205:, but those armies were in no position to attack to break the siege due to lack of supplies. Don Front employed six field fortified regions, 54th, 115th, 156th, 77th, 118th, and 159th, to protect and cover wide swaths of the encirclement front, enabling the field armies of the Front to concentrate the bulk of their combat forces in narrow, carefully selected main attack sectors. This use of fortified regions in an economy of force role proved so successful that the Red Army routinely employed them in the same fashion, but on an even larger scale, for the remainder of the war.
269:
artillery battalions (with some additionally including a motor rifle battalion), a tank battalion and between one and three battalions or companies of tank turrets dug in as pillboxes, one to three artillery battalions or separate batteries (including rocket and anti-tank), an anti-aircraft rocket battalion or battery, a separate communications battalion or company, an engineer-sapper battalion, company, or platoon, and support and maintenance units.
45:
272:
The machine gun artillery battalions of the fortified regions differed little in their organization, usually consisting of two machine gun companies, a motor rifle company, and a mortar battery. Depending on their location, they could also consist of a company of tank turrets dug in as pillboxes, two
185:
In effect, as Soviet production of heavy weapons vastly increased in the middle part of the war, while manpower was hard put to keep pace, the men of the fortified regions were almost entirely trained as heavy weapon crews, in order to hold ground by firepower rather than by manpower. This was a very
137:
Each fortified district consisted of a large number of concrete bunkers (pillboxes) armed with machineguns, antitank guns and artillery. The bunkers were built in groups for mutual support, each group forming a centre of resistance. The area in between was filled with various barriers and obstacles,
172:
Beginning in early 1942, long after the fortified lines in the west had fallen, the Red Army began organizing a somewhat different sort of unit, also known as a "Field" Fortified Region (District). These were brigade-sized in terms of manpower (apx. 4,500 men), with anywhere between four and eight
213:
Of the 47 fortified regions in the Red Army at the end of World War II, more than 30 were used to form machine gun artillery brigades and the rest were disbanded. By the 1950s the fortified regions in the Far East had been disbanded, and only a few remained in the
Transcaucasus and Karelia, using
268:
regions, five in the
Transbaikal, one in Kazakhstan, and four on the Turkish border. The organization of each fortified region differed according to the needs of their respective military districts. However, each fortified region generally included between three and five separate machine gun
173:
machine gun - artillery battalions, a signal company, a medium mortar company, and other supporting units. They were not tied to any fortified line and had some, mostly horse-drawn, mobility, so are sometimes referred to as "field" units, as opposed to the pre-war units, which were static.
249:, and OT-55 tanks. The units also included a separate machine gun artillery battalion of six companies, two of which were equipped with ten OT-55 and IS-4, and separate sapper, communications, repair and recovery battalions, as well as an anti-tank battalion with 18
465:– Created by orders in April 1932, construction supervised by 107th Chief Directorate of Construction Work. Part of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army, its headquarters was at the 79th Railway Siding named for Molotov and the settlement of
316:
anti-tank guns. During the fall and winter of 1989, during the reorganization of the Soviet Army, most of the fortified regions were reorganized into machine gun artillery regiments of newly created machine gun artillery divisions.
436:
headquarters fall 1935 and fortified region subordinated to the division. When division left for western
Ukraine in September 1939, fortified region became independent, with its own headquarters. Renamed 7th Fortified Region by
833:
815:
771:
739:
425:
353:
781:
749:
402:. On 8 July a joint command for the Grodno and Polotsk Fortified Regions was created. On 3 September the latter was disbanded and its personnel joined the Grodno Fortified Region.
160:
In 1928 the program for the construction of the comprehensive system of fortified districts was launched. It started with 13 fortified districts, which over time evolved into the
382:. Subordinate to the commander of the naval forces in the Far East, transferred to Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army in January 1934 and 2nd Red Banner Army in September 1938.
