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card (depending on the color of the print substrate) to better see the details of the print and for evidence preservation purposes. Adhesive lifters are essentially pieces of tape with a backing on them that are smoothly applied to the print, lifted off of the print and then attached to a backing card. Gelatin lifters are flexible gel sheets made of gelatin which are applied to the 2D impression in the same manner as adhesive lifters and then are covered by the plastic sheet provided with the gelatin lifters. Electrostatic lifting involves the use of high-voltage current on a lifting plate to lift the elements of the print, without disturbing the area as much as traditional lifting methods do, followed by transferring the print from the lifting plate to a gelatin lifter or adhesive lifter.
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link together his crimes, it must be evaluated cautiously. In the
Ramirez case the footwear impressions used to link his crimes were not the primary evidence used to convict him of his crimes. There have been cases where footprint evidence has assisted in wrongful conviction, such as Charles Irvin Fain who was wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death row. The forensic investigator testified that the shoe prints found at the crime scene matched the ‘walking gait’ of Fain, though analysis of this type has never been scientifically validated. Fain was later exonerated based on DNA evidence after almost 18 years on death row.
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demonstrating that footwear marks are unique. There are a lack of scientific studies demonstrating how many characteristics are needed to determine a match with such evidence. This is similar to other forensic evidence such as bite mark analysis, tire tread analysis, etc. where there is little scientific evidence of its efficacy. In 2009, the
National Academy of Sciences made the conclusion that, aside from DNA, there was little if not any, scientific evidence for many forensic disciplines, including footprint evidence.
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594:. The insole will show a virtual image of the bare foot print of the wearers foot. This can be compared to the actual barefoot print of the shoe owner to gain a match. A 3d optical surface scan can then be used to build up a model of the foot itself. Useful in forensic evidence casting and identification. H Farmer BSc Hons Fs 2018
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Footwear impressions can be lifted from surfaces with tools such as adhesive lifters, gelatin lifters or electrostatic lifting devices. These methods are similar to that of fingerprint lifting, which are lifted using one of the previously mentioned methods and then placed on a black or white backing
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Similarly to the use of fingerprint powder in fingerprint analysis, fingerprint powder is used when there is a latent footprint that is composed of mostly oils, instead of dust or dirt. The use of fingerprint powder allows the analyst to more easily find the print and identify the characteristics of
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Imprints of a person's foot can be left on the insole (inside) of footwear. Due to the sweat and dirt from the foot the insole impression can be left regardless of the wearers foot being in a sock or other covering. The size and arrangement of foot and toe imprints can be used to determine whether a
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It must also be considered that footprints discovered at a crime scene remain fixed, while the wearer of the footwear continues on likely changing the wear of the shoe. Thus, unless the print is immediately matched its potential value may be lost. Also of concern is the lack of science and standards
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Footwear impression can show the design elements (shapes, patterns, arrangement) that form the outsole design. These can be compared with a footwear outsole database to identify the model of footwear that made the impression. Knowledge of the model of footwear that made the impression can assist in
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Footwear trace evidence is trace evidence that is recovered from footwear. Types of trace evidence that could be recovered include skin, glass fragments, body hair, fibers from clothing or carpets, soil particles, dust and bodily fluids. The study of this trace evidence could be used to link a piece
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There is a lack of scientific research and evidence to support footprint evidence in criminal investigations and convictions. While footwear evidence has appeared to be useful in some high-profile cases, such as
Richard Ramirez’s (aka The Night Stalker) unique ‘Avia’ shoeprints helped investigators
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If class characteristics, size match and randomly acquired characteristics found in the footwear outsole can also be found in the crime scene impressions: Investigators can determine that the specific piece created the crime scene impression. This relationship can be used as evidence to prove that
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Plastic footwear impression left on soft surfaces can reveal whether a person was walking, running or carrying a heavy load when the impression was made. An impression made by person running will make impressions that are deeper in the heel and toe sections. A person carrying a heavy load such as a
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In instances where there are impressions in snow or slush, prill sulfur is used to avoid melting the impression substrate. Prill sulfur is prepared by melting the sulfur on a hot plate in a well ventilated area and then allowing the mixture to cool, while stirring continuously. The sulfur mixture
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Comparison of crime scene impressions with a specific piece of footwear recovered from a suspect can determine if there is any relationship. A worn piece of footwear will gradually acquire unique wear and tear on the outsoles. These randomly acquired characteristics will be unique to that specific
