, made in Venice for 115,000
430:
8738:Slavery on the Barbary Coast
7497:McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz 2008
7425:(1st ed. 1913, 2nd ed. 1922)
7371:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) .
7214:The Islamic World in Decline
6992:. Harvard University Press.
6777:Sloan, Samuel (March 2007).
6144:, Benjamin J. Kaplan p. 311.
5156:A Short History of the World
5153:Wells, H. G. (May 1, 2008).
4285:called it the union of "the
4201:(2nd ed. 1990) pp 377-400,
3916:Defensive Alliance in 1805.
3644:
3607:Claude-Alexandre de Bonneval
3564:Claude Alexandre de Bonneval
3550:would visit France in 1742.
3502:Charles Gravier de Vergennes
3240:attacked the Habsburg Empire
2814:after 1580, and support for
1081:across the Golden horn from
396:of 1553 during the reign of
7:
8722:
8447:Dutch expedition to Algiers
8371:Rebellion of the Alpujarras
8287:Ottoman wintering in Toulon
8233:Capture of Peñón of Algiers
8157:US Treaty with Tunis (1824)
8142:US Treaty with Tunis (1797)
6338:. Oxford University Press.
6253:The Exotic In Western Music
5783:European Warfare, 1494-1660
5186:by Nagendra Kr. Singh p.793
5102:Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861).
4120:
4059:and the Ottomans regaining
3371:One Thousand and One Nights
3254:Journal, April 15, 16 1689.
2904:
2226:Collège des lecteurs royaux
2089:providing help to Francis.
1981:by François de Sagon, 1544.
1870:with the Habsburg in 1547.
1666:Ottoman wintering in Toulon
1538:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
1290:In 1536 the French Admiral
1233:against Charles V in 1535.
1023:the privileges received in
880:Francis I explained to the
743:War of the League of Cognac
386:foreign alliances of France
321:
311:
301:
291:
281:
271:
261:
251:
241:
231:
221:
211:
201:
191:
181:
169:
159:
149:
139:
129:
119:
109:
99:
89:
79:
69:
59:
49:
35:Foreign alliances of France
10:
9419:
8553:Action of 28 November 1751
7682:Cambridge University Press
7516:Cambridge University Press
7313:Chesterman, Simon (2002).
6873:From Louis XIV to Napoleon
6463:Martin's History of France
6250:Bellman, Jonathan (1998).
6088:, Kenneth M. Setton p.938.
4084:French expedition in Syria
3953:The Coronation of Napoleon
3852:Napoleon to the Egyptians.
3828:Napoleon Bonaparte invaded
3682:Joseph-Monnier de Courtois
3678:André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé
3546:. Another embassy, led by
3274:
3200:" associated with "French
2833:
2554:
2433:Invasion of Corsica (1553)
2430:
2408:in front of the island of
2323:, was present at the 1551
2321:Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramont
2131:
1920:
1854:in 1543, as a part of the
1788:Five French galleys under
1663:
1605:
1602:Joint siege of Nice (1543)
1519:Antoine Escalin des Aimars
1483:
1240:
1003:
813:
9311:
9222:
9053:
8989:
8905:
8856:
8822:
8728:
8717:
8656:
8533:
8406:Expulsion of the Moriscos
8398:
8189:
8185:
8174:
8117:
8106:
8057:
8036:
7980:
7902:Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis
7879:
7875:
7864:
7792:
7781:
7690:10.1017/S0020743800054672
7577:, 2008 Faber & Faber
7417:, (1927; reprinted 1966)
7259:Hale, William M. (2000).
7191:– via Google Books.
7130:– via Google Books.
7067:– via Google Books.
7041:– via Google Books.
7002:– via Google Books.
6975:– via Google Books.
6943:– via Google Books.
6916:– via Google Books.
6710:– via Google Books.
6700:. Yale University Press.
6641:– via Google Books.
6614:– via Google Books.
6587:– via Google Books.
6497:– via Google Books.
6413:– via Google Books.
6375:– via Google Books.
6348:– via Google Books.
6285:by Randall Lesaffer p.343
6085:The Papacy and the Levant
6057:Davies, Brian L. (2007).
6011:– via Google Books.
6001:. Kirk House Publishers.
5984:– via Google Books.
5952:– via Google Books.
5925:– via Google Books.
5898:– via Google Books.
5871:– via Google Books.
5796:– via Google Books.
5753:Braudel, Fernand (1995).
5701:– via Google Books.
5555:– via Google Books.
5510:– via Google Books.
5480:– via Google Books.
5363:– via Google Books.
5310:– via Google Books.
5226:– via Google Books.
5169:– via Google Books.
4978:– via Google Books.
4921:Karpat, Kemal H. (1974).
4750:– via Google Books.
4720:– via Google Books.
4688:– via Google Books.
4652:– via Google Books.
4622:– via Google Books.
4595:– via Google Books.
4556:– via Google Books.
4529:– via Google Books.
4502:– via Google Books.
4463:– via Google Books.
4436:– via Google Books.
4406:– via Google Books.
4380:– via Google Books.
4230:– via Google Books.
4187:– via Google Books.
4132:Habsburg–Persian alliance
3857:Napoleon had toppled the
3713:Antoine-Laurent Castellan
3128:in 1660. Louis's mother,
3098:"Without the help of the
3068:receiving the embassy of
3017:François Savary de Brèves
2937:were in contact with the
2842:Habsburg-Persian alliance
2836:Habsburg-Persian alliance
2763:were in contact with the
2715:Stephen Báthory of Poland
2545:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
2465:, dated 22 February 1557.
2316:French ambassador to the
2248:in the 1553 execution of
2244:highlighting the role of
1864:siege of Esztergom (1543)
1844:siege of Esztergom (1543)
1780:in August 1544, drawn by
1131:(copy), 11 February 1535.
1123:Military instructions to
747:Franco-Hungarian alliance
704:Habsburg-Persian alliance
335:
326:
86:Franco-Hungarian alliance
46:Frankish–Abbasid alliance
40:
9368:Suleiman the Magnificent
8642:2nd Swedish-Algerian War
8636:1st Swedish-Algerian War
8547:Spanish conquest of Oran
8442:Action of 3 October 1624
8347:Expedition to Mostaganem
7533:Harvard University Press
5831:by Ezel Kural Shaw p.106
4152:
3933:Letter from Napoleon to
3756:and was kept in France.
3598:in negotiating the 1739
3261:siege of Belgrade (1690)
3036:Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa
2533:Jean Cavenac de la Vigne
2463:Jean Cavenac de la Vigne
2459:Suleiman the Magnificent
2373:Gabriel de Luez d'Aramon
2369:Italian War of 1551–1559
2178:to collect information.
1905:from the Ottoman banker
1237:Italian War of 1536–1538
1037:Conquest of Tunis (1535)
973:Conquest of Tunis (1535)
969:Conquest of Tunis (1534)
871:Hans Holbein the Younger
802:presented Suleiman with
723:Suleiman the Magnificent
695:in 1526, leading to the
218:Franco-Austrian alliance
208:Franco-Prussian alliance
188:Franco-American alliance
156:Franco-Austrian alliance
146:Franco-Prussian alliance
66:Franco-Scottish alliance
9263:Armenian reforms (1914)
8618:Portuguese Algerian War
8594:Bombardments of Tunisia
8488:French-Tripolitania War
8341:Battle of Wadi al-Laban
8127:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
8122:Franco-Ottoman alliance
8090:Baba Mohammed ben-Osman
7471:Oxford University Press
7428:Roger Bigelow Merriman
7316:Just War Or Just Peace?
