675:
500:, the new revolutionary government adopted a policy of promotion of French as a unifying and modernizing language, simultaneously denigrating the status of minority languages as bulwarks of feudalism, Church control of the state, and backwardness in general. In less than a year after coming to power (1792), the Committee for Public Instruction mandated that the newly-expanded public education be fortified by sending French-speaking teachers to areas that spoke other languages. This programme achieved many of its aims during the 19th century: by the 1860s, nearly 80% of the national population could speak French.
555:. The Italian language was the official language of the County of Nice, used by the Church, at the town hall, taught in schools, used in theaters and at the Opera, was immediately abolished and replaced by French. The French government implemented a policy of Francization of society, language and culture of the County of Nice. The toponyms of the communes of the ancient County have been francized, with the obligation to use French in Nice, as well as certain surnames (for example the Italian surname "Bianchi" was francized into "Leblanc", and the Italian surname "Del Ponte" was francized into "Dupont").
247:, part of the French Empire. French culture, in aspects of architecture, culinary and linguistics, has been integrated into the local ones, although the latter remained highly distinct. French used to be the official language and was considerably popular and influential in these colonies, but after they were decolonised and gained independence, the new governments generally removed its influence, by implementing the native language as the only official language in the newly independent states. Currently, the presence of the French language in these countries is minor than before.
89:
756:, for example: the city of Edmundston went from around 89% French-speaking in 1996 to 93.4% in 2006, the city of Moncton from 30.4% in 1996 to 33% in 2006, Dalhousie (from 42.5% to 49.5%) and Dieppe (from 71.1% in 1996 to 74.2% in 2006). Some cities even passed 50% of French speakers between 1991 and 2006 like Bathurst, which passed from 44.6% of French speakers in 1996 to 50.5% in 2006, or Campbellton, from 47% in 1996 to 55% in 2006.
504:
80:
Forecasts expect that the number of French speakers in Africa alone will reach 400 million in 2025, 715 million (readjusted in 2010) by 2050 and reach 1 billion and 222 million in 2060 (readjusted in 2013). The worldwide French-speaking population is expected to quadruple, whereas the world population is predicted to grow by half.
588:; however, it has yet to ratify it, with general agreement among the political class that supportive measures are neither popular enough to attract wide support nor banal enough to be uncontroversial, with concerns specifically about courts forcing the state to act if the rights enshrined in the charter are recognised.
718:
from 13.1% to 8.8% of the province's population between 1971 and 2016 while knowledge of French among people with
English as a mother tongue rose from 37% to 69% over the same period. In 1971, only 14.6% of allophone students were studying in a french school. In 2012, that number had reached 87.5%
724:
is a particular interesting case because, unlike the rest of Quebec, the French-speaking proportion of the population diminished. However, this does not mean that the francization programmes failed, as the share of
English speakers diminished as well; it seems more likely that the decrease was caused
743:
The
Charter of the French Language has been a complete success, according to Hervé Lavenir de Buffon (general secretary of the « Comité international pour le français, langue européenne »), who said in 2006: "Before Bill 101, Montreal looked like an American city. Now Montreal looks like a
697:
has francization policies intended to establish French as the primary language of business and commerce. All businesses are required to provide written communications and schedules in French, and may not make knowledge of a language other than French a condition of hiring unless this is justified by
647:
and
Brussels expanded beyond its original city boundaries. From 1880 onwards, more and more Dutch-speaking people became bilingual, resulting in a rise of monolingual French speakers after 1910. Halfway through the twentieth century, the number of monolingual French-speakers carried the day over the
731:
The success of francization of Quebec can also be seen over the borders of its territory: in
Ontario, the proportion of English speakers dropped from 70.5% in 2001 to 68% in 2006, while the proportion of French speakers went up from 4.06% (488 815) in 2006 to 4.80% (580 000) in 2009. However, this
706:
As part of the francization programme, the Quebec government provides free language courses for recent immigrants (from other countries or other provinces) who do not speak French or whose command of French is weak. The government also provides financial assistance for those who are unable to find
