1069:). Each ministerial cabinet consists of around ten to twenty members, who are political appointees. Cabinet members assist the minister in running a ministry. Members of ministerial cabinets are powerful figures within the government and work in both the political and administrative spheres. The hierarchy in each ministerial cabinet is determined by the minister. Working groups consisting of representatives from several ministries are commonplace. It is the duty of the prime minister to oversee these inter-ministry meetings and to ensure that government work is done effectively and efficiently. All ministerial cabinet decisions must be co-signed by the prime minister. Any decree must also seek the prime minister's advice as well.
927:
They are appointed by the president of the
Republic. While the president is constitutionally free to appoint whomever they like, in practice, they must nominate a candidate that reflects the will of the majority of the National Assembly, as the government relies on the confidence of the French Parliament. After being nominated to lead a government, the prime minister nominee must propose a list of ministers to the president. The president can either accept or reject these proposed ministers. Ministers are ranked by importance:
229:
79:
6160:
5644:
5633:
747:
109:
6172:
971:) are junior ministers. This is the lowest rank in the French ministerial hierarchy. Secretaries work directly under a minister, or sometimes directly under the prime minister. While the Council of Ministers does not include secretaries of state as members, secretaries may attend meetings of the Council if their portfolio is up for discussion.
1052:. In the third part, usually, either one minister will give a presentation about some reform or project that they are directing, or the president will ask for advice on some subject from the ministers. In addition, the minister of foreign affairs provides the Council with weekly updates on important international issues.
1090:. Each minister must prepare a list of requests for funds annually, and submit it to the Budget Ministry. This ministry decides whether to grant or deny requests for funding by ministers. The ministry also calculates the state budget for the coming year. The parliament must vote on all applications of finance law.
1047:
Meetings of the
Council of Ministers take place every Wednesday morning at the Élysée Palace. They are presided over by the president of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers. These meetings follow a set format. In the first part of a meeting, the Council
1035:
All bills and some decrees must be approved by the
Council of Ministers. Furthermore, it is the Council of Ministers that defines the collective political and policy direction of the government, and takes practical steps to implement that direction. In addition to writing and implementing policy, the
1098:
Members of the French government cannot occupy any parliamentary office or position of occupational or trade leadership at the national level, any public employment, or any professional activity. These restrictions are in place to alleviate external pressure and influence on ministers, and to enable
926:
All members of the French government are appointed by the president of the
Republic on the advice of the prime minister. Members of the government are ranked in a precise order, which is established at the time of government formation. In this hierarchy, the prime minister is the head of government.
1012:) is established by the Constitution. It is composed only of the senior ministers, though some secretaries of state may attend Council meetings. The Council of Ministers is chaired by the president, unlike the government, but is still led by the prime minister, who was officially titled as the
1119:. If the government decides to launch an armed operation with a duration of longer than four months, it must first consult parliament and request an authorization. The prime minister may convene parliament for extraordinary sessions, or add additional sitting days to the legislative calendar.
1099:
them to focus on their governmental work. Thus, a member of the
National Assembly or the Senate who is appointed to the government must resign his or her seat in order to serve as a minister or as the prime minister. Despite these restrictions, members of the government are
1077:
The government is responsible for the economic and financial policy of the French
Republic, must authorize all expenditures made by each ministry, and also manage all revenue. Expenditures are made through what is called a "finance law"
1103:, such as those of city mayor or regional councilor. While the Constitution of the French Republic does not prohibit ministers from being the leader of a political party, it is customary that ministers should not occupy such a post.
