669:, where he announced internal autonomy for Tunisia. This was a welcome surprise for the Bey, who had been kept at arm's length from the negotiations between Mendès France and the Neo Destourians before his visit. Shortly afterwards, the Bey addressed his subjects: 'A new phase has just begun in the life of our beloved country. It is hard for us to recall the painful days that all of Tunisia has lived through.... before this decisive step in our national life, we must stand equal to our destiny in offering to the world the spectacle of a united people marching serenely towards progress. This great constructive effort to which we are summoned can only bear fruit for us through order, peace and security, which all the inhabitants of this country have the right to enjoy.' There was no doubt however that the balance of forces had shifted decisively away from the Bey. For France, the experience of the failed Mzali government highlighted the futility of hoping to evolve political institutions by means of negotiating only with the Bey. The new Resident General,
685:, in exile in Geneva. None of these approaches led to anything. After six months of negotiation, the autonomy accords were signed on 3 June 1955. Bourguiba had returned to Tunis on 1 June, welcomed as he came down the gangplank by the Bey's three sons, and by a giant demonstration of Tunisians. Having crossed the capital in triumph, Bourguiba visited the Bey in Carthage, apparently unmindful of having returned his decoration only a few months before, and made a stirring declaration of the deep attachment felt by the Tunisian people towards beylical rule. On 7 August the Bey applied his seal to the conventions agreed with France and on 1 September, for the first time since the protectorate was established in 1881, he applied his seal to decrees that had not been authorized by the Resident General. On 29 December 1955 his seal confirmed a decree establishing a Constituent Assembly for the country, with elections to be held on 8 April 1956. Tunisia appeared to be evolving into a constitutional monarchy.
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the decrees authorizing the forthcoming elections and the appointment of local governors and mayors. This move was welcomed by Ben
Youssef, who demanded a ministerial reshuffle, but naturally alienated the Bey further from Bourguiba and his followers. He backed down and signed them the following day. Ben Youssef fled the country on 28 January and a crackdown followed on his followers in Tunisia, in which Bourguiba relied on the army, with its French officers, the airforce and heavy artillery. Horrified at this brutality, Lamine Bey renewed his ineffective protestations to Seydoux in April 1956. The only effect was to enrage Bourguiba, who hastened to the palace to accuse the Bey and his family of seeking to hinder the transfer of power from France to the Tunisian government. On 20 March 1956 the Franco-Tunisian protocol was signed by the Grand Vizier
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him. Summoned to the national security headquarters Lamine's wife was interrogated relentlessly for three days to the point where she could no longer speak and suffered an apoplexy as her son Salah Eddine recalled years later. 'As for mother, she never recovered from her arrest and most of all from the three days of interrogation on the fourth floor of the
Ministry of the Interior, where the security forces questioned her endlessly about what happened to the family jewels. Whether she was maltreated or not, she came back with blood coming from her mouth and internal hemorrhages in her lower abdomen. She died later in my father's arms, still in shock, and without ever telling us what she had undergone during her interrogation.' Taken back to La Soukra in agony, she died two days later. She was buried in the cemetery of Sidi Abdelaziz in
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his respects to him at the time of his installation in 1943. However violence quickly erupted between followers of Ben
Youssef and those of Bourguiba, leaving the Bey to vainly attempt to act as arbiter between them. The French had already transferred authority over the police force from the Resident General to the Tunisian government, whose ministers had been chosen by Bourguiba, so Ben Youssef's representations to the Bey had no effect. On 2 December the Bey summoned the Resident General (now known as the High Commissioner)
846:, an old abandoned beylical palace without water or electricity, which was assigned to him and several members of his family: his wife Lalla DjeneĂŻna, their sons princes Chedly, M'hamed and Salah Eddine, princess Soufia, his son in law Mohamed Ben Salem and the Bey al-Mahalla Hassine Bey. The furniture of their new dwelling was no more than a mattress on the floor, with no sheets or covers. Food was provided for the first three days, after which the family was left to fend for itself.
639:, were willing to give these reforms a chance, but the French refusal to free Bourguiba remained a stumbling block for many Tunisians, and indeed, for Bourguiba himself. 'The failure of an old man terrorized by the fear of deposition and exile, combined with the vile ambition of an unscrupulous adventurer risk depriving Tunisia of the only asset that remains to it: it standing as a nation state; its legal character, recognized internationally by treaty and confirmed by the
600:. Unable to resist de Hauteclocque any longer, Lamine Bey eventually signed the decrees on limited internal autonomy which had been formulated months previously in Paris, thereby allowing new municipal elections. However the reforms imposed by the French remained a dead letter – the nationalists launched a campaign of terror against both candidates and voters. This extended as far as the ruling family itself – on 1 July 1953 the Bey's heir apparent
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464:. As was the norm under the French protectorate, the Bey was not consulted on the choice of ministers (the Chenik government appointed by Moncef Bey had been an exception to this rule). It was only on 6 July that Moncef Bey eventually abdicated, thereby rendering Lamine Bey's accession legitimate. For most Tunisians however, Lamine Bey was still considered to be a usurper.
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villa. Their daughter princess Soufia was allowed to visit them whenever she wished however. On 8 September the trial of Tahar Ben Ammar came to an end, having worked up the public mood with accusations made, and later withdrawn, about the who possessed the jewels which had belonged to the Bey's wife, which had still not been found.