702:
in order to become eligible for a francization certificate, which is granted if the linguistic requirements are met. If not, employers are required to adopt a francization programme, which includes having employees, especially ones in managerial positions, who do not speak French or whose grasp of
717:
The francization programs have been considered a great success. Although French as a mother tongue has gone from 80.6% to 77.4% in the province between 1971 and 2016, knowledge of French among the province's population went from 88.5% to 94.5% over the same period. English as a mother tongue fell
148:
French became the most spoken language in Africa after Arabic and
Swahili in 2010. The number of speakers changed very rapidly between 1992 and 2002, with the number of French learners in sub-Saharan Africa increasing by 60.37%, from 22.33 million to 34.56 million people. A similar trend in the
423:
With the decline of Latin, French became increasingly important for writing. Often, people were encouraged or compelled to adopt French, thereby developing a French identity at the expense of their existing one. Use of other languages was often suppressed. This occurred, for example, among the
79:
The number of
Francophones in the world has been rising substantially since the 1980s. In 1985, there were 106 million Francophones around the world. That number quickly rose to 173.2 million in 1997, 200 million in 2005, 220 million in 2010 (+10% from 2007). and reached 274 million in 2014.
286:
became the language of the poor population and French the language of the court and wealthy population. It is said that during this period, people in
England spoke more French than those in France. Today, it is estimated that 50% to 60% of the English language comes from French or Latin.
157:
for the
Maghreb region were combined with those of the Middle East, the exact count for the Maghreb countries alone is not possible. In this larger region (Maghreb and Middle East), an increase from 10.47 million to 18 million people learning French was observed between 1992 and 2002.
68:(French-language speakers) is underestimated because it only counts people who can write, understand and speak French fluently, thus excluding a majority of African French-speaking people, who do not know how to write. French has the world's fastest-growing relative share of speakers.
2285:
739:
None of the Quebec statistics are adjusted to compensate for the percentage—approximately 20%—of
Anglophones who departed the province by the mid-1980s as a consequence of linguistic nationalism. By 2001, over 60% of the 1971 population of Quebec Anglophones had left the province.
2241:
591:
Initiatives to encourage the use of minority languages are limited by the refusal of the French Government to recognize them, on the basis of the French Constitution, which states that "The language of the Republic of France is French". This view was upheld in 2021, when Deputy
2133:
2008:"Indicateurs linguistiques : secteur de l'éducation / coordination et rédaction, Direction des statistiques et de l'information décisionnelle, Direction générale de la recherche, de l'évaluation et des statistiques, Secteur des politiques et du soutien à la gestion"
725:
by the fact that 93% of new immigrants to Quebec choose to settle in Montreal, with a corresponding rise in languages other than English and French. The government of Quebec estimates that, over the next 20 years, the Francophone proportion of Montreal will go back up.
2263:
2111:
996:
404:. These aimed to impose or maintain the dominance of the French language and French culture. Before the Revolution, French was still a minority language in France by number of speakers, but was the prestige language. The
736:, especially to Ontario, results in a net loss of population in Quebec. The number of French-speaking Quebecers leaving the province tends to be similar to the number entering, while immigrants to Quebec tend to leave.
75:
claimed French will become the world's most-spoken language by 2050. However, critics of the study state that French coexists with other languages in many countries and the study's estimates are prone to exaggeration.
583:
Historically, no official language was recognized by the French Constitution. In 1994, French was declared constitutionally to be the language of the French Republic. In 1998, France became a signatory of the
566:, and openly tried to strengthen the centralised state by instilling a French national identity in the population. French was presented as the language of modernity, as opposed to regional languages such as
52:
use—either through willful adoption or coercion—by more and more social groups who had not before used the language as a common means of expression in daily life. As a linguistic concept, known usually as
492:
was the official language of Corsica until 1859. Francization occurred in Corsica, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy.