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Advantage of 3D scanning over casting is that 3D scanners can scan the object without touching or affecting it – most 3D scanners use lasers to capture 3D information. Some scanners can also capture the colour surface, a visually replica of the object. To create a complete and highly detailed 3D
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Generally speaking, plaster of Paris and dental stone are mixed in the same way at a scene, usually by adding water to the powder in a baggy until a thick, but pourable consistency and then pouring the mixture indirectly into the impression. After the plaster/stone is applied it is allowed to set
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When using plaster to cast a footprint, it is recommended to use a fixing agent to prevent the loss of detail when creating a plaster cast. These fixing agents include shellacs, glues, aerosol resins and hairsprays, which are sprayed liberally on the print before pouring the plaster of Paris into
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Alternate light source is the use of a bright white light, such as a flashlight, to better see dusty prints on the ground that may not otherwise be visible to the eye. An alternate light source is usually used by applying oblique lighting to an area of floor to more easily locate footprints to be
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Footwear outsole impressions are impressions left on an object that was caused by contact with a piece of footwear. These can be left on the ground or raised surface by persons treading over it, left on doors or walls by persons attempting to kick or climb over a wall or even left on other persons
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or dental stone. Initially the impression is isolated by framing the area with a solid boundary. Following this a plaster mix can be gently poured inside the frame; it is generally considered not best practice to pour directly onto the impression. In some cases where the surface is not ideal for
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deposits, which are difficult for the human eye to detect. At violent crimescenes footmarks can be left as a result of a person standing in blood and subsequently trailing it as they move around the scene. The recovery of footwear evidence involves fixing and lifting or casting of the prints to
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Recent approach takes advantage of digital photography. A set of digital images of a footmark or target area of interest, taken in different viewpoints is required to create detailed and accurate 3D model. Appropriate software allows to visualise a 3D model in different ways, make accurate
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There can also be latent impressions not easily visible to the naked eye, on many different surfaces such as floor tiles, concrete or even carpet. Detection may require the use of additional specialized light sources such as portable
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There is statistical correlation between foot/footwear size and height and also stride length and height. The dimensions of the footwear impression and the distance between impressions can be used to provide an estimate of height.
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In the case of visualizing footprints, sometimes spray paints are also used to see the details of the impression better, especially in cases of prints in snow which can be tricky to photograph without being spray painted first.
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Forensic investigators can use computerized footwear databases to quickly compare the class characteristics such as tread design and possibly identify a manufacturer, brand, and model to the ones stored in the database.
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and then gently lifted out of the impression. The reason that plaster and dental stone are not used in snow prints is because dental stone heats up as it sets, while prill sulfur will only cool down as it sets.
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To evade authorities chasing him, Unabomber
Theodore Kaczynski kept shoes with smaller soles attached to the bottom in his reclusive Montana cabin, according to evidence released 10 years after his capture
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If class characteristics and size matches: investigators can determine that footwear could have made the impression, but other footwear with similar design and size could also have made the impression.
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Footwear impression can reveal information that may be of use to forensic investigators. Analysis of impressions found at a crime scene may provide the following information:
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is often used in combination with chalk to assist in ease of lifting the cast out of the print more gently. Wet mud impressions can be dried using a combination of
548:. Detailed examination of footwear impressions can help to link a specific piece of footwear to a footwear imprint as each shoe will have unique characteristics.
960:, Theodore Kaczynski, was known to keep shoes with smaller soles attached to the base in order to confuse investigators about the size of the suspect's feet.
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Footwear evidence can come in at least three forms, footwear outsole impressions, footwear insole impressions and footwear trace evidence.
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520:. Footwear evidence is often the most abundant form of evidence at a crime scene and in some cases can prove to be as specific as a
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the impression. Often times, chalk is also applied to the impression as an added protective measure against damaging the print.
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Using artificial light sources to provide oblique, coaxial, and polarized light for detection of visible and latent impressions.
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1308:"Evaluation and comparison of casting materials in forensic sciences Applications to tool marks and foot/shoe impressions"
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Different footwear impressions left at a crime scene will indicate more than one person was present at the crimescene.