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to remind him of France's responsibility for public order—which in fact it no longer had. In effect, the Bey was appealing for a restoration of colonial powers from the nationalist government. As his appeals had no effect he made use of the only power remaining to him and refused to apply his seal to
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Despite the repeated efforts of the Bey, a new government was formed without consulting the palace. To recover some semblance of his former influence, on 10 August he proposed to the French government that the institution of the beylicate should be replaced with a full monarchy, which would give him
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Mzali's cabinet resigned on 17 June 1954 and no successor was appointed. Bitter at the defeat of his efforts, the Bey confided to
Voizard 'For a year, since I have been asking for Bourguiba to be released or transferred to a spa, I have received nothing but threats. Then you transfer him to a remote
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complaining of De
Hauteclocque's discourteous and threatening tone. The only result was that within a few hours, every one of his ministers had been arrested and interned. Deprived of the support of his ministers, on 28 March the Bey eventually gave way and signed the decree naming De Hauteclocque's
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arrived in Tunis. The political situation had remained unchanged since the end of the war – the
Destour and Neo Destour could agree on nothing except the demand to remove Lamine Bey and reinstate his predecessor. The court was consumed by a morbid obsession with his restoration. Indeed, the mood was
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where he attended the military parades on 14 July 1945, standing next to De Gaulle. He then went on to visit
Germany. For Tunisians however, he remained 'The Bey of the French'. In August 1946 when the capital was at a standstill during a general strike to protest the arrest of several nationalists,
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on 11 August. Hassine, M'hamed and princess Soufia were freed several days later. The last son, Salah Eddine, was transferred to the civil prison in Tunis three months after his house arrest. Alone in the ruined palace, the old couple were not allowed to leave until
October 1958, as Lamine's health
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In fact, power continued to ebb rapidly away from Lamine Bey as independence approached. Salah Ben
Youssef returned from exile on 13 September 1955, giving the Bey hopes that his political power would start to be restored. He was close to Ben Youssef, who had been one of the few politicians to pay
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festival, he could readily see his subjects' indifference. The anniversary of his accession was regarded by shopkeepers as a good occasion to close their premises and put up portraits of his predecessor. People even spat on his car. His health deteriorated in the face of this hatred and in 1947 an
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Two years later, the search for the jewels was renewed and both the former King and his wife were summoned for interrogation. It may have been at this point that Salah Eddine, still confined in the civil prison of Tunis, was taken to his father, imprisoned in the same building, to say farewell to
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with a kitchen, a bathroom and two other rooms and given a monthly allowance of 80 dinars, roughly the same as the salary of a secondary school teacher. They remained under house arrest and were forbidden even to go into the garden outside – indeed a policeman remained on duty actually inside the
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hoped by this means to drive a wedge between the ruler and the militant nationalists. Lamine Bey was too wily to be deceived by the apparently pleasant demeanour of the new
Resident General. On 16 October 1953 he refused to preside at the opening of the Tunis-Carthage Fair because some repressive
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On 31 May a decree from the Constituent Assembly abolished all privileges, exemptions and immunities which had previously been accorded to the ruling family. They were now simply ordinary citizens. Although this abruptly ended the civil list payments to members of his family and placed the crown
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Moncef Bey died in exile on 1 September 1948. His remains were brought to Tunis on 5 September for burial, and thousands of Tunisians turned out to pay their respects to him. His family threatened to boycott the ceremony if Lamine Bey attended, and he made no effort to present his condolences to
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Several days later, the former King's house arrest was lifted. Lamine was allowed to go out into his own garden, and to visit the tomb of his wife. He left the villa in La Soukra and moved into the apartment of a Jewish friend in the Rue de Yougoslavie, who had already taken in Ahmed El Kassar,
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The Constituent Assembly held its formal opening ceremony on 8 April 1956. It was a sign of the changing times that the King presided over the session dressed in the uniform of a marshal of the Ottoman Empire, whose subject he had been when he was born, but which had ceased to exist in 1922. He
867:, with her sons Salah Eddine and M'hamed present. Lamine was not allowed to leave his villa for the occasion. The public was also kept away from the burial by the police. Sidi Ali Ben Khodja, the Sheikh El Islam, was however allowed to enter the cemetery to pronounce the prayer for the dead.
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Further decrees followed, compelling the King to turn over various properties to the state, against the backdrop of a hostile press campaign highlighting the questionable, and perhaps even criminal, circumstances under which they had been acquired. These measures served to greatly reduce the
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to make sure that he would not refuse the throne if it was offered, but Lamine at first refused to give this undertaking. Eventually Juin prevailed on him to agree, largely because of the benefits to his family. As Moncef Bey refused to abdicate, General Giraud removed him on 14 May 1943.
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took a more conciliatory line. Thousands of prisoners were freed and censorship was scaled back. However Voizard's instructions from the French government made the relative calm only temporary – he was to pursue a reform policy with the Bey only, but not with the Neo Destour.
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after he accepted French-initiated reforms in 1954. Shortly after independence Lamine Bey was turned out of his palace along with his family. Their property was seized and several family members were imprisoned. He ended his days living in a small apartment in Tunis.
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he made a protocol visit with his ministers to the King's wife, but refused to approach the throne. 'I have not come here as I did before, but as head of the government. You should step forward to meet me and not remain seated in your throne,' he declared.
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measures were still in place. More efforts were made to appease him – on 1 January 1954 a number of nationalist leaders were freed and promptly received by the Bey. Bourguiba however, regarded by France as highly dangerous, remained confined on La Galite.
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as well as the family of Prince Salah Eddine when they were expelled from the palace. When Prince Chedly was freed in 1961, he joined them in Tunis in the Rue FĂ©nelon in Lafayette, in a two-room apartment which was placed under constant surveillance.
807:'We went into the throne room right away, and without being announced, as we were already expected. Lamine Bey, wearing a jebba and with his hair undressed, stood there, dignified, without saying a word. Belhouane called out in his theatrical voice
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Lamine Bey kept a low profile in the face of demands from loyalists for the return of Moncef Bey. His rare appearances showed that his subjects were indifferent to him, or indeed hostile. To rebuild his standing, he supported the teachers of the
992:. He was arrested in August 1957 after the abolition of the monarchy. He married Habiba Meherzi (1916–199?) then Liliane Zid (1932–1998). He had two sons and two daughters by his first wife, and three sons and one daughter by the second.