1060:
Most government work, however, is done elsewhere. Much of it is done by each individual ministry, under the direction of the minister responsible for that ministry. Ministers each have their own staff, called a "ministerial cabinet"
1106:
The government is responsible to the French
Parliament. In particular, the government must assume responsibility for its actions before the National Assembly, and the National Assembly can dismiss the government with a
3245:
1455:
1444:
5101:
2626:
1318:
2888:
2429:
2277:
2209:
3123:
2320:
2252:
2654:
2621:
1048:
deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees. In the second part, the
Council discusses individual decisions by each minister regarding the appointment of senior
2345:
2237:
2204:
2679:
2649:
2616:
5533:
2820:
2565:
3075:
2684:
2560:
2492:
2835:
2825:
2790:
2780:
2765:
2588:
2467:
2106:
1724:
1655:
2262:
3199:
2840:
2785:
2760:
2742:
2699:
2659:
2570:
2525:
2457:
2189:
1640:
1600:
1207:
1187:
1422:
1285:
2923:
2845:
2810:
2770:
2704:
2674:
2611:
2540:
2497:
2439:
2401:
2232:
2194:
3060:
3378:
3194:
3184:
3153:
3090:
2999:
2964:
2918:
2795:
2775:
2737:
2694:
2689:
2664:
2644:
2550:
2535:
2515:
2477:
2391:
2386:
2368:
2315:
2287:
2272:
2214:
2179:
3363:
3142:
2855:
2396:
3383:
3373:
3332:
3230:
3189:
3179:
3009:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2959:
2805:
2800:
2732:
2669:
2545:
2530:
2487:
2472:
2406:
2350:
2335:
2305:
2267:
2247:
1466:
3358:
5094:
3414:
3312:
3297:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3055:
3014:
2994:
2969:
2933:
2850:
2830:
2714:
2606:
2555:
2520:
2462:
2424:
2340:
2330:
2310:
2257:
2242:
1846:
3409:
3302:
3292:
3266:
3256:
3065:
3034:
3004:
2815:
2434:
2325:
2282:
2184:
1831:
3271:
3261:
3019:
2709:
2482:
2199:
2938:
2881:
5020:
3116:
5087:
3388:
3337:
3085:
3080:
364:
3174:
1826:
3327:
3307:
3070:
2099:
1717:
256:
3029:
3024:
2974:
2928:
2874:
3955:
3109:
1245:
1866:
1575:
1152:
993:
696:
1753:
5267:
2092:
1710:
5538:
5528:
2907:
1915:
942:) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. It is an honorary rank, granted to some Ministers as a sign of prestige.
1955:
1610:
1162:
784:
1965:
1910:
1885:
1797:
1748:
1540:
5637:
5548:
2029:
1605:
1177:
1172:
1112:
544:
380:
5680:
5603:
4068:
1650:
1202:
5164:
4965:
1585:
6209:
5897:
2014:
1580:
1192:
1945:
5543:
5484:
5154:
3539:
1856:
1940:
757:
3948:
3665:
1989:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1013:
1925:
1111:. The government cannot function during the tenure of acting (interim) president, as that position is granted either to the
5578:
5563:
3595:
1257:
3281:
1970:
5558:
5494:
1950:
1890:
650:
4296:
914:
433:
5613:
5262:
1994:
448:
3429:
5593:
5588:
5568:
5393:
1836:
1768:
1625:
1595:
1590:
1399:
1212:
1157:
1142:
733:
525:
391:
309:
17:
6176:
5647:
5583:
5115:
4552:
3941:
3909:
3802:
3615:
2039:
1960:
1895:
1676:
1645:
1197:
954:
777:
627:
515:
485:
1851:
535:
5618:
3868:
3640:
3163:
2034:
2009:
1935:
1920:
1533:
632:
411:
5553:
5310:
4998:
4801:
3209:
2174:
2126:
2063:
2004:
705:
144:
6214:
6204:
5957:
5811:
5673:
5464:
4932:
3883:
3835:
3727:
3722:
3470:
3398:
2169:
2058:
1861:
1817:
1681:
685:
675:
642:
359:
2297:
416:
5573:
5129:
5054:
4987:
4806:
4532:
3347:
1999:
1930:
1635:
1620:
1615:
1182:
1147:
284:
3101:
1905:
6040:
5598:
5479:
5360:
5240:
5059:
4954:
4063:
3840:
3687:
2151:
2084:
1900:
1686:
1630:
1167:
770:
690:
670:
663:
421:
210:
30:
This article is about the collective executive of France. For the entire governing system of France, see
2866:
1841:
319:
294:
5512:
5474:
5305:
5064:
4943:
3845:
3807:
3532:
3486:
2146:
1526:
901:
582:
355:
154:
5079:
2068:
2024:
2019:
480:
6065:
6017:
5607:
5031:
4223:
4012:
3787:
3481:
2073:
1787:
680:
6164:
6060:
5869:
5816:
5666:
5459:
5009:
4442:
4248:
3757:
3717:
3697:
3677:
3580:
1691:
1671:
1561:
843:
426:
304:
124:
984:, the government directs and decides the policy of the nation. In practice, the government writes
5761:
5350:
5290:
5215:
4507:
4032:
3873:
3692:
3455:
3419:
1108:
637:
242:
475:
5796:
4301:
4238:
4233:
3893:
3878:
3825:
3772:
3767:
3742:
3600:
3450:
2898:
1980:
1478:
1029:
981:
858:
835:
728:
3863:
1433:
1297:
5909:
5852:
5746:
5731:
5355:
5315:
5179:
5144:
5111:
4914:
4412:
4148:
3797:
3747:
3707:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3605:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3525:
3133:
2116:
1739:
1025:
857:
The
Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the government, was established in the
851:
622:
601:
249:
95:
5892:
5410:
5345:
5255:
5245:
4547:
4208:
3888:
3830:
3792:
3782:
3762:
3752:
3737:
3732:
3712:
3682:
3650:
3610:
3460:
2049:
1116:
8:
6145:
5914:
5902:
5859:
5469:
5427:
5381:
5295:
5235:
4976:
4592:
4417:
4291:
4228:
4213:
3777:
3702:
3672:
2598:
2360:
2161:
1778:
1037:
953:) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. They lead government
897:
870:
615:
490:
466:
404:
279:
134:
2507:
2449:
368:
6110:
5449:
5437:
5432:
5388:
5338:
5195:
5174:
5169:
4703:
4522:
4447:
4218:
4007:
3997:
3506:
3445:
3440:
1371:
1128:
1087:
960:
862:
847:
723:
520:
219:
67:
35:
31:
1138:
The names of ministries change often in France. This is a list of current ministries:
6012:
5992:
5937:
5489:
5444:
5420:
5403:
5300:
5285:
5250:
5200:
4868:
4831:
4762:
4713:
4587:
4316:
4027:
3491:
3368:
3322:
3317:
1405:
1395:
1333:
931:
909:
456:
348:
1702:
384:
175:
6072:
5919:
5887:
5864:
5700:
5454:
5415:
5376:
4878:
4733:
4422:
4402:
4336:
4306:
4281:
4243:
4022:
3501:
3496:
2636:
1763:
1758:
1367:
591:
530:
335:
510:
6135:
6125:
6082:
6032:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5842:
5837:
5781:
5771:
5710:
5705:
5398:
5333:
5205:
4718:
4472:
4452:
4407:
4193:
1079:
1062:
1017:
1005:
964:
946:
935:
830:
814:
802:
505:
375:
290:
2416:
6120:
6089:
6077:
6045:
5987:
5952:
5947:
5879:
5741:
5736:
5689:
5210:
5149:
5139:
5134:
4888:
4883:
4767:
4537:
4462:
4366:
4331:
3982:
2948:
2580:
2138:
1036:
government is responsible for national defense, and directs the actions of the
2378:
2224:
228:
6198:
6130:
6055:
6007:
5832:
5791:
5786:
5766:
5756:
4909:
4517:
4376:
4168:
4098:
4002:
2752:
2130:
1876:
1049:
874:
751:
553:
315:
1409:
1358:
A. Dutheillet de
Lamothe (December 1965). "Ministerial Cabinets in France".
78:
6115:
6050:
6002:
5997:
5929:
5806:
5801:
4919:
4728:
4633:
4497:
4326:
4311:
4037:
3131:
1100:
1041:
992:. All political decisions made by the government must be registered in the
900:
following the recommendation of the prime minister, are responsible to the
3933:
3044:
2114:
1232:
5967:
5942:
5776:
5726:
4893:
4826:
4643:
4562:
4346:
4321:
4271:
4183:
4143:
4138:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4088:
4083:
2896:
2724:
1389:
1040:. The workings of the government of France are based on the principle of
905:
880:
The government's most senior ministers are titled as ministers of state (
3517:
6140:
6022:
5962:
5751:
5109:
4648:
4577:
4467:
4386:
4371:
4351:
4163:
4133:
4123:
4093:
3968:
1518:
985:
563:
558:
989:
573:
4852:
4772:
4691:
4666:
4628:
4557:
4432:
4341:
4276:
4201:
4188:
4173:
4158:
4128:
4108:
1163:
Ministry for Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Government
500:
4816:
4572:
4427:
4361:
4286:
4253:
4153:
4042:
3964:
5658:
1467:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title IV, Articles 28 and 29)
6105:
5159:
4858:
4623:
4582:
4527:
4502:
4356:
4178:
4078:
568:
495:
892:), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state (
4863:
4698:
4653:
3992:
3987:
877:, although the officeholder is not a member of the government.
839:
114:
1508:
1203:
Ministry of Public Sector Transformation and the Civil Service
3920:
866:
179:
1383:
1381:
5847:
1434:
https://franceintheus.org/IMG/pdf/legislative_elections.pdf
1423:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 23)
1286:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 20)
988:
to be introduced to parliament, and also writes and issues
896:). All members of the government, who are appointed by the
4659:
1611:
Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Authorities
1456:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title V, Article 35)
1445:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title V, Article 49)
1378:
1319:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title II, Article 9)
1246:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title II, Article 8)
1357:
912:. Cases of ministerial misconduct are tried before the
190:
1732:
1208:
Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation
1188:
Ministry of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion
257:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1656:Gender Equality, Diversity and Equal Opportunities
1388:Laver, Michael; Shepsle, Kenneth A., eds. (1994).
