631:
60:
129:
72:
387:
650:
395:
226:
533:
40:
406:
673:
593:
450:
429:. From 1835, the freedom "without the intervention of a Livery Company" has been bestowed by a general resolution of Common Council, by "redemption" (purchase), at one time for an onerous sum. Now the Freedom can be obtained by servitude, by patrimony, by nomination, or by presentation via a Livery Company. Freedom through nomination by two sponsors is available for a fee (known as a "fine") of ÂŁ170, but is free to those on the electoral roll of the City.
108:, the tradition still lives on in countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealandâalthough today the title of "freeman" confers no special privileges. The Freedom of the City can also be granted by municipal authorities to military units which have earned the city's trust; in this context, it is sometimes called the
552:
time until the late 1970s when the gild carried out research and rediscovered it) or apprenticeship. Once sworn in, freemen can join the Gild (archaic spelling used) of
Freemen who continue to take an interest in the affairs of the city. New admissions are made every year (usually October) following an admission ceremony with the Lord Mayor at the Guildhall.
177:), during which the victorious general would be permitted to enter for one day only. Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress. Weapons were also banned inside the pomerium for religious and traditional reasons. (The
184:
Similar laws were passed by other
European cities throughout the Medieval era, to protect public security and civic rights, even against their own king's troops. As a result, soldiers would be forced to camp outside the walls of the city during the winter months. The Freedom of the City was an honour
708:
In some countries, such as the United States, an ornamental key â the "key to the city" â is presented to esteemed visitors, residents, or others whom the city wishes to honour. This practice is a variation on the freedom of the city tradition, and has a similar symbolic meaning; evoking medieval
551:
York has a long history of freemen dating back to the Anglo-Saxon period, with records dating back to 1272. Freemen may claim their rights through patronage (as far back as their great-great-grandparent, there are records of women being admitted in York in medieval times, a right forgotten for a
188:
Today, martial freedom of the city is an entirely ceremonial honour, usually bestowed upon a unit with historic ties to the area, as a token of appreciation for their long and dedicated service. The awarding of the
Freedom is often accompanied by a celebratory parade through the city.
313:, borough, town, parish or community council (so removing the requirement for the town to have 'royal' status, and also enabling county councils to confer the honour). A special meeting of the council can grant the honour by passing a resolution with a two-thirds majority.
216:
In modern society, the award of honorary freedom of the city or borough tends to be entirely ceremonial, given by the local government in many towns and cities on those who have served in some exceptional capacity, or upon any whom the city wishes to bestow an honour.
464:
The right to herd sheep and cattle across London's four bridges is no longer economically relevant, as there are no livestock markets in the city. Nevertheless, this right has been exercised, or the city has granted permission, on several occasions in modern times:
308:
to confer the status of honorary freeman on "persons of distinction and persons who have, in the opinion of the council, rendered eminent services" to the local area. The 2009 Act extends the ability to grant the status of honorary freeman to any county, city,
571:
In
Ireland, borough freedom of the city is generally given to noted foreign and national dignitaries and the list rarely exceeds a few dozen. As in the United Kingdom, the title generally comes with various ancient privileges â for instance, freemen of
445:
and incapable, they will bundle him or her into a taxi and send them home rather than throw them into a cell. While sheep have occasionally been driven over London Bridge by freemen on special occasions, these privileges are now effectively symbolic.
115:
The honour was sometimes accompanied by a "freedom box", a small gold box inscribed to record the occasion; these are not usual today. In some countries, such as the United States, esteemed residents and visitors may instead be presented with the
59:
103:
in some parts of the UK) is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community, or upon a visiting celebrity or dignitary. Arising from the medieval practice of granting respected citizens freedom from
336:
have extended their admission criteria to those who have served an apprenticeship without being "bound" (trained) by a freeman directly. Freemen of
Newcastle upon Tyne are bestowed the right to graze cattle on the town moor.
520:
On 27 April 2019, freeman of the city Simone
Lakmaker drove Mark, a ram from Spitalfields City Farm, over London Bridge as part of her 80th birthday celebrations and to raise awareness for her charity the Speaking Out
324:, the widow of a freeman passes his rights to her second husband, who retains the privilege after either divorce from or death of the widow. The borough freedom is strongest in York, Chester, Newcastle upon Tyne and
709:
walled cities, the gates of which would be guarded during the day and locked at night, the key symbolises the freedom of the recipient to enter and leave the city at will, as a trusted friend of city residents.