1000:
2022:"Annexe | Le français langue commune :enjeu de la société québécoise :bilan de la situation de la langue française au Québec en 1995 :rapport | Conseil supérieur de la langue française"
209:
The French language currently plays an important role in Africa, serving more and more as a common language or mother tongue (in Gabon, Ivory Coast, Congo, Cameroon and Benin in particular). The
728:
But those estimations seem to underestimate the francization of Montreal for some experts, because statistics show that the proportion has already risen from 55.6% (1996) to 56.4% (2001).
1563:
574:, labelled as barbaric or tribal. Pupils caught speaking these languages were punished by making them display tokens of shame. In Occitan-speaking areas that school policy was called the
1384:
710:
Another aspect of francization in Quebec regards the quality of the French used in Quebec. The Quebec Office of the French language has, since its formation, undertaken to discourage
1817:
759:
Rates of francization may be established for any group by comparing the number of people who usually speak French to the total number of people in the minority language group. See
216:
Francophone African countries counted 370 million inhabitants in 2014. This number is expected to reach between 700 and 750 million by 2050. There are already more francophones in
1022:
1979:
161:
Consideration should be given to the number of French speakers in each country to get an idea of the importance the French language holds in African as a second language.
1717:
2047:
2079:
1874:
1743:
1254:
1227:
2165:
1858:
1840:"De historische kracht van de Vlaamse beweging in België: de doelstellingen van gister, de verwezenlijkingen vandaag en de culturele aspiraties voor morgen"
2462:
585:
649:
1786:
2477:
1097:
2613:
2324:
1141:
699:
681:
1328:
652:
and the socio-economic development of Flanders was in full effect, could Dutch stem the tide of increasing French use. The francization of the
165:
154:
109:
61:
1186:
600:
to allow for immersive education in minority languages in state-run schools. The Assembly's decision was immediately contested by the French
2457:
2686:
2021:
1814:
117:
Africa has 32 French-speaking countries, more than half its total (53); French was also the most widely spoken language in Africa in 2015.
1516:
1291:
57:, it is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce, or understand in French.
2618:
1030:
2364:
1942:
1538:
1633:
2844:
1410:
915:
687:
1837:
1815:"Thuis in gescheiden werelden" — De migratoire en sociale aspecten van verfransing te Brussel in het midden van de 19e eeuw"
2430:
1770:
400:"Francization" is also used to mean any of many cultural assimilation policies implemented by French authorities since the
2317:
1878:
733:
512:
2054:
2086:
540:
839:" in French spellings and being occasionally adopted by the persons themselves as a French equivalent of their names (
2197:
1828:, XXI, 1990, 3-4, pp. 383-412, Machteld de Metsenaere, Eerst aanwezend assistent en docent Vrije Universiteit Brussel
1689:
1075:
2172:
405:
2965:
2911:
1856:
601:
96: Countries normally considered as francophone (usually used as a working language, but not as mother tongue)
2154:
Statistics Canada. "Factors Affecting the Evolution of Language Groups". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2006-10-27
1993:
824:
for the name of her dynasty. (The Scots had dual nationality and Mary, Queen of Scots was brought up in France.)
3103:
2310:
265:
2574:
2359:
1436:
1790:
1481:
202:
2822:
1588:
Large, Didier (1996). "La situation linguistique dans le comté de Nice avant le rattachement à la France".
656:
still continues because of the continued immigration of French speakers coming from Wallonia and Brussels.
210:
2983:
2219:
3078:
3020:
2562:
2408:
1052:
674:
622:
524:
485:
1119:
2970:
1961:
1923:
1839:
597:
515:
annexed in 1860 to France (light brown). The area in red had already become part of France before 1860.
282:
from Normandy in 1066, a king who spoke exclusively French and imposed the French language in England.
