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night. Yet in this hour Earth also and the plains of Ocean, ill-boding dogs and birds that spell mischief, sent signs which heralded disaster. How oft before our eyes did Etna deluge the fields of the
Cyclopes with a torrent from her burst furnaces, hurling thereon balls of fire and molten rocks. Germany heard the noise of battle sweep across the sky and, even without precedent, the Alps rocked with earthquakes. A voice boomed through the silent groves for all to hear, a deafening voice, and phantoms of unearthly pallor were seen in the falling darkness. Horror beyond words, beasts uttered human speech; rivers stood still, the earth gaped upon; in the temples ivory images wept for grief, and beads of sweat covered bronze statues. King of waterways, the Po swept forests along in the swirl of his frenzied current, carrying with him over the plain cattle and stalls alike. Nor in that same hour did sinister filaments cease to appear in ominous entrails or blood to flow from wells or our hillside towns to echo all night with the howl of wolves. Never fell more lightning from a cloudless sky; never was comet's alarming glare so often seen.
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756:": "You too, child?" in English). Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators. According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators not involved in the plot; they, however, fled the building. Brutus and his companions then marched through the city, announcing, "People of Rome, we are once again free!" They were met with silence, as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses as soon as the rumours of what had taken place began to spread. According to Suetonius, after the murder all the conspirators fled; Caesar's body lay untouched for some time afterwards, until finally three slaves put him on a litter and carried him home, with one arm hanging down.
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strike a balance: they aimed to recruit enough men to surround Caesar and fight his supporters, but not so many that they would risk being discovered. They preferred friends to acquaintances and recruited neither reckless youths nor feeble elders. In the end, the conspirators recruited senators near the age of forty, as were they. The men assessed each potential recruit with innocent-sounding questions. The ancient sources report that in the end, around sixty to eighty conspirators joined the plot, although the latter number may be a scribal error.
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510:, the famous orator, was trusted by both Cassius and Brutus, and had made it no secret that he considered Caesar's rule oppressive. He also had great popularity among the common people and a large network of friends, which would help attract others to join their cause. However, the conspirators considered Cicero too cautious; at that time, Cicero was over sixty, and the conspirators thought he would be too likely to put safety over speed when planning the assassination. Next, the conspirators considered
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544:, the "Sacred Street". Another idea was to wait to attack him during the elections for new consuls. The conspirators would wait for Caesar to begin crossing the bridge that all voters crossed as part of the election procedures, and then topple him over the rail and into the water. There would be conspirators waiting in the water for Caesar, with daggers drawn. Another plan was to attack at a gladiatorial game, which had the benefit that nobody would be suspicious of armed men.
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viewed as the killing of a tyrant, killing his supporters would be seen only as a politicized purge and the work of Pompey's former supporters. By keeping Caesar's reforms intact, they would both keep the support of the Roman people, who Brutus believed opposed Caesar the king, not Caesar the reformer, and the support of Caesar's soldiers and other supporters. His argument convinced the other conspirators. They began making plans for Caesar's assassination.
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afraid that they would interfere with the assassination. Here, this would not be an issue, since only senators were allowed in the Senate House. Some also said that the murder of a tyrant in full view of the Senate would not be seen as a political plot, but as a noble act, done on behalf of their country. The conspirators ultimately settled on this as the chosen plan. Caesar would be leaving the city on 18 March to embark on a military campaign against the
410:("king"), to which Caesar replied, "I am not Rex, but Caesar" ("Non sum Rex, sed Caesar"). This was wordplay; "Rex" was a family name as well as a Latin title. Marullus and Flavus, the aforementioned tribunes, were not amused, and ordered the man who first cried "rex" arrested. In a later senate meeting, Caesar accused the tribunes of attempting to create opposition to him, and had them removed from office and membership in the Senate. The Roman
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640:, Caesar's wife, was awoken from a nightmare. She had dreamt that she was holding a murdered Caesar in her arms and mourning him. Other versions have Calpurnia dream that the front pediment of their house had collapsed and that Caesar had died; yet another shows Caesar's body streaming with blood. Calpurnia had no doubt heard Spurinna's warnings of great peril to Caesar's life, which helps explain her visions. Around 5
532:, the "Best Men" of Rome, among the conspirators wanted to go back to the way things were before Caesar. This would entail killing both Caesar and all the men around him, including Antony, and reverting Caesar's reforms. The former supporters of Caesar among the conspirators did not agree to this. They liked Caesar's reforms, and did not want a purge of Caesar's supporters. However, even they agreed to kill Antony.
633:, also located in the Theatre of Pompey. The gladiators could be useful to the conspirators: if a fight broke out to protect Caesar, the gladiators could intervene; if Caesar was killed but the conspirators came under attack, the gladiators could protect them; and since it was impossible to enter the Senate House without going through the Portico, the gladiators could block entrance to both if necessary.
425:, who had been elected co-consul with Caesar, climbed onto the Rostra and placed a diadem on Caesar's head, saying "The People give this to you through me." While a few members of the crowd applauded, most responded with silence. Caesar removed the diadem from his head; Antony again placed it on him, only to get the same response from the crowd. Finally, Caesar put it aside to use as a sacrifice to
436:, Caesar's assassination ultimately occurred primarily due to concerns that he wished to crown himself the king of Rome. These concerns were exacerbated by the "three last straws" of 45 and 44 BC. In just a few months, Caesar had disrespected the Senate, removed People's Tribunes, and toyed with monarchy. By February, the conspiracy that caused his assassination was being born.
