719:
611:
540:
454:
464:
France also has a strong tradition of alliance with autochthonous populations in order to resist a powerful opponent. In the
American continent, France was the first to identify that cooperation with local tribes would be strategically significant, before England also started to adopt this strategy.
524:
The French easily mixed and inter-married with the
Indians, which greatly facilitated exchanges and the development of such alliances. Through these alliances with the Indians, the French were able to maintain for over 150 years a strong position in the New World at the expense of the British, who
366:(i.e. "Rear alliance"), aiming at allying with countries situated on the opposite side or "in the back" of an adversary, in order to open a second front encircling the adversary and thus re-establish a
688:, after which he seized upon the anchorage of Trincomalee, compelling the small British garrison to surrender. An army of 3,000 French soldiers collaborated with Hyder Ali to capture
382:
Over the centuries, France has constantly been looking for
Eastern allies, as a counterbalance to Continental enemies. Throughout French history, this was especially the case against
770:
in order to create an overland access for his troops to India. Following the visit of the
Persian Envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini to Napoleon, the
932:
718:
362:
have a long and complex history spanning more than a millennium. One traditional characteristic of the French diplomacy of alliances has been the
434:). In particular, since 1870 the desire to counter German power has been a major motivating force leading France to create Eastern alliances.
696:
took place near that port on 3 September. These battles can be seen as the last battles of the Franco-British conflict that encompassed the
1069:
367:
649:
614:
261:
758:
to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with a Muslim enemy of the
British in India,
139:
169:
119:
610:
1064:
1074:
893:
762:, in order to oust the British from the Indian subcontinent. After having failed a first time, Napoleon entered into a
665:
311:
201:
79:
395:
39:
751:
211:
596:
338:
69:
1046:
La commĂ©moration de lâalliance franco-russe : La crĂ©ation dâune culture matĂ©rielle populaire, 1890â1914
481:(1754â1763). The alliance involved French settlers on the one side, and the indigenous peoples such as the
936:
457:
343:
322:
697:
681:
641:
637:
556:
407:
333:
660:
against
British rules in India, in 1782â1783, fighting the British fleet on the coasts of India and
584:
419:
281:
181:
149:
18:"French alliance" redirects here. For the organization to promote French language and culture, see
778:, promising to act so that Russia would surrender the territory. In exchange, Persia was to fight
767:
763:
713:
657:
534:
427:
411:
221:
191:
159:
89:
742:
Some French alliances were purely tactical and short term, especially during the period of the
701:
466:
448:
301:
241:
109:
99:
49:
959:
921:
853:
822:
808:
539:
1027:
1013:
999:
985:
863:
771:
731:
693:
478:
836:
19:
591:
in 1751 and finally surrendered in 1752. The French again had a success at the capture of
8:
673:
747:
727:
735:
800:
775:
415:
399:
271:
774:
formalized the alliance on 4 May 1807, in which France supported Persia's claim to
669:
580:
403:
231:
129:
743:
588:
383:
1049:
755:
592:
564:
510:
370:. Another has been the alliance with local populations, against other European
1058:
897:
779:
572:
560:
548:
453:
423:
59:
633:
576:
568:
251:
759:
677:
600:
498:
470:
371:
664:. From February 1782 until June 1783 Suffren fought the English admiral
723:
518:
782:, and to allow France to cross the Persian territory to reach India.
689:
685:
653:
645:
626:
618:
604:
490:
502:
494:
474:
668:
and collaborated with the rulers of Mysore. Suffren fought in the
819:
Foreign policy and discourse analysis: France, Britain and Europe
482:
431:
391:
661:
648:) and later contributed to the French effort in India in 1783.
630:
544:
486:
514:
506:
387:
377:
583:, and the French and Indians fought together and vanquished
722:
The
Persian Envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini meeting with
291:
704:
establishing peace and recognizing
America independence.
1048:(French) (MA thesis, Concordia University, 2016) ;
525:
had much more difficulties in making Indian allies.
918:The influence of sea power upon history, 1660â1783
845:
843:
1056:
35:
24:
933:"The History Project, University of California"
876:
874:
840:
865:The Complete Idiot's Guide to American History
955:
953:
852:by James M. Volo, Dorothy Denneen Volo p.316
871:
805:François Mitterrand: a very French president
700:, and would cease with the signature of the
950:
437:
378:Geographic position and strategy of France
833:The American Revolution in Indian Country
796:
794:
717:
609:
538:
452:
1057:
974:Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare
961:Britain as a military power, 1688â1815
881:Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare
791:
812:
707:
621:in 1782, J.B. Morret engraving, 1789.
543:Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the
442:
894:"The National Galleries of Scotland"
1070:Military alliances involving France
579:. The French succeeded in the 1746
13:
1038:
14:
1086:
1021:
1007:
993:
979:
967:
754:in 1798 and fought against the
599:, but were finally defeated at
925:
920:by Alfred Thayer Mahan p. 461
911:
886:
857:
826:
477:country took place during the
1:
850:Family Life in Native America
835:by Colin Gordon Calloway p.6
785:
730:, 27 Avril 1807, to sign the
555:In India, the French General
1029:The Islamic world in decline
698:American War of Independence
629:sealed an alliance with the
396:AbbasidâCarolingian alliance
7:
1065:Foreign relations of France
702:Treaty of Versailles (1783)
587:in 1749, but failed in the
360:foreign alliances of France
315:
305:
295:
285:
275:
265:
255:
245:
235:
225:
215:
205:
195:
185:
175:
163:
153:
143:
133:
123:
113:
103:
93:
83:
73:
63:
53:
43:
29:Foreign alliances of France
10:
1091:
1075:Military history of France
711:
682:Battle of Negapatam (1782)
575:, in the conflict against
532:
446:
17:
989:William E. Watson p.13-14
672:on 17 February 1782, the
408:Franco-Hungarian alliance
329:
320:
80:Franco-Hungarian alliance
40:FrankishâAbbasid alliance
34:
807:by Ronald Tiersky p.411
752:French Invasion of Egypt
528:
420:Franco-American alliance
212:Franco-Austrian alliance
202:Franco-Prussian alliance
182:Franco-American alliance
150:Franco-Austrian alliance
140:Franco-Prussian alliance
60:Franco-Scottish alliance
768:Franco-Persian alliance
764:Franco-Ottoman alliance
714:Franco-Persian Alliance
658:Second Anglo-Mysore War
535:Franco-Indian Alliances
438:Autochthonous alliances
428:Franco-Russian Alliance
412:Franco-Ottoman alliance
292:North Atlantic Alliance
252:Franco-Italian alliance
222:Franco-Russian alliance
192:Franco-Persian alliance
160:Franco-Indian Alliances
130:Franco-Spanish alliance
120:Franco-British alliance
100:Franco-English alliance
90:Franco-Ottoman alliance
739:
622:
552:
467:Franco-Indian alliance
461:
449:Franco-Indian Alliance
312:European Defence Union
302:Western European Union
262:Franco-Soviet alliance
242:Franco-Polish alliance
110:Franco-Indian alliance
70:Franco-Polish alliance
50:Franco-Mongol alliance
1031:by Martin Sicker p.97
987:Tricolor and crescent
772:Treaty of Finkenstein
732:Treaty of Finkenstein
721:
712:Further information:
694:Battle of Trincomalee
613:
542:
533:Further information:
479:French and Indian War
456:
447:Further information:
1003:by Iradj Amini, p.12
821:Henrik Larsen p.123
640:moved his troops to
364:"Alliance de revers"
1015:Napoleon and Persia
1001:Napoleon and Persia
674:Battle of Providien
652:became the ally of
636:. As a consequence
1044:Hamel, Catherine.
963:by Jeremy Black, p
748:Napoleon Bonaparte
740:
728:Finkenstein castle
708:Tactical alliances
623:
553:
462:
443:American continent
323:Regional relations
170:Franco-Vietnamese
20:Alliance française
867:Alan Axelrod p.44
801:Margaret Thatcher
750:had launched the
676:on 12 April near
666:Sir Edward Hughes
634:Madhu Rao Narayan
460:with the Indians.
400:Umayyad Caliphate
356:
355:
352:
351:
272:Treaty of Dunkirk
1082:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1017:Iradj Amini p.55
1011:
1005:
997:
991:
983:
977:
971:
965:
957:
948:
947:
945:
944:
935:. Archived from
929:
923:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
896:. Archived from
890:
884:
878:
869:
861:
855:
847:
838:
830:
824:
816:
810:
798:
670:Battle of Sadras
581:Battle of Madras
469:centered on the
404:Byzantine Empire
368:balance of power
232:Entente Cordiale
36:
25:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1055:
1054:
1041:
1039:Further reading
1036:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1008:
998:
994:
984:
980:
972:
968:
958:
951:
942:
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931:
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926:
916:
912:
903:
901:
892:
891:
887:
879:
872:
862:
858:
848:
841:
831:
827:
817:
813:
799:
792:
788:
744:Napoleonic Wars
736:François Mulard
716:
710:
589:Battle of Arcot
537:
531:
451:
445:
440:
416:Habsburg Empire
384:Austria-Hungary
380:
372:colonial powers
348:
171:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1020:
1006:
992:
978:
966:
949:
924:
910:
885:
870:
856:
839:
825:
811:
789:
787:
784:
709:
706:
692:. Finally the
684:on 6 July off
642:Isle de France
595:in 1758 under
593:Fort St. David
559:was allied to
530:
527:
521:on the other.