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narrowing down the list of suspects and can also be used to link multiple crime scenes to the same perpetrator(s).
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lighting. Recovery typically includes photography as well as lifting with "gel" or "electrostatic" dust lifters.
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Committee on
Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community, National Research Council (August 2009).
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Davis, Kevin T. The foot length to stature ratio: a study of racial variance. Diss. Texas Tech
University, 1990.
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person has worn a piece of footwear. The analysis and comparisons of foot imprints is part of the discipline of
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of footwear to a location or owner. DNA can be one of the contributing factors in forensic footwear evidence.
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or trainer which made an impression. This can be done visually or by comparison with evidence in a
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1261:"A Comparison of Various Fixatives for Casting Footwear Impressions in Sand at Crime Scenes1"
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1214:"A comparison of three shoe sole impression lifting methods at high substrate temperatures"
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Using physical or chemical enhancement methods to develop or enhance faint impressions.
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preserve the details of the print and be used for further analysis and comparison.
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casting prior techniques can be utilised to gain a better cast of the impression.
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Establish link between crime scene impression with a specific piece of footwear:
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Crime scene photograph of an unidentified murder victim found in Kansas in 1973
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body will leave imprints that are deeper than when not carrying a heavy load.
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Footwear evidence occurs most often as either footwear impressions left in a
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Taylor, Kate M.; Krosch, Matt N.; Chaseling, Janet; Wright, Kirsty (2021).
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can then be poured into the impression and left to set and then analyzed.
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Footwear impressions can be detected with a variety of methods including:
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measurements from a 3D trace or perform a comparison of multiple traces.
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marks. Information about the footwear can be gained from the analysis of
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Scientific
Working Group on Shoeprint and Tire Tread Evidence (SWGTREAD)
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1347:"Tire Tread and Tire Track Evidence: Recovery and Forensic Examination"
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crime scene scanners able to capture a large overview map of the scene;
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1419:"FOXNews.com - Newly Released Unabomber Evidence Offers New Insights"
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Comparison of crimescene impression with suspect's footwear (closeup)
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Comparison of crimescene impression with suspect's footwear (labeled)
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Evidence left via impressions can generally be recovered utilizing a
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water from the surface and applying hot air, often in the form of a
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can be used in legal proceedings to help prove that a shoe was at a
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1492:
Strengthening
Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward
1175:"Footwear Impression Evidence: Detection, Recovery and Examination"
1133:"Footwear Impression Evidence: Detection, Recovery and Examination"
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Latent footwear impression after treatment with fingerprint powder
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1641:"Raven Technology :: National Footwear Reference Collection"
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Du
Pasquier, E.; Hebrard, J.; Margot, P.; Ineichen, M. (1995).
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Alternate Light Source
Imaging: Forensic Photography Techniques
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model of a footprint less than 15 minutes is required. HF 2018
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Using electrostatic lifting devices to lift dusty impressions.
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Footwear evidence can be recovered with use of 3D scanners.
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Footwear impression details revealed with fingerprint powder
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Battiest, Travis; Clutter, Susan W.; McGill, David (2016).
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532:; both methods focus heavily on pattern recognition and
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Using fingerprint powder to develop latent impressions.
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Suspect's footwear with unique characteristics labeled
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There are two types of 3D scanners used in forensics:
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patterns which are dependent on angle of footfall and
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Manufacture, model and approximate size of footwear:
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1385:"3D Scanning: A New Tool for Cracking Tough Cases"
862:Latent footwear impression found at a crime scene
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615:Footwear impression revealed by oblique lighting
841:shoe and may show in crime scene impressions.
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631:Visually using natural or artificial lighting.
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1369:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1197:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1155:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1116:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1082:Buszka, Norman Marin, Jeffrey (2014-11-09).
849:the footwear's owner was at the crime scene.
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807:Examination of footwear impressions evidence
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721:can often be fixed in place by applying an
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1535:"DALIAN EVERSPRY SCI & TECH CO., LTD"
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910:Suspect's footwear class characteristics
675:Recovery of footwear impression evidence
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952:Limitations of footwear evidence
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607:Detection of footwear evidence
1:
1345:Bodziak, William, J. (2008).
