Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania

2140: 581: 1668: 1704: 2092: 2762:. Another 1921 design, proposed to the Heraldic Commission by Keöpeczi, was closely based on Maria Theresa's arms of 1765. Under the new conventions, it was also used to symbolize the adjacent lands of Maramureș and Crișana, overshadowing earlier projects to emerge as the Greater Romanian arms. Derivative arms also appeared for Romanian institutions: the 28th Infantry Regiment, stationed in Târgu Mureș, featured both the city arms, with the Székely arm-and-sword, and the seven towers. Such heraldic arrangements still met some opposition, with a formal protest registered soon after adoption by magistrate Constantin Obedeanu and other intellectuals. This group favored only minimal changes to Romania's previous coat of arms, with the inclusion of the lions and hills in Michael the Brave's seal, as a stand-in for Transylvania. 1738: 597: 2060: 2476:

Transylvania and Bukovina had been using the 1765 color scheme as an excuse to fly the Romanian colors, but also that this practice was dying out under Hungarian pressures. In the 1890s, some Romanians were openly embracing the claim that Romania's flag was an altered "Transylvanian tricolor". One anonymous essayist from Bucharest argued in 1892 that the "red, yellow and blue" scheme was embraced by Transylvanian Romanians opposing merger into Hungary in 1848. He argued that, while Hungarians were forced to reject the "old Transylvanian" tricolor, nationalists in Wallachia and Moldavia also had to renounce traditional tinctures, and embrace a Transylvanian symbol. In 1901, the theory was reviewed as "seductive" and "probable" by Romanian journalist Constantin Berariu. It was embraced by

2725: 3026: 2428: 1390: 2705: 1408: 2398: 2072: 951: 2464: 2662: 1722: 1420: 2386: 1688: 2440: 2120: 564: 2689: 616: 890: 936: 2413: 245: 1757: 1375: 632: 3014: 29: 3041: 3056: 1457:, who encouraged a rift between Transylvania and the Hungarian Kingdom; on such grounds, Kaunitz rejected heraldic submissions by the Hungarian nobles, who wished to include a Patriarchal cross into the design. In 1769, he shocked his Hungarian adversaries by refusing to add the Transylvanian arms into those of the Kingdom. The arms still appeared on the third great seal used by Maria Theresia, which combined all her "German-Austrian and Hungarian provincial coats of arms" into a design that parted with "old heraldic simplicity and restraint". 3068: 2108: 1054:("It is settled by God's decree"), which also features on Bethlen's Transylvanian coinage, alongside an arm-and-sword emblem. The latter symbol is depicted in portrait engravings of Bethlen, often at the top of the image. The bottom edge reunites the arms of Transylvania, the Bethlen family arms, and somewhat less frequently, those of Hungary as well. Other records suggest that Bethlen used countless flags during his reign, including black-and-purple or red-and-purple flags of mourning in preparation for his own death. 6782: 920: 1356: 905: 1137: 967: 1124:

multinational nobility and the regular, non-autonomous, counties; this verdict is also backed by Attila István Szekeres and Sándor Pál-Antal: the Diet ascribed a primarily geographical meaning to each element, separating between "the counties", represented by the eagle, and the two autonomous enclaves. Moisil also highlights a non-ethnic definition of the "nation" represented by the eagle, but also comments that, by that moment in time, Romanian nobles were being "gradually