472:
462:
331:
405:
385:
371:
308:
trucks. The tank battalions numbered 31 tanks, generally T-54s or T-55s and sometimes including OT-55 flamethrower tanks. Separate rocket battalions were equipped with 18
444:
143:
448:
569:
395:
415:
839:
821:
803:
777:
763:
745:
731:
713:
695:
677:
659:
633:
611:
593:
575:
561:
543:
525:
507:
489:
1327:
851:
725:
689:
555:
767:
360:
of 18 March 1932, the 4th Chief
Directorate of Construction Work for the construction of fortifications to defend the left bank of the
418:– Formed in September 1931 as Pripyat PVO sector, became 34th Chief Directorate of Construction Work in October 1933. Subordinated to
229:
railways. Each included three motor rifle battalions with four companies each, four tank battalions with four companies equipped with
157:, when large territories were to be defended by relatively sparse military force. The first military units named so appeared in 1923.
681:
300:
The motor rifle units of the fortified regions had a similar structure to other motor rifle units and were mostly equipped with
364:
was created. The fortified region became part of the army on 31 October of that year, and on 5 July 1939 it became part of the
973:
914:
399:
797:
757:
707:
537:
533:
476:
346:, which was itself created by an order of 22 December 1939. Disbanded on 25 August and its personnel transferred to other
412:. Subordinate to the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army from March 1933 and the 2nd Red Banner Army from September 1938.
357:
186:
practical solution, given that so much of the Soviet-German front was impracticable for offensive action by either side.
951:
932:
433:
222:
increased during the 1960s, the Soviet Army began to create new fortified regions to provide security in the Far East.
1308:
1285:
994:
888:
432:
order in
February 1932, construction supervised by the 99th Chief Directorate of Construction Work. Reorganized into
38:
685:
17:
811:
419:
181:
minor formation for purely defensive tasks such as the holding of passive sectors or the flank of a penetration."
671:
627:
583:
529:
347:
688:. Expanded to full strength on 14 February 1979. Redesignated 298th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
721:
429:
392:
and
Sergeyevka, Primorsky District. Fortified region was part of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army.
670:. Headquarters was a cadre unit and subordinate battalions were directly subordinated to 32nd Army and
452:
31:
847:
829:
511:
501:
466:
1301:
The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces
825:
807:
785:
699:
663:
649:
515:
641:
455:
used to form headquarters. Initially part of
Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army, transferred to
281:
anti-aircraft gun platoon. Machine gun companies consisted of three platoons each armed with six
250:
177:"Strong in artillery and machine guns and weak in riflemen, the fortified region was used as an
734:– Redesignated during the early 1970s from the 114th Fortified Region, formed in March 1966 at
497:
438:
766:– Redesignated during the early 1970s from the 97th Fortified Region, formed in March 1966 at
1271:
202:
475:– Formed by Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army order on 25 January 1932, headquarters at
312:
or BM-13 systems, six per battery; anti-tank batteries were equipped with six 100 mm
8:
843:
789:
753:
717:
565:
547:
456:
409:
365:
89:
128:
1105:
1103:
1090:
1088:
422:
when the latter established in August 1936, part of the
Belorussian Military District.
1304:
1281:
990:
969:
910:
884:
219:
154:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1100:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
504:
and reorganized as 1st
Fortified Region 1 January 1978. Disbanded 25 November 1995.
190:
178:
116:
73:
388:– Construction led by 102nd Chief Directorate of Construction Work in the area of
876:
735:
703:
653:
605:
286:
198:
379:
282:
261:
93:
81:
1297:Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской
1321:
793:
131:
225:
The first two, the 97th and 114th, were formed in March 1966 to protect the
1303:] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing.
1183:
623:
601:
579:
124:
49:
215:
615:
587:
493:
374:– Began construction based on an order of 7 March 1933 in the village of
335:
265:
238:
226:
161:
334:– Formed on 15 February 1940 from the operational group of units of the
101:
57:
645:
519:
361:
343:
309:
139:
97:
578:– Originally formed as 78th Fortified Region in April 1942, fought in
408:– Began construction based on an order of 7 March 1933 in the city of
189:
The new field fortified regions were most extensively employed during
77:
53:
44:
1295:
Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013).