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the goals of the conspirators. The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman
Republic. The Roman lower classes, with whom Caesar was popular, became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had sacrificed Caesar. Antony capitalized on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the
499:, the conspirators included Caesar's soldiers, officers, and civilian associates, and while some joined the conspiracy due to concerns over Caesar's authoritarianism, many had self-interested motives such as jealousy: feeling that Caesar had not rewarded them enough or that he had given too much money towards
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and managed to work out a compromise in which the assassins would not be punished for their acts, but all of Caesar's appointments would remain valid. By doing this, Antony most likely hoped to avoid large cracks in government forming as a result of Caesar's death. Simultaneously, Antony diminished
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The conspirators believed that how and where they assassinated Caesar would make a difference. An ambush in a secluded area would have a different impact on public opinion than an assassination in the heart of Rome. The conspirators came up with multiple ideas for the assassination. They considered
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The two men then began to recruit others. While it took only one man to murder another, Brutus believed that for the assassination of Caesar to be considered a legitimate removal of a tyrant, done for the sake of their country, it must include a large number of Rome's leading men. They attempted to
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Finally, somebody brought up the idea to assassinate Caesar at one of the senate meetings. All other plans had one detriment: while Caesar had no official bodyguards, he asked his friends to protect him in public. Most of these friends were imposing and dangerous-looking and the conspirators were
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Who dare say the Sun is false? He and no other warns us when dark uprising threaten, when treachery and hidden wars are gathering strength. He and no other was moved to pity Rome on the day that Caesar died, when he veiled his radiance in gloom and darkness, and a godless age feared everlasting
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Brutus disagreed with both. He argued that killing Caesar, and doing nothing else, was the option they should choose. The conspirators claimed to be acting based on the principles of law and justice, he told them, and it would be unjust to kill Antony. While the assassination of Caesar would be
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Caesar was walking to the senate house when he caught sight of
Spurinna. "Well, the Ides of March have come!" Caesar called out playfully. "Aye, the Ides have come," said Spurinna, "but they are not yet gone." Mark Antony started to enter with Caesar, but was intercepted by one of the plotters
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stabbing at the back and
Decimus slicing his thigh. Caesar attempted to fight back, but tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenseless on the lower steps of the portico. Caesar was stabbed 23 times. Suetonius relates that a physician who performed an autopsy on Caesar
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in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position. Antony did not initially consider
Octavius a true political threat due to his young age and inexperience, but Octavius quickly gained the support and admiration of Caesar's friends and supporters.
625:, for the senate meeting. Usually, the senators would be meeting at the Roman Forum, but Caesar was financing a reconstruction of the forum and so the senators met in other venues throughout Rome, this being one of them. There were gladiatorial games underway at the Theatre, and
429:. "Jupiter alone of the Romans is king", Caesar said, which received an enthusiastic response from the crowd. At the time, many believed that Caesar's rejection of the diadem was a way for him to see if there was enough support for him to become king, and despised him for it.
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spoke. He revealed that he had personally approached Antony the summer before and asked him to join a different conspiracy to end Caesar's life, and Antony had turned him down. This rejection to the old conspiracy caused the conspirators to decide against recruiting Antony.
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or that he balked at the suggestion he should rise. Regardless of the reasoning, by practically rejecting a senatorial gift and not acknowledging the delegation's presence with proper etiquette, Caesar gave the strong impression that he no longer cared about the Senate.
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and royalty. Nobody knew who had placed the diadem, but Caesar suspected that the tribunes had arranged for it to appear so that they could have the honour of removing it. Matters escalated shortly after on the 26th, when Caesar was riding on horseback to Rome on the
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The Second
Triumvirate was ultimately unstable and could not withstand internal jealousies and ambitions. Antony detested Octavian and spent most of his time in the East, while Lepidus favoured Antony but felt himself obscured by both his colleagues. Following the
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a.m., Calpurnia begged Caesar not to go to the senate meeting that day. After some hesitation, Caesar acquiesced. Although not superstitious, he knew that
Spurinna and Calpurnia were involved in Roman politics, and decided to be cautious. Caesar sent
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or
Octavian, the son of the great Caesar, and consequently also inherited the loyalty of much of the Roman populace. Octavian, aged only 18 at the time of Caesar's death, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with
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went to Caesar's home to try to talk him into coming to the Senate meeting. "What do you say, Caesar?" Decimus said. "Will someone of your stature pay attention to a woman's dreams and the omens of foolish men?" Caesar eventually decided to go.
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To combat Brutus and
Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the money from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them. With passage of the
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established that only one wound (the second one to his ribs) had been fatal. This autopsy report (the earliest known post-mortem report in history) describes that Caesar's death was mostly attributable to blood loss from his stab wounds.
359:. When they arrived, etiquette called for Caesar to stand up to greet the senators, but he did not rise. He also joked about their news, saying that his honours needed to be cut back instead of increased. Roman historian
931:, a dispute between Lepidus and Octavian regarding the allocation of lands broke out. Octavian accused Lepidus of usurping power in Sicily and of attempted rebellion and, in 36 BC, Lepidus was forced into exile in
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his sole heir, bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name as well as making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the
Republic. Upon hearing of his adoptive father's death, Octavius abandoned his studies in
915:. It engaged in the legally sanctioned murder of a large number of its opponents in order to fund its forty-five legions in the second civil war against Brutus and Cassius. Antony and Octavian defeated them at
526:. If Antony was not to join them, then they must assassinate Antony as well, lest he interfere with the conspiracy. Eventually, this idea was expanded upon and split the conspirators into two factions. The
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are a contested subject among scholars and historians. Both Cassius Dio and Suetonius state that he said nothing, nevertheless, both mention that others have written that Caesar's last words were the
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named Spurinna. In addition, on 1 March, Caesar watched Cassius speaking with Brutus at the senate house and said to an aide, "What do you think Cassius is up to? I don't like him, he looks pale."
