French protectorate of Tunisia

762:, who according to Wesseling "had been pulling the strings ever since 1837." Khaznadar was minister of finance and foreign affairs and was assisted by the interior, defence, and naval ministers. In 1861, Tunisia was granted a constitution with a clear division of ministerial powers and responsibilities, but in practice, Khaznadar was the absolute sovereign. He pursued reformist policies promoting economic development, specifically aimed at improving, infrastructure, communication, and the armed forces. The Tunisian economy did not, however, generate enough revenue to sustain these reforms. Central administration, additionally, was weak. Tax collection was devolved onto tax-farmers, and only one-fifth of the revenues ever reached the national treasury. Many hill tribes and desert nomads lived in quasi-independence. Economic conditions deteriorated through the 19th century, as foreign fleets curbed corsairs, and droughts perennially wreaked havoc on production of cereals and olives. Because of accords with foreign traders dating back to the 16th century, custom duties were limited to 3 per cent of the value of imported goods; yet manufactured products from overseas, primarily textiles, flooded Tunisia and gradually destroyed local artisan industries. 104: 766:

loan from foreign bankers. In 1867, an attempt to secure money failed; government revenues were insufficient to meet annual interest payments on the national debt. Tunisia plunged towards bankruptcy. Two years later France, Italy and Britain set up an international finance commission to sort out Tunisia's economic problems and safeguard Western interests. Their actions enjoyed only partial success, largely because of opposition from foreign traders to increases in customs levies. In 1873, Khaznadar again undertook reforms and attacked the widespread financial abuses within the bureaucracy. The results were initially promising, but bad harvests and palace intrigue led to his downfall.

1051: 1261: 567: 1653:, where in 1950, he issued a seven-point manifesto demanding the restitution of Tunisian sovereignty and election of a national assembly. A conciliatory French government acknowledged the desirability of autonomy, although it warned that this would come only at an unspecified time in the future; Paris proposed French and Tunisian "co-sovereignty" over the protectorate. An accord signed the next year, which granted increased powers to Tunisian officials, fell short of satisfying nationalists and outraged settlers. New French prime ministers took a harder line and kept Bourguiba under house arrest from 1951 to 1954. 592: 90: 1457:

providing a means of bridging the gap between Arabo-Islamic and European cultures." In a more pragmatic vein, schools teaching modern subjects in a European language would produce a cadre of Tunisians with the skills necessary to staff the growing government bureaucracy. Soon after the protectorate's establishment, the Directorate of Public Education set up a unitary school system for French and Tunisian pupils designed to draw the two peoples closer together. French was the medium of instruction in these Franco-Arab schools, and their curriculum imitated that of schools in

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consortium buying the property believed the deal had been completed, but a British citizen, ostensibly representing neighbouring landholders, preempted the sale and occupied the land (though without paying for it). A judge sent by London to investigate discovered that the British purchaser was acting on behalf of the Bey's government and Italian businessmen; moreover, he discovered that the Briton had used fraud to stake his claim. The sale was cancelled, and French buyers got the property. Paris moved to protect French claims, as London and

211: 1210: 1449: 3067: 912: 3656: 1164: 1484: 744: 829: 1630: 1391: 1128: 3666: 1461:. French-speaking students who attended them studied Arabic as a second language. Ethnic mixing rarely occurred in schools in the cities, in which various religious denominations continued to run elementary schools. The Franco-Arab schools attained somewhat greater success in rural areas but never enrolled more than a fifth of Tunisia's eligible students. At the summit of the modern education system was the 3676: 1288:. Paris did not act immediately; the French parliament remained in an anti-colonial mood and no groundswell of popular opinion mandated a takeover of Tunisia. Several developments spurred France to action. In 1880, the British owners of the railway linking Tunis with the coast put their company up for sale. An Italian concern successfully bid for the enterprise, leaving France worried about possible 1365:

At the same time, the rulers obtained the dismissal of Tunisians who had supported the 1881 rebellion or had otherwise opposed the extension of French influence. A Frenchman held the office of Secretary-General of the Tunisian government, an office created in 1883 to advise the Prime Minister and oversee the work of the bureaucracy. French experts answerable only to the Secretary-General and the

736: 1335: 1197:, a French military force was harassed by 6,000 insurgents between 26 and 30 August and lost 30 soldiers. European civilians were not spared. On 30 September, the Oued Zarga station was attacked and nine employees were massacred. Following this massacre, Tunis was occupied on 7 October by French troops to reassure the foreign population. 1402:, roughly corresponding to provincial governors, were the most important figures in local administration. At the outset of the protectorate, some sixty of them had the responsibility of maintaining order and collecting taxes in districts either defined by tribal membership, or by geographical limits. The central government appointed the 1423:(Intelligence Service), fulfilled this duty. Successive Residents-General, fearing the soldiers' tendency toward direct rule – which belied the official French myth that Tunisians continued to govern Tunisia – worked to bring the Service des Renseignements under their control, finally doing so at the end of the century. 1668:— spurred French efforts to solve the Tunisian question quickly and peacefully. In a speech in Tunis, Mendès-France solemnly proclaimed the autonomy of the Tunisian government, although France retained control of substantial areas of administration. In 1955, Bourguiba returned to Tunis in triumph. At the same time, the 1426:

Shoring up the debt-ridden Tunisian treasury was one of Cambon's main priorities. In 1884, France guaranteed the Tunisian debt, paving the way for the termination of the International Debt Commission's stranglehold on Tunisian finances. Responding to French pressure, the Bey's government then lowered

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As a protectorate, Tunisia's status differed from that of Algeria. The Bey remained in office as head of state, and Tunisia was deemed nominally independent, while existing treaties with other states stayed in force. France, however, took control of Tunisia's foreign affairs, finances, and maintained

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rail line; yet French strategy worked to circumvent this and other issues created by the sizable colony of Tunisian Italians. Direct attempts by the French to negotiate with the Bey their entry into Tunisia failed. France waited, searching to find reasons to justify the timing of a preemptive strike,

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became worried of the strengthening of Ottoman authority in the east, and was therefore not too unhappy in 1830 when another country, France, had settled on his western borders. According to Wesseling, the bey considered the conquest of his country by the Porte would be worse than a possible conquest

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The protectorate introduced new ideas in education. The French director of public education looked after all schools in Tunisia, including religious ones. According to Perkins, "Many colonial officials believed that modern education would lay the groundwork for harmonious Franco-Tunisia relations by

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they had maintained to protect their nationals from the Tunisian judiciary. The French courts also tried cases in which one litigant was Tunisian, the other European. The protectorate authorities made no attempt to alter Muslim religious courts in which judges, or qadis, trained in Islamic law heard

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In 1861, Prime Minister Mustapha Khaznadar made an effort to modernise administration and increase revenues by doubling taxes. The primary effect, only fully felt by 1864, was widespread rural insurrection, coupled with great hardship for the general population. The government had to negotiate a new

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era contributed to this, which completely transformed the country above all for the benefit of the settlers, mostly Italians whose numbers were growing rapidly. A whole land legislation was put in place allowing the acquisition or the confiscation of land to create lots of colonization resold to the

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French officials used several methods to control the Tunisian government. They urged the Bey to nominate members of the pre-colonial ruling elite to such key posts as prime-minister, because these people were personally loyal to the Bey and followed his lead in offering no resistance to the French.