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who were striking in December 1943 and chose Neo Destourians as ministers. Nevertheless, the general opinion was that he wanted to abdicate and restore the throne to Moncef Bey. When these rumours were denied, his popularity fell again.
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On 15 July 1957 the Tunisian army replaced the Royal Guard around the palace, and thereafter the King effectively lost his freedom of movement. On 18 July his younger son Salah Eddine was arrested on charges falsified by the police.
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party. After investigating the Bey's conduct, Juin could find no grounds for condemning him, but his orders were explicit. He tried to persuade Moncef to abdicate, but he refused. Juin therefore visited Lamine in his villa in
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he said, making a gesture of refusal, the last reflex of his authority. We did not want to deny the wishes of the old man, or humiliate him further. Then Ali Belhaouane made a gesture of salute with his hand, repeated
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presented himself and advised the fallen ruler of an order from the Minister of the Interior placing him in isolation. In the course of this, hearing the name of his father spoken, the King reacted again, saying
399:, decorated him with the Ahd El-Amane and made him a Divisional General. A month later he had an opportunity to display his loyalty to his sovereign when he was contacted by one of the court counsellors, General
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and Justice Minister Ahmed Mestiri went to the palace of Carthage to make the King aware of the decree and ask him to leave the palace along with his wife, their three sons, seven daughters and grandchildren.
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island without seeking my opinion. Now you are transferring him close to Paris, depriving me of the goodwill I might have earned by securing this move for him. I am ready to take up my rifle and become a
643:. Suddenly my release has been postponed indefinitely' he commented. On 27 May Bourguiba, who had recently been transferred from La Gailte to custody in France, returned to the Bey the Grand Cross of the
435:, arrived in Tunis with orders to depose Muhammad VII for alleged attempts to collaborate with Axis forces during the occupation and for an indulgent attitude to the actions of the militant nationalist
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Témoignage pour l'histoire : des souvenirs, quelques réflexions et commentaires sur une époque contemporaine de la Tunisie, accessoirement du Maghreb (1940-1990) et sur la révolution de 2010-2011
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to negotiate a new reform package with the Resident General. On 18 January 1954, sufficient progress had been made that the Bey asked him to form a new government. A number of nationalists, including
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them. However this was a turning point for his reign, as the possibility of Moncef Bey's restoration was now removed, and for the first time, his people began to regard him as their legitimate ruler.
497:. Tunisians hoped that he would reverse the injustice of his old rival Giraud and restore Moncef Bey, but the Moncefists were disappointed in this hope. Instead De Gaulle presented Lamine Bey a
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Muhammad died on 30 September 1962 at the age of 81. He was buried in the cemetery of Sidi Abdelaziz next to his wife, unlike most rulers of his family who were interred in the mausoleum of
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to raise demands for Tunisian self-government and during the period 1948–1951 was able to put the French authorities under considerable pressure. In 1952 a new Resident General took office,
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as his Grand Vizier. However he refused to sign any decrees issued by the Baccouche cabinet or by the Resident General, bringing government to a standstill and producing deadlock.
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x-ray revealed a lesion in his left lung. Dr. Mohamed Ben Salem (1915–2001), husband of his daughter Princess Zakia, became his doctor and later his political advisor as well.
456:, ministers, court officials and members of the consular corps. For this occasion he reinstated the kissing of the hand, which his predecessor had abolished. That same day,
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and then read out the resolution of the Constituent Assembly. A photographer had come with us, and wanted to start working, but straight away the King broke his silence.
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The 75-year old Muhammad left his palace wearing a simple jebba of white linen and a pair of yellow Moroccan slippers, which he lost along the way. He was taken to the
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estate under government control, the King signed the decree without protest. Another decree on 21 June modified the national emblems and removed any reference to the
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in 1943. It was not until the latter's death in 1948 that his legitimacy was recognized by the people of Tunisia. He took steps to align himself with the
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Princess Lalla Soufia (1912–1994): She initially married the prince Mohamed Hédi Bey (1907–1965) before they divorced, and later in 1943 she married the
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remaining prestige of the King. Nonetheless King Muhammad VIII was the first person to be honoured, on 19 December 1956, with the decoration of the new
580:, who took a much harder line than his predecessor and imprisoned Bourguiba and other nationalist leaders. The Bey sent an angry telegram to President
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Ahmed Ounaies, Histoire générale de la Tunisie, vol. IV. « L'Époque contemporaine (1881–1956) », éd. Sud Éditions, Tunis, 2010, p. 463
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necessary to maintain Franco-Tunisian cooperation and preserve the French presence in Tunisia. At the same time, he opened communications with
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On 25 July 1957 the Constituent Assembly voted on a show of hands to abolish the monarchy, declare a Republic and make Bourguiba President.
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Hostility towards the Bey showed no signs of decreasing. He was boycotted by the other Husainid princes when he went to the mosque for
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to depose Moncef Bey. Lamine Bey however warned the ruler of this conspiracy and Belkhodja was expelled from the palace on 30 July.
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Princess Lalla Aïcha (1906–1994): The eldest daughter of the king, she represented her father on several occasions. She received
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829:(May God save his soul) clearly out loud as he left the room. It was over. The whole thing had not even lasted three minutes.'
550:, was appointed by the Resident General. For the first time, there was parity between Tunisians and French in the government.
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After the death of Moncef Bey, relations between Lamine Bey and the nationalists improved. The Bey worked clandestinely with
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on 1 June 1955, on the occasion of the country's internal independence. She married Slaheddine Meherzi. They had three sons.
767:; another still, on 31 August, removed the King's prerogative to pass regulations, transferring this to the Prime Minister.
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Muhammad VIII was installed on 15 May 1943 at the Bardo palace by General Juin, who invested him at the same time with the
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Décret du 3 août 1956 modifiant le décret du 21 septembre 1955 relatif à l'organisation provisoire des pouvoirs publics,
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Néo-Destour face à la troisième épreuve 1952-1956 (Le). 2, La Victoire / textes réunis et commentés par Mohamed Sayah
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With all his ministers and advisers in prison, Lamine Bey relied on the counsel and support of the trade union leader
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was quick to understand this and it was now the Neo Destour who were the sole interlocutors for the Tunisian people.