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Out of all the conspirators, only about twenty of their names are known. Nothing is known about some of those whose names have survived. The known members are (leaders are highlighted in bold):
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Servilius Casca, former Caesarian, brother of Publius Casca, the third assassin to strike Caesar, and the only one of the assassins to inflict a fatal wound on Caesar (a stab between the ribs)
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where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times. They claimed to be acting over fears that Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the
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describes three incidents that occurred from 45 to 44 BC as the final causes of Caesar's assassination – the "three last straws" as far as some Romans were concerned.
355:, after the Senate had voted to bestow a large number of honours upon Caesar, they decided to present them to him formally, and marched as a senatorial delegation to the
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Two days before the assassination, Cassius met with the conspirators and told them that, should anyone discover the plan, they were to turn their knives on themselves.
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in the evening of 22 February 44 BC, when after some discussion the two agreed that something had to be done to prevent Caesar from becoming king of the Romans.
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471:, who answered affirmatively on 2 March when Brutus asked him whether it was wise for a man to put himself into danger if it meant overcoming evil or foolish men;
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503:'s former supporters. The conspirators did not meet openly but instead secretly assembled at each other's homes and in small groups in order to work out a plan.
2039:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927, Reissued with new introduction, bibliography, and additional notes by G. B. Townsend, Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1982.
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took their tribunes seriously as the representatives of the common people; Caesar's actions against the tribunes put him on the wrong side of public opinion.
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241:. Despite the death of Caesar, the conspirators were unable to restore the institutions of the Republic. The ramifications of the assassination led to his
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A wax statue of Caesar was erected at the Forum displaying the 23 stab wounds. A crowd who had amassed there expressed their anger at the assassins by
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556:. The last senate meeting before that date was on the 15th, the Ides of March, and so the conspirators chose this as the day of the assassination.
963:", a name that raised him to the status of a deity, in 27 BC, remained as the sole master of the Roman world and proceeded to establish the
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Geschichte Roms in seinem Uebergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen
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produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to
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subsequently broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war culminated in the latter's
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presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother. The other conspirators crowded round to offer their support. Both Plutarch and
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In the days leading up to the Ides, Caesar was not completely oblivious to what was being planned. According to the ancient historian
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Now, however, a new idea took place. Antony was strong because of his familiarity with the soldiers, and powerful due to his
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that he wished he had been "invited to that superb banquet" and believed that the conspirators should also have killed
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stabbed him in the side. Within moments, Caesar was attacked from all directions, with Cassius slashing Caesar's face,
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in 30 BC. With the complete defeat of Antony and the marginalisation of Lepidus, Octavian, having been restyled "
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or Decimus Brutus) and detained outside. He remained there until after the assassination, at which point he fled.
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wrote (almost 150 years later) that Caesar failed to rise in the temple, either because he was restrained by the
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The first incident took place in December 45 BC or possibly early 44 BC. According to Roman historian
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that several unusual events took place preceding Caesar's assassination. This should be read in the context of
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The senators waited for Caesar's arrival, but he did not come. The reason for this is that early that morning,
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of 44 BC, conspirators and non-conspirators met at the Senate House of Pompey, located in the
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say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed Caesar's shoulders and pulled down Caesar's
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was not a member of the conspiracy and was surprised by it. He later wrote to the conspirator
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demanded that Caesar disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the
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2026:. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. London: W. Heinemann, New York: Macmillan, 1914–1926.
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First, the conspirators discussed the addition of two other men to the conspiracy.
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2823:(in German). Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Leipzig: Berlin, Gebr£uder Borntraeger.
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in 49 BC. After defeating the last of the opposition, Caesar was appointed
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19:"Death of Caesar" and "Murder of Caesar" redirect here. For other uses, see
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The assassination of Julius Caesar : a people's history of Ancient Rome
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Epstein, David F. (1987). "Caesar's Personal Enemies on the Ides of March".
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Epstein, David F. (1987). "Caesar's Personal Enemies on the Ides of March".
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The death of Caesar : the story of history's most famous assassination
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in 31 BC; Octavian's forces would then chase Antony and Cleopatra to
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and another whose name is unknown), all men from Caesar's own ranks; and
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The conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar began with a meeting between
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Possible bust of Julius Caesar, posthumous portrait in marble, 44–30 BC,
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Aftermath of the attack with Caesar's body abandoned in the foreground,
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to dismiss the Senate. When the conspirators heard of this dismissal,
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outside the Theatre of Pompey while Caesar was being stabbed instead.
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The second incident occurred in 44 BC. One day in January, the
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Horsfall, Nicholas (1974). "The Ides of March: Some New Problems".
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was officially formed, composed of Antony, Octavian, and Caesar's
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and sailed across the Adriatic Sea to Brundisium. Octavius became
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229:. At least 60 to 70 senators were party to the conspiracy, led by
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The Assassination of Julius Caesar (The Ides of March, 44 B.C.E.)
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Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
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had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate brought back
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Et Tu Brute? – The Murder of Caesar and Political Assassination
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List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government
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213:(15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the
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2362:"Virgil, Georgics Books 1–2 – Theoi Classical Texts Library"
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The version best known in the English-speaking world is the
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Smith, R.E. (1957). "The Conspiracy and the Conspirators".