223:, and as such contributed to a simmering Hungarian–Romanian conflict before and during World War I. In this context, references to the "Transylvanian tricolor" often referred to a blue-yellow-red horizontal variation. Saxon organizations have traditionally reduced the tricolor to a blue-over-red or red-over-blue arrangement, which was also disliked by Hungarian authorities. Both sets of flags were flown by communities supporting the 1439: 1899:. Historian Tiberiu Crudu rejects claims that the latter symbol was directly derived from the Transylvanian banner, noting that Romanians in Transylvania did not yet feel represented by the latter; however, he also notes that the "tricolor to which Romanians had been accustomed since 1765" may have had a subtle contribution. Specifically Romanian Transylvanian flags appeared May 1848 assembly in 1991:, or because yellow was a Habsburg color. In Habsburg and Hungarian sources, this flag was depicted as a direct successor of the 1765 colors, indicating Romanian "autochtonism" after other Transylvanian communities had embraced ethnic flags. According to museographer Elena Pălănceanu, this tricolor was paraded during the May assembly by the anti-Hungarian folk army gathered by 742:("Sigismund King of Hungary"). His elevation in status allowed him to marshall the Báthory and Hulsius versions into a single coat of arms, which also included the Moldavian aurochs and the Wallachian eagle, reflecting Báthory's claim to suzerainty over both countries. No colored versions of the seal survive. While tinctures have been deduced by the authors of 1645:, where the Transylvanian eagle over seven towers was itself double-headed. One of the two heads was afterwards scratched out, possibly as a political statement. Transylvanian regional symbols, and in particular the chief portion of the crest, were now reclaimed by members of the Hungarian community; the eagle was interpreted a version of the mythical 273:; similarly, Károly Kisteleki argues that: "Transylvania did not have an independent coat of arms in the pre-1526 medieval Hungarian Kingdom." Historian Zsigmond Jakó argues that, since "the voivode received his commission directly from the king, probably received a flag from the ruler, as proof of his appointment before an illiterate society." 879:, give additional insight into the Principality's heraldic symbolism. Samples include blue and white Székely flags displaying the old and new symbols together. A variety of Báthory flags were captured on the field of battle, prominently displaying the "wolf's teeth", but with no element from the coat of arms. As noted in 1910 by historian 1093:, whose book standardized descriptions of both princely families' arms. While this revival saw a surge in the number of arms granted by Transylvanian Princes to their Transylvanian or Moldavian subjects and allies, the arms themselves were seldom depicted, as most recipients could not afford the cost of having them painted. 378:(Hungarian-speaking). The former group had its "one single seal" as early as 1224, though it is not recorded what that symbol was. According to Marțian, its design was the same as a 1302 seal, which depicts three kneeling men and a standing one holding up a crown. It was replaced in 1370 by a variant combining the 265:, which claims that Transylvania was settled by five Hungarian clans. Subsequent tradition codified their family crests, all of which had totem-like animal figures—Agmánd had a wolf's head; Borsa, a fish, Gyerő, a fish; Kalocsa, a bird; and Zsombor, a lion. The region had a distinct jurisdiction under a 2981:

still displayed the "Transylvanian" or "Saxon colors", described as "blue and red". Usage of the flag and coat of arms was being replaced around 2017 by displays of the logo for the Union of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany. Usage of Sibiu's coat of arms (a derivative of the triquetra arms), alongside

1804:

approved a new set of national symbols, including a "medium" coat of arms with marshalled Transylvanian symbols. Unusually, this depiction used the pre-standardization variant of 1740; it also innovated by showing the Transylvanian arms, and other arms not linked to Hungary-proper, as "joined at both

2046:

ordered the reintroduction of a regional flag, but used an incorrect color scheme, switching the blue and red bands. Various authors describe this as a conscious variation on the Romanian tricolor, meant to underline the connection between the monarchy and loyalist Romanians; the tricolor scheme was

1809:

adopted by his government specified that "annexed countries" could "each employ its own colors and arms." In practice, this definition excluded Transylvania. On March 30, Hungarians in the Transylvanian Diet symbolically removed the 1765 flag from the conference hall and replaced it with the flag of

1204:

as a rival claimant to the Transylvanian fiefdom. In June 1686, they formalized an alliance, under terms which specified that: "His Imperial Majesty may never lay claim to either the princely title or the coat of arms ". Thököly's revolt ultimately failed; Apafi was briefly the Transylvanian Prince.

2918:

in mid 1945 (and since attributed to scholar Gábor Balás), discussed a neutral Federal Republic of Transylvania, coterminous with "historical Transylvania". It noted: "The colors of the flag of the Independent Transylvania blue and gold. In addition to the state flag, however, all nations are free

2812:

Some usage of the 1765 arms was also documented among the Hungarians of Romania, as with the Puttonyos Winery, which continued to operate in Aiud under Romanian rule. Activist József Sándor reportedly hid the banner of a main Hungarian cultural association, EMKE, which displayed the arms of Hungary

2475:

Writing shortly after the Millennium, Sterca-Șuluțiu proposed that the Transylvanian tinctures and the Romanian flag had a single, "Dacian" and "twice-millennial" origin—though he admitted not being able to tell why Maria Theresa had selected them. He acknowledged that nationalist Romanians in both

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explaining that they reflected an old Saxon legend: "When our fathers came into the land, they thrust two swords crosswise into the earth and swore allegiance to the king and the land over them." Teutsch himself used blue-over-red flags, which the Gendarmes took down from his parish church in 1909.