7211:Sicker, Martin (2001).
6965:. Infobase Publishing.
6487:. Bloomsbury Academic.
5942:. Uitgeverij Verloren.
5470:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4418:Merriman, Roger Bigelow
4147:France-Turkey Relations
4127:French–Habsburg rivalry
4010:Franco-Persian alliance
3868:and sought the help of
3746:was also to be sent to
3402:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
3114:Battle of Saint-Gothard
3092:for their roles in the
2700:Polish-Ottoman alliance
2698:, who had been under a
2685:French Wars of Religion
2557:Protestantism and Islam
2443:invaded Corsica in 1553
2347:by the Genoese Admiral
2170:were able to travel to
1792:, including the superb
1734:Borghetto Santo Spirito
1721:was transformed into a
1394:Baron de Saint-Blancard
1314:, finally wintering in
1292:Baron de Saint-Blancard
566:on several missions to
370:Franco-Turkish alliance
366:Franco-Ottoman alliance
298:North Atlantic Alliance
258:Franco-Italian alliance
228:Franco-Russian alliance
198:Franco-Persian alliance
166:Franco-Indian Alliances
136:Franco-Spanish alliance
126:Franco-British alliance
106:Franco-English alliance
96:Franco-Ottoman alliance
9134:Hünkar İskelesi (1833)
8688:Bombardment of Tripoli
8676:Bombardment of Algiers
8630:Bombardment of Tangier
8600:Bombardment of Algiers
8588:Bombardment of Algiers
8512:Bombardment of Algiers
8500:Bombardment of Algiers
8494:Bombardment of Algiers
7487:Wiley-Blackwell, 2004
6574:The Balkans Since 1453
6460:Martin, Henri (1864).
5424:Yann Bouvier, p. 56-59
4095:
4055:, with Russia keeping
3961:
3940:
3912:
3855:
3812:Treaty of Campo Formio
3807:
3716:
3686:Mühendishâne-i Hümâyûn
3667:Antoine-Charles Aubert
3654:
3623:François Baron de Tott
3591:
3571:
3521:
3490:
3365:
3328:Jean-Baptiste van Mour
3302:
3257:
3132:, was a Habsburg too.
3126:Marie-Thérèse of Spain
3109:
3077:
3074:Jean-Baptiste van Mour
2992:
2926:
2680:
2665:
2645:
2520:. The Ottoman admiral
2466:
2446:
2441:Franco-Ottoman forces
2400:and the troops of the
2335:The son of Francis I,
2332:
2309:
2301:
2198:
2159:
2026:
1990:
1982:
1893:
1892:(bottom right corner).
1847:
1785:
1768:The French galleys of
1714:
1699:
1633:
1621:
1549:
1486:Italian War of 1542–46
1441:
1385:
1335:
1322:Joint campaign of 1537
1272:
1243:Italian War of 1536–38
1226:
1132:
1072:les Échelles du Levant
1032:
996:
912:
901:
877:
853:
811:
738:
689:
634:
584:Franco-Polish alliance
499:
448:
407:(1947) called it "the
318:European Defence Union
308:Western European Union
268:Franco-Soviet alliance
248:Franco-Polish alliance
116:Franco-Indian alliance
76:Franco-Polish alliance
56:Franco-Mongol alliance
28:
9248:Constantinople (1913)
9214:Constantinople (1897)
9204:Constantinople (1888)
9194:Constantinople (1881)
9129:Constantinople (1832)
9089:Constantinople (1800)
9040:Küçük Kaynarca (1774)
9020:Constantinople (1736)
9010:Constantinople (1724)
8981:Constantinople (1700)
8921:Constantinople (1590)
8897:Constantinople (1562)
8882:Franco-Ottoman (1536)
8877:Constantinople (1533)
8872:Constantinople (1479)
8867:Constantinople (1454)
8648:Action of 16 May 1797
8612:American-Algerian War
7644:Recherches Régionales
7614:Georgetown University
6846:Ezel Kural Shaw p.255
4992:Renaissance Diplomacy
4897:Catholics and Sultans
4082:
4075:Crimean War and Syria
4014:Treaty of Finkenstein
3994:John Thomas Duckworth
3945:
3925:
3906:
3840:
3787:
3703:
3652:
3639:Turkish Naval Academy
3577:
3566:helped modernize the
3561:
3496:
3481:
3348:
3294:Charles André van Loo
3288:
3275:Further information:
3244:
3238:In 1688, Louis again
3083:
3072:in 1699; painting by
3064:
2999:in 1601. In 1604, a "
2983:
2912:
2670:
2647:
2631:
2452:
2440:
2315:
2307:
2288:
2184:
2145:
2132:Further information:
1996:
1988:
1977:
1890:Claude de L'Aubespine
1876:
1841:
1767:
1704:
1684:
1627:
1615:
1589:André de Montalembert
1532:
1435:
1376:
1332:siege of Corfu (1537)
1329:
1262:
1140:, will first go from
1134:
1122:
1014:
995:at the Ottoman court.
986:
906:
890:
858:
850:Antonio Rincon, 1532.
842:
814:Further information:
797:
790:Exchange of embassies
786:, and again in 1532.
720:
670:
632:
485:
438:
405:Carl Jacob Burckhardt
22:
9278:Brest-Litovsk (1918)
8558:Battle of Cape Palos
8477:Action of March 1665
8424:Battle of Cape Corvo
8365:Great Siege of Malta
8269:Siege of Castelnuovo
8227:Battle of Formentera
7998:Anglo-Turkish piracy
7917:Murat Reis the Elder
7892:Hayreddin Barbarossa
6199:East Encounters West
6183:L. P. Harvey p. 343.
6163:, Henry Charles Lea
5786:. Psychology Press.
4819:Boyer, Abel (1808).
4792:Ezel Kural Shaw p.97
3966:Battle of Austerlitz
3885:William Sidney Smith
3780:Epilogue: Napoleon I
3696:Revolutionary France
3625:was involved in the
3596:Louis de Villenneuve
3171:to intervene in the
3122:François de Beaufort
2881:in 1565 (embassy of
2734:François de Noailles
2730:Charles IX of France
2711:Sokollu Mehmet Pasha
2675:was elected king of
2268:'s advantage in the
2152:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1412:on 31 October 1537.
921:Hayreddin Barbarossa
619:Constable de Bourbon
504:Philippe de Commines
368:, also known as the
9383:Francis I of France
8971:Bakhchisaray (1681)
8733:Barbary slave trade
8700:Invasion of Algiers
8582:Invasion of Algiers
8564:Danish–Algerian War
8412:Franco-Algerian War
8317:Invasion of Corsica
7181:. Longman/Pearson.
7057:. Forgotten Books.
6906:. Longman/Pearson.
6547:by John Stoye, p.53
6545:The Siege of Vienna
6517:by John Stoye, p.52
6515:The Siege of Vienna
5389:Angus Konstam, p.85
4088:Beaufort d'Hautpoul
4049:Treaty of Bucharest
4021:Battle of Friedland
3958:Jacques-Louis David
3946:Ottoman ambassador
3907:The French General
3887:in 1799, and under
3793: French Empire
3562:The French officer
3458:Tapis de Savonnerie
3350:Tapis de Savonnerie
3290:Madame de Pompadour
3265:Treaty of Carlowitz
3137:Barbary slave trade
2575:William I of Orange
2495:Invasion of Corsica
2412:with 40 galleys of
2375:, succeeded in the
2260:International trade
2252:, the elder son of
2091:Guillaume du Bellay
2047:Francois de La Noue
1868:Truce of Adrianople
1638:François de Bourbon
1572:on 2 January 1542.