5170:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
6196:
1193:Ministry of National Education, Youth and Sport
1391:Cabinet ministers and parliamentary government
1298:"A short guide to the French political system"
1233:"The State budget | Agence France Trésor"
5674:
5095:
5021:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
3949:
3533:
3117:
2882:
2100:
1718:
1534:
778:
1387:
921:
884:), followed in protocol order by ministers (
823:
56:
34:. For the current government of France, see
3963:
27:Body exerting the executive power in France
5681:
5667:
5216:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
5102:
5088:
3956:
3942:
3540:
3526:
3124:
3110:
2889:
2875:
2107:
2093:
2030:Last cabinet of the French Second Republic
1725:
1711:
1541:
1527:
1394:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
785:
771:
3547:
1641:Higher Education, Research and Innovation
1601:Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion
1353:
1351:
982:Constitution of the French Fifth Republic
1548:
869:. The meetings are presided over by the
861:in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the
831:[ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃dəlaʁepyblikfʁɑ̃sɛːz]
1328:
1326:
1153:Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs
1101:allowed to keep local elected positions
1093:
999:
825:Gouvernement de la République française
58:Gouvernement de la République française
14:
6197:
1348:
697:Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
5662:
5083:
3937:
3924:
3521:
3105:
2870:
2088:
1706:
1522:
1281:
1279:
1178:Ministry of the Ecological Transition
1122:
1014:president of the Council of Ministers
829:
813:
6171:
1581:National Education, Youth and Sports
1323:
1115:or the prime minister, compromising
850:, as well as both senior and junior
5688:
5175:Speaker / President of the assembly
1290:
1264:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2014
1258:"France: The role of the president"
24:
5263:International development minister
1372:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1965.tb01658.x
1276:
1250:
1168:Ministry for Solidarity and Health
1022:président du Conseil des ministres
25:
6226:
5638:Government ministers by portfolio
5394:Ministry of Education and Culture
1733:Governments of France (1792–1870)
1651:Public Transformation and Service
1500:
1173:Ministry of Economics and Finance
820:Government of the French Republic
392:Congress of the French Parliament
48:Government of the French Republic
6170:
6159:
6158:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5631:
1896:First ministry of Louis-Philippe
1198:Ministry of Agriculture and Food
915:Cour de Justice de la République
745:
434:Cour de Justice de la République
227:
107:
77:
4966:Social and political philosophy
1479:"Composition of the Government"
1471:
1460:
1449:
1438:
1427:
1416:
1133:
6210:Government ministers of France
5311:Ministry of trade and industry
4802:Political history of the world
3925:
2127:Government of National Defense
2064:Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III
1808:Provisional Government of 1815
1793:Provisional Government of 1814
1312:
1239:
1225:
706:Politics of the European Union
13:
1:
5958:Needle and syringe programmes
5812:Universal access to education
5465:Ministry of religious affairs
2059:Third cabinet of Napoleon III
1218:
1086:), which is equivalent to an
1055:
686:France and the United Nations
4807:History of political thought
1951:Transitional cabinet of 1839
1213:Ministry for Overseas France
975:
7:
6041:Publicly funded health care
5480:Ministry of social security
5361:Ministry of water resources
5241:Ministry of foreign affairs
5110:Common types of government
10:
6231:
5513:Minister without portfolio
5475:Ministry of social affairs
5306:Ministry of infrastructure
1886:Paris Municipal Commission
1754:Committee of Public Safety
1576:Europe and Foreign Affairs
1126:
1004:The Council of Ministers (
815:[ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃fʁɑ̃sɛ]
536:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
29:
6154:
6098:
6066:National health insurance
6031:
6018:Supervised injection site
5928:
5878:
5825:
5719:
5696:
5627:
5564:Communications ministries
5521:
5505:
5369:
5324:
5276:
5224:
5188:
5122:
5050:
5043:
4902:
4844:
4792:
4785:
4753:
4746:
4686:
4679:
4614:
4605:
4488:
4481:
4395:
4264:
4051:
4013:National unity government
3975:
3931:
3902:
3854:
3816:
3553:
3469:
3428:
3397:
3346:
3280:
3244:
3208:
3162:
3141:
3043:
2947:
2906:
2751:
2723:
2635:
2597:
2579:
2506:
2448:
2415:
2377:
2359:
2296:
2223:
2160:
2137:
2124:
2048:
1979:
1875:
1816:
1777:
1738:
1664:
1568:
1556:
1072:
922:Composition and formation
185:
171:
160:
150:
140:
130:
120:
102:
90:
85:
76:
65:
54:
45:
6061:Single-payer health care
5870:Universal basic services
5817:Universal basic services
5559:Climate change ministers
5460:Ministry of home affairs
4443:Environmental regulation
4249:Representative democracy
1158:Ministry of Armed Forces