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France did not enlarge its Maghreb domain beyond Algeria for half a century. The next area for expansion, at the beginning of the 1880s, was Tunisia. With an area of 155,000 square kilometers, Tunisia was a small prize, but it occupied strategic importance, across the Algerian frontier and only 150

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granting France a protectorate over Tunisia. Although soldiers took until May 1882 to occupy the whole country and stamp out resistance, Tunisia had become a new French holding. Germany and Britain remained silent; Italy was outraged but powerless. French public opinion was largely supportive, and

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These French officials replicated, at the local level, the work of the Resident-General, closely supervising the qaids and sheikhs. After 1884, a network of contrôleurs civils overlay the qaids' administration throughout the country, except in the extreme south. There, because of the more hostile

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The Bey was soon compelled to come to terms with the French occupation of the country, signing the first of a series of treaties. These documents provided that the Bey continue as head of state, but with the French given effective control over a great deal of Tunisian governance, in the form of a

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By this text, France deprived the Tunisian State of the right of active legation by entrusting diplomatic and consular agents of France in foreign countries with the protection of Tunisian interests and nationals of the Beylik. As for the Bey, he can no longer conclude any act of an international

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Italy had a strong interest in Tunisia since at least the early 19th century, and had briefly entertained the idea of invading the country in the 1860s. Italian was the lingua franca of Tunisian diplomacy well into the 19th century, and of the various expatriate communities in Tunis that did not

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After the establishment of French protectorate, Italian immigrants in Tunisia would have protested and caused serious difficulties to France. However, little at a time, the problem was solved and the immigrants could later opt for French nationality and benefit from the same vantages as French

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intervention. Another incident, also in 1880, concerned the sale of a 100 000 hectare property by a former Tunisian prime minister. Negotiations involved complicated arrangements to forestall preemption of the sale by the Bey's government or by proprietors of adjacent tracts of land. A French

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Troops are sent as reinforcements from French Algeria. On 26 October, Kairouan was recaptured from the insurgents by the French forces. Ben Ammar's fighters were routed on 22 October; the last resisters were surrounded on 20 November. The last fighting stops at the end of December 1881.

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to invite Paris to act in Tunisia precising that, in case of action, Germany wouldn't have raised objections. While in Italy there was a debate about the reliability of the news about a possible French action in Tunisia, a twenty-thousand-men expeditionary corps was preparing in the

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who accepted the throne despite the conditions under which his predecessor was forced to abdicate. Rejected by a large part of the Tunisian population, he only gained his legitimacy on the death of Moncef on 1 September 1948, which put an end to the hopes of Tunisians to see the

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the leaders of tribes, villages, and town quarters. The central government also appointed them but on the recommendation of the qaids. After the French invasion, most qaids and cheikhs were allowed to retain their post, and therefore few of them resisted the new authorities.

799:, while a growing number of Europeans, almost exclusively Italians and Maltese, settled in Tunisia. In 1870, there were 15,000 of them. The economic situation of Tunisian townsmen may accordingly have been under pressure, but it was flourishing in comparison with that of the 174: 1149:

nature without having first informed the French State and without having its permission. By this treaty, France also undertook to ensure the durability of the monarchical regime and to preserve the Bey's status as sovereign and head of state; article 3 indicated that

1361:, Kenneth J. Perkins writes: "Cambon carefully kept the appearance of Tunisian sovereignty while reshaping the administrative structure to give France complete control of the country and render the beylical government a hollow shell devoid of meaningful powers." 184: 1221:

tribe episodically launched raids into the surrounding countryside. In the spring of 1881, they raided across the border into French Algeria, attacking the Algerian Ouled-Nebed tribe. On 30 March 1881 French troops clashed with the raiders. Using the pretext of

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Many Tunisians took satisfaction in France's defeat by Germany in June 1940, but the nationalist parties derived no more substantive benefit from the fall of France. Despite his commitment to terminate the French protectorate, the pragmatic independence leader

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At 4 pm, escorted by two squadrons of hussars, Bréart presented himself in front of the Bey's palace accompanied by his entire staff and most of the senior military officers. Tunisian soldiers honored them. They are introduced into the living room where

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with 15,000, where traders and artisans were active, despite being severely affected by foreign competition. The traditional Tunisian textile industry couldn't compete with imported goods from industrialized Europe. The financial world was dominated by

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taxes. French officials hoped that their careful monitoring of tax assessment and collection procedures would result in a more equitable system and stimulate a revival in production and commerce, generating more revenue for the state.

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At the time, Tunisia had just over a million inhabitants. Half of these were sedentary farmers who lived mainly in the northeast, and the other half were nomadic shepherds who roamed the interior. There were several towns, including

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With her own substantial interests in Tunisia, Italy protested but would not risk a confrontation with France. Hence Tunisia officially became a French protectorate on May 12, 1881, when the ruling Sadik Bey (1859–1882) signed the

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means the return in force of the French protectorate in Tunisia. The first victim was Moncef Bey who took advantage of the weakening of the French to publicize the Tunisian cause. Little suspected of having collaborated with the

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To advise the Resident-General, a consultative conference representing French colonists was set up in 1891, and expanded to include appointed Tunisian representatives in 1907. From 1922 until 1954, Tunisian delegates to the

714:, was created in 1934 whose methods quickly showed their effectiveness. Police repression only accentuated the mobilization of the Tunisian people. The occupation of the country in 1942 by Germany and the deposition of 1304:

tribesmen across the border into Algeria caused the deaths of several Algerians, and four French, providing a pretext for the French. By mid-April, French troops had landed in Tunisia and, on 12 May 1881, forced Bey

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policy. However, they relied on a possible British opposition to an enlargement of the French sphere of influence in North Africa (while, if anything, London was hostile about a single country controlling the whole

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managed and staffed those government offices, collectively called the Technical Services, which dealt with finances, public works, education, and agriculture. To help him implement the reforms alluded to in the

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was quickly cleaned up, which made it possible to launch multiple infrastructure construction programs (roads, railways, ports, lighthouses, schools, hospitals, etc.) and the reforms that took place during the

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Encouraged by the inertia of the Tunisian army, which had not moved to defend the town of Le Kef against the French attack, Jules Ferry decided to send a force of 6,000 soldiers under the command of General

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are waiting for them. Fearing being deposed and replaced by his brother Taïeb Bey, the monarch signed the treaty at 7:11 pm. However, he managed to prevent the French troops from entering the capital.

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in 1883, the Bey was only signing the decrees and laws prepared by the Resident General of France in Tunisia. The Tunisian government at the local level remained in place, and was only coordinating between

140: 951:, who sustained that the Italians wouldn't have opposed it because some weeks before France had consented to a renewal of the Italo-French trade treaty, Italy was still paying debts contracted with 1440:

relevant cases. A beylical court handling criminal cases operated under French supervision in the capital. In 1896, similar courts were instituted in the provinces, also under French supervision.

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A general strike in 1952 led to violent confrontation between the French and Tunisians, including guerrilla attacks by nationalists. Yet another change in French government, the appointment of

1300:

French diplomats scrambled to convince unenthusiastic parliamentarians and bureaucrats, all the while looking for a new incident to precipitate intervention. In March 1881, a foray by Tunisian

4202: 3750: 3236: 1226:(right of pursuit) France responded by invading Tunisia, sending an army of about 36,000. Their advance to Tunis was rapidly executed, though tribal opposition in the far south and at 4656: 138: 1575:

sent an end of inadmissibility in response to the monarch. On 12 October, it was the absence of Tunisians among the French directors of the administration that provoked his anger.

3999: 710:, was created in 1920, but its political activity decreased rapidly in 1922. However, Tunisians educated in French universities revived the nationalist movement. A new party, the 3241: 3743: 3377: 5864: 3421: 976:, followed on 11 May by the rest of the forces. The episode gave an ulterior confirm of the Italian political isolation, and rekindled the polemics that had followed the 3426: 1058:

Taking the pretext of border incidents between the Algerian tribe of Ouled Nahd and the Tunisian tribe of Kroumirs on 30 and 31 March 1881, the French government led by

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Decolonisation proved a protracted and controversial affair. In Tunisia, nationalists demanded the return of the deposed Bey and institutional reform. In 1945, the two

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that Italy could have occupied Tunis, but Robilant rejected the invitation, and received comfort, along this line, by his Foreign Affairs minister: William L. Langer,

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In 1883, French law and courts were introduced; thereafter, French law applied to all French and foreign residents. The other European powers agreed to give up the

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These circumstances made the Tunisian government unable, despite all levies and demands, to collect the tax revenues they deemed necessary to modernise Tunisia.