1280:] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Minneapolis: Eastview Publications.
597:
389:
375:
339:
246:
194:
1269:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1094:
1079:
1067:
1055:
123:, ukreplyonny raion, ukrepraion) in the military terminology of the
30:
For a similar concept of the
Japanese military of World War II, see
667:
551:
496:
Fortified Region, providing coast defense for the main base of the
274:
479:
on the Amur. Transferred to 2nd Red Banner Army in September 1938.
301:
230:
1270:
Dvoinykh, L.V.; Kariaeva, T.F.; Stegantsev, M.V., eds. (1993).
1163:
619:
305:
290:
69:
65:
61:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
522:. Structure remained almost unchanged until disbanded in 2008.
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
637:
313:
294:
260:
By the late 1980s, ten fortified regions were located in the
254:
85:
1230:
1201:
850:. Redesignated 250th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
832:. Redesignated 363rd Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
814:. Redesignated 363rd Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
796:. Redesignated 365th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
770:. Redesignated 383rd Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
756:. Redesignated 114th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
738:. Redesignated 363rd Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
724:. Redesignated 105th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
242:
234:
1026:
706:. Redesignated 57th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of the
278:
1023:, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2014, p. 432
987:
Fortress Europe. European Fortifications of World War II
881:
Stumbling Colossus. The Red Army on the eve of World War
1010:, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2016, p. 13
554:. Redesignated 196th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of
37:"Fortified region" redirects here. For other uses, see
536:. Redesignated 63rd Machine Gun Artillery Regiment of
214:
different TO&Es from the World War II units (see
285:
and PKS 12.7 mm machine guns, the 12.7 mm
622:) on 5 January 1941, covered Turkish border during
398:– Created by an order of 22 June 1940, part of the
600:on 4 February 1941, covered Turkish border during
127:, is a territory within which a complex system of
1273:Центральный государственный архив Советской армии
514:and Tarabov Islands (disputed with PRC). Part of
1319:
636:– Originally formed as 69th Fortified Region at
614:– Originally formed as 51st Fortified Region at
596:– Originally formed as 55th Fortified Region at
947:What Really Happened to the Stalin Line? Part I
928:What Really Happened to the Stalin Line? Part I
146:) was permanently assigned to man each region.
447:– Formed 17 January 1934 with headquarters at
989:, PA Combined Publishing, Conshohocken 1999,
883:, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence 1998,
1294:
1253:
1224:
1169:
1043:
320:
852:129th Guards Machine Gun Artillery Division
834:122nd Guards Machine Gun Artillery Division
816:122nd Guards Machine Gun Artillery Division
772:122nd Guards Machine Gun Artillery Division
740:122nd Guards Machine Gun Artillery Division
726:129th Guards Machine Gun Artillery Division
690:131st Guards Machine Gun Artillery Division
556:129th Guards Machine Gun Artillery Division
167:
52:system of fortified districts. Legend: 1.
1158:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
1146:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
1134:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
1122:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
1110:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
1095:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
1080:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
1068:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
1056:Dvoinykh, Kariaeva, Stegantsev, eds. 1993
968:The History Press, Brimscombe Port 2009,
1278:Central State Archive of the Soviet Army
197:was outnumbered by the German forces of
43:
901:
899:
897:
216:http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/other/ur.htm
14:
1320:
748:– Began forming 5 March 1966, covered
253:and a rocket artillery battery with 4
1328:Fortified regions of the Soviet Union
870:
684:as the cadre fortified region of the
400:Belorussian Special Military District
208:
966:Companion to the Red Army. 1939-1945
939:
920:
894:
798:130th Machine Gun Artillery Division
758:127th Machine Gun Artillery Division
708:126th Machine Gun Artillery Division
538:128th Machine Gun Artillery Division
483:
293:automatic grenade launcher, and the
979:
958:
936:, vol. 5, no. 2, 1992, pp. 187–219.
358:Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army
338:garrison for the protection of the
24:
964:Steven J. Zaloga, Leland S. Ness,
952:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
933:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
426:Novograd-Volynsky Fortified Region
325:
27:WWII Soviet defensive construction
25:
1339:
955:, vol. 6, no. 1, 1993, pp. 21–61.
39:Fortified region (disambiguation)
1181:
686:38th Guards Motor Rifle Division
354:Blagoveshchensk Fortified Region
1263:
1175:
1021:Endgame at Stalingrad, Book Two
492:– Formed on 13 May 1970 as the
1013:
1000:
439:Kiev Special Military District
13:
1:
858:
680:– Formed 31 December 1975 at
348:Arkhangelsk Military District
142:. A dedicated military unit (
121:Укреплённый район, Укрепрайон
907:The Stalin and Molotov Lines
863:
792:. Covered Chinese border at
473:Ust-Sungari Fortified Region
463:Transbaikal Fortified Region
332:Arkhangelsk Fortified Region
297:anti-tank grenade launcher.
7:
985:J.E. Kaufmann, R.M. Jurga,
510:– Formed May 1970, covered
430:Ukrainian Military District
406:Lower Amur Fortified Region
10:
1344:
453:2nd Priamur Rifle Division
441:order of 6 September 1940.
386:Grodekovo Fortified Region
372:De-Kastri Fortified Region
36:
32:Fortified district (Japan)
29:
644:and later transferred to
640:in April 1942. Fought in
445:Poltavka Fortified Region
321:List of fortified regions
153:was developed during the
144:Fortified district troops
120:
449:Poltavka, Primorsky Krai
909:, Osprey, Oxford 2008,
642:Battle for the Caucasus
396:Grodno Fortified Region
168:Field Fortified Regions
1008:From Defeat to Victory
656:during the late 1980s.
630:during the late 1980s.
618:(later transferred to
608:during the late 1980s.
451:. Headquarters of the
416:Mozyr Fortified Region
183:
104:
840:20th Fortified Region
822:19th Fortified Region
804:18th Fortified Region
778:17th Fortified Region
764:16th Fortified Region
746:15th Fortified Region
732:14th Fortified Region
714:13th Fortified Region
696:12th Fortified Region
678:11th Fortified Region
666:with headquarters at
660:10th Fortified Region
356:– By an order of the
287:NSV heavy machine gun
175:
47:
1184:"2nd Fortified Area"
854:on 11 December 1989.
634:9th Fortified Region
612:8th Fortified Region
594:7th Fortified Region
576:6th Fortified Region
562:5th Fortified Region
544:4th Fortified Region
526:3rd Fortified Region
508:2nd Fortified Region
490:1st Fortified Region
220:Sino-Soviet tensions
1172:, pp. 158–159.
945:Robert E. Tarleton,
926:Robert E. Tarleton,
844:5th Red Banner Army
790:5th Red Banner Army
760:on 19 October 1989.
754:5th Red Banner Army
718:5th Red Banner Army
566:5th Red Banner Army
548:5th Red Banner Army
532:, headquartered at
518:, headquartered at
500:. Headquartered at
457:1st Red Banner Army
434:45th Rifle Division
410:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
366:2nd Red Banner Army
273:or three artillery
90:Volodymyr-Volynskyi
692:on 1 October 1989.
512:Bolshoy Ussuriysky
459:in September 1938.
209:After World War II
109:fortified district
105:
1254:Feskov et al 2013
1225:Feskov et al 2013
1170:Feskov et al 2013
1044:Feskov et al 2013
1006:Charles J. Dick,
974:978-0-7524-5475-7
915:978-1-84603-192-2
728:in December 1989.
572:. Disbanded 1993.
540:in December 1989.