1455:Schmalkaldic League
1334:in early September.
1267:by Ottoman Admiral
1231:Schmalkaldic League
1174:strongly prays sir
731:Archives Nationales
727:Francis I of France
580:Sigismund I the Old
510:sent an embassy to
421:Napoleonic campaign
394:Invasion of Corsica
9331:Treaties of Turkey
9174:San Stefano (1878)
9144:Balta Liman (1838)
9045:Aynalıkavak (1779)
9015:Ahmet Pasha (1732)
9005:Passarowitz (1718)
8931:Nasuh Pasha (1612)
8670:Second Barbary War
8576:Dutch–Moroccan War
8541:Dutch–Algerian War
8482:Anglo-Algerian War
8453:Turkish Abductions
8436:Anglo-Algerian War
8383:Conquest of Tunis
8293:Capture of Mahdiye
8203:Capture of Algiers
7847:Regency of Tripoli
7797:Regency of Algiers
7444:Setton, Kenneth M.
5275:Garnier, p.214-215
5116:Garnier, p.151-153
4822:The New Dictionary
4636:(April 26, 1984).
4271:C. J. Burckhardt,
4096:
4094:on 16 August 1860.
4069:Congress of Vienna
4053:Invasion of Russia
3962:
3913:
3808:
3753:whiff of grapeshot
3744:Napoleon Bonaparte
3717:
3655:
3600:Treaty of Belgrade
3592:
3572:
3548:Mehmed Said Efendi
3522:
3508:dress, painted by
3491:
3436:A carpet industry
3413:Pierre de La Roque
3366:
3332:Charles de Ferriol
3303:
3271:Cultural exchanges
3110:
3102:/Against the Most
3078:
3070:Charles de Ferriol
3026:in 1607, and from
2993:
2984:Illustration from
2927:
2696:Sigismund Augustus
2681:
2671:The French Prince
2646:
2502:Michel de Codignac
2467:
2455:Henry II of France
2447:
2333:
2310:
2302:
2199:
2160:
2042:. Even the French
2027:
2023:Landgrave of Hesse
1991:
1983:
1898:strategic alliance
1894:
1848:
1786:
1715:
1654:Catherine Ségurane
1634:
1622:
1550:
1492:Holy Roman Emperor
1442:
1386:
1336:
1275:Francis I invaded
1273:
1133:
1087:Republic of Turkey
1033:
997:
913:
878:
861:Jean de Dinteville
812:
739:
635:
528:Pope Innocent VIII
500:
449:
398:Henry II of France
329:Regional relations
176:Franco-Vietnamese
29:
9340:
9339:
9324:Turkey portal
9124:Adrianople (1829)
8926:Zitvatorok (1606)
8916:Adrianople (1568)
8887:Adrianople (1547)
8775:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8713:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8682:Battle of Tripoli
8664:First Barbary War
8459:Sack of Baltimore
8430:Dutch–Barbary War
8377:Battle of Lepanto
8323:Capture of Bougie
8275:Battle of Alboran
8263:Battle of Preveza
8245:Conquest of Tunis
8239:Conquest of Tunis
8215:Battle of Pianosa
8170:
8169:
8102:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8080:Mohamed Kharnadji
7942:Muhammad Kurdogli
7860:
7859:
7597:978-2-86645-678-8
7583:978-0-571-23231-4
7575:Empire of the sea
7549:READ BOOKS, 2008
7507:978-1-84520-374-0
7466:Fatma Müge Göçek
7432:READ BOOKS, 2007
6446:978-90-04-15388-2
5539:Hassall, Arthur.
4519:. Penguin Press.
4420:(March 4, 2007).
4283:Benedikt Gletting
3990:Anglo-Turkish War
3986:Russo-Turkish War
3974:Holy Roman Empire
3921:Horace Sebastiani
3909:Horace Sebastiani
3759:In 1796, General
3721:French Revolution
3690:Halil Hamid Pasha
3663:French Revolution
3510:Antoine de Favray
3474:Ottoman embassies
3380:Lettres Persannes
3229:Truce of Ratisbon
3221:John III Sobieski
3185:Great Turkish War
3181:1664 Vasvar truce
3143:originating from
2941:in plans against
2726:William of Orange
2689:Battle of Lepanto
2402:Prince of Salerno
2398:Baron de la Garde
2230:Collège de France
2107:Blaise de Montluc
2071:François de Sagon
2058:Christophe Richer
1997:Allegory showing
1929:Sultan Suleiman I
1676:Holy Roman Empire
1459:Battle of Preveza
1404:and the March of
1221:Jean de la Forest
993:Jean de La Forest
951:to Barbarossa in
866:"The Ambassadors"
749:in 1528 with the
639:House of Habsburg
611:Duchy of Burgundy
576:Battle of Bicoque
524:Pierre d'Aubusson
492:Pierre d'Aubusson
477:Holy Roman Empire
445:Holy Roman Empire
362:
361:
358:
357:
278:Treaty of Dunkirk
9410:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9288:Bucharest (1918)
9283:Trebizond (1918)
9104:Bucharest (1812)
8976:Karlowitz (1699)
8838:Selymbria (1411)
8833:Gallipoli (1403)
8814:
8813:
8802:
8795:
8788:
8779:
8778:
8719:
8718:
8570:Siege of Melilla
8353:Battle of Djerba
8305:Siege of Tripoli
8299:Invasion of Gozo
8187:
8186:
8176:
8175:
8108:
8107:
8008:Ahmed el Inglizi
7962:Hassan Veneziano
7932:Muhammad I Pasha
7897:Sayyida al Hurra
7877:
7876:
7866:
7865:
7852:Regency of Tunis
7837:Republic of Salé
7783:
7782:
7775:Barbary Corsairs
7768:
7761:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7709:
7624:
7622:
7616:. Archived from
7611:
7589:L'Alliance Impie
7463:
7388:
7358:
7357:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7238:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7208:
7202:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7172:
7166:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7141:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7111:
7102:
7101:
7093:
7084:
7083:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7004:
7003:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6956:
6945:
6944:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6897:
6888:
6887:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6810:
6804:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6691:
6685:
6682:
6667:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6508:
6499:
6498:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6394:
6377:
6376:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6329:
6320:
6319:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6277:
6268:
6267:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6193:
6184:
6176:
6167:
6158:
6145:
6141:Divided by faith
6137:
6128:
6125:
6116:
6115:
6095:
6089:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6054:
6043:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6022:
6019:
6013:
6012:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5965:
5954:
5953:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5691:. BiblioBazaar.
5682:
5676:
5675:
5666:Saliba, George.
5663:
5657:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5557:
5556:
5536:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5511:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5443:
5440:
5434:
5433:Crowley, p.75-79
5431:
5425:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5321:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5300:. BiblioBazaar.
5291:
5285:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5237:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5072:
5061:
5060:
5040:
5025:
5024:
5016:
5007:
5006:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4959:
4948:
4947:Garnier, p.92-93
4945:
4939:
4938:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4843:. Archived from
4833:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4783:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4701:
4690:
4689:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4294:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4232:
4231:
4211:
4205:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4168:
4033:Treaty of Tilsit
3938:
3893:Battle of Abukir
3889:Ralph Abercromby
3853:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3741:
3675:
3438:façon de Turquie
3398:Jean de Thévenot
3296:, an example of
3255:
3252:House of Commons
3217:Battle of Vienna
3204:" on the other.