1173:Bodziak, William, J. (1999).
1131:Bodziak, William, J. (1999).
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1324:10.1016/0379-0738(96)01964-0
1265:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1218:Journal of Forensic Sciences
560:Footwear outsole impressions
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775:3D Optical Surface Scanning
666:Other Visualization Methods
73:Bloodstain pattern analysis
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552:Types of footwear evidence
514:Forensic footwear evidence
798:Three-dimensional imaging
372:Fire accelerant detection
1539:www.footprintmatcher.com
585:Footwear insole imprints
1277:10.1111/1556-4029.13044
1230:10.1111/1556-4029.14595
1088:. New York: Routledge.
598:Footwear trace evidence
275:Social network analysis
1034:This section is empty.
898:A suspect's footwear 2
886:A suspect's footwear 1
648:Alternate Light Source
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357:Electrical engineering
21:
1594:www.fosterfreeman.com
1351:www.taylorfrancis.com
1179:www.taylorfrancis.com
1137:www.taylorfrancis.com
1094:10.4324/9781315722160
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387:Materials engineering
215:Facial reconstruction
19:
1710:Forensic disciplines
1465:"Charles Irvin Fain"
757:Plaster/Dental Stone
432:Perry Mason syndrome
220:Fingerprint analysis
1620:"Shoeprint matcher"
1444:Stanford Law School
1440:"People v. Ramirez"
546:weight distribution
455:forensic entomology
392:Polymer engineering
350:Related disciplines
265:Forensic geophysics
245:Gloveprint analysis
225:Firearm examination
195:Body identification
1600:on August 18, 2019
1018:High profile cases
1002:Raven technologies
992:Foster and Freeman
972:Footwear databases
657:Fingerprint Powder
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617:
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367:Fire investigation
250:Palmprint analysis
210:Election forensics
93:Forensic genealogy
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1570:on March 10, 2019
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1469:Innocence Project
1389:Forensic Magazine
1103:978-1-315-72216-0
1063:Digital footprint
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1008:Footwear Software
748:Fixing Techniques
683:surface, such as
592:forensic podiatry
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289:Digital forensics
230:Footwear evidence
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1669:. Retrieved
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1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
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1598:the original
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1038:adding to it
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377:Fractography
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105:Epidemiology
63:Anthropology
1519:23 February
1474:23 February
1449:23 February
662:the print.
579:ultraviolet
522:fingerprint
518:crime scene
422:Crime scene
382:Linguistics
362:Engineering
327:Photography
205:Colorimetry
171:Social work
1699:Categories
1666:"DigTrace"
1651:2015-01-15
1395:2016-12-01
1356:2024-04-12
1184:2024-04-12
1142:2024-04-12
1069:References
742:hair dryer
734:hair spray
427:CSI effect
397:Statistics
190:Accounting
161:Psychology
156:Psychiatry
135:Toxicology
120:Palynology
100:Entomology
1590:"SICAR®6"
1564:forensity
1560:"Product"
1332:0379-0738
1285:0022-1198
1238:0022-1198
1112:cite book
987:Forensity
958:Unabomber
738:pipetting
732:although
442:Skid mark
240:Profiling
200:Chemistry
125:Pathology
110:Limnology
78:Dentistry
1705:Footwear
1671:July 31,
1625:July 31,
1604:July 31,
1574:July 31,
1544:July 31,
1423:Fox News
1365:cite web
1293:27122420
1246:33074576
1193:cite web
1151:cite web
1057:See also
1013:DigTrace
982:Everspry
687:, or as
653:lifted.
530:database
475:Category
130:Podiatry
115:Medicine
29:a series
27:Part of
723:aerosol
711:plaster
705:Casting
696:Lifting
470:Outline
68:Biology
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149:Social
1496:(PDF)
997:PRIDE
726:resin
534:brand
1673:2019
1627:2019
1606:2019
1576:2019
1546:2019
1521:2021
1508:ISBN
1476:2021
1451:2021
1371:link
1328:ISSN
1289:PMID
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1242:PMID
1234:ISSN
1199:link
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1098:ISBN
956:The
730:glue
719:Sand
714:cast
689:dust
681:soft
542:wear
538:logo
526:shoe
1500:doi
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