698:
the nature of the duties. Businesses with more than fifty employees are required to register with the
2242:"Profils des communautés de 2006 - Région métropolitaine de recensement/Agglomération de recensement"
1838:
J. Fleerackers, Chief of staff of the Belgian Minister for Dutch culture and Flemish affairs (1973).
1149:
997:"TV5MONDE : TV internationale francophone : Info, Jeux, Programmes TV, Météo, Dictionnaire"
395:
1336:
3098:
2733:
2584:
2519:
2447:
876:
The same exists for other languages, for example, English, in which case objects or persons can be
124:
2715:
2666:
120:
However, Nigeria, the most populous country on the continent, is predominantly English speaking.
2859:
2025:
2007:
732:
statistic must be examined in conjunction with the effects of Quebec francophone out-migration.
648:(mostly) bilingual Flemish inhabitants. Only since the 1960s, after the fixation of the Belgian
532:
3000:
2369:
905:
520:
420:, in all documents. Other languages, such as Occitan, began to disappear as written languages.
387:
604:, which struck out the parliament's vote. The Council also deemed unconstitutional the use of
3093:
3083:
2802:
2765:
2721:
2333:
1994:"Results from the 2016 Census: English-French bilingualism among Canadian children and youth"
1458:
1358:
1142:"274 millions de francophones dans le monde - Organisation internationale de la Francophonie"
563:
279:
261:
145:
during the colonial period. The process of francization continued after the colonial period.
3037:
3005:
1718:"Le Conseil constitutionnel censure l'essentiel de la loi Molac sur les langues régionales"
813:
694:
8:
3088:
3042:
3015:
2425:
2418:
433:
409:
1900:
2698:
2386:
1658:
1303:
1274:
653:
644:
164:
Many African countries without French as an official language have recently joined the
2166:"Migration and ethnic nationalism: Anglophone exit and the 'decolonisation' of Québec"
1962:"The evolution of language populations in Canada, by mother tongue, from 1901 to 2016"
1924:"The evolution of language populations in Canada, by mother tongue, from 1901 to 2016"
413:
3032:
2651:
1685:
1278:
832:
552:
481:
401:
842:
781:
473:
3010:
2943:
2875:
2671:
1266:
605:
489:
425:
290:
Cookery gives a good example of this tendency: the names of many farm animals have
271:
244:
29:
25:
558:
By 1900, French had become the mother tongue of the majority of adults in France.
497:
417:
3057:
2977:
2955:
2938:
2745:
2710:
2551:
2541:
2497:
2492:
2391:
2354:
1862:
1821:
1774:
1385:"Want To Know The Language of the Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French"
1076:"Le français sera la langue la plus parlée dans le monde en 2050 - Rue89 - L'Obs"
892:, Spanish followers of French culture and politics in the 18th and 19th centuries
817:
571:
567:
544:
469:
445:
130:
49:
41:
1768:
3047:
2950:
2933:
2849:
2829:
2797:
2750:
2740:
2693:
2681:
2640:
2635:
2601:
2591:
2569:
2531:
2502:
2487:
2437:
2413:
2344:
934:
900:
850:
760:
632:
536:
508:
465:
33:
1270:
3072:
3027:
2960:
2901:
2834:
2817:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2755:
2728:
2661:
2645:
2630:
2625:
2579:
2557:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2509:
2452:
2442:
2376:
1943:"Census in Brief: English, French and official language minorities in Canada"
877:
846:
753:
636:
461:
457:
294:
roots. However, the names of their meat (once exclusive to the wealthy) have
190:
635:-speaking city to a bilingual city with French as the majority language and
2906:
2885:
2854:
2839:
2812:
2807:
2760:
2705:
2656:
2608:
2596:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2349:
528:
65:
1744:"Langues régionales : le Conseil constitutionnel rabote la loi Molac"
3052:
2880:
2676:
2381:
889:
793:
559:
539:
was ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the
291:
283:
275:
2302:
775:
There are many examples of francization in history and popular culture:
639:. The language shift began in the eighteenth century and accelerated as
436:-speaking inhabitants of Lorraine after these regions were conquered by
102: Countries sometimes considered as francophone (cultural influence)
1228:"La résistance de la langue française face à l'hégémonie anglo-saxonne"
714:
and to promote high standards of French-language education in schools.