484:Post-World War II
342:coast during the
155:Russian Civil War
16:(Redirected from
1335:
1314:
1291:
1257:
1251:
1228:
1222:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1004:
998:
983:
977:
962:
956:
943:
937:
924:
918:
903:
892:
874:
558:in October 1989.
420:23rd Rifle Corps
191:Operation Koltso
179:economy of force
134:was engineered.
122:
113:fortified region
21:
18:Fortified region
1343:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1334:
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1332:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1288:
1266:
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1202:
1192:
1190:
1182:Holm, Michael.
1180:
1176:
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1120:
1116:
1108:
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1027:
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1014:
1005:
1001:
984:
980:
963:
959:
944:
940:
925:
921:
904:
895:
877:David M. Glantz
875:
871:
866:
861:
782:45th Army Corps
752:as part of the
736:Sherlovaya Gora
704:Blagoveshchensk
672:17th Army Corps
654:7th Guards Army
648:as part of the
628:31st Army Corps
606:7th Guards Army
584:31st Army Corps
530:43rd Army Corps
486:
469:from July 1940.
428:– Created by a
328:
326:Interwar period
323:
211:
170:
149:The concept of
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1292:
1286:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:, p. 160.
1229:
1227:, p. 159.
1200:
1174:
1162:
1160:, p. 372.
1150:
1148:, p. 359.
1138:
1136:, p. 368.
1126:
1124:, p. 363.
1114:
1112:, p. 364.
1099:
1097:, p. 356.
1084:
1082:, p. 357.
1072:
1070:, p. 353.
1060:
1058:, p. 352.
1048:
1046:, p. 158.
1025:
1012:
999:
997:, pp. 349-380.
978:
957:
938:
919:
893:
891:, pp. 149–151.
868:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
842:– Part of the
837:
824:– Part of the
819:
806:– Part of the
801:
780:– Part of the
775:
761:
750:Novogeorgievka
743:
729:
716:– Part of the
711:
698:– Part of the
693:
675:
662:– Part of the
657:
652:. Part of the
631:
626:. Part of the
609:
604:. Part of the
591:
582:. Part of the
573:
564:– Part of the
559:
546:– Part of the
541:
528:– Part of the
523:
505:
485:
482:
481:
480:
470:
460:
442:
423:
413:
403:
393:
383:
380:Primorsky Krai
369:
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327:
324:
322:
319:
255:BM-13 Katyusha
210:
207:
169:
166:
132:fortifications
94:Kamianka-Buzka
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1310:9785895035306
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1287:1-879944-03-0
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1016:
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995:9781580970006
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889:0-7006-0879-6
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812:Krasnokamensk
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794:Dalnerechensk
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905:Neil Short,
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722:Pogranichny
616:Akhalkalaki
588:Akhaltsikhe
494:Vladivostok
336:Arkhangelsk
227:Transbaikal
162:Stalin Line
151:ukrepraions
140:mine fields
138:as well as
1188:www.ww2.dk
859:References
646:Echmiadzin
534:Leninskoye
520:Khabarovsk
477:Leninskoye
362:Amur River
344:Winter War
310:BM-21 Grad
251:85 mm guns
203:6th Armies
199:4th Panzer
98:Rava-Ruska
1193:9 October
864:Citations
826:36th Army
808:36th Army
786:15th Army
700:35th Army
664:32nd Army
650:45th Army
598:Leninakan
516:15th Army
502:Slavyanka
390:Grodekovo
376:De-Kastri
340:White Sea
275:caponiers
262:Primorsky
247:T-54/T-55
195:Don Front
1322:Category
1019:Glantz,
848:Barabash
836:in 1989.
818:in 1989.
800:in 1989.
774:in 1989.
768:Bilyutuy
742:in 1989.
710:in 1989.
668:Chundzha
552:Kraskino
277:, and a
102:Przemyśl
58:Šiauliai
830:Dauriya
682:Dosatuy
570:Popovka
467:Dauriya
302:ZIL-131
257:units.
231:T-34-85
129:defense
117:Russian
78:Zambrów
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350:units.
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304:and
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