779:(for the second time). Bourguiba clearly had little remaining respect for the ruling family however. On 19 July, at
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Le ministère Chenik à la poursuite de l'autonomie interne : de la déclaration de Thionville à l'exil de Kebili
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expected to be present during the debates leading to the election of a speaker of the Assembly, and Prime Minister
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so pervasive that Mons suggested to the French government that they proceed to restore Moncef Bey. Prime Minister
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in gold, having learned that during the Axis occupation he used to listen secretly to De Gaulle's broadcasts from
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was assassinated inside his own palace, accused of conducting discussions of his own with the Resident General.
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L'action nationaliste en Tunisie : du pacte fondamental de M'Hamed Bey Ă la mort de Moncef Bey 1857-1948
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Victor Silvera, « Le régime constitutionnel de la Tunisie : la Constitution du 1 juin 1959 »,
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895:, recorded the event, and was held overnight in a police cell for doing so. He was succeeded as head of the
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the authority he felt was appropriate. He was willing, in return, to sign supplementary agreements to the
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2760:. Werner Ruf, Centre de recherches et d'études sur les sociétés méditerranéennes. Paris: C.N.R.S. 1975.
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to rebuild my contact with my people, for you have done everything possible to separate me from them.'
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was proclaimed and the Bey was proclaimed King of Tunisia. His reign, however, was to be short-lived.
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On 2 September 1953, Jean de Hauteclocque was finally recalled to Paris and the new Resident General,
403:. Belkhodja, fearing for his own political future, was trying to persuade the French Resident General
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ascended to the presidency and was allowed to return from exile. She had two sons and one daughter.
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1933:, vol. IV. « L’Époque contemporaine (1881–1956) », éd. Sud Éditions, Tunis, 2010, p.492
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Muhammad VIII and Bourguiba receiving the first French ambassador after independence, March 1956
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refused, fearing the adverse reaction of French settlers in North Africa. On 19 July 1947 a new
391:(also known as Moncef Bey). In accordance with tradition on 25 June Moncef Bey named Lamine Bey
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HĂ©di Ben Mustapha, later Chief of Protocol under the republic, (divorced), she married the
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Two days later, Ben Ammar resigned and the King appointed Bourguiba as new Prime Minister.
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The French protectorate in Tunisia officially ended on 20 March 1956. On the same day, the
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he feigned ill-health to cancel the ceremony of kissing hands which he was due to hold for
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505:. The Bey wore this on his uniform next to his decorations for a long time afterwards.
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1813:"Les archives sur l'assassinat de Farhat Hached Ă©cartent toute implication tunisienne"
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Princess Lalla Fatma (1924–1957): Spouse of Mustapha Ben Abdallah, deputy Governor of
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in his stentorian voice, and turned on his heels. As we withdrew, police commissioner
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He was enthroned in unusual circumstances following the removal of his predecessor
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DĂ©cret du 31 mai 1956 sur les droits et obligations des membres de Notre Famille,
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He married Lalla Jeneïna Beya (1887–1960) in 1902, daughter of Bashir Ayari, a
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had to intervene to persuade him to leave. The King withdrew with ill grace.
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in 1944, former minister of health. They had three sons and three daughters.
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had deteriorated very badly. They were then transferred to a small villa in
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De la dynastie husseinite. Le fondateur Hussein Ben Ali. 1705 - 1735 - 1740
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after the abolition of the monarchy in 1957. She returned to Tunisia after
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Princess Lalla Khadija (1909–199?): She married in 1939 Khaireddine Azzouz.
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Silvera, Victor (1957). "Du régime beylical à la République tunisienne".
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De l'ombre vers la lumière : le combat du Docteur Salem Esch-Chadely
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Last Bey of Tunis (r. 1943–56); 1st and only King of Tunisia (r. 1956–57)
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La conquête de l'indépendance tunisienne : souvenirs et témoignages
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from 2001 to 2004. He married princess Hosn El Oujoud Zakkaria (?–1991).
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922:. He had twelve children, including three princes and nine princesses:
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Princess Lalla Lilia (1929–2021): She initially married Dr. Menchari (
2197:"Discours de Bourguiba à l'Assemblée constituante du 25 juillet 1957"
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saw a landslide victory for the National Union (an alliance between
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The state of Africa : a history of fifty years of independence
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General De Gaulle welcomed by Lamine Bey and Resident General Mast.
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944:(1910–2004): Former director of the Royal Cabinet (1950–1957) and
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visited Tunis on the first anniversary of its liberation from the
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Burke's Royal Families of the World: Africa & the Middle East
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Sur les routes de l'histoire: cinquante ans au service de l'État
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presented the resignation of his government and was replaced by
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Radioscopie de la genèse d'une république par Béchir Turki
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Nasreddine Zakaria. They had two sons and three daughters;
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said the prayers over his body and a single photographer,
331:; 4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962) commonly known as
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Mohamed Aziz Bahri. They had four sons and two daughters.
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Eclairage sur les recoins sombres de l'ère bourguibienne
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Closer relations with the nationalist movement (1948–53)
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Sayah, Mohamed (1979). Tunis : Dar El Amal (ed.).
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Chedly and Ben Salem were transferred to the prison of
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arrived in Tunis. He was received by Lamine Bey in the
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Mémoires Alger Tunis Rome éd. Librairie Arthème Fayard
2355:
2215:
2177:
2081:
1851:
452:. He then received the homage of other princes of the
2115:
DĂ©cret du 21 juin 1956 sur les armoiries du Royaume,
1997:
794:
Straight away, a delegation headed by deputy speaker
621:
Estrangement from the nationalist movement (1953–56)
1054:
Osman Bahri. They had two sons and three daughters.