5879: 1504:, whose state ideologies he abhorred. He feared that associating with the Axis would bring short-term benefit at the cost of long-term tragedy. Following the 3394: 2424: 3992: 1175:

on 27 June. The local authorities were overwhelmed and the Europeans have to evacuate the city in disaster. The rebellion was put down by marines from the

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was terminated which further paved way for Tunisian independence, as decolonisation gained pace. The next year, the French revoked the clause of the

1587:, he can only be blamed for the decorations awarded on 12 April to German and Italian generals. He was however deposed by a decree of the general of 5810: 3712: 2420: 1718: 1520:, who had no intention of permitting a revival of Tunisian political activity. The arrests of Taieb Slim and Habib Thameur, central figures in the 5713: 5483: 4944: 4800: 3985: 1063: 2717: 103: 17: 3300: 803:, peasants who laboured under a whole series of taxes and requisitions. From 1867 to 1868, crop failure, subsequent famine, and epidemics of 4858: 5405: 4853: 1713: 860: 426: 5869: 4745: 4478: 1873: 4954: 4446: 5854: 3317: 2887: 1366: 1354:

of control over internal matters by committing him to implement administrative, judicial, and financial reform dictated by France.

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in April 1922, he had a reputation for being close to the people. From 10 August, he did not hesitate to enter into conflict with

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The return to France of half of the military force encouraged the country to take up arms. The signal for the revolt was given by

5468: 4809: 3154: 3039: 2045: 1708: 5894: 5859: 3382: 1406:, usually choosing a person from a major family of the tribe or district to ensure respect and authority. Below the qaids were 5904: 5149: 4680: 4121: 1469:. Highly competitive examinations regulated admission to Sadiki, and its graduates were almost assured government positions. 2619:

Andrew, Christopher. M.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1971). "The French 'Colonial Party'. Its Composition, Aims and Influences".

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In the beginning of 1881 France decided to militarily intervene in Tunisia. The motivations of this action were provided by

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by presenting him with a memorandum grouping together 16 demands inspired by his nationalist friends. On 15 September, the

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as Prime Minister in 1954, brought a return to gentler approaches. International circumstances – the French defeat in the

5899: 4793: 4624: 4162: 4011: 1374:, the Resident-General had the power to promulgate executive decrees, reducing the Bey to little more than a figurehead. 5889: 5230: 5106: 3219: 2005: 1859: 5285: 5213: 5179: 4316: 3491: 2900: 2855: 2805: 2777: 2727: 2583: 2522: 2503: 2446: 2410: 1869: 1793: 1285: 1151:

the Government of the French Republic undertakes to lend constant support to H.H the Bey of Tunis against any danger.

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on the same day. The three armies can then join together to eliminate the mountain tribes who resisted until 26 May.

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The Kef military camp was besieged by 5,000 fighters led by the chief of the Ouled Ayar tribe, Ali Ben Ammar. Near

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in what became Libya. Britain supported French influence in Tunisia in exchange for its own protectorate over

5739: 5133: 4439: 3669: 3501: 3399: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3207: 3147: 2997: 1246:(Al Qasr as Sa'id). Later in 1883 his younger brother and successor 'Ali Bey signed the al-Marsa Convention. 1110: 1398:

The French authorities left the framework of local government intact, but devised mechanisms to control it.

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resigned from office on 29 May 1881, thus avoiding that the Camera would openly distrust him; since then he

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on 19 June 1942 was a surprise for the Tunisians. Very popular since he convinced his father to defend the

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The Bey reigned over Tunisia, whose southern borders were ill-defined against the Sahara. To the east lay

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However, such an inversion of the foreign policy of the last decade couldn't be led by the same men, and

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warfare, internal autonomy was granted in 1955. The protectorate was finally abolished on 20 March 1956.

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gently warned that if France did not act, they might reconsider their go-ahead for French occupation.

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The last shots were fired on 26 May where 14 French soldiers and an unknown number of Tunisians died.

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in 1943 by the French authorities reinforced the exasperation of the population. After three years of

5795: 4939: 4543: 4404: 4399: 4167: 3414: 3214: 3095: 2646:

Andrew, Christopher. M.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1976). "French Business and the French Colonialist".

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three years before. The events, in effect, demonstrated the irrealisability of the foreign policy of

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switched their aim to independence. Fearing arrest, Bourguiba spent much of the next three years in

1419:

nature of the tribes and the tenuous hold of the central government, military officers, making up a

30:

This article is about the administration of French Tunisia. For the social history of the same, see

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General R. Hure, page 174 "L' Armee d' Afrique 1830–1962", Charles-Lavauzelle, Paris-Limoges 1977

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General R. Hure, page 175 "L' Armee d' Afrique 1830–1962", Charles-Lavauzelle, Paris-Limoges 1977

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General R. Hure, page 173 "L' Armee d' Afrique 1830–1962", Charles-Lavauzelle, Paris-Limoges 1977

1371: 1343: 1265: 685: 320: 109: 2595:"Debt and Imperialism in Pre-Protectorate Tunisia, 1867-1870. A Political and Economic Analysis" 2594: 2437:

Ganiage, Jean (1985). "North Africa". In Olivier, Roland; Fage, J. D.; Sanderson, G. N. (eds.).

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from 1 May 1881. The city had no resistance and on 8 May 8, the military force took the road to

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Territories Within the Area of Responsibility of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs

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To keep a close watch on developments outside the capital, Tunisia's new rulers organised the

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Langer, W. (1925–1926). "The European Powers and the French Occupation of Tunis, 1878–1881".

1681: 1624: 1497: 1347: 1306: 952: 773:, province of the Ottoman Empire, which had made itself practically independent until Sultan 755: 658: 503: 366: 350: 328: 279: 5769: 1787: 955:

and primarily it was Italy that was politically isolated despite its tentatives towards the

5593: 5245: 5164: 5159: 4879: 3469: 3452: 3404: 3312: 3202: 3125: 3075: 883: 770: 1646: 8: 5693: 5668: 5518: 5513: 5493: 5458: 5443: 5225: 5034: 4988: 4959: 4714: 4037: 3870: 3831: 3775: 3605: 3593: 3535: 3528: 3496: 3190: 3142: 3034: 2695: 2064:, "Storia Diplomatica d'Europa 1815–1968", Editori Laterza, Bari-Roma, 1978, pp. 209–210. 1661: 1458: 1082: 988:, the impossibility of an alliance with France and the necessity of a rapprochement with 935:

before him, never considered to proceed to occupation, being generally hostile towards a

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squadron who retook the city on 16 July after four hours of street fighting, as well as

1141: 1027:. Among the hypotheses weighed by the Italian military staff a possible invasion of the 5765: 5756: 5747: 5678: 5648: 5633: 5618: 5608: 5598: 5563: 5558: 5508: 5453: 5428: 5358: 5325: 5290: 5169: 5086: 5064: 5044: 5010: 4379: 4289: 4238: 4144: 4131: 4062: 3860: 3811: 3803: 3572: 3389: 3360: 3333: 3278: 3130: 3115: 3110: 3019: 2908: 2844: 2756: 2686: 2663: 2648: 2634: 2621: 2571: 2482: 2478: 1938: 1930: 1703: 1677: 1568: 1517: 977: 889: 823: 759: 585: 4778: 1840:

Committee on Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories. 1950. p. 120 fn 27.

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that had established the protectorate in 1881 and recognised the independence of the

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parties joined other dissident groups to petition for autonomy. The following year,

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and the administrations set up on the model of what existed in France. The Tunisian

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The government, known as the Regency of Tunis, is under the French foreign office

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La conquête de la Tunisie. Récit contemporain couronné par l'Académie française

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decided to send a force of 24,000 soldiers placed under the command of General

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The Congress of Berlin, held in 1878, convened to reorganise the states in the

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Balch, Thomas William (November 1909). "French Colonization in North Africa".

5843: 5825: 5812: 5257: 5252: 4923: 4833: 4695: 4601: 4568: 4488: 4343: 3936: 3853: 3826: 3625: 3283: 3273: 2151: 1747: 1176: 956: 902: 875:(recently "purchased" from the Ottomans), and French cooperation regarding a 856: 796: 524: 463: 2549: 1448: 4374: 4228: 4220: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3821: 2305:, éd. Publication du Comité de l’Afrique française, Paris, 1920–1921, p.373 1751: 1665: 1592: 1579: 1501: 1351: 1235: 1011:

disappeared from the political scene. The Italians called these events The

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I rapporti italo-francesi e le linee d'invasione transalpina (1859–1882)

2088:

I rapporti italo-francesi e le linee d'invasione transalpina (1859–1882)

2075:

I rapporti italo-francesi e le linee d'invasione transalpina (1859–1882)

1539:

accused him of collaborating with the Vichy Government and deposed him.