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2106:ὁ μεν πληγείς, Ῥωμαιστί· 'Μιαρώτατε Κάσκα, τί ποιεῖς;'
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Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the
3063:
Kill Caesar!: Assassination in the Early Roman Empire
1809:
1797:
1773:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1719:
1707:
1635:
1572:
1544:
1529:
1517:
1236:
Mark Antony with the dead body of Caesar, painted by
994:, illustrating Act IV, Scene III, from Shakespeare's
899:
in 42 BC, and Caesar Octavian henceforth became
417:
The third incident took place at the festival of the
1487:
1435:
1405:
1329:(1599), where it actually forms the first half of a
2534:
2897:
2487:
2314:The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary (Latin-English)
2311:
2195:"Spot Where Julius Caesar Was Stabbed Discovered"
3791:
2782:', Volume IX, The Last Age of the Roman Republic
844:. Two days after the assassination, Mark Antony
540:an attack on Caesar while he was walking on the
2121:[The Parallel Lives – Life of Caesar].
935:and stripped of all his offices except that of
21:Assassination of Julius Caesar (disambiguation)
3082:. Section 114 contains a list of conspirators.
3037:The Ides: Caesar's Murder and the War for Rome
2485:
291:between two daggers, with the legend EID MAR (
3123:
3034:
2035:Butler, M. Cary, ed., C. Suetoni Tranquilli,
1899:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1617:
1605:
1590:
2574:
2318:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
2281:The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations
2059:
2057:
1376:"6 Civil Wars that Transformed Ancient Rome"
903:("Son of the Divine"). Seeing that Caesar's
406:. A few members of the crowd greeted him as
2539:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
1364:, Cambridge University Press, 1974, p. 518.
389:on the head of the statue of Caesar on the
285:), minted in 43–42 BC. The reverse shows a
3130:
3116:
2426:
1319:" ("You too, Brutus?"); this derives from
2794:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2396:
2054:
3078:of the assassination from the historian
2145:Julius Caesar's Stabbing Site Identified
1862:
974:
790:
583:
443:
298:
264:
3374:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
2965:
2895:
2813:
2743:
2715:
2690:
2646:
2309:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1713:
1641:
1629:
1578:
1553:
1538:
1523:
1502:
1496:
1474:
1472:
1448:
1411:
1399:
1092:, former Pompeian, brother of Caecilius
970:
3792:
3055:
3007:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1402:, p. 58 ; Liv. perioch. 116.
3111:
2727:Broughton, p. 315; Holmes III, p. 343
2578:Ancient Rome: An Introductory History
2422:
2420:
2418:
2276:
2081:
1101:Publius Sextius Naso, former Pompeian
725:Caesar was killed at the base of the
334:with his army and plunging Rome into
3810:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
3691:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
2096:from the original on 30 January 2022
1469:
2784:, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
1373:
775:the ancient Romans' belief in omens
759:
16:44 BCE murder of the Roman dictator
13:
3065:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
2429:The Romans: From Village to Empire
2415:
2016:
1214:The Assassination of Julius Caesar
322:(roughly equivalent to modern-day
14:
3856:
3493:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus
3137:
3094:, includes an account of the plot
3069:
2051:. The brother was Publius Cimber.
393:in the Roman Forum. According to
318:, fully conquering the region of
3771:
3770:
1229:
1205:
1181:
1159:
1138:
577:
48:
25:Death of Caesar (disambiguation)
3035:Dando-Collins, Stephen (2010).
2762:
2749:
2721:
2640:
2625:
2603:
2568:
2553:
2528:
2506:
2479:
2464:
2449:
2390:
2372:
2354:
2345:
2332:
2303:
2270:
2255:
2242:
2227:
2212:
2187:
2170:
2150:
2137:
2111:
2075:
2042:
2029:
1905:
1880:
1559:
1303:
1276:, a play by William Shakespeare
1098:Marcus Spurius, former Pompeian
880:on 27 November 43 BC, the
205:was assassinated by a group of
3815:Assassination of Julius Caesar
2065:"Internet History Sourcebooks"
1454:
1417:
1367:
1351:
1049:Publius Servilius Casca Longus
980:Brutus and the Ghost of Caesar
967:as the first Roman "Emperor".
864:Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
467:Notable conspirators included
35:Assassination of Julius Caesar
1:
2791:(1958). "The Ides of March".
2780:The Cambridge Ancient History
2285:. London: Routledge. p.
2181:
2143:Cohen, J. (11 October 2012).
1344:
1095:Rubrius Ruga, former Pompeian
1024:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
610:
439:
421:, on 15 February 44 BC.
239:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
3840:Crisis of the Roman Republic
3648:Gaius Julius Caesar (father)
3449:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
2583:University of Oklahoma Press
2535:Warrior, Valerie M. (2006).
2147:. Retrieved from History.com
1284:, a novel by Thornton Wilder
1262:Death of Alexander the Great
797:Deification of Julius Caesar
786:
709:
448:The city of Rome, 44 BC
42:Crisis of the Roman Republic
7:
3442:Commentarii de Bello Civili
2119:"Plutarch • Life of Caesar"
1245:
669:, as Caesar took his seat,
10:
3861:
3845:Stabbing attacks in Europe
3004:, and the Ides of March".
2966:Strauss, Barry S. (2015).
2496:Cambridge University Press
2427:Boatwright, Susan (2012).
2399:Enemies of the Roman Order
2397:MacMullen, Ramsay (1975).