3173:Magyar Rebellion
3149:Abraham Duquesne
3141:Ottoman corsairs
3015:in 1608, led by
2923:Savary de Brèves
2873:I in 1533, from
2775:against Spanish
2773:Henri de Navarre
2754:Capture of Tunis
2721:throne in 1571.
2663:
2377:siege of Tripoli
2325:siege of Tripoli
2164:Guillaume Postel
2156:Guillaume Postel
2119:
2093:and his brother
2054:Guillaume Postel
2007:Pope Clement VII
1970:Political debate
1937:Gabriel de Luetz
1719:Toulon Cathedral
1697:
1542:Musée de l'Armée
1304:Balearic Islands
1255:Campaign of 1536
1249:Jean de La Forêt
1224:
1127:, by Chancellor
1125:Jean de La Forêt
1045:Jean de La Forêt
1039:at the hands of
955:and then to the
907:Ottoman admiral
899:
851:
767:Christian Church
697:Battle of Mohács
687:
658:Louise de Savoie
607:Treaty of Madrid
562:was employed by
541:Mamluk Sultanate
427:, in 1798–1801.
238:Entente Cordiale
42:
31:
9418:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9407:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9336:
9318:
9316:
9307:
9273:Erzincan (1917)
9218:
9119:Akkerman (1826)
9084:El Arish (1800)
9049:
9025:Belgrade (1739)
8985:
8901:
8852:
8818:
8808:
8806:
8776:
8767:
8724:
8705:
8652:
8529:
8518:Sieges of Ceuta
8394:
8311:Battle of Ponza
8221:Siege of Rhodes
8209:Fall of Tlemcen
8181:
8166:
8113:
8094:
8053:
8049:Yusuf Karamanli
8044:Ahmed Karamanli
8032:
7976:
7871:
7856:
7788:
7777:
7772:
7729:10.2307/2541220
7662:
7660:Further reading
7620:
7609:
7587:Garnier, Edith
7573:Roger Crowley,
7559:Daniel Goffman
7485:Islam in Europe
7460:
7391:Robert A. Kann
7385:
7367:
7362:
7361:
7354:
7343:France Overseas
7338:
7334:
7327:
7311:
7307:
7300:
7284:
7280:
7273:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7232:
7225:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7173:
7169:
7164:
7160:
7155:
7144:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7112:
7105:
7094:
7087:
7076:
7072:
7065:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7023:
7019:
7014:
7007:
7000:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6957:
6948:
6941:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6811:
6807:
6802:
6798:
6791:
6775:
6771:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6692:
6688:
6683:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6539:
6535:
6528:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6479:
6475:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6395:
6380:
6373:
6362:Islam in Europe
6357:
6353:
6346:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6300:
6296:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6194:
6187:
6177:
6170:
6159:
6148:
6138:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6055:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6009:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5966:
5957:
5950:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5823:
5816:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5724:
5720:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5683:
5679:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5640:
5636:
5625:
5621:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5577:
5560:
5553:
5537:
5533:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5073:
5064:
5057:
5041:
5028:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4960:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4841:webcitation.org
4835:
4834:
4830:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4784:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4702:
4693:
4686:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4476:Merriman, p.129
4475:
4468:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4396:. CUP Archive.
4390:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4347:
4343:
4332:
4328:
4317:
4313:
4309:Merriman, p.132
4308:
4297:
4293:74 (1978), p. 6
4279:(2010), p. 209
4269:
4265:
4254:
4235:
4228:
4212:
4208:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4169:
4160:
4155:
4142:Turco-Calvinism
4123:
4086:led by General
4077:
3939:
3932:
3901:
3854:
3851:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3735:
3698:
3669:
3647:
3613:, converted to
3556:
3476:
3471:
3358:Charles Le Brun
3283:
3273:
3256:
3250:
3145:Ottoman Algeria
3130:Anne of Austria
3118:siege of Candia
3094:siege of Vienna
3059:
2963:John of Austria
2921:, published by
2907:
2866:
2838:
2832:
2789:John of Austria
2704:Henri de Valois
2673:Henri de Valois
2664:
2658:
2559:
2553:
2461:and ambassador
2435:
2429:
2423:
2406:Battle of Ponza
2385:
2365:
2298:François Clouet
2283:
2266:Habsburg Empire
2262:
2185:Ottoman Empire
2154:, annotated by
2140:
2130:
2113:
2103:Jean de Montluc
2099:Jean de Montluc
2036:Giovanni Botero
1972:
1949:
1925:
1919:
1887:State Secretary
1836:
1762:
1756:to Barbarossa.
1748:the release of
1698:
1695:
1688:Lord Barbarossa
1668:
1662:
1610:
1604:
1527:
1488:
1482:
1430:
1422:Jean de la Vega
1382:Jean de la Vega
1324:
1263:The Harbour of
1257:
1245:
1239:
1225:
1218:
1200:
1187:, and the rest
1095:
1064:Claude Du Bourg
1009:
1002:
981:
933:
900:
897:
852:
849:
822:
792:
784:siege of Vienna
688:
685:
666:John Frangipani
627:
599:Battle of Pavia
514:in 1483, while
486:Ottoman Prince
441:Battle of Pavia
433:
354:
177:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9416:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9327:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9229:
9227:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9199:Tophane (1886)
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9169:Scutari (1862)
9166:
9161:
9159:Erzurum (1847)
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9139:Kütahya (1833)
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9114:Erzurum (1823)
9111:
9109:Algiers (1815)
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9074:Tripoli (1796)
9071:
9066:
9064:Sistova (1791)
9060:
9058:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8996:
8994:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8966:Żurawno (1676)
8963:
8961:Buczacz (1672)
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8912:
8910:
8907:Transformation
8903:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8829:
8827:
8820:
8819:
8805:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8782:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8697:
8691:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8603:
8597:
8591:
8585:
8579:
8573:
8567:
8561:
8555:
8550:
8544:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8456:
8450:
8444:
8439:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8418:Raid on Żejtun
8415:
8409:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8386:
8380:
8374:
8368:
8362:
8356:
8350:
8344:
8338:
8332:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8308:
8302:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8257:Siege of Corfu
8254:
8248:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8193:
8191:
8183:
8182:
8172:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8040:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7883:
7881:
7873:
7872:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7779:
7778:
7771:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7723:(4): 451–470.
7710:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7647:
7638:Yann Bouvier,
7636:
7628:Yann Bouvier,
7626:
7623:on 2011-10-03.
7602:
7585:
7571:
7557:
7543:
7526:
7509:
7495:
7481:
7464:
7458:
7440:
7426:
7409:William Miller
7406:
7389:
7383:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7352:
7332:
7325:
7305:
7298:
7289:Why Wars Widen
7278:
7271:
7251:
7239:
7230:
7223:
7203:
7201:Karsh, p.13-14
7194:
7187:
7167:
7158:
7142:
7133:
7126:
7103:
7085:
7070:
7063:
7044:
7037:
7017:
7005:
6998:
6978:
6971:
6946:
6939:
6919:
6912:
6889:
6882:
6862:
6855:
6832:
6825:
6805:
6796:
6789:
6769:
6755:
6740:
6734:978-0300134902
6733:
6724:Bound Together
6713:
6707:978-0300134902
6706:
6686:
6668:
6659:
6644:
6637:
6631:. OUP Oxford.