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Ling, Dwight L. (August 1960). "The French Invasion of Tunisia, 1881".

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The European Powers and the French Occupation of Tunis, 1878–1881, I

1926: 1629: 1394:

Aziz Bouattour, Prime Minister of Tunisia under French protectorate.

1314:

the Treaty of Bardo was passed with only one dissenting vote in the

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France Overseas. The Great War and the Climax of French Imperialism

2022: 1596: 1483: 1284:

The opportunity to seize control of Tunisia occurred following the

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The whole country imitated the example of the Sfaxiens. In August,

882:

In the meantime, however, an Italian company apparently bought the

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On 24 April 1881, French troops entered Tunisia from the north (

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now actively contemplated. Italians would call such strike the

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In August and again in October 1876 Austro-Hungarian minister

684:, and more broadly of the French Empire. Tunisian sovereignty 4258: 4149: 1882: 1650: 1102: 972:. On 3 May a French contingent of two thousand men landed in 787: 295: 253: 2657:

Andrew, Christopher. M.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1974). "The

1633:

Habib Bourguiba giving a speech in the city of Bizerte, 1952

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At the Congress arrangements were also understood, e.g., by

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Handbook of Commercial Treaties, Etc., with Foreign Powers.

1326:

the right to station military troops within its territory.

1227: 1172: 230: French colonial empire in Africa prior to World War I 4007: 2118:

Combattre au Kef en 1881 quand la Tunisie devint française

863:, wherein France would be allowed to incorporate Tunisia. 777:

successfully restored his authority by force in 1835. The

1531:

moved towards greater independence in 1942, but when the

1524:

party's political bureau were a result of this attitude.

2456:

Holt, Lucius Hudson; Chilton, Alexander Wheeler (1918).

931:, to which both France and Italy aspired. Cairoli, like 4808: 2719:

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Andrew, Christopher. M.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1981).

2147:, éd. Henri-Charles Lavauzelle, Paris, 1898, p. 42 1954: 1952: 923:

For this reason, the first foreign policy objective of

915:

Benedetto Cairoli, the Prime Minister who suffered the

2232: 2230: 1810: 1277:; Tunisia offered good port facilities, especially at 2515:

Tunisia. Crossroads of the Islamic and European World

1894: 1359:

Tunisia: Crossroads of the Islamic and European World

5865:

1956 disestablishments in the French colonial empire

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combined to kill some 20 percent of the population.

635: 2567:

Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880–1914

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Paul Cambon, the first Resident-General in Tunisia.