1292:, a novel by Steven Saylor
1131:
1086:Caecilius, former Pompeian
825:
745:
698:
567:identifies this seer as a
487:, and the brothers Casca (
56:The Death of Julius Caesar
18:
3765:
3724:
3675:
3640:
3614:
3583:
3574:
3543:
3507:
3470:
3419:
3382:
3289:
3206:
3188:
3145:
2943:10.1017/S0017383500015734
2896:Parenti, Michael (2004).
2873:10.1017/S0017383500022397
2817:(1906). P. Groebe (ed.).
2049:Plutarch – Life of Brutus
1223:Royal Shakespeare Theatre
1199:Lower Saxony State Museum
260:
196:
174:
170:60 or more Roman senators
166:
150:
140:
125:
86:
68:
47:
39:
34:
3530:Temple of Venus Genetrix
3104:channel Historia Civilis
2970:. Simon & Schuster.
1362:Roman Republican Coinage
1296:
955:, where they would both
842:burning the Senate House
357:Temple of Venus Genetrix
129:15 March 44 BC
3805:1st century BC in Italy
2486:Osgood, Josiah (2006).
2433:Oxford University Press
2310:Morwood, James (1994).
2084:"Caesar: Chapter LXVII"
2069:sourcebooks.fordham.edu
1425:"Cassius Dio – Book 44"
1219:William Holmes Sullivan
1082:Gaius Cassius Parmensis
1076:Lucius Minucius Basilus
1055:Servius Sulpicius Galba
456:and his brother-in-law
427:Jupiter Optimus Maximus
383:Lucius Caesetius Flavus
368:Lucius Cornelius Balbus
3711:Julio-Claudian dynasty
3535:Caesar's Rhine bridges
3462:Poems by Julius Caesar
3428:Laudatio Iuliae amitae
3404:Constitutional reforms
3391:Lex Julia de maiestate
2277:Stone, Jon R. (2005).
2089:Loeb Classical Library
1152:Victor Honoré Janssens
1016:Gaius Cassius Longinus
998:
823:
784:
752:" (transliterated as "
685:"). At the same time,
614:
449:
379:Gaius Epidius Marullus
311:
296:
249:and ultimately to the
235:Gaius Cassius Longinus
187:Decimus Brutus Albinus
183:Gaius Cassius Longinus
3153:Early life and career
3091:Life of Julius Caesar
2575:Zoch, Paul A. (200).
2383:Bellum Civile 2.147,
2123:penelope.uchicago.edu
1567:Life of Julius Caesar
1429:penelope.uchicago.edu
1118:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1043:Lucius Tillius Cimber
978:
828:Liberators' civil war
794:
779:
715:Gaius Servilius Casca
671:Lucius Tillius Cimber
587:
447:
302:
268:
247:Liberators' civil war
110:41.89528°N 12.47694°E
3835:Legislative violence
3752:Marcus Junius Brutus
3663:Julia Minor (sister)
3658:Julia Major (sister)
3256:Invasions of Britain
3173:Crossing the Rubicon
3061:Sheldon, Rose Mary.
2092:(in Ancient Greek).
2082:Henderson, Jeffrey.
1289:The Throne of Caesar
1190:The Murder of Caesar
1008:Marcus Junius Brutus
971:List of conspirators
683:Ista quidem vis est!
497:Nicolaus of Damascus
305:Museo Pio-Clementino
231:Marcus Junius Brutus
179:Marcus Junius Brutus
3591:Cossutia (disputed)
3056:Relevant literature
2746:, pp. 640–642.
2718:, pp. 627–632.
2693:, pp. 632–640.
2156:Woolf Greg (2006),
2001:, pp. 120–121.
1337:Then fall, Caesar."
1321:William Shakespeare
1147:The death of Caesar
990:from a painting by
886:Master of the Horse
846:summoned the senate
737:Caesar's last words
106: /
3632:Augustus (adopted)
3556:Chiaramonti Caesar
3334:Battle of the Nile
3190:Military campaigns
3168:Caesar's civil war
2387:recovered 12-23-14
2250:The Twelve Caesars
1900:Dando-Collins 2010
1702:Dando-Collins 2010
1690:Dando-Collins 2010
1678:Dando-Collins 2010
1666:Dando-Collins 2010
1654:Dando-Collins 2010
1618:Dando-Collins 2010
1606:Dando-Collins 2010
1591:Dando-Collins 2010
1267:Death of Cleopatra
1078:, former Caesarian
1057:, former Caesarian
999:
911:, abandoned since
882:Second Triumvirate
832:Second Triumvirate
824:
812:'s passage on the
615:
450:
336:Caesar's Civil War
312:
297:
271:Ides of March coin
115:41.89528; 12.47694
61:Vincenzo Camuccini
3787:
3786:
3671:
3670:
3551:Tusculum portrait
3410:Dictator perpetuo
3369:
3368:
3261:Ambiorix's revolt
3158:First Triumvirate
3146:Major life events
2977:978-1-4516-6881-0
2930:Greece & Rome
2860:Greece & Rome
2789:Balsdon, J.P.V.D.
2442:978-0-19-973057-5
1794:, pp. 97–98.
1680:, pp. 48–49.
1656:, pp. 42–43.
1632:, pp. 87–88.