1050:Princess Lalla Hédia (1931–2010): She married the
708:
2432:Bourguiba a l'epreuve de la democratie, 1956-1963
533:On 3 March 1947, the new French Resident General
347:(15 May 1943 – 20 March 1956), and also the only
3176:
758:Muhammad VIII and Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba
631:With Bourguiba still in exile, Lamine Bey asked
378:
988:Prince Salaheddine Bey (1919–2003): Founder of
2757:Introduction Ă l'Afrique du nord contemporaine
962:Prince Mohammed Bey (1914–1999): He married a
3225:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2987:
2464:. Hassine Raouf Hamza. Tunis: Sud Editions.
2132:Journal officiel de la RĂ©publique tunisienne
2117:Journal officiel de la RĂ©publique tunisienne
2102:Journal officiel de la RĂ©publique tunisienne
521:, but when he passed through the streets of
410:
1480:
730:1956 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election
512:. To raise his prestige, he was invited to
3001:
2994:
2980:
2861:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2689:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2550:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2370:
2343:
906:
467:
34:
2725:
2515:
2457:
2399:
2245:
2171:
2039:
2027:
1954:
1942:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1836:
1763:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1618:
1606:
1594:
431:, Commander in Chief of French forces in
2596:
2280:
2278:
2149:, vol. 10, No. 2, 1960, p. 377
2134:, No. 62, 3 août 1956, p. 1070
2119:, No. 50, 22 juin 1956, p. 825
1970:, Ă©d. Librairie Plon, Paris, 1956, p. 79
833:
753:
712:
471:
414:
3205:Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
2805:
2654:
2625:
2428:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2221:
2183:
2138:
2104:, No. 44, 1 juin 1956, p. 720
2087:
2015:
2003:
1799:
1634:, Ă©d. Hassan Mzali, Tunis, 1972, p. 175
213: 1902; died 1960)
3177:
2567:
2486:
2307:
2159:
2063:
2051:
1979:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1510:
1498:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1191:
1081:
1077:
985:).They had four sons and one daughter.
641:General Assembly of the United Nations
2975:
2826:
2796:
2707:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1980).
2301:
2275:
2269:
2257:
2233:
2075:
1991:
1917:
1857:
1414:
1407:
1397:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1352:
1342:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1287:
1277:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1239:
1232:
1222:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1151:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1010:. They had two sons and one daughter.
999:(1923–2007): She married in 1944 the
2697:
2558:
2290:
2147:Revue française de science politique
1787:
1775:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1546:
1534:
1522:
969:named Safiya (1910–2000), raised by
3200:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
2754:
1486:
340:
328:
13:
2801:Centre de Documentation Nationale.
2374:La dernière odalisque : roman
1477:, Ă©d. Serviced, Tunis, 1993, p. 70
1067:Ancestors of Muhammad VIII al-Amin
14:
3246:
419:Mohamed Lamine Bey as a young man
351:(20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957).
238:Princess Lalla ZeneĂŻkha Zanoukha
2403:L'antichambre de l'indépendance
2364:
2349:
2337:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2189:
2165:
2153:
2123:
2108:
2093:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1985:
1973:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1931:Histoire générale de la Tunisie
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1842:
1830:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
709:King and Deposition (1956–1957)
647:which he had received in 1950.
358:by the French Resident General
210:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1467:
918:from the Ras Darb district of
242:Princess Lalla Kabira Kabboura
1:
2356:Montgomery-Massingberd (1980)
1968:Vérités sur l'Afrique du Nord
1461:
738:Tunisian General Labour Union
379:Bey al-Mahalla (Crown Prince)
2406:. Tunis: Cérès Productions.
53:20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957
7:
2493:. Tunis: Éditions Nirvana.
2400:Ben Salem, Mohamed (1988).
1058:
1017:(1926–2007): Spouse of the
889:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur
244:Princess Lalla Zakia Zakoua
98:15 May 1943 – 20 March 1956
10:
3251:
3074:Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn
2928:Himself as King of Tunisia
2490:Tahar Ben Ammar, 1889-1985
1305:
1185:
1079:
624:
561:
387:died and was succeeded by
364:Tunisian national movement
3149:
3009:
2951:
2942:
2934:
2924:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2875:
2726:PĂ©rillier, Louis (1979).
2597:Meredith, Martin (2006).
2458:Casemajor, Roger (2009).
2435:. Tunis: Samed Editions.
1391:
1373:
1365:
1336:
1313:
1309:
1271:
1253:
1245:
1216:
1197:
1193:
1157:
1139:
1131:
1099:
1083:
1028:(1927–1998): She married
411:Replacement of Moncef Bey
370:but was sidelined by the
308:
300:
290:
278:
274:الأمين باي بن Ů…ŘŮ…ŘŻ الŘبيب
270:
261:
256:
252:
220:
192:
175:
155:
132:
128:
112:
102:
94:
87:
71:
57:
49:
42:
33:
26:
21:
2632:. Tunis: Arcs Editions.
2516:Eschadely, Halé (2014).
1966:Pierre Boyer de Latour,
995:Princess Lalla ZeneĂŻkha
946:Head of the Royal Family
667:Royal Palace of Carthage
658:On 31 July 1954 the new
525:in February 1947 on the
483:University of Ez-Zitouna
304:Lalla Fatouma El-Ismaila
83:as President of Tunisia)
3130:Muhammad VII al-Munsif
3056:Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud
2938:Himself as Bey of Tunis
2820:10.3406/polit.1957.2477
2655:Mistīrī, Aḥmad (2011).
2626:Mestiri, SaĂŻd. (1991).
2559:Juin, Maréchal (1959).
2487:Chater, Kalifa (2010).
2429:Borsali, Noura (2008).