1143:Ministry of the Interior
842:. It is composed of the
449:Administrative divisions
209:This article is part of
125:Prime Minister of France
5762:Public good (economics)
5648:Ministries by portfolio
5619:Public works ministries
5351:Ministry of electricity
5291:Ministry of the economy
5165:Office of the president
4508:Uncodified constitution
4033:Administrative division
1262:Encyclopædia Britannica
1113:president of the Senate
888:), ministers delegate (
481:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
5584:Environment ministries
5554:Agriculture ministries
5549:Presidents of assembly
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3596:Bosnia and Herzegovina
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2899:French Fourth Republic
1990:Provisional Government
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1334:"How Government works"
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5155:Deputy First Minister
5145:Deputy prime minister
4999:aspects of capitalism
4915:History of philosophy
4413:Unemployment benefits
4149:Military dictatorship
3548:Governments of Europe
3134:French Fifth Republic
2117:French Third Republic
1631:Solidarity and Health
1606:Ecological Transition
1360:Public Administration
1010:Conseil des ministres
807:Gouvernement français
6215:Government of France
6205:European governments
5574:Education ministries
5411:Information minister
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5256:Ministry of interior
5246:Immigration minister
4933:Political ideologies
4209:Parliamentary system
1995:Executive Commission
1891:Provisional Ministry
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1550:Government of France
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467:Metropolitan regions
145:Council of Ministers
6146:Public viewing area
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5236:Ministry of defence
5055:Forms of government
4988:Conservatism navbox
4593:Legislative council
4418:National healthcare
4292:Christian democracy
4214:Presidential system
4069:Countries by system
3817:States with limited
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2897:Governments of the
2599:Alexandre Millerand
2361:Jean Casimir-Perier
2162:Patrice de MacMahon
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1749:National Convention
1586:Economy and Finance
1183:Ministry of Culture
1148:Ministry of Justice
1067:Cabinet ministériel
1038:French Armed Forces
871:president of France
491:Centre-Val de Loire
135:President of France
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5495:Minister for women
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5438:Ministry of labour
5433:Minister of labour
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4448:Banking regulation
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2040:Louis Napoleon (2)
2035:Louis Napoleon (1)
1557:Head of government
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1088:appropriation bill
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969:secrétaires d'État
932:Ministers of state
894:secrétaires d'État
890:ministres délégués
848:head of government
818:), officially the
734:Political scandals
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220:Politics of France
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3136:(1958–present)
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2205:de Broglie III
2202:
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2139:Adolphe Thiers
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2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1977:
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1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
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1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Casimir Perier
1903:
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1740:First Republic
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1562:Prime Minister
1560:
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1501:External links
1499:
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1366:(4): 365–475.
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718:Related topics
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427:Court of Audit
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385:Gérard Larcher
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6129:
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6056:Job guarantee
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6008:Public toilet
6006:
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5998:Public school
5996:
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5893:Oil & gas
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5833:Civil service
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5792:Public rights
5790:
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5787:Public policy
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5773:
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5767:Public health
5765:
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5757:Public domain
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5608:mental health
5605:
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5229:public safety
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4910:Human history
4908:
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4518:Head of state
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4406:
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4398:
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4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Progressivism
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
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4360:
4358:
4355:
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4227:
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4224:Collaborative
4222:
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4207:
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4180:
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4172:
4170:
4169:Republicanism
4167:
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4157:
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4099:Confederation
4097:
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4009:
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4003:Unitary state
4001:
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3869:Faroe Islands
3867:
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3841:South Ossetia
3839:
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3688:Liechtenstein
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3221:Chaban-Delmas
3219:
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3207:
3201:
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3154:De Gaulle III
3152:
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3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
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3104:
3092:
3091:De Gaulle III
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Mendès France
3059:
3057:
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3036:
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3028:
3026:
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2837:
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2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Chautemps III
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
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2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2753:Albert Lebrun
2750:
2744:
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2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
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2567:
2566:Clemenceau II
2564:
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2239:
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2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:de Rochebouët
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:de Broglie II
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Paris Commune
2128:
2123:
2119:(1870 – 1940)
2118:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:Second Empire
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
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1985:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
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1964:
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1954:
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1878:
1877:July Monarchy
1874:
1868:
1865:
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1860:
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1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:Richelieu (2)
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Richelieu (1)
1830:
1828:
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1799:
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1786:
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1776:
1770:
1769:Paris Commune
1767:
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1411:
1407:
1403:
1401:0-521-43246-4
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1070:
1068:
1064:
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1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:) during the
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
970:
966:
962:
959:
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929:
928:
919:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
875:head of state
872:
868:
864:
863:Élysée Palace
860:
855:
853:
849:
846:, who is the
845:
841:
837:
834:), exercises
832:
826:
821:
816:
808:
804:
800:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
769:
768:
766:
765:
759:
756:
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753:
743:
742:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
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721:
715:
714:
707:
704:
703:
698:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:
660:
659:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
639:
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634:
631:
629:
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621:
620:
617:
612:
611:
604:
603:
599:
598:
593:
590:
589:
585:
584:
580:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:French Guiana
552:
551:
547:
546:
542:
541:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Île-de-France
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
468:
464:
463:
459:
458:
454:
453:
450:
445:
444:
436:
435:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
390:
386:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
370:
366:
363:
362:
361:
357:
354:
353:
350:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:Gabriel Attal
314:
311:
307:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
281:
277:
276:
273:
268:
267:
259:
258:
253:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:Constitutions
239:
238:
235:
234:
230:
226:
225:
221:
217:
216:
212:
208:
207:
196:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:299.7 billion
163:
161:Annual budget
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
75:
71:
64:
59:
53:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6175:
6163:
6116:Public float
6051:Job creation
6003:Public space
5930:Public works
5807:Public value
5802:Public trust
5035:}}
5029:{{
5024:}}
5018:{{
5013:}}
5007:{{
5002:}}
4996:{{
4991:}}
4985:{{
4980:}}
4974:{{
4969:}}
4963:{{
4958:}}
4952:{{
4947:}}
4941:{{
4936:}}
4930:{{
4924:
4920:Civilization
4873:
4851:
4821:
4811:
4796:
4757:
4729:Civil rights
4723:
4708:
4690:
4658:
4638:
4634:Town meeting
4618:
4567:
4542:
4512:
4498:Constitution
4492:
4457:
4437:
4381:
4327:Distributism
4312:Conservatism
4297:Collectivism
4265:Philosophies
4239:Cosmopolitan
4234:Conservative
4200:
4073:
4064:Govt systems
4058:
4038:Municipality
4017:
3846:Transnistria
3808:Vatican City
3635:
3474:(since 2017)
3384:Raffarin III
3190:Pompidou III
3010:Queuille III
2924:De Gaulle II
2836:Daladier III
2826:Chautemps IV
2791:Doumergue II
2781:Chautemps II
2766:Paul-Boncour
2655:Painlevé III
2622:Poincaré III
2589:Millerand II
2468:Clemenceau I
2417:Émile Loubet
2170:de Broglie I
1803:Hundred Days
1779:First Empire
1591:Armed Forces
1549:
1488:17 September
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1429:
1418:
1390:
1363:
1359:
1338:. Retrieved
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1292:
1266:. Retrieved
1261:
1252:
1241:
1227:
1137:
1105:
1097:
1076:
1059:
1046:
1042:collegiality
1034:
1003:
979:
925:
913:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
859:Constitution
856:
819:
806:
798:
796:
729:Human rights
628:Presidential
600:
581:
543:
465:
455:
432:
329:
328:
303:
278:
271:
255:
172:Headquarters
131:Appointed by
40:
5968:Public bank
5943:Free clinic
5777:Public land
5727:Common good
5277:Economics /
4894:World Court
4827:Magna Carta
4644:Legislation
4606:Governance
4563:Legislature
4438:Regulation:
4347:Familialism
4322:Corporatism
4302:Communalism
4272:Agrarianism
4184:Technocracy
4144:Meritocracy
4139:Kleptocracy
4119:Ergatocracy
4114:Electocracy
4104:Colonialism
4089:Bureaucracy
4084:Aristocracy
3884:Isle of Man
3819:recognition
3788:Switzerland
3723:Netherlands
3487:Philippe II
3433:(2012–2017)
3402:(2007–2012)
3379:Raffarin II
3351:(1995–2007)
3285:(1981–1995)
3249:(1974–1981)
3236:Messmer III
3213:(1969–1974)
3195:Pompidou IV
3185:Pompidou II
3167:(1959–1969)
3146:(1958–1959)
3048:(1954–1958)
3000:Queuille II
2995:Bidault III
2965:Ramadier II
2952:(1947–1954)
2919:De Gaulle I
2911:(1944–1946)
2901:(1946–1958)
2841:Daladier IV
2786:Daladier II
2761:Herriot III
2743:Tardieu III
2725:Paul Doumer
2700:Chautemps I
2680:Poincaré IV
2660:Briand VIII
2650:Painlevé II
2617:Poincaré II
2571:Millerand I
2526:Doumergue I
2458:Rouvier III
2379:Félix Faure
2298:Sadi Carnot
2225:Jules Grévy
2190:Dufaure III
1818:Restoration
1742:(1792–1804)
1677:Information
1514:(in French)
945:Ministers (
906:lower house
633:Legislative
623:Referendums
602:Departments
349:Legislature
199:(in French)
91:Established
6199:Categories
6141:Public use
6023:Urban park
5963:Public art
5752:Public bad
5529:Presidents
5225:Defence /
5123:Leadership
5116:ministries
5044:Categories
4977:liberalism
4925:Templates:
4822:Documents:
4797:Overviews:
4649:Regulation
4578:Parliament
4482:Components
4468:Sanitation
4458:Municipal:
4387:John Locke
4372:Liberalism
4352:Fanaticism
4164:Plutocracy
4134:Geniocracy
4124:Federalism
4094:Capitalism
3969:government
3926:Government
3758:San Marino
3718:Montenegro
3698:Luxembourg
3678:Kazakhstan
3581:Azerbaijan
3482:Philippe I
3446:Ayrault II
3420:Fillon III
3374:Raffarin I
3303:Mauroy III
3282:Mitterrand
3231:Messmer II
3180:Pompidou I
2990:Bidault II
2985:Queuille I
2980:Schuman II
2960:Ramadier I
2846:Daladier V
2811:Sarraut II
2771:Daladier I
2705:Tardieu II
2685:Poincaré V
2675:Herriot II