2843: 2538:Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée 2439:The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1870 to 1905 2290:Les élections politiques en Tunisie de 1881 à 1956 1487:Sketchmap of Tunisia during the 1942–1943 campaign 1329: 1249: 5850:1881 establishments in the French colonial empire 2562:Verdeel en heers. De deling van Afrika, 1880–1914 2133:, ed. Cérès Productions, Tunis, 1983, p. 80. 1796:. Division of Research for Near East and Africa, 5841: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2245: 1719:National Tobacco and Matches Authority (Tunisia) 2661:in the French Chamber of Deputies, 1892–1932". 2360: 2358: 1054:Bréart, the general who led the first campaign. 2826:France Overseas. A study of Modern Imperialism 2120:, ed. MC-Editions, Carthage, 2014, p. 49. 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1746:The name "Regency of Tunis" was retained from 1516:sent to Tunis as new Resident-General Admiral 1452:Franco-Tunisian school in Le Kef in the 1930s. 1085:. Tabarka was invaded on 26 April, as well as 672:, despite Italian disapproval. It was part of 5880:States and territories disestablished in 1956 5399: 4794: 4440: 4196: 3993: 3751: 3706: 3301:Assembly of the Representatives of the People 2881: 2789:The Ideology of French Imperialism, 1871–1881 2593:Conte, Alessandro; Sabatini, Gaetano (2018). 2592: 2403:Greater France. A history of French Expansion 2374: 2372: 2370: 2321: 2254: 2242: 1496:had no desire to exchange the control of the 1105:. On May 12, the French soldiers encamped at 2835:History of French Colonial Policy, 1870–1925 2441:. Vol. VI. Cambridge University Press. 2355: 2145:L'expédition militaire en Tunisie. 1881–1882 194: 60: 46: 4590: 2736: 2711:. Vol. II. William Blackwood and Sons. 2708:The Last Punic War: Tunis, Past and Present 2697:The Last Punic War: Tunis, Past and Present 2455: 1964: 1888: 1714:List of French residents-general in Tunisia 1025:Italo-French relation dangerously fractured 5875:States and territories established in 1881 5406: 5392: 4801: 4787: 4447: 4433: 4203: 4189: 4000: 3986: 3758: 3744: 3720: 3713: 3699: 2888: 2874: 2770:Morocco and Tunisia, a Comparative History 2700:. Vol. I. William Blackwood and Sons. 2381: 2367: 209: 4467: 3296:National Council of Regions and Districts 2556: 1981: 1958: 3318:Independent High Authority for Elections 2823: 2795: 2704: 2693: 2292:, éd. L’Harmattan, Paris, 2011, pp.20–21 1628: 1546: 1535:were forced out of Tunisia in 1943, the 1482: 1447: 1389: 1333: 1259: 1208: 1162: 1126: 1049: 910: 827: 742: 734: 664:The protectorate was established by the 2832: 2814: 2791:. Catholic University of America Press. 2531: 2512: 2493: 2436: 2400: 2107:, Nuova Cultura, Roma, 2013, pp. 45–46. 2077:, Nuova Cultura, Roma, 2013, pp. 41–42. 2028: 1993: 1758:; the term continued to be used as the 1724: 1709:List of French possessions and colonies 1064:Léonard-Léopold Forgemol de Bostquénard 739:Portrait of the Bey Muhammad III Sadiq. 14: 5842: 2841: 2786: 2715: 2458:A History of Europe. From 1862 to 1914 1819:. Dodd Mead and Company. p. 733. 927:'s government was the colonisation of 653:, was established in 1881, during the 5413: 5387: 4782: 4589: 4466: 4428: 4184: 3981: 3739: 3694: 2869: 2680: 1915:The American Political Science Review 1912: 1754:was nominally a prince regent of the 817: 790:with nearly 100,000 inhabitants, and 649:) and commonly referred to as simply 27:1881–1956 monarchy in Northern Africa 3675: 2895: 2817:The French Colonial Lobby, 1889–1938 2767: 2599:Journal of European Economic History 2464: 2236: 2221: 2131:Quand le soleil s'est levé à l'ouest 2044:suggested to the Italian ambassador 2016: 1900: 1811:Herbert Treadwell Wade, ed. (1927). 32:History of Tunisia under French rule 4810:International relations (1814–1919) 4454: 4163:French colonization of the Americas 3665: 2090:, Nuova Cultura, Roma, 2013, p. 43. 1542: 1385: 1031:by French troops was not excluded. 758:, and the powerful Prime Minister, 631: 24: 2611: 2479:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1960.tb01666.x 1430: 1158: 1066:on the border between Tunisia and 919:and had to resign from his office. 751:In 1859, Tunisia was ruled by the 25: 5926: 5870:1956 disestablishments in Tunisia 2824:Priestly, Herbert Ingram (1938). 2815:Persell, Stewart Michael (1983). 2129:Hachemi Karoui and Ali Mahjoubi, 2006:Italians in Tunisia (and Maghreb) 1794:United States Department of State 1213:First page of the treaty of Bardo 1045: 5714:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5484:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3674: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3065: 2421:d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul 1508:between France and Germany, the 1380:Tunisian Consultative Conference 896: 590: 565: 136: 102: 88: 5855:1880s establishments in Tunisia 4657:French domains of the Holy Land 2833:Roberts, Stephen Henry (1929). 2772:. University Press of America. 2346: 2337: 2308: 2295: 2282: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2183:d'Estournelles de Constant 2002 2163: 2158:d'Estournelles de Constant 2002 2136: 2110: 2093: 2080: 2067: 2055: 2034: 1999: 1987: 1874:U.S. Government Printing Office 1860:His Majesty's Stationery Office 1838:United Nations General Assembly 1817:The New International Year Book 1798:Office of Intelligence Research 1618: 1595:, on 13 May 1943 and exiled to 1472: 1330:Organisation and administration 1250:French protectorate (1881–1956) 1131:Treaty of Bardo on 12 May 1881. 1116: 624:Protectorat français de Tunisie 48:Protectorat français de Tunisie 4652:French domains of Saint Helena 3769:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 2498:. Cambridge University Press. 1906: 1844: 1834:Non-self-governing Territories 1826: 1804: 1780: 1740: 1731: 1670:French protectorate of Morocco 1190:was taken over by the rebels. 637:al-ḥimāya al-Fransīya fī Tūnis 620:French protectorate of Tunisia 43:French protectorate of Tunisia 18:French Protectorate of Tunisia 13: 1: 5895:French colonisation in Africa 5860:1881 establishments in Africa 5180:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 5134:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 5124:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 2800:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2722:. Columbia University Press. 1506:Second Armistice at Compiègne 1500:for that of Fascist Italy or 1286:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 1204: 963:(Ferry confirmed that it was 730: 706:The first nationalist party, 5040:Second Industrial Revolution 4914:League of the Three Emperors 4387:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 2819:. Stanford University Press. 2532:Triulzi, Alessandro (1971). 2513:Perkins, Kenneth J. (1986). 2494:Perkins, Kenneth J. (2004). 1866:Treaty Information Bulletin. 1443: 846:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 7: 5070:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 4627: and Antarctic Lands 3383:Water supply and sanitation 2747:(31): 55–79 & 251–256. 2496:A History of Modern Tunisia 2101:Sapienza University of Rome 2031:, p. 155-158; 160–163. 1687: 1034: 877:nationalist revolt in Egypt 636: 10: 5931: 5900:History of Overseas France 5119:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 2740:American Historical Review 2681:Cohen, William B. (1971). 2576:Greenwood Publishing Group 2303:La Tunisie après la guerre 1694:Embassy of France in Tunis 1622: 1476: 1421:Service des Renseignements 1253: 1230:continued until December. 1217:In northwest Tunisia, the 1120: 1041:French conquest of Tunisia 1038: 900: 832:The Congress of Berlin by 821: 725: 29: 5890:Former colonies in Africa 5727: 5702: 5421: 5278: 5142: 5055: 4940:European balance of power 4932: 4867: 4816: 4740: 4679: 4635: 4618: 4600: 4596: 4585: 4557: 4544:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4517: 4477: 4473: 4462: 4421: 4405:French East India Company 4395: 4367: 4315: 4267: 4219: 4180: 4168:French West India Company 4158: 4130: 4061: 4018: 3977: 3950: 3922: 3884: 3802: 3774: 3735: 3728: 3650: 3571: 3448: 3439: 3341: 3332: 3203:President of the Republic 3198: 3189: 3087:Administrative divisions 3083: 3074: 3063: 2907: 2842:Wilson, Henry S. (1994). 2796:Pakenham, Thomas (1991). 2631:10.1017/S0018246X0000741X 1762:name of the protectorate. 1382:were indirectly elected. 1346:, signed in 1883, by Bey 606: 544: 517: 513: 500: 487: 483: 473: 469: 454: 439: 435: 425: 421: 406: 391: 387: 377: 373: 356: 341: 337: 327: 316: 304: 288: 259: 249: 239: 208: 118: 84: 79: 61: 41: 5905:France–Tunisia relations 5469:Central African Republic 5231:Venezuela Naval Blockade 4902:Anglo-Russian Convention 4683: the Indian Ocean 3040:2013–14 political crisis 3015:Independence declaration 2768:Ling, Dwight L. (1979). 2716:Issawi, Charles (1982). 2705:Broadley, A. M. (1882). 2694:Broadley, A. M. (1881). 2687:Hoover Institution Press 2401:Aldrich, Robert (1996). 2343:Perkins 1986, pp. 88–89. 