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In 1868, Romanian politicians submitted for review another bill, which stated that "every nation has the right to use its national flag in public political ceremonies and on public buildings, but only alongside the flag of the Hungarian crown". As reported by Pacațian, from 1848 to 1874, Romanians

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produced immediate grievances against this regime and its official heraldry; throughout the Revolution, Romanians and Hungarians fought each other for control of Transylvania, with the former largely loyal to the Habsburg crown. Romanian intellectuals, prompted to adopt their own symbols, opted for

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selected a flag and coat of arms for Partium, in a form derived from the unrealized project of 1659. A blue-red-yellow tricolor is also spotted at rallies in support of increased autonomy for the region or its Hungarian communities. A controversy erupted on Hungarian National Day (March 15), 2017,

883:, "they are of all sort of colors and shapes, none of which have any significance." According to researcher Constantin Rezachevici, the white variant in Aachen's painting (displaying what Rezachevici identifies as "elephant tusks") was the inspiration for Michael the Brave's own flag of Wallachia. 2177:

submitted a demand for heraldic symbols to represent "the Romanian nation in the Transylvanian bordeland", namely: "an eagle standing on a rock, holding a cross in its beak", and a flag colored "blue, red, yellow". Outside Transylvania, Romanian activists were generally more accepting of the 1765

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The 1659 ruling is widely read as the first to explicitly associate each component privileged class, social as well as national. This interpretation is seen as erroneous by various historians: Marțian notes that the bird was not intended as a stand-in for the Hungarian Transylvanians, but for the

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fined people for displaying the colors. This account was rejected by Gendermerie officials, according to whom the fines were handed out to those demonstrators who refused to disperse after their authorization had expired. Transylvanian symbols, including the coat of arms, have been on display at

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In August 1911, a large Romanian meeting was again hosted by Balázsfalva, in this instance convened by ASTRA. The Hungarian authorities of Alsó-Fehér were convinced to participate, taking seat under a tapestry showing en eagle and tower alongside the "Transylvanian tricolor: blue, yellow and red

1009:

removed the lions and briefly restored the seven mountains, also changing the overall arrangement. Bocskai was also the first Transylvanian Prince to include the state arms on coinage, featuring them alongside his family arms or those of the Zápolyan monarchy; all three symbols appeared on flags

1773: 2829:

in Romania—the group is known to have used a flag of its own. In June 1924, Romanian authorities banned the use of Saxon flags on public buildings, and ruled that all private displays need to include Romanian flags of similar size and make. This measure was condemned, on the Romanian side, by

2301:. Some Romanians and Saxons also took part in the festivities, carrying "millennial flags" representing their various civic communities. In 1903, Romanian lawyer Eugen Lemeni was fined and imprisoned for decorating a ballroom hall with Habsburg flags and the "Transylvanian emblem". During the 2260:

sought to curb this practice in 1874, allowing only the Hungarian tricolor to be used within the Kingdom's borders, and instituting a system of fines and penalties for those who disobeyed. Romanians generally ignored the order, or invented methods for circumventing it—such as wearing red hats

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for still describing regional divisions between Transylvanian, Wallachian, and Moldavian Romanians. In a contrary move, Bolliac retained the towers, the sun, and the moon (but not the eagle) in his unusually arranged and hatched design for Transylvanian arms on Michael the Brave's monument in

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expressed indignation at Hungarian suggestions that the Romanian state tricolor was a derivative of Transylvania's color scheme. The same year, the Romanian Athletic and Singing Society had adopted emblems with the "Transylvanian tricolor". Another incident in June 1888 saw the Romanians of

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decorated with blue leaves and yellow lettering. The standardized regional flag was still flown at various festivities, though its interpretation varied between Romanians and Hungarians. The "Romanian, that is to say Transylvanian flag" and the Habsburg flag were reportedly used together at

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According to Moisil, the late adoption of a Transylvanian coat of arms, and its "few connections with the past and soul of the Romanian people", meant that the symbolism was rarely evoked in Romanian folk literature—unlike the Moldavian or Wallachian arms. The tower symbolism preserved some