711:
593:
295:
196:
172:
1539:"Histoire du français: La Révolution française et la langue nationale"
2401:
2396:
1825:
910:
895:
453:
437:
88:
972:
Nouveau Vocabulaire Français, Où L'on A Suivi L'orthographe Adoptée
721:
628:
576:
548:
449:
441:
391:
236:
941:(in French). Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales
787:
744:
French-speaking city; that proves how well Bill 101 has worked!"
640:
503:
477:
342:
338:
232:
150:
142:
72:
1684:. University of Nevada, Center for Basque Studies. p. 210.
1120:"La Francophonie ne progresse pas qu'en Afrique - Général - RFI"
363:
321:
2198:"Find more at North.ca | All Canadian : All The Time"
1620:
Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe
1605:
Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe
1098:"Le français sera-t-il la langue la plus parlée en 2050 ?"
960:
Dictionnaire Général Et Grammatical, Des Dictionnaires Français
869:
798:
429:
369:
352:
346:
331:
310:
221:
217:
138:
134:
108: Countries not considered francophone but that joined the
2286:"Profils des communautés de 2006 - Subdivision de recensement"
373:
359:
184:
178:
2134:"Profils des communautés de 2006 – Province/Territoire"
1960:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (21 February 2018).
1922:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (21 February 2018).
1053:"FRANCE - Le français, langue la plus parlée en 2050 ?"
123:
The Francophone zone of Africa is two times the size of the
327:
306:
240:
213:
was established in 2001 to manage the linguistic heritage.
1980:"A Portrait of the English-speaking Communities in Québec"
1617:
1602:
1220:
1941:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 August 2017).
1590:
Recherches régionales Côte d'Azur et contrées limitrophes
317:
302:
153:
region is occurring. However, as figures provided by the
1682:
Modern Basque History: Eighteenth Century to the Present
412:
prescribed the official use of the French language, the
1411:"How Many People Speak French, And Where Is It Spoken?"
1901:"English section- The Charter of the French language"
1698:
1023:"L'Afrique, un continent refuge pour la francophonie"
616:
1959:
1940:
1921:
707:
employment because they are unable to speak French.
1504:
Le français et les langues historiques de la France
686:'s main office, located in the old building of the
278:. This was a result of the conquest of England by
562:introduced free, compulsory education during the
3070:
1564:"Histoire du français: Le français contemporain"
1329:"Organisation internationale de la Francophonie"
703:French is weak attend French-language training.
1479:
596:unexpectedly won a majority vote in the French
2163:
1844:Digitale bibliotheek voor Nederlandse Letteren
608:not used in French, such as the tilde in "ñ".
62:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
2318:
2288:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 5 February 2010
2244:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 5 February 2010
2136:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 5 February 2010
1073:
863:
857:
779:
752:The policy has been even more successful in
679:
2266:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 12 March 2002
2114:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 12 March 2002
1651:
1434:
2325:
2311:
1292:List of countries and dependencies by area
2332:
1482:"Histoire du français: le moyen français"
1875:"Information from the Quebec government"
1383:Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel (21 March 2014).
935:"FRANCISÉ : Définition de FRANCISÉ"
673:
502:
87:
1762:
1437:"Histoire du français: Ancien français"
1252:
984:Le Québécois - Dictionnaires et Langues
682:Office québécois de la langue française
440:during the seventeenth century, to the
3071:
1704:
1679:
586:European Charter on Minority Languages
71:In 2014, a study from the French bank
2306:
2171:. Jsis.washington.edu. Archived from
1805:
1779:
1587:
1382:
1187:"Un milliard de francophones en 2060"
916:List of French expressions in English
1831:
1506:, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p.113
868:, replacing e-mail (originally from
835:being traditionally changed to "-esc
700:Quebec Office of the French language
1618:Paul Gubbins and Mine Holt (2002).