1092:Al-Husayn II bin Mahmud
1045:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
907:Family and private life
700:French Foreign Minister
468:Early reign (1943–1948)
423:Towards the end of the
3235:Tunisian Sunni Muslims
3161:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
3138:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
3090:Ali III ibn al-Husayn
3082:Muhammad III as-Sadiq
3003:Husainid Beys of Tunis
2911:Muhammad VII al-Munsif
2877:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
2827:Turkī, Bashīr (2011).
2788:: CS1 maint: others (
1013:Princess Lalla Kabira
973:(wife successively of
831:
759:
718:
671:Pierre Boyer de Latour
477:
420:
356:Muhammad VII al Munsif
236:Prince Salaheddine Bey
228:Princess Lalla Khadija
3114:Muhammad VI al-Habib
2732:. Paris: R. Laffont.
2571:Moncef Bey roi martyr
2568:Khlifi, Omar (2006).
1630:Mohamed Salah Mzali,
1290:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
1210:9. Yasmine Ben Lamine
1024:Princess Lalla Zakia
979:Ali III ibn al-Husayn
975:Muhammad III as-Sadiq
834:Confinement and death
805:
773:Order of Independence
757:
716:
660:French Prime Minister
627:Tunisian independence
564:Tunisian independence
475:
418:
321:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
232:Princess Lalla Soufia
22:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
3106:Muhammad V an-Nasir
3098:Muhammad IV al-Hadi
3066:Ahmad I ibn Mustafa
3031:Muhammad I ar-Rashid
2965:(Monarchy abolished)
2961:President of Tunisia
1412:Fatima bint Muhammad
1176:Muhammad VI al-Habib
899:and titular king by
663:Pierre Mendès France
587:Slaheddine Baccouche
578:Jean de Hauteclocque
462:Slaheddine Baccouche
427:in May 1943 General
295:Muhammad VI al-Habib
248:Princess Lalla HĂ©dia
246:Princess Lalla Lilia
240:Princess Lalla Fatma
226:Princess Lalla AĂŻcha
3051:Mahmud ibn Muhammad
3021:Al-Husayn I ibn Ali
2808:Politique étrangère
2711:. Burke's Peerage.
2698:Mons, Jean (1981).
2371:Fayçal Bey (2001).
1357:Muhammad bin Ismail
983:Muhammad V an-Nasir
633:Mohamed Salah Mzali
368:French protectorate
234:Prince Mohammed Bey
116:Position abolished
3230:Dethroned monarchs
3151:Kingdom of Tunisia
3061:Mustafa ibn Mahmud
3036:Ali II ibn Hussein
2702:. Paris: Albatros.
2603:. New York: Free.
2054:, pp. 259–261
2042:, pp. 290–291
1802:, pp. 257–258
1790:, pp. 238–261
1561:, pp. 196–197
1120:Muhammad al-Mamun
957:lieutenant general
818:As-Salamou Alaikum
809:As-Salamou Alaikum
798:Interior Minister
760:
723:Kingdom of Tunisia
719:
478:
421:
405:Jean-Pierre Esteva
401:M'hammed Belkhodja
329:Ů…ŘŮ…ŘŻ الثامن الأمين
199:Lalla JeneĂŻna Beya
159:September 30, 1962
121:as King of Tunisia
3215:People from Tunis
3172:
3171:
3122:Ahmad II ibn Ali
3026:Abu l-Hasan Ali I
2970:
2969:
2952:Succeeded by
2925:Succeeded by
2897:30 September 1962
2840:978-9973-02-701-6
2767:978-2-271-08124-7
2668:978-9938-01-051-0
2581:978-9973-807-24-3
2574:. : MC-Editions.
2529:978-9973-944-38-2
2500:978-9973-855-20-6
2471:978-9938-01-006-0
2442:978-9973-38-081-4
2344:Fayçal Bey (2001)
2325:on 1 January 2013
2203:on 19 August 2016
1860:, pp. 73–74.
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1030:Mohamed Ben Salem
1019:chief of protocol
683:Salah ben Youssef
574:Salah Ben Youssef
499:Cross of Lorraine
491:Charles de Gaulle
425:Tunisian Campaign
318:
317:
266:
265:
230:Prince Chedly Bey
143:September 4, 1881
124:
3242:
3220:Tunisian royalty
3210:Kings of Tunisia
3164:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2935:Preceded by
2908:Preceded by
2898:
2891:
2890:4 September 1881
2882:Husainid dynasty
2873:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2823:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2779:
2751:
2722:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2651:
2622:
2593:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2512:
2483:
2454:
2425:
2396:
2377:. Paris: Stock.
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2321:. Archived from
2311:
2305:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2246:Ben Salem (1988)
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2199:. Archived from
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2172:Ben Salem (1988)
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2040:PĂ©rillier (1979)
2037:
2031:
2028:PĂ©rillier (1979)
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1955:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1952:
1946:
1943:Ben Salem (1988)
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1906:Ben Salem (1988)
1903:
1897:
1894:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1891:
1885:
1882:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1879:
1873:
1870:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:Ben Salem (1988)
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1764:Casemajor (2009)
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1716:Ben Salem (1988)
1713:
1707:
1704:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1701:
1695:
1692:Casemajor (2009)
1689:
1683:
1680:Eschadely (2014)
1677:
1671:
1668:Casemajor (2009)
1665:
1659:
1656:Casemajor (2009)
1653:
1647:
1644:Casemajor (2009)
1641:
1635:
1632:Au fil de ma vie
1628:
1622:
1619:Casemajor (2009)
1616:
1610:
1607:Casemajor (2009)
1604:
1598:
1595:Casemajor (2009)
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1473:El Mokhtar Bey,
1471:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
897:Husainid Dynasty
813:Ah no, not that!