1281:The Ides of March
1238:Bela Čikoš Sesija
1107:Publius Turullius
1072:, former Pompeian
1066:, former Pompeian
800:, a 16th-century
731:Theatre of Pompey
707:
631:Portico of Pompey
623:Theatre of Pompey
341:dictator perpetuo
219:Theatre of Pompey
200:
199:
77:Theatre of Pompey
3852:
3774:
3773:
3696:Temple of Caesar
3653:Aurelia (mother)
3581:
3580:
3486:Veni, vidi, vici
3204:
3203:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3050:
3031:
2989:
2962:
2923:
2903:
2892:
2853:
2824:
2810:
2775:Elizabeth Rawson
2756:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2694:
2688:
2665:
2664:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2572:
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2557:
2551:
2550:
2532:
2526:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
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2477:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2424:
2413:
2412:
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2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2284:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2024:Plutarch's Lives
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
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1711:
1705:
1699:
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1657:
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1627:
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1603:
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1557:
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1500:
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1476:
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1446:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1358:Michael Crawford
1355:
1338:
1307:
1233:
1209:
1185:
1174:Jean-Léon Gérôme
1169:La Mort de César
1163:
1142:
1070:Quintus Ligarius
949:defeat at Actium
937:Pontifex Maximus
760:Preceding events
751:
750:
712:
710:adelphe, boethei
702:
700:
643:
612:
608:
598:illustration by
485:Minucius Basilus
454:Cassius Longinus
136:
134:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
52:
32:
31:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3761:
3757:Curia of Pompey
3720:
3667:
3636:
3610:
3570:
3539:
3515:Forum of Caesar
3503:
3466:
3415:
3378:
3365:
3324:Alexandrian war
3285:
3202:
3184:
3141:
3136:
3072:
3058:
3053:
3047:
2992:
2978:
2926:
2912:
2856:
2827:
2787:
2765:
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2722:
2714:
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2604:
2597:
2573:
2569:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2533:
2529:
2511:
2507:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2435:. p. 260.
2425:
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2346:
2337:
2333:
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2297:
2275:
2271:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2235:History of Rome
2232:
2228:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2175:
2171:
2155:
2151:
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2126:
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2116:
2112:
2099:
2097:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1910:
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1898:
1894:
1885:
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1855:
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1522:
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1503:
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1488:
1477:
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1447:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1374:Andrews, Evan.
1372:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1210:
1201:
1195:Karl von Piloty
1186:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1143:
1134:
1115:
1032:Gaius Trebonius
992:Richard Westall
973:
945:third civil war
925:Sicilian revolt
838:
826:Main articles:
789:
762:
754:Kai su, teknon?
727:Curia of Pompey
641:
602:
600:Johannes Zainer
580:
516:Gaius Trebonius
477:Gaius Trebonius
442:
309:Vatican Museums
293:Eidibus Martiis
263:
215:Curia of Pompey
191:Gaius Trebonius
189:
185:
181:
153:
132:
130:
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
73:Curia of Pompey
64:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:Murder in Rome
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3716:Caesar (title)
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:Caesar's Comet
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:Life of Caesar
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
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3635:
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3609:
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3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3525:Basilica Julia
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3479:Alea iacta est
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
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3445:
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3431:
3423:
3421:
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3321:
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3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
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3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
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3233:
3228:
3223:
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3201:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3070:External links
3068:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:978-0470425237
3045:
3032:
3020:10.2307/311200
2990:
2976:
2963:
2924:
2910:
2893:
2867:(2): 191–199.
2854:
2836:(3): 566–570.
2825:
2811:
2785:
2771:Andrew Lintott
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:Ad Att. XIV 12
2748:
2729:
2720:
2695:
2666:
2655:(3): 566–570.
2639:
2624:
2618:The Civil Wars
2602:
2595:
2567:
2552:
2545:
2537:Roman Religion
2527:
2505:
2478:
2463:
2448:
2441:
2414:
2407:
2389:
2371:
2353:
2344:
2331:
2324:
2302:
2295:
2269:
2254:
2241:
2226:
2211:
2186:
2169:
2160:, 199 pages –
2149:
2136:
2110:
2074:
2053:
2041:
2028:
2015:
2013:, p. 122.
2003:
1991:
1989:, p. 111.
1979:
1977:, p. 109.
1967:
1965:, p. 107.
1955:
1953:, p. 118.
1943:
1941:, p. 116.
1931:
1929:, p. 114.
1919:
1904:
1892:
1879:
1874:Parallel Lives
1861:
1859:, p. 115.
1849:
1847:, p. 104.
1837:
1835:, p. 169.
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1516:
1501:
1486:
1468:
1453:
1434:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:, c. 1859–1867
1165:
1158:
1156:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1114:
1113:
1111:Pacuvius Labeo
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1064:Pontius Aquila
1061:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1003:
988:Edward Scriven
972:
969:
957:commit suicide
891:. It formally
869:Decimus Brutus
855:Gaius Octavius
788:
785:
761:
758:
747:καὶ σύ, τέκνον
699:ἀδελφέ, βοήθει
627:Decimus Brutus
579:
576:
493:Pontius Aquila
481:Tillius Cimber
473:Decimus Brutus
469:Pacuvius Labeo
441:
438:
262:
259:
253:period of the
227:Roman Republic
198:
197:
194:
193:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
127:
123:
122:
90:
84:
83:
70:
66:
65:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3857:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Julius Caesar
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
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3727:
3723:
3717:
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3697:
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3678:
3674:
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3649:
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3625:
3623:
3620:
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3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3579:
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3531:
3528:
3526:
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3506:
3500:
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3488:
3487:
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3405:
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3400:
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3395:
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3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
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3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3180:Assassination
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:Julius Caesar
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
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2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2911:1-56584-942-6
2907:
2904:. New Press.