1603:Paul Gubbins and Mike Holt (2002).
1480:Jacques Leclerc (14 October 2014).
1255:"Coming of age: English in Nigeria"
765:Language Shift in the United States
13:
2222:. Canalacademie.com. 3 August 2006
1176:, vol. 31, n° 2, 2003, p. 273-294.
770:
617:Brussels and the Flemish periphery
541:Second Italian War of Independence
416:dialect spoken at the time in the
274:, was deeply francized during the
14:
3115:
2264:"Profils des communautés de 2001"
2112:"Profils des communautés de 2001"
2024:. Cslf.gouv.qc.ca. Archived from
1217:, vol. 32, no 2, 2003, p. 273-294
1029:. 15 October 2010. Archived from
654:Flemish periphery around Brussels
64:(OIF), the figure of 220 million
2220:"L'avenir du français en Europe"
1517:"Mediterraneo e lingua italiana"
1484:(in French). Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1461:(in French). Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1439:(in French). Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1408:
1215:Cahiers québécois de démographie
1174:Cahiers québécois de démographie
1078:(in French). Rue89.nouvelobs.com
747:
688:École des beaux-arts de Montréal
659:
631:transformed from an exclusively
16:Expansion of the French language
2278:
2256:
2234:
2212:
2190:
2157:
2148:
2126:
2104:
2072:
2040:
2014:
2000:
1986:
1972:
1953:
1934:
1915:
1893:
1867:
1850:
1736:
1710:
1673:
1626:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1556:
1531:
1509:
1496:
1473:
1451:
1428:
1402:
1376:
1351:
1321:
1296:
1285:
1246:
1205:
1179:
1164:
1134:
1112:
523:was signed in 1860 between the
205:(official language: Portuguese)
199:(official language: Portuguese)
193:(official language: Portuguese)
175:(official language: Portuguese)
1661:(in Italian). 20 February 2009
1090:
1074:Pierre Haski (25 March 2014).
1067:
1045:
1015:
989:
977:
965:
953:
927:
496:Shortly after the fall of the
406:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
266:Influence of French on English
112:in prospect of a francization.
1:
1234:(in French). 27 February 2012
1055:. France24.com. 26 March 2014
921:
802:over the traditional English
796:choosing the French spelling
2907:Romanization of the writings
1363:African Academy of Languages
484:to France in 1769 after the
211:African Academy of Languages
187:(official language: English)
7:
3021:Forced religious conversion
1789:. Ulaval.ca. Archived from
1787:"Université Laval: Accueil"
1253:Awonusi, Victor O. (1990).
883:
627:In the last two centuries,
623:Frenchification of Brussels
513:Italian kingdom of Sardinia
270:England, and therefore the
181:(official language: Arabic)
10:
3120:
1232:Le Bréviaire des Patriotes
620:
611:
385:
259:
255:
2993:
2984:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2926:
2894:
2869:Assimilation by religions
2868:
2340:
1271:10.1017/S0266078400004715
1122:. Rfi.fr. 21 October 2010
999:. Tv5.org. Archived from
767:(1983) for a discussion.
734:Interprovincial migration
680:
669:
664:
428:-speaking inhabitants of
396:Language policy in France
381:
250:
83:
2895:Assimilation by writings
1750:(in French). 21 May 2021
1724:(in French). 21 May 2021
1680:Watson, Cameron (2003).