765:Husainid dynasty
703:Christian Pineau
450:LĂ©gion d'honneur
383:On 19 June 1942
343:), was the last
342:
330:
285:Husainid Dynasty
262:Muhammad al-Amin
254:
253:
214:
212:
162:
142:
140:
118:
38:
19:
18:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
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3239:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3041:Hammuda ibn Ali
3013:
3011:Beylik of Tunis
3005:
3000:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2955:Habib Bourguiba
2948:
2945:King of Tunisia
2940:
2930:
2921:
2913:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2854:
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2220:
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2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:Ahmed Ounaies,
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
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1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1061:
930:in the port of
928:Habib Bourguiba
909:
885:medina of Tunis
873:Princess Soufia
836:
777:Nichan Iftikhar
746:Tahar Ben Ammar
711:
696:Tahar Ben Ammar
679:Treaty of Bardo
645:Nichan Iftikhar
629:
623:
570:Habib Bourguiba
566:
560:
470:
413:
381:
349:King of Tunisia
247:
245:
243:
241:
239:
237:
235:
233:
231:
229:
227:
216:
208:
204:
201:
188:
164:
160:
144:
138:
136:
117:
81:Habib Bourguiba
78:
44:King of Tunisia
17:
12:
11:
5:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3170:
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3167:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Uthman ibn Ali
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2953:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2932:
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2914:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2903:Regnal titles
2900:
2899:
2879:
2876:
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2867:
2839:
2824:
2803:
2794:
2766:
2752:
2738:
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2623:
2609:
2594:
2580:
2565:
2556:
2528:
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2455:
2441:
2426:
2412:
2397:
2383:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2306:
2289:
2285:Borsali (2008)
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2224:, p. 125.
2222:Mistīrī (2011)
2214:
2188:
2186:, p. 124.
2184:Mistīrī (2011)
2176:
2164:
2152:
2137:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2090:, p. 114.
2088:Mistīrī (2011)
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2016:Silvera (1957)
2008:
2004:Mistīrī (2011)
1996:
1984:
1972:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1841:
1829:
1804:
1800:Mestiri (1991)
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
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1062:
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1048:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1004:
993:
986:
960:
949:
938:
935:
908:
905:
881:Tourbet el Bey
835:
832:
827:Allah Yarhamou
710:
707:
625:Main article:
622:
619:
609:Pierre Voizard
582:Vincent Auriol
562:Main article:
559:
556:
489:On 7 May 1944
469:
466:
458:Mohamed Chenik
412:
409:
393:Bey al-Mahalla
380:
377:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
287:
282:
276:
275:
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271:Name in Arabic
268:
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264:
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259:
258:
250:
249:
224:
218:
217:
206:
202:
197:
196:
194:
190:
189:
179:
177:
173:
172:
163:(aged 81)
157:
153:
152:
150:French Tunisia
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
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85:
84:
73:
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59:
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40:
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31:
30:
24:
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15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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3223:
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3218:
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3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Beys of Tunis
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
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3112:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3076:(M'hamed Bey)
3072:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
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3042:
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2800:
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2791:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2739:2-221-00337-3
2735:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2718:0-85011-029-7
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2639:9973-740-04-1
2635:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2610:0-7432-3222-4
2606:
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2423:
2419:
2415:
2413:9973-700-00-7
2409:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2384:2-234-05346-3
2380:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:, p. 228
2357:
2352:
2346:, p. 468
2345:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2287:, p. 113
2286:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2248:, p. 209
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2174:, p. 200
2173:
2168:
2162:, p. 296
2161:
2160:Chater (2010)
2156:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2066:, p. 270
2065:
2064:Chater (2010)
2060:
2053:
2052:Chater (2010)
2048:
2041:
2036:
2030:, p. 284
2029:
2024:
2018:, p. 605
2017:
2012:
2006:, p. 87.
2005:
2000:
1994:, p. 650
1993:
1988:
1982:, p. 189
1981:
1980:Chater (2010)
1976:
1969:
1963:
1957:, p. 222
1956:
1951:
1945:, p. 159
1944:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1920:, p. 193
1919:
1914:
1908:, p. 138
1907:
1902:
1896:, p. 187
1895:
1890:
1884:, p. 183
1883:
1878:
1872:, p. 162
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1845:
1839:, p. 111
1838:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1778:, p. 235
1777:
1772:
1766:, p. 304
1765:
1760:
1754:, p. 223
1753:
1748:
1742:, p. 216
1741:
1736:
1730:, p. 213
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1706:, p. 269
1705:
1700:
1694:, p. 279
1693:
1688:
1682:, p. 113
1681:
1676:
1670:, p. 277
1669:
1664:
1658:, p. 260
1657:
1652:
1646:, p. 250
1645:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1621:, p. 248
1620:
1615:
1609:, p. 243
1608:
1603:
1597:, p. 237
1596:
1591:
1585:, p. 213
1584:
1583:Khlifi (2006)
1579:
1573:, p. 199
1572:
1571:Khlifi (2006)
1567:
1560:
1559:Khlifi (2006)
1555:
1549:, p. 184
1548:
1543:
1537:, p. 183
1536:
1531:
1525:, p. 177
1524:
1519:
1512:
1511:Khlifi (2006)
1507:
1500:
1499:Khlifi (2006)
1495:
1489:, p. 432
1488:
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1476:
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1027:
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994:
991:
990:CS Hammam-Lif
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:
961:
959:Ahmed Kassar.