2143:Ministère de la Guerre, 1348:Ali Muddat ibn al-Husayn 848:, which had been won by 632:الحماية الفرنسية في تونس 63:الحماية الفرنسية في تونس 5915:20th century in Tunisia 5910:19th century in Tunisia 5236:Alaska boundary dispute 4909:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 4892:Franco-Russian Alliance 4591:Uninhabited territories 4102:Saint Kitts & Nevis 3351:Central Bank of Tunisia 2798:The Scramble for Africa 2550:10.3406/remmm.1971.1104 2432:. Paris: éditions Sfar. 1889:Holt & Chilton 1918 1514:Marshal Philippe Pétain 1372:Conventions of La Marsa 1344:Conventions of La Marsa 1318:and unanimously in the 1266:Conventions of La Marsa 1167:Battle of Sfax in 1881. 682:Protectorate of Morocco 668:of 12 May 1881 after a 323:under French protection 321:Constitutional monarchy 5885:Former French colonies 5155:Unification of Germany 5102:Taft–Katsura agreement 4521: collectivities 4359:Sanjak of Alexandretta 4212:Former French colonies 4009:Former French colonies 3767:Former French colonies 3722:French overseas empire 3055:25 July 2021 self-coup 3050:2021 Tunisian protests 3045:2018 Tunisian protests 2846:African Decolonization 2787:Murphy, Agnès (1948). 1699:French Colonial Empire 1664:and insurgency of the 1634: 1615:return to the throne. 1556: 1553:Muhammad VII al-Munsif 1529:Muhammad VII al-Munsif 1488: 1453: 1395: 1339: 1269: 1256:French colonial empire 1214: 1168: 1140:and the French consul 1132: 1055: 920: 837: 748: 740: 657:era, and lasted until 655:French colonial empire 646: 623: 195: 47: 5629:São Tomé and Príncipe 5489:Republic of the Congo 5241:First Moroccan Crisis 4955:Spread of nationalism 4919:Eight-Nation Alliance 4468:Inhabited territories 4400:France–Asia relations 3955:Somaliland (Djibouti) 2387:Aldrich 1996, p. 290. 2378:Aldrich 1996, p. 289. 2364:Perkins 1986, p. 180. 2352:Perkins 2004, p. 105. 2099:Antonello Battaglia ( 2086:Antonello Battaglia, 2073:Antonello Battaglia, 1682:Muhammad VIII al-Amin 1632: 1625:Tunisian independence 1550: 1486: 1477:Further information: 1451: 1393: 1337: 1307:Muhammad III as-Sadiq 1263: 1212: 1166: 1130: 1053: 914: 831: 746: 738: 659:Tunisian independence 280:Judeo-Tunisian Arabic 260:Common languages 5246:Algeciras Conference 5226:Annexation of Hawaii 5165:Great Eastern Crisis 5160:Unification of Italy 5150:Formation of Romania 4967:French–German enmity 4746:overseas departments 4681:Scattered Islands in 4562: collectivity 4020:French North America 3155:World Heritage Sites 3025:Republic declaration 2998:naturalization issue 2334:Perkins 1986, p. 88. 2279:Perkins 1986, p. 87. 2251:Perkins 1986, p. 86. 2062:René Albrecht-Carrié 1737:as High Commissioner 1725:Notes and references 1658:Pierre Mendès-France 884:Tunis-Goulette-Marsa 5826:36.8333°N 10.1500°E 5822: / 5704:States with limited 5311:Philippine–American 5296:First Sino-Japanese 5129:Racconigi agreement 5075:Treaty of Frankfurt 5035:Great Rapprochement 4989:Scramble for Africa 4715:Juan de Nova Island 4602:North Pacific Ocean 4214:in Asia and Oceania 3035:Tunisian revolution 3003:Protests of 9 April 2988:French protectorate 2850:. Hooder Headline. 2574:(trans.). Praeger ( 2405:. Macmillan Press. 1870:Department of State 1662:First Indochina War 1606:He was replaced by 1459:metropolitan France 1416:contrôleurs civils. 1316:Chamber of Deputies 1109:, not far from the 1083:Sakiet Sidi Youssef 695:government's budget 674:French North Africa 5170:Congress of Berlin 5087:Reinsurance Treaty 5065:Congress of Vienna 5045:Industrial warfare 5011:Scramble for China 4620:Overseas territory 4145:France Antarctique 4132:Equinoctial France 4095:Dominican Republic 3422:Traditional crafts 3400:Telecommunications 3361:Banking in Tunisia 3020:Kingdom of Tunisia 2664:Historical Journal 2649:Historical Journal 2622:Historical Journal 2572:Arnold J. Pomerans 2517:. Westview Press. 2185:, p. 221-225. 1891:, p. 220-221. 1800:. 1949. p. 1. 1704:History of Tunisia 1678:Kingdom of Tunisia 1635: 1569:Jean-Pierre Esteva 1557: 1518:Jean-Pierre Esteva 1489: 1454: 1396: 1340: 1270: 1224:droit de poursuite 1215: 1169: 1133: 1056: 1013:Schiaffo di Tunisi 978:Congress of Berlin 921: 890:Schiaffo di Tunisi 838: 824:Congress of Berlin 818:Congress of Berlin 760:Mustapha Khaznadar 749: 741: 703:French colonists. 641:), officially the 586:Kingdom of Tunisia 5805: 5804: 5731:other territories 5504:Equatorial Guinea 5415:History of Africa 5381: 5380: 5350:Albanian Revolts 5207:German Naval Laws 5191:Naval arms races 5175:Berlin Conference 5107:Hague Conventions 4776: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4671:Amsterdam Islands 4662:Kerguelen Islands 4610:Clipperton Island 4581: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4549:Wallis and Futuna 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4317:Mandate for Syria 4307:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 4269:Indochinese Union 4176: 4175: 3973: 3972: 3886:Equatorial Africa 3688: 3687: 3646: 3645: 3617:National symbols 3435: 3434: 3378:Natural resources 3328: 3327: 3308:Political parties 3264:Foreign relations 3185: 3184: 3175:Tunisian diaspora 3008:Tunisian campaign 2993:National movement 2314:Arfaoui Khémais, 2288:Arfaoui Khémais, 1996:, pp. 174–75 1903:, p. 398-99. 1647:Néo-Destour Party 1559:The accession of 1095:Jules Aimé Bréart 1077:), the center of 1029:Italian Peninsula 1005:Benedetto Cairoli 965:Otto von Bismarck 933:Agostino Depretis 925:Benedetto Cairoli 670:military conquest 616: 615: 602: 601: 598: 597: 578: 577: 456:• 1955–1956 441:• 1885–1886 408:• 1954–1956 401:Mohamed Khaznadar 393:• 1881–1882 358:• 1943–1956 343:• 1859–1882 187: 16:(Redirected from 5922: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5831:36.8333; 10.1500 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5792: 5791:(United Kingdom) 5787:Tristan da Cunha 5783:Ascension Island 5775: 5762: 5753: 5729:Dependencies and 5422:Sovereign states 5408: 5401: 5394: 5385: 5384: 5301:Spanish–American 5221:Fashoda Incident 5097:Treaty of Björkö 5082:Treaty of Berlin 5016:Open Door Policy 4950:Eastern question 4897:Entente Cordiale 4803: 4796: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4701:Glorioso Islands 4682: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4598: 4597: 4587: 4586: 4561: 4534:Saint Barthélemy 4529:French Polynesia 4520: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4463: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4234:Coromandel Coast 4205: 4198: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4063:French Caribbean 4043:Terre Neuve 4002: 3995: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3678: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3463:Higher education 3446: 3445: 3339: 3338: 3237:Fundamental Pact 3196: 3195: 3081: 3080: 3069: 3030:1987 coup d'état 2971:Regency of Tunis 2961:Medieval history 2956:Byzantine Empire 2929:Ancient Carthage 2890: 2883: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2849: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2792: 2783: 2764: 2733: 2712: 2701: 2690: 2677: 2668: 2653: 2642: 2606: 2589: 2553: 2528: 2509: 2490: 2461: 2452: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2365: 2362: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2312: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2252: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2116:Camille Mifort, 2114: 2108: 2097: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1962: 1961:, pp. 22–23 1956: 1947: 1946: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1784: 1763: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1573:Vichy government 1543:Deposing the Bey 1510:Vichy Government 1479:Tunisia Campaign 1386:Local government 1367:Resident-General 1273:kilometers from 1142:Théodore Roustan 942:Strait of Sicily 842:Balkan Peninsula 834:Anton von Werner 747:Tunisia in 1843. 686:was more reduced 647:Régence de Tunis 643:Regency of Tunis 639: 633: 594: 593: 582: 581: 569: 568: 562: 561: 546: 545: 537: 529: 459: 444: 427:Resident-General 411: 396: 369: 361: 346: 229: 221: 213: 200: 189: 188: 106: 92: 74: 66: 65: 64: 58: 50: 39: 38: 21: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5840: 5839: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5773: 5760: 5751: 5732: 5730: 5723: 5707: 5705: 5698: 5417: 5412: 5382: 5377: 5316:Boxer Rebellion 5274: 5138: 5092:Treaty of Paris 5057: 5051: 4984:New Imperialism 4945:Ottoman decline 4928: 4875:Triple Alliance 4863: 4824:Austria-Hungary 4812: 4807: 4777: 4768: 4750:Claimed by the 4724: 4720:Tromelin Island 4691:Bassas da India 4675: 4625:French Southern 4614: 4592: 4573: 4553: 4513: 4481: regions 4469: 4458: 4456:Overseas France 4453: 4409: 4391: 4363: 4349:Greater Lebanon 4319:and the Lebanon 4318: 4311: 4263: 4215: 4209: 4172: 4154: 4126: 4057: 4014: 4012:in the Americas 4006: 3969: 3946: 3918: 3880: 3798: 3770: 3764: 3724: 3719: 3689: 3684: 3642: 3626:National anthem 3567: 3563:Public holidays 3475:Tunisian Arabic 3431: 3346:Bourse de Tunis 3324: 3181: 3070: 3061: 2966:Muslim conquest 2922:Capsian culture 2903: 2894: 2864: 2858: 2808: 2780: 2753:10.2307/1904502 2730: 2667:(19): 981–1000. 2659:groupe colonial 2614: 2612:Further reading 2609: 2586: 2558:Wesseling, Henk 2525: 2506: 2449: 2429: 2413: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1965: 1957: 1950: 1927:10.2307/1944685 1911: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1862:, 1931. p. 232. 