2902:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2886:
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2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
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2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2769:J. A. Crook,
2768:
2767:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2596:0-8061-3287-6
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2546:0-521-82511-3
2542:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2408:9780674864948
2404:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2367:
2366:www.theoi.com
2363:
2357:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2325:0-19-860283-9
2321:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2298:
2296:0-415-96909-3
2292:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2233:Cassius Dio,
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2166:1-86197-741-7
2163:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2125:. p. 597
2124:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1902:, p. 34.
1901:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1818:, p. 99.
1817:
1812:
1806:, p. 98.
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1782:, p. 17.
1781:
1776:
1770:, p. 96.
1769:
1764:
1762:
1755:, p. 15.
1754:
1749:
1743:, p. 95.
1742:
1737:
1731:, p. 97.
1730:
1725:
1723:
1716:, p. 88.
1715:
1710:
1704:, p. 43.
1703:
1698:
1692:, p. 71.
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1668:, p. 46.
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1644:, p. 93.
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1620:, p. 42.
1619:
1614:
1608:, p. 26.
1607:
1602:
1600:
1593:, p. 24.
1592:
1587:
1581:, p. 67.
1580:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1556:, p. 63.
1555:
1550:
1548:
1541:, p. 62.
1540:
1535:
1533:
1526:, p. 61.
1525:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1499:, p. 60.
1498:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1451:, p. 59.
1450:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1414:, p. 58.
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1336:
1335:Et tu, Brute?
1332:
1328:
1327:
1326:Julius Caesar
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:Et tu, Brute?
1312:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:Julius Caesar
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:Acta Caesaris
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1240:, before 1920
1239:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:Julius Caesar
993:
989:
986:engraving by
985:
981:
977:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Sextus Pompey
926:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
873:
870:
865:
861:
856:
852:
847:
843:
837:
836:War of Actium
833:
829:
821:
820:
819:Metamorphoses
815:
811:
808:illustrating
807:
803:
799:
798:
793:
783:
778:
776:
772:
771:
767:wrote in the
766:
757:
755:
748:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
723:
720:
716:
711:
705:
696:
695:Ancient Greek
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:According to
663:
661:
655:
652:
648:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:Ides of March
606:
601:
597:
594:
591:
590:anachronistic
586:
582:
578:Ides of March
575:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
545:
543:
537:
533:
531:
530:
525:
520:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
459:
458:Marcus Brutus
455:
446:
437:
435:
432:According to
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:discovered a
384:
380:
377:
372:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
326:). After the
325:
321:
317:
310:
306:
301:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Ides of March
208:
204:
203:Julius Caesar
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
157:Assassination
155:
149:
146:
145:Julius Caesar
143:
139:
128:
124:
119:
91:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
58:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3820:Conspiracies
3776:
3769:
3683:
3561:Green Caesar
3491:
3484:
3477:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3408:
3396:
3389:
3179:
3090:
3062:
3036:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2967:
2937:(1): 58–70.
2934:
2928:
2899:
2864:
2858:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2801:(1): 80–94.
2798:
2792:
2778:
2763:Bibliography
2751:
2744:Drumann 1906
2723:
2716:Drumann 1906
2691:Drumann 1906
2652:
2648:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2577:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2536:
2530:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2489:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2431:. New York:
2428:
2398:
2392:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2313:
2305:
2280:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2199:Live Science
2198:
2189:
2177:
2172:
2157:
2152:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2122:
2113:
2105:
2098:. Retrieved
2087:
2077:
2068:
2044:
2037:Divus Iulius
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2011:Strauss 2015
2006:
1999:Strauss 2015
1994:
1987:Strauss 2015
1982:
1975:Strauss 2015
1970:
1963:Strauss 2015
1958:
1951:Strauss 2015
1946:
1939:Strauss 2015
1934:
1927:Strauss 2015
1922:
1912:
1907:
1895:
1888:Divus Julius
1887:
1882:
1872:
1864:
1857:Strauss 2015
1852:
1845:Strauss 2015
1840:
1833:Parenti 2004
1816:Strauss 2015
1811:
1804:Strauss 2015
1799:
1792:Strauss 2015
1787:
1780:Strauss 2015
1775:
1768:Strauss 2015
1753:Strauss 2015
1748:
1741:Strauss 2015
1736:
1729:Strauss 2015
1714:Strauss 2015
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1642:Strauss 2015
1637:
1630:Strauss 2015
1625:
1613:
1586:
1579:Strauss 2015
1574:
1566:
1561:
1554:Strauss 2015
1539:Strauss 2015
1524:Strauss 2015
1519:
1509:
1504:
1497:Strauss 2015
1479:
1461:
1456:
1449:Strauss 2015
1428:
1419:
1412:Strauss 2015
1407:
1400:Strauss 2015
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1212:
1188:
1167:
1145:
1116:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
1000:
995:
979:
921:
909:proscription
900:
897:Divus Iulius
874:
863:
839:
817:
806:Virgil Solis
795:
780:
768:
763:
753:
735:
724:
682:
664:
656:
635:
616:
581:
573:
558:
546:
538:
534:
527:
521:
505:
466:
462:
451:
431:
426:
416:
407:
373:
350:
346:Titus Livius
339:
328:Roman Senate
313:
292:
286:
255:Roman Empire
201:
167:Perpetrators
54:
40:Part of the
29:
3737:Mark Antony
3686:by Plutarch
3520:Curia Julia
3456:De analogia
3383:Legislation
3314:Dyrrhachium
3281:Uxellodunum
3208:Gallic Wars
3163:Gallic wars
3100:– video by
2998:Existimatio
2994:Yavetz, Zvi
2815:Drumann, W.
2777:(editors),
2585:. pp.