2612:Briand VII
2561:Painlevé I
2541:Viviani II
2498:Briand III
2493:Poincaré I
2440:Rouvier II
2402:Brisson II
2233:Waddington
2195:Dufaure IV
2152:Dufaure II
2010:Barrot (2)
2005:Barrot (1)
1961:Thiers (2)
1936:Thiers (1)
1931:de Broglie
1827:Talleyrand
1340:6 December
1304:5 December
1268:6 December
1219:References
1134:Ministries
1056:Ministries
955:ministries
811:pronounced
564:Martinique
559:Guadeloupe
360:Membership
330:Government
141:Main organ
5130:President
5112:ministers
4853:Diplomacy
4773:Sociology
4704:Campaigns
4692:Elections
4667:Precedent
4639:Outcomes:
4629:Committee
4608:processes
4558:Judiciary
4533:President
4493:Documents
4433:Espionage
4396:Functions
4342:Extremism
4277:Anarchism
4229:Consensus
4219:Cellular
4202:Democracy
4189:Theocracy
4174:Socialism
4159:Oligarchy
4129:Feudalism
4109:Communism
3976:Overviews
3874:Gibraltar
3693:Lithuania
3461:Cazeneuve
3441:Ayrault I
3415:Fillon II
3333:Bérégovoy
3323:Rocard II
3313:Chirac II
3298:Mauroy II
3272:Barre III
3226:Messmer I
3164:De Gaulle
3056:Laniel II
3015:Pleven II
2970:Schuman I
2934:Bidault I
2796:Flandin I
2776:Sarraut I
2738:Laval III
2695:Tardieu I
2690:Briand XI
2665:Briand IX
2645:Herriot I
2551:Briand VI
2536:Viviani I
2516:Briand IV
2478:Briand II
2392:Bourgeois
2387:Ribot III
2369:Dupuy III
2316:Tirard II
2288:Rouvier I
2273:Brisson I
2263:Fallières
2215:Dufaure V
2180:de Cissey
2147:Dufaure I
2052:(1852–70)
2000:Cavaignac
1983:(1848–52)
1966:Soult (3)
1956:Soult (2)
1911:Soult (1)
1879:(1830–48)
1867:Mortemart
1857:Martignac
1837:Dessolles
1820:(1814–30)
1781:(1804–14)
976:Functions
951:Ministres
898:president
886:ministres
852:ministers
643:Municipal
616:Elections
526:Occitania
501:Grand Est
405:Judiciary
381:President
365:President
280:President
272:Executive
6165:Category
6099:See also
5720:Concepts
5180:Minister
4817:Suffrage
4747:Academic
4680:Politics
4619:Process:
4588:Assembly
4573:Congress
4553:Ministry
4428:Military
4362:Feminism
4287:Centrism
4254:Republic
4154:Monarchy
4074:Systems:
4043:Township
3965:Politics
3894:Svalbard
3879:Guernsey
3826:Abkhazia
3773:Slovenia
3768:Slovakia
3743:Portugal
3601:Bulgaria
3456:Valls II
3430:Hollande
3410:Fillon I
3389:Villepin
3364:Juppé II
3338:Balladur
3318:Rocard I
3293:Mauroy I
3267:Barre II
3257:Chirac I
3210:Pompidou
3086:Pflimlin
3081:Gaillard
3066:Faure II
3035:Laniel I
3005:Pleven I
2939:Blum III
2806:Laval IV
2801:Bouisson
2733:Laval II
2670:Briand X
2546:Briand V
2531:Ribot IV
2473:Briand I
2407:Dupuy IV
2351:Dupuy II
2336:Ribot II
2306:Tirard I
2268:Ferry II
2248:Gambetta
2069:Ollivier
2015:Hautpoul
1946:Molé (2)
1941:Molé (1)
1901:Laffitte
1862:Polignac
1788:Napoleon
1626:Overseas
1596:Interior
1410:29669008
724:Centrism
676:Americas
516:Normandy
486:Brittany
211:a series
86:Overview
6177:Commons
6106:Commons
5160:Premier
4903:Related
4859:Embassy
4812:Reforms
4786:History
4724:Issues:
4709:Groups:
4624:Hearing
4583:Council
4548:Cabinet
4543:Bodies:
4528:Monarch
4503:Charter
4357:Fascism
4179:Statism
4079:Anarchy
4052:Systems
4018:Levels:
3798:Ukraine
3748:Romania
3708:Moldova
3666:Ireland
3661:Iceland
3656:Hungary
3646:Germany
3641:Georgia
3631:Finland
3626:Estonia
3621:Denmark
3606:Croatia
3591:Belgium
3586:Belarus
3576:Austria
3571:Armenia
3566:Andorra
3561:Albania
3507:Barnier
3451:Valls I
3399:Sarkozy
3359:Juppé I
3328:Cresson
3262:Barre I
3020:Faure I
2851:Reynaud
2831:Blum II
2715:Laval I
2607:Leygues
2556:Ribot V
2521:Barthou
2488:Sarrien
2463:Sarrien
2425:Dupuy V
2341:Dupuy I
2331:Ribot I
2311:Floquet
2258:Duclerc
2243:Ferry I
2025:Faucher
1926:Mortier
1852:Villèle
1842:Decazes
1621:Culture
1616:Justice
990:decrees
908:of the
574:Réunion
569:Mayotte
496:Corsica
457:Regions
186:Website
5636:
5370:Social
5268:Europe
5189:Titles
4874:World:
4864:Treaty
4699:Voting
4654:Zoning
4513:Roles:
4059:Lists:
3993:Empire
3988:Nation
3889:Jersey
3831:Kosovo
3793:Turkey
3783:Sweden
3763:Serbia
3753:Russia
3738:Poland
3733:Norway
3713:Monaco
3683:Latvia
3651:Greece
3636:France
3611:Cyprus
3492:Castex
3471:Macron
3369:Jospin
3348:Chirac
3308:Fabius
3071:Mollet
2949:Auriol
2856:Pétain
2816:Blum I
2435:Combes
2397:Méline
2326:Loubet
2283:Goblet
2185:Buffet
1971:Guizot
1916:Gérard
1687:Police
1408:
1398:
1080:French
1073:Budget
1063:French
1018:French
1006:French
965:French
947:French
936:French
904:, the
873:, the
840:France
803:French
671:Africa
638:Senate
376:Senate
121:Leader
112:
5522:Lists
5506:Other
3983:State
3864:Åland
3778:Spain
3703:Malta
3673:Italy
3502:Attal
3497:Borne
3175:Debré
3030:Mayer
3025:Pinay
2975:Marie
2929:Gouin
2710:Steeg
2483:Monis
2200:Simon
1921:Maret
1026:Third
986:bills
867:Paris
336:Attal
193:.gouv
180:Paris
103:State
5114:and
3967:and
3143:Coty
3045:Coty
1682:Navy
1490:2021
1406:OCLC
1396:ISBN
1342:2014
1306:2014
1270:2014
1028:and
854:.
797:The
681:Asia
320:LREM
310:list
295:LREM
285:list
191:info
4660:Law
1692:War
1672:Air
1636:Sea
1368:doi
865:in
838:in
195:.fr
6201::
2129:–
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