1853:For example in, 1849: 1845: 1836:. Vol. 2. 1832: 1831: 1827: 1809: 1805: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1767: 1766: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1690: 1674:Treaty of Bardo 1643:Habib Bourguiba 1627: 1621: 1613:Nationalist Bey 1601:Franco-Algerian 1578:The end of the 1545: 1498:French Republic 1494:Habib Bourguiba 1481: 1475: 1467:Hayreddin Pasha 1446: 1437:consular courts 1433: 1431:Judicial system 1388: 1332: 1311:Treaty of Bardo 1258: 1252: 1244:Treaty of Bardo 1207: 1161: 1159:Second Campaign 1125: 1123:Treaty of Bardo 1119: 1048: 1043: 1037: 961:Austria-Hungary 905: 899: 826: 820: 733: 728: 591: 573:Beylik of Tunis 566: 540: 535: 527: 506: 493: 491:Treaty of Bardo 478:Interwar period 460: 457: 445: 442: 416:Tahar Ben Ammar 412: 409: 397: 394: 365: 362: 359: 347: 344: 300: 284: 267:Tunisian Arabic 235: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 204: 197:La Marseillaise 190: 137: 114: 113: 112: 107: 99: 98: 96:Unofficial flag 93: 75: 68: 62: 59: 52: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5928: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796:Western Sahara 5793: 5776: 5763: 5754: 5740:Canary Islands 5736: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5348: 5343: 5333: 5328: 5326:Russo-Japanese 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5291:Anglo-Egyptian 5288: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5265:Bosnian Crisis 5262: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5214:Austro-Italian 5211: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5112:Martens Clause 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4994:Egyptian Lever 4981: 4979:Pax Britannica 4976: 4975: 4974: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4960:Sovereign debt 4957: 4952: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4887:Triple Entente 4884: 4883: 4882: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4854:United Kingdom 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4744:Also known as 4741: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4707:Banc du Geyser 4698: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4647:Crozet Islands 4644: 4636: 4630: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4594: 4593: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4354:Jabal al-Druze 4351: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4327:State of Syria 4323: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4122:Virgin Islands 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4086:Saint-Domingue 4083: 4081:The Grenadines 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4048:French Florida 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3965:Isle de France 3962: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3662: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3492:Radio stations 3489: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3427:Major projects 3424: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3415:Rail transport 3412: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3356:Tunisian dinar 3353: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3215:Prime Minister 3212: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2806: 2793: 2784: 2778: 2765: 2734: 2728: 2713: 2702: 2691: 2678: 2669: 2654: 2652:(17): 837–866. 2643: 2625:(14): 99–128. 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2590: 2584: 2554: 2529: 2523: 2510: 2504: 2491: 2473:(4): 396–412. 2462: 2453: 2447: 2434: 2417: 2411: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2380: 2366: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2320: 2307: 2294: 2281: 2253: 2241: 2239:, p. 410. 2226: 2224:, p. 406. 2214: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2175: 2162: 2160:, p. 167. 2150: 2135: 2122: 2109: 2092: 2079: 2066: 2054: 2042:Gyula Andrássy 2033: 2021: 2019:, p. 399. 2009: 1998: 1986: 1982:Wesseling 1996 1963: 1959:Wesseling 1996 1948: 1921:(4): 539–551. 1905: 1893: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876:, 1933. p. 16. 1863: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1825: 1803: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1756:Ottoman sultan 1739: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1623:Main article: 1620: 1617: 1544: 1541: 1474: 1471: 1463:Sadiki College 1445: 1442: 1432: 1429: 1387: 1384: 1331: 1328: 1264:First page of 1254:Main article: 1251: 1248: 1206: 1203: 1160: 1157: 1121:Main article: 1118: 1115: 1068:French Algeria 1047: 1046:First Campaign 1044: 1039:Main article: 1036: 1033: 970:Toulon arsenal 908:speak Arabic. 901:Main article: 898: 895: 822:Main article: 819: 816: 779:Bey of Tunisia 732: 729: 727: 724: 678:French Algeria 651:French Tunisia 614: 613: 608: 604: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 588: 579: 576: 575: 570: 558: 557: 552: 542: 541: 539: 538: 530: 521: 519: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 501: 498: 497: 494: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 475: 474:Historical era 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 455: 452: 451: 446: 440: 437: 436: 433: 432: 429: 423: 422: 419: 418: 413: 407: 404: 403: 398: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 379:Prime Minister 375: 374: 371: 370: 363: 357: 354: 353: 348: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 331: 325: 324: 318: 314: 313: 308: 302: 301: 299: 298: 292: 290: 286: 285: 283: 282: 277: 272: 269: 263: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 233: 232: 226: 224: 218: 215: 214: 206: 205: 203: 202: 191: 135: 133: 123: 116: 115: 108: 101: 100: 94: 87: 86: 85: 82: 81: 77: 76: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5927: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5838: 5835: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544:Guinea-Bissau 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331:Italo-Turkish 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286:Russo-Turkish 5284: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5258:Treaty of Fes 5256: 5255: 5254: 5253:Agadir Crisis 5251: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4924:Balkan League 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4880:Dual Alliance 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4859:United States 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Europa Island 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4584: 4570: 4569:New Caledonia 4567: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489:French Guiana 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4344:Alawite State 4342: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4112:Saint Vincent 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937:Grande Comore 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3854:Four Communes 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3837:Arguin Island 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812:Côte d'Ivoire 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3681: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3458:Baccalaureate 3456: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2917:Early history 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2859: 2857:0-340-55929-2 2853: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2807:0-297-81130-4 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2779:0-8191-0873-1 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2729:0-231-03443-1 2725: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2585:0-275-95138-3 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2524:0-7099-4050-5 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2505:0-521-81124-4 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:The Historian 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2448:0-521-22803-4 2444: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412:0-333-56740-4 2408: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2317: 2311: 2304: 2298: 2291: 2285: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2169:Luc Galliot, 2166: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748:Ottoman Tunis 1743: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1685: 1684:on 20 March. 