816:, choosing the spelling
531:as a consequence of the
511:showing the area of the
125:United States of America
2080:"OQLF_FasLin-01-d.indd"
2048:"OQLF_FasLin-01-e.indd"
1820:15 October 2018 at the
1568:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1543:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1502:Abalain, Hervé, (2007)
374:
364:
353:
347:
332:
322:
311:
227:
3001:Cultural globalization
1861:8 October 2006 at the
1773:5 January 2007 at the
1659:"Un'Italia sconfinata"
1459:"Histoire du français"
906:French colonial empire
864:
858:
790:" on restaurant menus.
780:
690:
602:Constitutional Council
516:
388:French colonial empire
114:
48:, is the expansion of
3104:Cultural assimilation
2334:Cultural assimilation
865:courrier Ă©lectronique
677:
564:French Third Republic
506:
280:William the Conqueror
262:Anglo-Norman language
203:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
91:
3038:Internal colonialism
3006:Cultural imperialism
2687:Northern Afghanistan
2164:David Pettinicchio.
1966:www150.statcan.gc.ca
1928:www150.statcan.gc.ca
1333:www.francophonie.org
1146:www.francophonie.org
831:" final particle in
814:Mary, Queen of Scots
786:replacing the word "
695:Government of Quebec
533:Plombières Agreement
486:Treaty of Versailles
372:from the Old French
345:from the Old French
330:from the Old French
309:from the Old French
127:(including Alaska).
3043:Jewish assimilation
3016:Forced assimilation
2554:or Castilianization
2092:on 28 December 2006
2060:on 28 December 2006
2028:on 6 September 2007
1947:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1415:The Babbel Magazine
434:Lorraine Franconian
410:Francis I of France
3079:French nationalism
2667:Montenegrinization
1622:. pp. 91–100.
1607:. pp. 91–100.
1339:on 10 January 2011
1304:"Langues du monde"
1152:on 7 November 2014
691:
525:Victor Emmanuel II
517:
243:were once part of
133:was introduced in
115:
3066:
3065:
3033:Identity politics
2922:
2921:
2652:Macedonianization
1996:. 3 October 2019.
1903:. Oqlf.gouv.qc.ca
1748:France 3 Bretagne
1435:Jacques Leclerc.
1409:Wood, Ed M.
606:diacritical marks
598:National Assembly
553:Piedmont-Sardinia
482:Republic of Genoa
402:French Revolution
60:According to the
44:), also known as
3111:
3011:Dominant culture
2994:Related concepts
2956:De-russification
2944:De-stalinization
2939:De-communization
2876:Christianization
2866:
2865:
2718:or Latinization
2672:Norwegianization
2648:or Hungarization
2622:
2463:Colombianization
2365:Native Americans
2327:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2085:. Archived from
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2053:. Archived from
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1877:. Archived from
1871:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:. Archived from
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1148:. Archived from
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1100:. Lesinrocks.com
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1003:on 5 August 2014
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
962:, Tome 2°, 1851.