958:
954:
953:major general
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
933:
929:
925:
924:
923:
921:
917:
914:
913:Tripolitanian
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
874:
868:
866:
860:
857:
852:
847:
845:
841:
830:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
804:
801:
797:
796:Ali Belhouane
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
774:
768:
766:
756:
752:
749:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
715:
706:
704:
701:
697:
692:
691:Roger Seydoux
686:
684:
680:
674:
672:
668:
664:
661:
656:
654:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
628:
618:
615:
610:
605:
603:
599:
598:La Main Rouge
595:
594:Farhat Hached
590:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
565:
555:
551:
549:
548:Mustapha Kaak
545:
541:
540:Paul Ramadier
536:
531:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
484:
474:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
443:
438:
434:
430:
429:Alphonse Juin
426:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
397:heir apparent
394:
390:
386:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
338:
334:
326:
322:
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286:
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281:
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269:
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200:
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135:
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127:
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115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
67:
66:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
37:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3163:(Lamine Bey)
3160:
3140:(Lamine Bey)
3137:
3132:(Moncef Bey)
3108:(Naceur Bey)
2958:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2918:Bey of Tunis
2916:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2869:
2829:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2756:
2728:
2708:
2699:
2657:
2628:
2599:
2570:
2560:
2518:
2489:
2460:
2431:
2402:
2373:
2365:Bibliography
2351:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2323:the original
2316:
2309:
2304:, p. 33
2302:Turkī (2011)
2272:, p. 32
2270:Turkī (2011)
2265:
2260:, p. 31
2258:Turkī (2011)
2253:
2241:
2236:, p. 30
2234:Turkī (2011)
2229:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2083:
2078:, p. 13
2076:Turkī (2011)
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1992:Sayah (1979)
1987:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1918:Sayah (1979)
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1858:Sayah (1979)
1853:
1844:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1817:www.webdo.tn
1816:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1718:, p. 33
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1513:, p. 53
1506:
1501:, p. 47
1494:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1409:
1354:
1327:
1289:
1234:
1121:
1117:
1037:veterinarian
1025:
1014:
996:
910:
893:Victor Sebag
878:
869:
861:
848:
837:
826:
817:
812:
808:
806:
800:TaĂŻeb Mehiri
793:
790:
786:
769:
761:
750:
742:
727:
720:
687:
675:
657:
649:
630:
606:
602:Azzedine Bey
591:
567:
552:
544:Grand Vizier
532:
507:
488:
479:
454:royal family
447:
433:North Africa
422:
389:Muhammad VII
382:
366:against the
360:Henri Giraud
353:
345:Bey of Tunis
332:
320:
319:
181:
180:Cemetery of
161:(1962-09-30)
120:
107:Muhammad VII
89:Bey of Tunis
75:
65:Bey of Tunis
62:
27:
3190:1962 deaths
3185:1881 births
3154:(1956–1957)
3124:(Ahmed Bey)
3116:(Habib Bey)
3084:(Sadok Bey)
3068:(Ahmad Bey)
3014:(1705–1956)
1788:Mons (1981)
1776:Mons (1981)
1752:Mons (1981)
1740:Mons (1981)
1728:Mons (1981)
1547:Juin (1959)
1535:Juin (1959)
1523:Juin (1959)
932:La Goulette
871:husband of
822:Driss Guiga
781:Eid al-Fitr
734:Neo Destour
637:HĂ©di Nouira
519:Eid al-Fitr
510:Eid al-Fitr
372:Neo Destour
313:Sunni Islam
184:Abdulaziz,
103:Predecessor
58:Predecessor
3179:Categories
3100:(HĂ©di Bey)
2949:1956–1957
2922:1943–1956
2814:(5): 605.
1487:Ruf (1975)
1462:References
971:Lalla Kmar
964:Circassian
942:Chedly Bey
901:Husain Bey
842:palace in
341:الأمين باي
333:Lamine Bey
139:1881-09-04
28:Lamine Bey
3092:(Ali Bey)
2857:cite book
2849:823938881
2833:. Tunis.
2784:cite book
2776:566050585
2685:cite book
2677:846892054
2661:. Tunis.
2590:949112603
2546:cite book
2538:917231814
2522:. Tunis.
2509:620103598
2480:613024456
2451:233681804
1822:15 August
967:odalisque
887:. Sheikh
856:La Soukra
535:Jean Mons
119:(Himself
113:Successor
72:Successor
2648:30589215
2619:62796384
2563:. Nancy.
2422:19348166
2393:48837619
1059:Ancestry
1052:engineer
1015:Kabboura
997:Zanoukha
916:merchant
865:La Marsa
851:Kairouan
698:and the
653:fellagha
585:nominee
442:La Marsa
385:Ahmed II
309:Religion
186:La Marsa
146:Carthage
61:Himself
2748:6278593
1041:Morocco
1001:colonel
940:Prince
883:in the
844:Manouba
437:Destour
280:Dynasty
215:
207:
203:
170:Tunisia
76:defunct
2893:
2847:
2837:
2774:
2764:
2746:
2736:
2715:
2675:
2665:
2646:
2636:
2617:
2607:
2588:
2578:
2536:
2526:
2507:
2497:
2478:
2468:
2449:
2439:
2420:
2410:
2391:
2381:
2329:28 May
2207:28 May
1330:Ismail
1237:Fatima
1026:Zakoua
1008:Mateur
840:Hidaya
736:, the
614:France
527:Mawlid
503:London
337:Arabic
325:Arabic
301:Mother
291:Father
193:Spouse
176:Burial
2895:Died:
2888:Born:
1410:Lalla
1235:Lalla
920:Tunis
523:Tunis
514:Paris
395:, or
257:Names
222:Issue
209:(
205:
166:Tunis
95:Reign
50:Reign
2863:link
2845:OCLC
2835:ISBN
2790:link
2772:OCLC
2762:ISBN
2744:OCLC
2734:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2691:link
2673:OCLC
2663:ISBN
2644:OCLC
2634:ISBN
2615:OCLC
2605:ISBN
2586:OCLC
2576:ISBN
2552:link
2534:OCLC
2524:ISBN
2505:OCLC
2495:ISBN
2476:OCLC
2466:ISBN
2447:OCLC
2437:ISBN
2418:OCLC
2408:ISBN
2389:OCLC
2379:ISBN
2331:2017
2209:2017
1824:2017
1355:Sidi
1328:Sidi
1326:12.
1118:Sidi
981:and
728:The
572:and
495:Axis
182:Sidi
156:Died
133:Born
2959:as
2816:doi
1408:3.
1353:6.
1288:1.
1233:5.
1174:2.
1122:Bey
1116:4.
1090:8.
63:as
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