320:, only the children or grandchildren of freemen may apply for admission. In York, this extends to great- and great-great-grandchildren, and apprenticeship to a freeman of the city will also allow admission. In
432:
New freemen are enrolled in a ceremony in
Guildhall, when they receive a guide to conducting their lives in an honourable fashion and a sealed certificate. Freemen's children get admission preference at the
795:
has opted to award esteemed visitors a symbolic cowboy hat instead of a key; this is usually followed by reciting one of two oaths (one formal, the other more silly) to become honorary
Calgarians.
316:
The exact qualifications for borough freedom differ between each city or town, but generally fall into two categories, "patrimony" (inheritance) and "servitude" (apprenticeship). For example, in
213:. Early freedom of the boroughs ceremonies had great importance in affirming that the recipient enjoyed privileges such as the right to trade and own property, and protection within the town.
305:
285:
274:
630:
1252:
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249:
the freemen were the exclusive electorate for some of the boroughs. These two acts together curtailed the power of the freemen and extended the franchise to all "
576:
are allowed the right to vote in certain elections, bring goods for sale in the city without customs and the right to pasture sheep on common ground such as
987:
1332:
197:
A slightly more common freedom of the city is connected to the medieval concept of "free status", when city and town charters drew a distinction between
1437:
1388:
809:
727:. The tradition is that the mayor steps down for this period and power is transferred to the prince carnival, who then returns the key at the end of
185:
granted only to troops which had earned the trust of the local populace, either through some valiant action or simply by being a familiar presence.
713:
144:
Freedom of the City is an ancient honour granted to martial organisations, allowing them the privilege to march into the city "with drums beating,
128:
831:
692:
1234:
71:
386:
779:
may award a key to the city to influential business leaders, musicians, and political leaders. In 2016, the
Canadian recording artist
257:
payers; in fact therefore property owners). The private property belonging to the freemen collectively was retained. The freemen of
112:. This allows them the freedom to parade through the city, and is an affirmation of the bond between the regiment and the citizenry.
1306:
1171:
944:
556:
was given the honour in 1986, but a councillors' vote stripped him of the title after allegations of sexual abuse became public.
536:
A small number of sheep are herded across
Southwark Bridge by the Lord Mayor and Yorkshire Shepherdess among others, London 2021.
498:, and some 500 freemen drove a flock of Romney ewes in relay across London Bridge to raise funds for the Lord Mayor's charities (
1408:
437:. There are a number of rights traditionally but apocryphally associated with freemenâthe right to drive sheep and cattle over
269:
still own considerable areas within their towns, although the income is effectively given to support charitable objects. The
366:
293:
1413:
696:
434:
441:; to a silken rope, if hanged; to carry a naked sword in public; or that if the City of London Police finds a freeman
702:
64:
20:
995:
246:
649:
178:
145:
394:
390:
Lord Nelson's certificate given him after becoming a Freeman of the City of London showing that he has Freedom
1271:"Why are Bono and The Edge grazing sheep in Stephen's Green in 2000? It's their right as Freemen of the City"
619:
565:
526:
381:
529:
livery company, typically to raise funds for the Lord Mayor's Appeal and the Worshipful Company of Woolmen.
1452:
1428:
1146:
1384:
553:
712:
In some cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, the key to the city is given to the so-called '
750:
477:
297:
84:
1457:
735:. Today, the handing over of the key is mostly symbolic and marks the start and end of the carnival.
453:
281:
270:
835:
495:
120:, a similarly symbolic honour. Other US cities award Honorary Citizenship with just a certificate.
75:"Ferdinand Receives the Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent", print after a painting made by
874:
761:
654:
615:
52:
27:
1462:
1309:. New York City Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps, and Protocol. Archived from
581:
354:
242:
225:
907:
Text of the Section 249 of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
532:
577:
525:
By 2015, the driving of sheep across the bridge had become an annual event, organised by the
513:
drove Grace, a year-old lamb, over London Bridge for a documentary about becoming a freeman,
346:
76:
614:. Many units exercise this privilege in conjunction with significant annual commemorations.