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1465:, founded by 1464: 1460: 1450: 1441: 1438: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1239: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1177:Mediterranean 1174: 1165: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1017:Slap of Tunis 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 998:obtorto collo 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 962: 958: 957:German Empire 954: 950: 945: 943: 938: 934: 930: 926: 918: 917:slap of Tunis 913: 909: 904: 903:Slap of Tunis 897:Slap of Tunis 894: 892: 891: 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 867:was promised 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 835: 830: 825: 815: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Tunisian Jews 793: 789: 783: 780: 776: 772: 767: 763: 761: 757: 754: 745: 737: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 701: 696: 692: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 638: 629: 625: 621: 612: 609: 607:Today part of 605: 589: 587: 584: 583: 580: 574: 571: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 543: 534: 531: 526: 523: 522: 520: 516: 512: 509:20 March 1956 508: 505: 499: 495: 492: 486: 482: 479: 476: 472: 468: 465: 464:Roger Seydoux 462: 453: 450: 447: 438: 434: 430: 428: 424: 420: 417: 414: 405: 402: 399: 390: 386: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367:Muhammad VIII 364: 355: 352: 349: 340: 336: 332: 330: 326: 322: 319: 315: 312: 309: 307: 303: 297: 294: 293: 291: 287: 281: 278: 276: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 262: 258: 255: 252: 248: 245: 242: 238: 225: 222: Tunisia 217: 216: 212: 207: 199: 198: 192: 134: 131: 130: 125: 124: 121: 117: 111: 105: 97: 91: 83: 78: 72: 56: 49: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5807: 5779:Saint Helena 5750: 5654:South Africa 5644:Sierra Leone 5449:Burkina Faso 5199: 5195:Anglo-German 5184: 5056:Treaties and 4817:Great powers 4705: 4639: 4539:Saint Martin 4375:New Hebrides 4229:Chandernagor 4221:French India 4053:French Texas 3909:Ubangi-Shari 3904:Middle Congo 3871:James Island 3793: 3776:North Africa 3631:Coat of arms 3546:Christianity 3514:Human rights 3269:Armed Forces 3232:Constitution 3165:Demographics 3126:Central West 3101:Subdivisions 3091:Governorates 2987: 2845: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2797: 2788: 2769: 2744: 2738: 2718: 2707: 2696: 2682: 2673: 2662: 2658: 2647: 2620: 2602: 2598: 2565: 2561: 2541: 2537: 2514: 2495: 2470: 2466: 2460:. MacMillan. 2457: 2438: 2425: 2402: 2394:Bibliography 2383: 2348: 2339: 2315: 2310: 2302: 2301:Rodd Balek, 2297: 2289: 2284: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2178: 2170: 2165: 2153: 2144: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2095: 2087: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2057: 2049: 2036: 2029:Triulzi 1971 2024: 2012: 2001: 1994:Ganiage 1985 1989: 1984:, p. 22 1918: 1914: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1865: 1856: 1846: 1833: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1788: 1782: 1759: 1752:Bey of Tunis 1750:, where the 1742: 1733: 1666:Algerian War 1655: 1636: 1619:Independence 1612: 1605: 1593:Henri Giraud 1580:World War II 1577: 1561:Muhammad VII 1558: 1551:Portrait of 1526: 1502:Nazi Germany 1490: 1473:World War II 1455: 1434: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1376: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352:Bey of Tunis 1341: 1324: 1309:to sign the 1299: 1283: 1271: 1240: 1236:protectorate 1232: 1223: 1216: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1183:on 30 July. 1170: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1134: 1117:Bardo Treaty 1111:Bardo Palace 1091: 1072: 1057: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1002: 997: 946: 922: 916: 906: 888: 881: 869:Tripolitania 854: 839: 813: 800: 784: 771:Tripolitania 768: 764: 756:Muhammad III 750: 705: 666:Bardo Treaty 663: 650: 642: 634: 619: 617: 555:Succeeded by 554: 549: 504:Independence 351:Muhammad III 244:Protectorate 129:Salam al-Bey 127: 119: 110:Coat of arms 36: 5829: / 5706:recognition 5659:South Sudan 5549:Ivory Coast 5373:World War I 5336:Balkan Wars 5321:Second Boer 5306:Banana Wars 5270:July Crisis 5201:Dreadnought 5186:Weltpolitik 5030:Pan-Slavism 4762:Claimed by 4756:Claimed by 4641:Adélie Land 4559:Sui generis 4290:Cochinchina 4107:Saint Lucia 3861:Upper Volta 3804:West Africa 3670:WikiProject 3368:Agriculture 2544:: 153–184. 1589:Free France 1585:Axis powers 1537:Free French 1522:Neo-Destour 1097:to land at 1060:Jules Ferry 1023:colonists. 1015:(literally 949:Jules Ferry 782:by France. 712:Neo Destour 550:Preceded by 536:(1891–1956) 528:(1881–1891) 496:12 May 1881 449:Paul Cambon 5844:Categories 5817:10°09′00″E 5814:36°50′00″N 5761:(Portugal) 5719:Somaliland 5639:Seychelles 5604:Mozambique 5589:Mauritania 5574:Madagascar 5529:The Gambia 5464:Cape Verde 5058:agreements 5006:Great Game 4972:Revanchism 4758:Madagascar 4667:Saint Paul 4499:Martinique 4494:Guadeloupe 4249:Pondichéry 3960:Madagascar 3832:Mauritania 3594:Literature 3507:Censorship 3502:Newspapers 3487:Television 3291:Parliament 3148:Ecoregions 3131:South East 3116:North West 3111:North East 2944:Second War 2934:Punic Wars 2318:, pp.45–51 1868:Issue 39. 1775:References 1608:Lamine Bey 1205:Occupation 1107:La Manouba 996:, even if 937:militarist 844:after the 731:Background 716:Moncef Bey 317:Government 306:Demonym(s) 5594:Mauritius 5021:Meiji era 4868:Alliances 4764:Mauritius 4623: ( 4033:Louisiana 3914:Cameroons 3470:Languages 3453:Education 3405:Transport 3313:Elections 3279:Air Force 3170:Tunisians 3076:Geography 2981:Husaynids 2949:Third War 2939:First War 2639:159549039 2560:(1996) . 2237:Ling 1960 2222:Ling 1960 2017:Ling 1960 1943:144883559 1901:Ling 1960 1444:Education 1138:Sadok Bey 1079:Kroumirie 992:and with 775:Mahmud II 720:guerrilla 691:Tunisians 661:in 1956. 645:(French: 622:(French: 289:Religion 80:1881–1956 5785: / 5781: / 5774:(France) 5768: / 5746: / 5742: / 5694:Zimbabwe 5669:Tanzania 5519:Ethiopia 5514:Eswatini 5494:Djibouti 5459:Cameroon 5444:Botswana 4519:Overseas 4479:Overseas 4337:Damascus 4286:Vietnam 4277:Cambodia 4254:Karaikal 4071:Dominica 3866:Togoland 3660:Category 3613:Tunisian 3606:Football 3536:Religion 3529:Polygamy 3497:Internet 3395:Industry 3191:Politics 3143:Wildlife 3107:Regions 2901:articles 2487:24436566 2423:(2002). 2046:Robilant 1688:See also 1645:and the 1597:Laghouat 1527:The Bey 1408:cheikhs, 1302:Khroumir 1219:Khroumir 1195:Hammamet 1188:Kairouan 1035:Conquest 1009:de facto 986:Depretis 801:fellahin 792:Kairouan 680:and the 518:Currency 311:Tunisian 5770:Réunion 5766:Mayotte 5757:Madeira 5752:(Spain) 5748:Melilla 5679:Tunisia 5649:Somalia 5634:Senegal 5619:Nigeria 5609:Namibia 5599:Morocco 5564:Liberia 5559:Lesotho 5509:Eritrea 5479:Comoros 5454:Burundi 5429:Algeria 5001:In Asia 4834:Germany 4752:Comoros 4509:Réunion 4504:Mayotte 4422:Present 4380:Vanuatu 4368:Oceania 4140:Berbice 4076:Grenada 3932:Anjouan 3924:Comoros 3876:Albreda 3849:Senegal 3817:Dahomey 3794:Tunisia 3789:Morocco 3784:Algeria 3680:Commons 3573:Culture 3551:Judaism 3441:Society 3390:Tourism 3334:Economy 3225:Cabinet 3160:Museums 2976:Muradid 2909:History 2897:Tunisia 2761:1904502 2605:: 9–32. 2570:]. 2316:op. cit 1935:1944685 1813:"Tunis" 1760:de jure 1639:Destour 1603:South. 1599:in the 1565:Destour 1290:Italian 1279:Bizerte 1099:Bizerte 1075:Tabarka 984:and of 982:Cairoli 974:Bizerte 929:Tunisia 861:Britain 857:Germany 805:cholera 726:Context 708:Destour 611:Tunisia 502:• 489:• 443:(first) 395:(first) 345:(first) 250:Capital 120:Anthem: 5789: 5772: 5759: 5689:Zambia 5684:Uganda 5624:Rwanda 5579:Malawi 5539:Guinea 5434:Angola 5359:Second 5346:Second 5143:Events 4933:Trends 4849:Russia 4829:France 4332:Aleppo 4300:Tonkin 4259:Yanaon 4239:Madras 4117:Tobago 4038:Canada 4028:Acadia 3942:Mohéli 3827:Guinea 3729:Former 3584:Cinema 3558:Health 3373:Energy 3136:Djerid 3096:Cities 2899: 2854: 2804: 2776: 2759: 2726: 2637: 2582: 2521: 2502: 2485: 2445: 2409: 1941: 1933: 1680:under 1320:Senate 1295:Berlin 1275:Sicily 1087:Le Kef 994:Vienna 990:Berlin 953:France 873:Cyprus 850:Russia 809:typhus 700:Beylik 628:Arabic 458:(last) 431: 410:(last) 383: 360:(last) 333: 275:Arabic 271:French 240:Status 228: 220: 122: 71:Arabic 67: 55:French 51: 5744:Ceuta 5664:Sudan 5614:Niger 5569:Libya 5554:Kenya 5534:Ghana 5524:Gabon 5499:Egypt 5439:Benin 5364:Third 5354:First 5341:First 4844:Japan 4839:Italy 4295:Annam 4150:Inini 4091:Haïti 3899:Gabon 3844:Niger 3822:Sudan 3636:Motto 3601:Sport 3589:Music 3580:Arts 3541:Islam 3524:Women 3482:Media 3410:Roads 3121:Sahel 2757:JSTOR 2635:S2CID 2564:[ 2483:JSTOR 2430:(PDF) 1939:S2CID 1931:JSTOR 1770:Notes 1651:Cairo 1404:qaids 1400:Qaids 1181:Gabès 1103:Tunis 865:Italy 788:Tunis 676:with 533:Franc 296:Islam 254:Tunis 5674:Togo 5584:Mali 5474:Chad 5279:Wars 4669:and 4282:Laos 4244:Mahé 3894:Chad 3621:Flag 3519:LGBT 3284:Navy 3274:Army 3257:2022 3252:2014 3247:1959 3242:1861 3220:List 3208:List 2852:ISBN 2802:ISBN 2774:ISBN 2724:ISBN 2580:ISBN 2519:ISBN 2500:ISBN 2443:ISBN 2407:ISBN 1533:Axis 1342:The 1228:Sfax 1173:Sfax 1081:and 959:and 859:and 807:and 618:The 525:Rial 2749:doi 2627:doi 2578:). 2546:doi 2475:doi 2103:), 1923:doi 1512:of 1357:In 1019:). 944:). 753:Bey 329:Bey 5846:: 4093:, 2755:. 2745:31 2743:. 2685:. 2633:. 2603:47 2601:. 2597:. 2540:. 2536:. 2481:. 2471:22 2469:. 2369:^ 2357:^ 2323:^ 2256:^ 2244:^ 2229:^ 1966:^ 1951:^ 1937:. 1929:. 1917:. 1872:. 1815:. 1792:. 1591:, 1322:. 1238:. 1113:. 1070:. 1000:. 893:. 879:. 852:. 630:: 626:; 5407:e 5400:t 5393:v 4802:e 4795:t 4788:v 4629:) 4448:e 4441:t 4434:v 4204:e 4197:t 4190:v 4001:e 3994:t 3987:v 3759:e 3752:t 3745:v 3714:e 3707:t 3700:v 2889:e 2882:t 2875:v 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Knowledge

French protectorate of Tunisia

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