6617:
6610:
6590:
6583:
6563:
6556:
6533:
6526:
6500:
6493:
6473:
6452:
6445:
6425:
6416:
6409:
6378:
6371:
6351:
6344:
6321:
6314:
6294:
6269:
6262:
6242:
6235:
6215:
6208:
6185:
6168:
6146:
6129:
6117:
6110:
6090:
6076:
6069:
6044:
6035:
6033:Goffman, p.111
6023:
6021:Goofman, p.110
6014:
6007:
5987:
5980:
5955:
5948:
5928:
5921:
5901:
5894:
5874:
5867:
5847:
5840:
5814:
5799:
5792:
5772:
5765:
5745:
5738:
5718:
5704:
5697:
5677:
5658:
5649:
5634:
5619:
5614:gallica.bnf.fr
5601:
5592:
5583:
5558:
5551:
5531:
5513:
5506:
5483:
5476:
5456:
5454:Garnier, p.240
5444:
5442:Garnier, p.234
5435:
5426:
5417:
5405:
5398:
5375:
5366:
5359:
5353:. Read Books.
5339:
5322:
5313:
5306:
5286:
5284:Garnier, p.215
5277:
5268:
5266:Garnier, p.213
5259:
5257:Garnier, p.212
5250:
5248:Garnier, p.211
5238:
5236:Garnier, p.210
5229:
5222:
5202:
5195:
5172:
5165:
5159:. Read Books.
5142:
5130:
5126:Musée d'Ecouen
5118:
5109:
5094:
5087:
5062:
5055:
5026:
5008:
5001:
4981:
4974:
4949:
4940:
4933:
4913:
4906:
4886:
4877:
4870:
4850:
4847:on 2024-05-24.
4828:
4825:. p. 541.
4811:
4804:
4767:
4753:
4746:
4723:
4716:
4710:. Read Books.
4691:
4684:
4678:. Read Books.
4664:
4655:
4648:
4625:
4618:
4612:. Read Books.
4598:
4591:
4571:
4559:
4552:
4532:
4525:
4505:
4498:
4492:. Read Books.
4478:
4466:
4459:
4453:. Read Books.
4439:
4432:
4426:. Read Books.
4409:
4402:
4383:
4376:
4356:
4341:
4326:
4311:
4295:
4263:
4233:
4226:
4206:
4190:
4183:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4122:
4119:
4076:
4073:
4031:) through the
3930:
3900:
3897:
3849:
3816:Ionian islands
3801:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3778:
3761:Aubert-Dubayet
3748:Constantinople
3711:, painting by
3707:Aubert-Dubayet
3697:
3694:
3646:
3643:
3584:Ottoman Empire
3555:
3552:
3538:Ottoman Empire
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3272:
3269:
3248:
3120:in 1669 under
3100:Most Christian
3058:
3055:
3051:Dutch Republic
2967:Constantinople
2959:Ottoman Empire
2906:
2903:
2893:in 1571, from
2865:
2862:
2850:Habsburg Spain
2846:Italian states
2834:Main article:
2831:
2828:
2793:Constantinople
2785:Ottoman Empire
2656:
2611:Constantinople
2571:Spanish Empire
2555:Main article:
2552:
2549:
2431:Main article:
2428:
2425:
2384:
2381:
2364:
2361:
2282:
2279:
2261:
2258:
2234:Gabriel Bounin
2150:manuscript of
2129:
2126:
2095:Jean du Bellay
2087:Good Samaritan
2073:wrote in 1544
2040:Valois dynasty
2019:Duke of Saxony
2015:Duke of Cleves
1971:
1968:
1948:
1945:
1927:In 1547, when
1921:Main article:
1918:
1915:
1835:
1832:
1822:, a priest of
1820:Jerôme Maurand
1782:Jerôme Maurand
1778:Constantinople
1761:
1758:
1711:Matrakçı Nasuh
1693:
1664:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1606:Main article:
1603:
1600:
1593:Suleyman Pasha
1534:Grand culverin
1526:
1523:
1484:Main article:
1481:
1478:
1470:Antonio Rincon
1429:
1426:
1390:siege of Corfu
1360:Castro, Apulia
1323:
1320:
1256:
1253:
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1216:
1152:, to meet sir
1129:Antoine Duprat
1094:
1091:
1083:Constantinople
1021:Ottoman Empire
1001:
998:
980:
977:
949:Antonio Rincon
932:
929:
895:
886:Giorgio Gritti
847:
826:Antonio Rincon
800:Antonio Rincon
791:
788:
775:Paix des Dames
759:Ottoman Empire
683:
626:
623:
595:Central Europe
560:Antonio Rincon
453:Constantinople
432:
429:
378:King of France
360:
359:
356:
355:
353:
352:
347:
342:
336:
333:
332:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
290:
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
270:
264:
263:
260:
254:
253:
250:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
210:
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
180:
172:
171:
168:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
138:
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
98:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
58:
52:
51:
48:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9415:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9333:
9332:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9304:
9303:Sèvres (1920)
9301:
9299:
9298:Mudros (1918)
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9253:Athens (1913)
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9243:London (1913)
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9189:Halepa (1878)
9187:
9185:
9184:Berlin (1878)
9182:
9180:
9179:Cyprus (1878)
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9154:London (1841)
9152:
9150:
9149:London (1840)
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:Modernization
9052:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9035:Kerden (1746)
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8988:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8956:Vasvár (1664)
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8946:Khotin (1621)
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8892:Amasya (1555)
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8858:Classical Age
8855:
8849:
8848:Szeged (1444)
8846:
8844:
8843:Venice (1419)
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8812:
8803:
8798:
8796:
8791:
8789:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8758:Redemptorists
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8727:
8720:
8716:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8674:
8671:
8668:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8624:Siege of Oran
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8571:
8568:
8565:
8562:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8548:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8437:
8434:
8431:
8428:
8425:
8422:
8419:
8416:
8413:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8390:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8378:
8375:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8333:
8330:
8329:Siege of Oran
8327:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8281:Siege of Nice
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8251:Sack of Mahón
8249:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8207:
8204:
8201:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8177:
8173:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8109:
8105:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8056:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8003:Sulayman Reis
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
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7807:Barbary coast
7805:
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7569:0-521-45908-7
7566:
7562:
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7555:1-4437-3144-7
7552:
7548:
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7541:0-674-00541-4
7538:
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7524:0-521-29135-6
7521:
7517:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7494:
7493:0-7456-3193-2
7490:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:0-19-504826-1
7476:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7459:0-87169-161-2
7455:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7441:
7439:
7438:1-4067-7272-0
7435:
7431:
7427:
7424:
7423:0-7146-1974-4
7420:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7404:0-520-04206-9
7401:
7397:
7394:
7390:
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7384:9780521027007
7380:
7376:
7375:
7369:
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7355:
7353:9780714610245
7349:
7345:
7344:
7336:
7328:
7326:9780199257997
7322:
7318:
7317:
7309:
7301:
7299:9780203011683
7295:
7291:
7290:
7282:
7274:
7272:9780714650715
7268:
7264:
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7224:9780275968915
7220:
7216:
7215:
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7188:9780582308077
7184:
7180:
7179:
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7162:
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7147:
7137:
7129:
7127:9780275974701
7123:
7119:
7118:
7110:
7108:
7099:
7092:
7090:
7081:
7074:
7066:
7064:9781440067365
7060:
7056:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7021:
7012:
7010:
7001:
6999:9780674005419
6995:
6991:
6990:
6982:
6974:
6972:9781438110257
6968:
6964:
6963:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6942:
6940:9781851096732
6936:
6932:
6931:
6923:
6915:
6913:9780582308077
6909:
6905:
6904:
6896:
6894:
6885:
6883:9780203006382
6879:
6875:
6874:
6866:
6858:
6856:9780521291637
6852:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6836:
6828:
6826:9780521574556
6822:
6818:
6817:
6809:
6800:
6792:
6790:9781406770261
6786:
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6773:
6765:
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6699:
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6681:
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6675:
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6663:
6655:
6648:
6640:
6638:9780199255207
6634:
6630:
6629:
6621:
6613:
6611:9780815607908
6607:
6603:
6602:
6594:
6586:
6584:9781850655510
6580:
6576:
6575:
6567:
6559:
6557:9781933648637
6553:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6529:
6527:9781933648637
6523:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6505:
6496:
6494:9781845111229
6490:
6486:
6485:
6477:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6456:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6429:
6423:McCabe, p.233
6420:
6412:
6410:9780714619743
6406:
6402:
6401:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6383:
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6372:9780745631936
6368:
6364:
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6355:
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6345:9780195364330
6341:
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6317:
6315:9780203987223
6311:
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6284:
6276:
6274:
6265:
6263:9781555533199
6259:
6255:
6254:
6246:
6238:
6236:9780521433921
6232:
6228:
6227:
6226:Dance as Text
6219:
6211:
6209:9780195364330
6205:
6201:
6200:
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6190:
6182:
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6175:
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6107:
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6094:
6087:
6086:
6080:
6072:
6070:9780415239868
6066:
6062:
6061:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6042:Goffman p.111
6039:
6030:
6028:
6018:
6010:
6008:9781932688078
6004:
6000:
5999:
5991:
5983:
5977:
5973:
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5951:
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5932:
5924:
5922:9780871691620
5918:
5914:
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5905:
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5895:9780871691620
5891:
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5878:
5870:
5868:9780871691620
5864:
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5841:9780521291637
5837:
5833:
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5803:
5795:
5793:9780415275323
5789:
5785:
5784:
5776:
5768:
5766:9780520203303
5762:
5758:
5757:
5749:
5741:
5739:9780802036896
5735:
5731:
5730:
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5714:
5708:
5700:
5698:9780559890888
5694:
5690:
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5669:
5662:
5653:
5645:
5638:
5630:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5580:
5579:Ecouen Museum
5575:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5554:
5552:9780543960870
5548:
5544:
5543:
5535:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5509:
5507:9780871691620
5503:
5499:
5498:
5490:
5488:
5479:
5477:9781850439639
5473:
5469:
5468:
5460:
5451:
5449:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5415:Crowley, p.75
5412:
5410:
5401:
5399:9781846032400
5395:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5373:Crowley, p.74
5370:
5362:
5360:9781443731447
5356:
5352:
5351:
5343:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5317:
5309:
5307:9780559388538
5303:
5299:
5298:
5290:
5281:
5272:
5263:
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5245:
5243:
5233:
5225:
5223:9780871691613
5219:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5196:9788126104031
5192:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5166:9781409725206
5162:
5158:
5157:
5149:
5147:
5140:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5113:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5088:9780521291354
5084:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5058:
5056:9780871691613
5052:
5048:
5047:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5022:
5015:
5013:
5004:
5002:9780486255705
4998:
4994:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4975:9780521459082
4971:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4944:
4936:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4907:9780521027007
4903:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4884:Garnier, p.92
4881:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4805:9780521291637
4801:
4797:
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4776:
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4772:
4763:
4757:
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4747:9780275974701
4743:
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4738:
4730:
4728:
4719:
4717:9781443731454
4713:
4709:
4708:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4687:
4685:9781443731454
4681:
4677:
4676:
4668:
4662:Crowley, p.66
4659:
4651:
4649:9780521278874
4645:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4634:Knecht, R. J.
4629:
4621:
4619:9781406733648
4615:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4592:9780871691613
4588:
4584:
4583:
4575:
4569:Garnier, p.52
4566:
4564:
4555:
4553:9780415260169
4549:
4546:. Routledge.
4545:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4526:9781594202254
4522:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4499:9781406772722
4495:
4491:
4490:
4482:
4473:
4471:
4462:
4460:9781406772722
4456:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4433:9781406772722
4429:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4405:
4403:9781001288024
4399:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4377:9780871691613
4373:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4315:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4229:
4227:9780520042063
4223:
4219:
4218:
4210:
4204:
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4194:
4186:
4184:9780754650225
4180:
4176:
4175:
4167:
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4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4093:
4090:, landing in
4089:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3988:and the 1807
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3970:dismemberment
3967:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3883:with Admiral
3882:
3881:siege of Acre
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3729:Nizam-i Jedid
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:Baron de Tott
3576:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3530:Mehmed Efendi
3527:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3487:Mehmed Efendi
3484:
3480:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:Pierre Dupont
3443:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3363:
3362:Louvre Palace
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3104:Antichristian
3101:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:Bishop of Dax
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2719:Transylvanian
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:Capitulations
2630:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2351:on behalf of
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:Austrian Navy
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:Ottoman Porte
2314:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2066:Etienne Dolet
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:Charles Quint
1995:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:Protestantism
1954:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:Captain Polin
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:Captain Polin
1766:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1709:, 1543. (by:
1708:
1703:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:siege of Nice
1647:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1618:siege of Nice
1614:
1609:
1608:Siege of Nice
1599:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:Piero Strozzi
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:Mediterranean
1512:
1508:
1507:Low Countries
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1450:Truce of Nice
1447:
1439:
1438:Truce of Nice
1434:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:, after 1538.
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:Duke of Savoy
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Ibrahim Pasha
1100:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:capitulations
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Ibrahim Pasha
1013:
1007:
994:
990:
985:
976:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
928:
926:
922:
918:
910:
905:
894:
889:
887:
883:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
857:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
817:
809:
805:
801:
796:
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
682:
680:
676:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
631:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:reports that
505:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
478:
475:in 1522. The
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
446:
442:
437:
428:
426:
425:Ottoman Egypt
422:
418:
414:
411:union of the
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
334:
331:
330:
325:
322:1993–present
319:
316:
315:
309:
306:
305:
302:1949–present
299:
296:
295:
289:
288:Western Union
286:
285:
279:
276:
275:
269:
266:
265:
259:
256:
255:
249:
246:
245:
242:1904–present
239:
236:
235:
229:
226:
225:
219:
216:
215:
209:
206:
205:
199:
196:
195:
189:
186:
185:
179:
174:
173:
167:
164:
163:
157:
154:
153:
147:
144:
143:
137:
134:
133:
127:
124:
123:
117:
114:
113:
107:
104:
103:
97:
94:
93:
87:
84:
83:
77:
74:
73:
67:
64:
63:
57:
54:
53:
47:
44:
43:
39:
36:
33:
32:
27:, circa 1530.
26:
21:
9329:
9315:
9293:Batum (1918)
9268:Sofia (1915)
9238:Ouchy (1912)
9164:Paris (1856)
9099:Çanak (1809)
9094:Paris (1802)
9079:Tunis (1797)
9069:Jassy (1792)
9000:Pruth (1711)
8951:Zuhab (1639)
8941:Serav (1618)
8936:Busza (1617)
8881:
8763:Trinitarians
8657:19th century
8534:18th century
8399:17th century
8389:Sack of Sori
8190:16th century
8121:
8058:19th century
8037:18th century
7988:Jan Janszoon
7981:17th century
7880:16th century
7720:
7714:
7677:
7671:
7650:
7643:
7618:the original
7588:
7574:
7560:
7546:
7545:Harold Lamb
7529:
7528:Inari Karsh
7512:
7498:
7484:
7467:
7448:
7429:
7411:
7392:
7373:
7342:
7335:
7315:
7308:
7288:
7281:
7261:
7254:
7233:
7213:
7206:
7197:
7177:
7170:
7161:
7136:
7116:
7073:
7053:
7047:
7027:
7020:
6988:
6981:
6961:
6933:. ABC-CLIO.