39:
1124:
890:
857:
804:
635:
488:
484:
405:
310:
301:
289:
133:
906:
672:
8:
1072:
677:
499:
421:
In England, the most established borough freedom is that conferred by the Freedom of the
266:
44:
1310:
1189:
1098:
1046:
970:
948:
1358:
910:
894:
878:
861:
503:
362:
487:, marched six rams across London Bridge to promote fundraising for the restoration of
1292:
1215:
718:
638:
369:
210:
173:
immediately upon crossing it. An exception was made for victory celebrations (called
48:
764:
and they demand that the mayor surrender the key to the city in a playful ceremony.
592:
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657:
350:
238:
230:
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This section is about Ireland. For Freedom awarded specifically in Dublin, see
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Today, the grant of honorary freedom in the United Kingdom is governed by the
1446:
909:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
893:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
877:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
597:
457:
438:
425:, first recorded in 1237. This is closely tied to the role and status of the
321:
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Text of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
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724:
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470:
156:
80:
31:
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A similar tradition exists in some festivities in Latin America (like in
510:
333:
198:
1404:
469:
On 19 August 1999, Jef Smith, a freeman of London walked two sheep over
449:
328:; in Coventry, freedom is qualified by having served an apprenticeship.
241:
in 1832, freedom of the city or town conferred the right to vote in the
732:
610:
Freedom of the City is a privilege bestowed to individual units of the
398:
254:
1216:"Register of the Freemen of the City of York - British History Online"
19:"Key to the City" redirects here. For other meanings of the term, see
788:
772:
743:
661:
476:
On 17 June 2006, a flock of about thirty sheep was driven across the
250:
206:
1333:"Rei Momo recebe as chaves da cidade e o carnaval toma conta do Rio"
67:, made by Jonathan Wilmarth, John L. Moffat, and Joseph Curtis, 1832
63:
Gold New York City 'Freedom of the City Box' presented to Commodore
776:
325:
169:
160:
137:
753:
in Tampa, Florida a friendly invasion by the crew of the mythical
792:
784:
768:
317:
202:
167:
and generals were forbidden from entering it, and resigned their
149:
105:
1425:
923:
754:
746:
receives the key to the city at the start of the festivities.
684:
604:
573:
286:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
275:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
262:
1235:"Prince Andrew loses freedom of York after councillors' vote"
723:' who leads the carnivals which take place the week prior to
442:
88:
277:
removed any restrictions entitling only men to be freemen.
258:
140:
during the unit's Freedom of the City parade in August 2013
760:
is recreated where costumed pirates make their way to the
1270:
1172:"Why are there sheep being herded across London Bridge?"
891:
Text of the Section 249 of the Local Government Act 1972
947:. The Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne. Archived from
473:
to bring attention to the rights of older citizens.
192:
30:. For the role-playing game campaign setting, see
832:"1985 â 75th Anniversary Naval Service of Canada"
810:List of Freedom of the City recipients (military)
340:
1444:
1253:"York strips its duke of freedom of city honour"
1190:"Alan Titchmarsh herds sheep over London Bridge"
494:On 17 September 2008, the Lord Mayor of London,
375:
345:Recipients of this honour have included athlete
288:). The 1972 Act enabled the councils of cities,
1021:"Protest Freeman herds sheep over Tower Bridge"
401:'s Certificate of Freedom of the City of London
540:
480:to mark the start of London Architecture Week.
229:A recipient of Freedom of the City of London,
693:List of Keys to the City in the United States
491:and "a scheme backing local food production".
273:specifically preserved freemen's rights. The
971:Dame Mary Peters granted Freedom of Belfast"
1015:
1013:
622:with an annual freedom of the city parade.
483:On 31 August 2008, Amanda Cottrell, former
1039:
924:"The Gild of Freemen of the City of York"
209:lord. As such, freemen actually pre-date
1339:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 20 April 2022
1010:
671:
648:
629:
591:
531:
448:
404:
393:
385:
224:
163:", the boundary of the city, as sacred.