444:
441:
439:
436:
379:
376:
354:
353:
350:
349:
347:
346:
341:
336:
330:
327:
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318:
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308:
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298:
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288:
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228:
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208:
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178:
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166:
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156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
132:
126:
125:
122:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
72:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
42:
32:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1002:
996:
990:
988:
982:
975:
970:
964:
962:
956:
954:
939:on 2011-09-29
938:
934:
928:
922:
919:
914:
900:on 2008-11-21
899:
895:
889:
882:
877:
875:
868:
866:
860:
854:
851:
846:
844:
837:
834:
829:
823:
820:
815:
809:
806:
802:
797:
795:
790:
783:
781:
780:Great Britain
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
620:
617:meeting with
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Carnatic Wars
570:
566:
562:
561:Murzapha Jung
558:
550:
549:Murzapha Jung
546:
541:
536:
526:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:An important
459:
455:
450:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:Great Britain
421:
417:
414:(against the
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:(against the
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
328:
325:
324:
319:
316:1993âpresent
313:
310:
309:
303:
300:
299:
296:1949âpresent
293:
290:
289:
283:
282:Western Union
280:
279:
273:
270:
269:
263:
260:
259:
253:
250:
249:
243:
240:
239:
236:1904âpresent
233:
230:
229:
223:
220:
219:
213:
210:
209:
203:
200:
199:
193:
190:
189:
183:
180:
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168:
167:
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158:
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148:
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138:
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131:
128:
127:
121:
118:
117:
111:
108:
107:
101:
98:
97:
91:
88:
87:
81:
78:
77:
71:
68:
67:
61:
58:
57:
51:
48:
47:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
27:
26:
21:
16:
1045:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1009:
1000:
995:
986:
981:
973:
969:
960:
941:. Retrieved
937:the original
927:
917:
913:
902:. Retrieved
898:the original
888:
880:
864:
859:
849:
832:
828:
818:
814:
804:
741:
624:
577:Robert Clive
569:Chanda Sahib
554:
523:
463:
381:
363:
359:
357:
321:
28:
15:
760:Tipu Sultan
678:Trincomalee
603:(1759) and
601:Masulipatam
499:Mississauga
471:Great Lakes
1059:Categories
943:2010-01-10
904:2010-01-10
803:quoted in
786:References
724:Napoleon I
585:Anwaruddin
519:Potawatomi
306:1954â2011
286:1948â1954
276:1947â1997
266:1936â1939
246:1921â1940
226:1892â1917
216:1812â1813
206:1812â1813
196:1807â1809
186:1778â1794
176:1777â1820
154:1756â1792
144:1741â1756
134:1733â1792
124:1716â1731
114:1603â1763
104:1657â1660
94:1536â1798
84:1528â1552
74:1524â1526
64:1295â1560
54:1220â1316
690:Cuddalore
686:Cuddalore
654:Hyder Ali
646:Mauritius
627:Louis XVI
625:In 1782,
619:Hyder Ali
605:Wandewash
495:Winnebago
491:Menominee
458:Frontenac
430:(against
422:(against
44:777â800s
976:, p. 159
883:, p. 160
756:Ottomans
680:and the
607:(1760).
503:Illinois
475:Illinois
473:and the
402:and the
339:Americas
172:alliance
776:Georgia
726:at the
656:in the
650:Suffren
615:Suffren
571:in the
563:in the
557:Dupleix
483:Abenaki
432:Germany
426:), the
418:), the
406:), the
392:Prussia
1050:online
766:and a
662:Ceylon
631:Peshwa
567:, and
565:Deccan
545:Deccan
517:, and
487:Ottawa
394:: the
344:Africa
164:1700s
644:(now
638:Bussy
597:Lally
529:India
515:Petun
511:Huron
507:Sioux
388:Spain
256:1935
410:and
358:The
334:Asia
390:or
1061::
952:^
873:^
842:^
793:^
746:.
734:.
547:,
513:,
509:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
485:,
386:,
374:.
946:.
907:.
738:.
551:.
22:.
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