6929:
6922:
6902:
6872:
6865:
6845:
6842:
6835:
6815:
6808:
6799:
6779:
6772:
6758:
6743:
6723:
6716:
6696:
6689:
6662:
6647:
6627:
6620:
6600:
6593:
6573:
6566:
6546:
6543:
6536:
6516:
6513:
6483:
6476:
6462:
6455:
6435:
6428:
6419:
6399:
6361:
6354:
6334:
6304:
6297:
6286:
6282:
6252:
6245:
6225:
6218:
6198:
6179:
6160:
6140:
6127:Parker, p.61
6100:
6093:
6084:
6079:
6059:
6038:
6017:
5997:
5990:
5970:
5938:
5931:
5911:
5904:
5884:
5877:
5857:
5850:
5830:
5827:
5802:
5782:
5775:
5755:
5748:
5728:
5721:
5707:
5687:
5680:
5672:columbia.edu
5671:
5661:
5652:
5637:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5523:
5496:
5466:
5459:
5438:
5429:
5420:
5388:
5385:
5378:
5369:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5316:
5296:
5289:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5253:
5232:
5212:
5205:
5185:
5182:
5175:
5155:
5133:
5121:
5112:
5097:
5077:
5045:
4991:
4984:
4964:
4943:
4923:
4916:
4896:
4889:
4880:
4860:
4853:
4845:the original
4840:
4831:
4821:
4814:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4756:
4736:
4706:
4674:
4667:
4658:
4638:
4628:
4608:
4601:
4581:
4574:
4542:
4535:
4515:
4508:
4488:
4481:
4449:
4442:
4422:
4412:
4392:
4386:
4366:
4359:
4344:
4329:
4314:
4290:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4216:
4209:
4198:
4193:
4173:
4115:Napoleon III
4104:
4097:
4018:
4006:Halet Efendi
3982:Muhib Efendi
3977:
3963:
3956:in 1804, by
3951:
3948:Halet Efendi
3926:
3918:
3914:
3878:
3856:
3841:
3835:Tippoo Sahib
3809:
3758:
3751:
3718:
3704:
3685:
3656:
3619:Ottoman Army
3604:
3593:
3568:Ottoman Army
3541:
3523:
3437:
3435:
3422:Café Procope
3420:
3417:Suleiman Aga
3406:
3393:
3387:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3297:
3258:
3245:
3237:
3209:Grand Vizier
3207:The Ottoman
3206:
3169:Kara Mustafa
3165:Guilleragues
3157:
3134:
3111:
3097:
3040:
3021:
3005:Capitulation
3001:Peace Treaty
2994:
2985:
2929:Even before
2928:
2867:
2864:Continuation
2839:
2805:
2758:
2723:
2708:Grand Vizier
2693:
2682:
2648:
2615:Transylvania
2569:against the
2567:Dutch Revolt
2560:
2526:
2499:
2468:
2453:Letter from
2422:
2414:Andrea Doria
2386:
2366:
2349:Andrea Doria
2334:
2263:
2237:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2168:Pierre Belon
2161:
2148:astronomical
2121:
2111:Pierre Danes
2074:
2061:
2051:
2028:
1978:
1956:
1950:
1947:Consequences
1941:Siege of Van
1926:
1895:
1860:Ottoman Army
1849:
1827:
1800:Porto Ercole
1793:
1787:
1772:in front of
1746:Andrea Doria
1727:
1716:
1685:
1669:
1635:
1597:
1586:
1574:
1559:
1551:
1489:
1463:
1443:
1417:
1414:
1387:
1377:
1337:
1289:
1274:
1246:
1227:
1203:Grand Signor
1196:
1192:
1175:
1170:. This king
1153:
1138:Grand Signor
1135:
1099:Grand Vizier
1096:
1076:
1071:
1049:
1041:Andrea Doria
1034:
1031:before 1518.
961:
953:North Africa
934:
914:
891:
879:
864:
843:
823:
773:
771:
740:
701:
690:
671:
651:
636:
592:
557:
536:Capitulation
534:
532:
501:
498:, 1483–1489.
450:
409:sacrilegious
402:
390:Italian Wars
369:
365:
363:
327:
95:
9233:Daan (1911)
9226:(1908–1922)
9057:(1789–1908)
8993:(1703–1789)
8909:(1566–1703)
8860:(1453–1566)
8826:(1299–1453)
8644:(1796-1802)
8626:(1790–1792)
8620:(1790–1813)
8520:(1694–1727)
8438:(1620–1621)
8289:(1543-1544)
8070:Hussein Dey
8018:Ali Bitchin
7993:Salé Rovers
7957:Arnaut Mami
7952:Hasan Pasha
7937:Hasan Corso
7787:Territories
7684:: 339–376.
7483:Jack Goody
7249:Karsh, p.15
7237:Karsh, p.14
7165:Karsh, p.12
7156:Karsh, p.11
7140:Karsh, p.10
6803:Göçek, p.10
6684:Goody, p.75
5320:Lamb, p.228
4177:. Ashgate.
4100:Crimean War
3998:Janissaries
3770:Janissaries
3736: [
3670: [
3586:during the
3543:Sefâretnâme
3514:Pera Museum
3500:ambassador
3392:(1732) and
3376:Montesquieu
3324:Orientalism
3315:Chinoiserie
3281:Orientalism
3189:Holy League
3160:Dardanelles
2988:Billebahaut
2883:Hajji Murad
2816:Protestants
2595:Anabaptists
2522:Turgut Reis
2207:Tusi-couple
2176:Middle East
2114: [
2105:'s brother
1907:Joseph Nasi
1750:Turgut Reis
1368:Netherlands
884:ambassador
588:Sigismund I
551:and Sultan
461:Middle East
455:in 1453 by
9347:Categories
9030:Niş (1739)
8991:Old Regime
8506:Morean War
8471:Cretan War
8065:Ali Khodja
8028:Yusuf Reis
8023:Simon Reis
7967:Sinan Reis
7947:Hasan Agha
7927:Aydın Reis
7922:Kemal Reis
7912:Salah Rais
7870:Commanders
7365:References
7038:9004118543
7015:Karsh, p.9
6666:Göçek, p.7
5981:9004039457
5949:9065506551
4934:9004039457
4871:9004060618
4057:Bessarabia
4002:Mustafa IV
3774:Napoleon I
3378:wrote the
3202:absolutism
3024:Louis XIII
2997:Mehmed III
2891:Charles IX
2879:Charles IX
2875:Suleiman I
2856:, and the
2820:Calvinists
2660:Jean Bodin
2638:Charles IX
2623:Jean Bodin
2605:and Jews (
2563:Charles IX
2475:Koca Sinan
2238:La Soltane
2236:published
2211:Copernicus
2172:Asia Minor
1856:Little War
1686:Lodge the
1630:cannonball
1499:Henry VIII
1344:Barbarossa
1316:Marseilles
1265:Marseilles
1158:, king of
957:Asia Minor
923:, and the
909:Barbarossa
721:Letter of
553:Bayezid II
520:Bourganeuf
508:Bayezid II
496:Bourganeuf
469:Suleiman I
431:Background
312:1954–2011
292:1948–1954
282:1947–1997
272:1936–1939
252:1921–1940
232:1892–1917
222:1812–1813
212:1812–1813
202:1807–1809
192:1778–1794
182:1777–1820
160:1756–1792
150:1741–1756
140:1733–1792
130:1716–1731
120:1603–1763
110:1657–1660
100:1536–1798
90:1528–1552
80:1524–1526
70:1295–1560
60:1220–1316
8748:Lazarists
8696:(1829–30)
8666:(1801–05)
8638:(1791–92)
8614:(1785–95)
8596:(1784–92)
8578:(1775–77)
8572:(1774–75)
8566:(1769–72)
8543:(1715–26)
8508:(1684–99)
8490:(1681–85)
8484:(1677–82)
8473:(1645–69)
8432:(1618–22)
8414:(1609–28)
8373:(1568–71)
8180:Conflicts
8112:Diplomacy
8075:Omar Agha
8013:Omar Agha
7817:Cherchell
7706:162224837
7600:Interview
7473:US, 1987
7415:Routledge
7031:. BRILL.