127:
70:
58:
38:
1426:The Gild of Freemen of the City of York
1299:
683:receives the Golden Key to the City of
1445:
1409:Guild of Freemen of the City of London
1391:from the original on 22 November 2012.
559:
1232:
858:Text of the Local Government Act 1972
834:. Royal Canadian Navy. Archived from
826:
824:
509:On 7 April 2013, actor and presenter
123:
1099:"Sheep march over bridge for money"
13:
1073:"Sheep marched over London Bridge"
821:
767:In Canada, major cities including
697:List of Keys to the City in Canada
625:
603:exercising Freedom of the City of
14:
1474:
1398:
1047:"Sheep flock driven through city"
220:
181:occurred outside this boundary.)
26:For the Northern Irish play, see
16:Honour bestowed by a municipality
1438:Freemen of the City of Liverpool
1273:. TheJournal.ie. 7 February 2017
703:Key to the City (disambiguation)
641:receives the key to the city of
21:Key to the City (disambiguation)
1377:
1351:
1325:
1285:
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1245:
1226:
1208:
1182:
1164:
1147:"Stephen Fry's Key To The City"
1139:
1117:
1091:
1065:
547:York § Freedom of the City
435:City of London Freemen's School
247:Municipal Corporations Act 1835
193:Entitlement to civil privileges
136:marching through the centre of
988:"How to apply for the Freedom"
980:
963:
937:
916:
900:
884:
867:
850:
783:received a key to the city of
341:Freedom of the City of Belfast
179:assassination of Julius Caesar
1:
1414:Freedom of the City of London
1307:"Key to the City of New York"
1233:Brown, Mark (27 April 2022).
815:
660:hands out key to the city to
566:Freedom of the City of Dublin
527:Worshipful Company of Woolmen
515:Stephen Fry's Key To The City
413:receiving the freedom of the
382:Freedom of the City of London
376:Freedom of the City of London
7:
798:
554:Prince Andrew, Duke of York
541:Freedom of the City of York
10:
1479:
873:Sections 27 and 28 of the
751:Gasparilla Pirate Festival
700:
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620:Battle of Kitcheners' Wood
563:
544:
379:
155:This honour dates back to
85:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
25:
18:
1220:www.british-history.ac.uk
787:, presented by the mayor
587:
282:Local Government Act 1972
271:Local Government Act 1972
1125:"Stephen Fry on Twitter"
791:. In a local tradition,
742:), where the festival's
1431:17 October 2013 at the
1127:. Twitter. 8 April 2013
762:Tampa Convention Center
655:Mayor of Rio de Janeiro
616:The Calgary Highlanders
304:) with the status of a
245:for the MPs. Until the
53:University of Sheffield
51:, 1939 (Hadfield Room,
28:The Freedom of the City
1363:Gasparilla Pirate Fest
749:As part of the yearly
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77:Antoon van den Heuvel
74:
62:
42:
1419:27 July 2018 at the
1385:"White Hat Ceremony"
1359:"Gasparilla History"
1293:"About the Regiment"
998:on 30 September 2018
838:on 12 September 2012
805:Honorary citizenship
701:For other uses, see
489:Canterbury Cathedral
485:High Sheriff of Kent
253:" (defined as local
239:parliamentary reform
233:, after his ceremony
159:which regarded the "
134:No. 28 Squadron RAAF
1453:Freedom of the City
1313:on 14 November 2011
1196:. 30 September 2018
1105:. 19 September 2008
582:St. Stephen's Green
560:Republic of Ireland
284:(as amended by the
267:Newcastle upon Tyne
97:Freedom of the City
45:Sir Robert Hadfield
1365:. 10 November 2023
977:. 2 November 2012.
911:legislation.gov.uk
895:legislation.gov.uk
879:legislation.gov.uk
862:legislation.gov.uk
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504:Wellbeing of Women
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363:Thomas Henry Ismay
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124:Military privilege
93:
69:
57:
1387:. Visit Calgary.
951:on 8 October 2013
678:Russian President
478:Millennium Bridge
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1259:. 27 April 2022.
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664:at the start of
658:Marcelo Crivella
618:commemorate the
456:with a sheep on
427:livery companies
357:, industrialist
231:Nigel Cumberland
110:Freedom of Entry
65:Daniel Patterson
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