2512:Suetonius,
2470:Suetonius,
2248:Suetonius,
2218:Suetonius,
2204:19 February
2176:Suetonius,
1886:Suetonius,
1877:, Caesar 63
1565:Suetonius,
1508:Suetonius,
1460:Suetonius,
1221:, c. 1888,
1126:Mark Antony
1037:Mark Antony
984:copperplate
901:Divi filius
822:15.745–850)
816:of Caesar (
647:Mark Antony
603: [
512:Mark Antony
423:Mark Antony
353:Cassius Dio
316:Gallic Wars
277:portraying
175:Ringleaders
152:Attack type
133:44 BC-03-15
113: /
88:Coordinates
3794:Categories
3732:Julia gens
3566:Arles bust
3499:Last words
3398:Lex Roscia
3304:Brundisium
2616:; Appian,
2519:; Florus,
2498:. p.
2338:Plutarch,
2261:Plutarch,
2129:30 January
2100:30 January
2022:Plutarch.
1911:Plutarch,
1478:Plutarch,
1345:References
1154:, c. 1690s
1090:Bucilianus
965:Principate
953:Alexandria
895:Caesar as
814:apotheosis
719:Bucilianus
596:manuscript
524:consulship
440:Conspiracy
419:Lupercalia
404:Appian Way
251:Principate
101:12°28′37″E
98:41°53′43″N
3742:Cleopatra
3706:Caesarism
3627:Caesarion
3606:Calpurnia
3544:Portraits
3508:Buildings
3319:Pharsalus
3299:Corfinium
3291:Civil War
3246:Octodurus
3086:Suetonius
3039:. Wiley.
3014:: 35–65.
2996:(1974). "
2986:913303337
2959:159706303
2951:0017-3835
2889:161450088
2881:0017-3835
2842:0023-8856
2614:2.7.11–14
1331:macaronic
1122:Trebonius
1104:Petronius
941:Cleopatra
927:, led by
878:Lex Titia
860:Apollonia
851:Optimates
802:engraving
787:Aftermath
704:romanized
675:Suetonius
660:Trebonius
638:Calpurnia
565:Suetonius
554:Parthians
542:Via Sacra
529:optimates
434:Suetonius
395:Suetonius
361:Suetonius
243:martyrdom
3778:Category
3747:Servilia
3615:Children
3596:Cornelia
3435:Anticato
3271:Gergovia
3266:Avaricum
3251:Morbihan
3241:Atuatuci
3221:Bibracte
3198:Mytilene
2920:56643456
2850:41540686
2661:41540686
2631:Florus,
2609:Florus,
2559:Florus,
2514:Augustus
2455:Florus,
2094:Archived
1869:Plutarch
1313:phrase "
1246:See also
1197:, 1865,
982:(1802),
961:Augustus
917:Philippi
905:clemency
770:Georgics
743:phrase "
691:Plutarch
667:Plutarch
658:(either
569:haruspex
561:Plutarch
552:and the
376:tribunes
275:Denarius
207:senators
161:stabbing
69:Location
3725:Related
3601:Pompeia
3356:Thapsus
3351:Corduba
3346:Ruspina
3102:YouTube
3076:Account
2830:Latomus
2807:4434559
2649:Latomus
2636:2.34.66
2633:Epitome
2611:Epitome
2587:217–218
2561:Epitome
2521:Epitome
2457:Epitome
1380:HISTORY
1333:line: "
1132:Gallery
933:Circeii
893:deified
889:Lepidus
729:in the
706::
651:Decimus
617:On the
593:woodcut
489:Publius
399:Jupiter
332:Rubicon
283:obverse
217:of the
209:on the
131: (
75:of the
3676:Legacy
3576:Family
3471:Quotes
3309:Ilerda
3276:Alesia
3226:Vosges
3080:Appian
3043:
3028:311200
3026:
2984:
2974:
2957:
2949:
2918:
2908:
2887:
2879:
2848:
2840:
2805:
2659:
2593:
2543:
2472:Julius
2439:
2405:
2380:Appian
2340:Caesar
2322:
2293:
2263:Caesar
2220:Julius
2178:Julius
2164:
1913:Caesar
1510:Julius
1480:Caesar
1462:Julius
1385:28 May
834:, and
765:Virgil
642:
508:Cicero
501:Pompey
391:Rostra
387:diadem
365:consul
324:France
288:pileus
279:Brutus
261:Causes
245:, the
237:, and
141:Target
63:, 1806
3800:44 BC
3641:Other
3622:Julia
3584:Wives
3420:Works
3361:Munda
3329:Siege
3236:Sabis
3231:Axona
3024:JSTOR
2955:S2CID
2885:S2CID
2846:JSTOR
2803:JSTOR
2657:JSTOR
2564:2.6.3
2460:2.7.1
2238:44.19
1311:Latin
1297:Notes
913:Sulla
741:Greek
687:Casca
607:]
550:Getae
412:plebs
3341:Zela
3216:Arar
3041:ISBN
3002:Fama
2982:OCLC
2972:ISBN
2947:ISSN
2916:OCLC
2906:ISBN
2877:ISSN
2838:ISSN
2591:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2517:13.1
2475:83.2
2437:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2342:, 67
2320:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2266:66.9
2223:82.2
2206:2017
2162:ISBN
2131:2022
2102:2022
1916:58.6
1569:xxxi
1513:79.2
1387:2020
810:Ovid
679:toga
613:1474
381:and
320:Gaul
273:, a
269:The
223:Rome
126:Date
81:Rome
23:and
3016:doi
2939:doi
2869:doi
2621:5.3
2524:2.6
2287:250
2184:82.
1890:81.
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