6577:. Hurst.
6365:. Wiley.
5974:. BRILL.
5610:"Gallica"
4639:Francis I
4273:Richelieu
4061:Wallachia
4041:Mahmud II
4029:Wallachia
3960:(detail).
3935:Selim III
3725:Selim III
3659:Louis XVI
3645:Louis XVI
3635:Bosphorus
3631:howitzers
3526:Ahmed III
3454:Louis XIV
3354:Louis XIV
3340:Fragonard
3309:Turquerie
3299:Turquerie
3198:despotism
3193:Mehmed IV
3177:Leopold I
3106:/Monarch"
3096:in 1683 (
3090:Mehmed IV
3086:Louis XIV
3066:Ahmed III
3032:Louis XIV
3028:Mehmed IV
2935:Huguenots
2917:and King
2901:in 1581.
2899:Henry III
2895:Murad III
2761:Huguenots
2746:Philip II
2724:In 1574,
2603:Capuchins
2587:Anglicans
2583:Huguenots
2529:saltpeter
2353:Charles V
2274:Marseille
2270:New World
2228:, future
2203:astronomy
2011:Francis I
1953:Charles V
1879:Janus Bey
1642:Marseille
1581:Perpignan
1495:Charles V
1446:Charles V
1348:Francis I
1312:Collioure
1281:Marseille
1269:Piri Reis
1189:galeasses
1172:Francis I
1142:Marseille
1089:in 1923.
1027:from the
751:Hungarian
741:With the
712:Tahmasp I
675:Francesco
615:Charolais
603:Charles V
564:Francis I
549:Louis XII
539:with the
530:in 1489.
457:Mehmed II
374:Francis I
50:777–800s
8085:Haji Ali
7907:Occhiali
7446:(1984).
4121:See also
4111:Maronite
4092:Beyrouth
4065:Moldavia
4025:Moldavia
3931:—
3850:—
3705:General
3611:Mahmud I
3582:for the
3534:Louis XV
3518:Istanbul
3512:, 1766,
3489:in 1721.
3483:Louis XV
3463:Gobelins
3442:Henry IV
3384:Voltaire
3356:, after
3352:, under
3249:—
3233:invasion
2975:Valencia
2957:and the
2943:Habsburg
2939:Moriscos
2931:Henry IV
2925:in 1615.
2919:Henry IV
2905:Henry IV
2887:Selim II
2885:), from
2810:and the
2801:Valencia
2783:and the
2765:Moriscos
2750:Moriscos
2742:Selim II
2657:—
2642:Selim II
2636:between
2607:Marranos
2597:or even
2579:Flanders
2537:Sorrento
2510:Piombino
2390:Calabria
2337:Henry II
2290:Henry II
2254:Suleiman
2250:Mustapha
2246:Roxelane
2191:Henri II
2174:and the
2044:Huguenot
2021:and the
2003:Suleiman
1883:D'Aramon
1808:Talamona
1694:—
1562:Adriatic
1555:Flanders
1217:—
1211:Sardinia
1106:Lombardy
1068:selamlik
941:Milanese
939:and the
896:—
882:Venetian
848:—
830:Belgrade
737:, France
684:—
613:and the
512:Louis XI
417:crescent
415:and the
345:Americas
178:alliance
8723:Slavery
7842:Tetouan
7822:Mahdiya
7812:Bizerte
7737:2541220
7535:, 2001
7518:, 1977
7398:, 1980
5581:exhibit
5337:, p.328
5128:exhibit
4287:dolphin
4098:In the
3972:of the
3891:at the
3870:Britain
3820:Albania
3506:Ottoman
3431:caftans
3427:turbans
3394:Candide
3336:Boucher
3322:style.
3153:Algiers
3043:England
3013:Tunisia
3009:Ahmed I
2955:Algiers
2915:Ahmed I
2871:Francis
2812:English
2781:Algiers
2759:French
2625:wrote:
2619:Hungary
2599:Jesuits
2591:Quakers
2585:, some
2518:Corsica
2506:Persian
2491:Corsica
2345:Mahdiya
2242:tragedy
2146:Arabic
2081:in the
1963:Germany
1852:Hungary
1824:Antibes
1738:Ceriale
1730:Sanremo
1648:in the
1616:In the
1503:England
1364:Otranto
1352:Albania
1308:Tortosa
1302:in the
1296:Algiers
1223:, 1535.
1201:To the
1197:Haradin
1193:Haradin
1185:galleys
1180:Corsica
1176:Haradin
1168:Genoese
1160:Algiers
1155:Haradin
1150:Barbary
1029:Mamluks
967:in the
919:led by
780:galleys
755:Zapolya
693:Hungary
572:Hungary
465:Selim I
8743:Bagnio
8702:(1830)
8690:(1828)
8684:(1825)
8678:(1816)
8672:(1815)
8632:(1791)
8608:(1784)
8602:(1784)
8590:(1783)
8584:(1775)
8560:(1758)
8549:(1732)
8526:(1695)
8514:(1688)
8502:(1683)
8496:(1682)
8467:(1637)
8461:(1631)
8455:(1627)
8449:(1624)
8426:(1615)
8420:(1614)
8408:(1609)
8391:(1584)
8385:(1574)
8379:(1571)
8367:(1565)
8361:(1563)
8355:(1560)
8349:(1558)
8343:(1558)
8337:(1558)
8331:(1556)
8325:(1555)
8319:(1553)
8313:(1552)
8307:(1551)
8301:(1551)
8295:(1550)
8283:(1543)
8277:(1540)
8271:(1539)
8265:(1538)
8259:(1537)
8253:(1535)
8247:(1535)
8241:(1534)
8235:(1529)
8229:(1529)
8223:(1522)
8217:(1519)
8211:(1518)
8205:(1516)
8199:(1501)
7972:Dragut
7802:Annaba
7735:
7704:
7698:162665
7696:
7595:
7581:
7567:
7553:
7539:
7522:
7505:
7491:
7477:
7456:
7436:
7421:
7402:
7381:
7350:
7323:
7296:
7269:
7221:
7185:
7124:
7061:
7035:
6996:
6969:
6937:
6910:
6880:
6853:
6823:
6787:
6731:
6704:
6635:
6608:
6581:
6554:
6524:
6491:
6443:
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