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
931:
867:
861:
827:The common "-esc
785:
685:
684:
480:passed from the
377:
367:
356:
350:
341:(Anglo-Saxon) –
335:
325:
314:
305:(Anglo-Saxon) –
272:English language
245:French Indochina
107:
101:
95:
30:Canadian English
26:American English
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3099:Transliteration
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3058:Monoculturalism
2989:
2978:De-sinicization
2951:De-nazification
2927:Opposite trends
2918:
2890:
2864:
2746:Sanskritization
2711:Romanianization
2677:Pakistanization
2616:
2552:Hispanicization
2542:Hawaiianization
2498:Europeanization
2493:Estonianization
2448:Canadianization
2355:Americanization
2336:
2331:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1958:
1954:
1939:
1935:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1881:on 3 April 2007
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:Wayback Machine
1855:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1822:Wayback Machine
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1793:on 19 June 2009
1785:
1784:
1780:
1775:Wayback Machine
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1193:. 20 March 2013
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1033:on 9 April 2012
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
924:
886:
773:
771:Of the language
750:
672:
667:
662:
650:language border
625:
619:
614:
521:Treaty of Turin
446:French Flanders
398:
384:
268:
258:
253:
230:
113:
105:
103:
99:
97:
93:
86:
50:French language
46:Frenchification
42:British English
17:
12:
11:
5:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:Language shift
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2934:De-arabization
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2860:Zairianization
2857:
2852:
2850:Westernization
2847:
2845:Vietnamization
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Turkmenization
2827:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:Talibanization
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2751:Serbianization
2748:
2743:
2741:Saffronization
2738:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2694:Persianization
2691:
2690:
2689:
2682:Pashtunization
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:Lithuanization
2638:
2636:Latvianization
2633:
2628:
2623:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:Japanification
2594:
2592:Italianization
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2570:Indigenization
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Georgification
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:Westernization
2495:
2490:
2488:Dutchification
2485:
2480:
2478:Cypriotization
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Bosniakization
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2414:Belarusization
2411:
2409:Araucanization
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2345:Africanization
2341:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2277:
2255:
2233:
2211:
2189:
2178:on 29 May 2015
2156:
2147:
2125:
2103:
2071:
2039:
2013:
1999:
1985:
1971:
1952:
1933:
1914:
1892:
1866:
1849:
1830:
1804:
1778:
1761:
1735:
1709:
1707:, p. 211.
1697:
1690:
1672:
1650:
1625:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1555:
1530:
1508:
1495:
1472:
1450:
1427:
1401:
1375:
1350:
1320:
1295:
1284:
1245:
1219:
1204:
1178:
1163:
1133:
1111:
1089:
1066:
1044:
1027:Afrique Avenir
1014:
988:
976:
964:
952:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
901:Englishisation
898:
893:
885:
882:
874:
873:
855:
851:Marthe Bibesco
843:Eugène Ionesco
825:
811:
791:
782:Crème anglaise
772:
769:
761:Calvin Veltman
749:
746:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
621:Main article:
618:
615:
613:
610:
537:County of Nice
509:County of Nice
383:
380:
379:
378:
357:
336:
315:
257:
254:
252:
249:
229:
226:
207:
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
176:
104:
98:
92:
85:
82:
34:Oxford English
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Globalization
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Korenizatsiia
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Cyrillization
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Ukrainization
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:Turkification
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Taiwanization
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Swedification
2791:
2789:
2788:Swahilization
2786:
2784:
2783:Sovietization
2781:
2779:
2778:Slovakization
2776:
2774:
2773:Slavicization
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Sinhalization
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:Russification
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Mongolization
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:Magyarization
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Kurdification
2629:
2627:
2626:Koreanization
2624:
2620:
2615:
2614:Kazakhization
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:Israelization
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:Indianization
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Hellenization
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Germanization
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Gaelicization
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Finnicization
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Chilenization
2456:
2454:
2453:Celticization
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Bulgarization
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:Bengalization
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Anglicization
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2287:
2281:
2265:
2259:
2243:
2237:
2221:
2215:
2199:
2193:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2107:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1902:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1808:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1705:Watson (2003)
1701:
1693:
1691:1-877802-16-6
1687:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1654:
1635:
1634:"Il Nizzardo"
1629:
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794:Anne Boleyn
645:independent
560:Jules Ferry
408:under King
292:Anglo-Saxon
284:Old English
276:Middle Ages
3089:Neologisms
3073:Categories
2823:placenames
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2360:immigrants
1812:(in Dutch)
1523:2 November
922:References
878:anglicized
712:anglicisms
594:Paul Molac
519:After the
386:See also:
296:Old French
260:See also:
197:Mozambique
173:Cape Verde
40:(in other
2699:societies
2387:Armenians
1826:BTNG-RBHC
1279:145623958
1191:Le Figaro
911:Gallicism
896:Anglicism
470:Corsicans
456:, and to
454:Occitania
448:, to the
438:Louis XIV
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348:pouletrie
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2200:. Qln.ca
2064:24 April
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185:Ghana
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