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with the arms of Transylvania displayed. Meanwhile, other Saxon communities had the Habsburg flag, or opted for the "Saxon 'national' blue and red colours." The latter's origins are obscure, though writer Teodor V. Păcățian proposes that they may derive from one of the urban flags of Saxon

1453:. Following this redesign, the crescent was also rendered as a waning moon. These new Transylvanian arms were also the basis for a Transylvanian blue-red-yellow banner, which may also date back to 1765. Transylvania's promotion and its modernized heraldry were both supervised by Chancellor 2217:. This marked the first-ever appearance of Transylvanian symbols at the enthronement of a Hungarian Habsburg king. It was not the Gábrus tricolor, but a banner of arms: "The blue flag, about a meter wide, bordered with gold, decorated with the coat of arms of Transylvania in the middle". 2166:("Independence for Transylvania"). In July 1863, Romanian members of the Transylvanian Diet presented a draft law "on the equality of the various nationalities". Its Article 5 specified that: "A symbol particular to the Romanian nation shall be added to the Transylvanian arms." During the 1014:

used a different design for the eagle which, according to historians such as Bedeus and Marțian, was actually a revival of the Polish arms; Moisil sees it as a borrowing from the Prince's personal arms. At that stage, a Transylvanian eagle was used on coinage issued by the Saxon city of

2595:(December 1, 1918). Eyewitness Petru Tămâian described these as being the "beautiful Transylvanian tricolor", distinguishing them from the vertically arranged flag of Romania; when superimposed, they "seemingly create a sign of the cross, symbolizing sufferings on both sides". Activist 2570:

in November 1916, Transylvanian colors made a final official appearance at the Habsburg court, being carried there by Count Ádám Teleki. According to Moisil, under Charles the region was no longer depicted in the Hungarian coat of arms, but was still represented within the amalgamated

2801:, on behalf of his National Defense Party. The medium arms of 1915, including Transylvania's symbols, were still endorsed by the Regency, but for two decades appeared only rarely on its official insignia; usage again peaked in 1938–1944. A flag of Kalotaszeg was carried at the 269:, the first of whom were attested in the 12th century. Whether it used a heraldic symbol at this stage is a matter of dispute among modern heraldists. Dan Cernovodeanu dismisses the notion, arguing that there was a general uninterest in regional heraldry, manifested throughout 2534:

modified his father's 1874 legislation, allowing Romanians to fly "their national colors", but only if accompanied by the "state colors". This reportedly marked the first time in history when Romanian nationalists voluntarily embraced the Hungarian tricolor. Although Romania

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in and around Transylvania, including in the Banat and Maramureș, "used our national tricolor, and bore its colors on any given occasion, with no hindrance or annoyance by anyone". He reports the tricolor being a electoral flag of both pro- and anti-Hungarian Romanians.

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in 1891, after local Hungarians explicitly rejected either a "Saxon flag" or the "Romanian tricolor, which is also Transylvania's flag". In 1892, Romanian youth gathering at Nagyszeben defied the ban by flying three separate monochrome flags of red, yellow, and blue.

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by two lions. Sigismund's heraldry standardizes the towers' depiction by removing the corresponding hills. It, therefore, became the basic template for more modern subsequent representations, being also the first one to definitely include the Székely sun-and-moon.

1034:, reuniting the Bethlen family arms and Transylvanian symbols (black eagle, seven red towers on gold etc.), was preserved and reproduced in later centuries. Another red flag, which survives only through two contemporary engravings, references Bethlen's status as a 2677: 5284:

Konrad Klein, "'... Seine Kunst in den Dienst unserer Nationalen Sache gestellt'. Anmerkungen zu Georg Bleibtreus Historienbild 'Die Einwanderung der Sachsen nach Siebenbürgen und die Gründung von Hermannstadt'", in Ioan Marin Țiplic, Konrad Gündish (eds.),

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displayed the same symbol at an artificial forest which celebrated Hungarian presence in Transylvania and commemorated the soldiers of 1848. The Saxon diaspora in Germany has also continued to make use of regional symbols. In the 1990s, those who settled in

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while continuing to show attachment toward regional symbols: Saxon officials greeting ASTRA delegates in Sibiu during July 1920 "carried many a Saxon banner." Attempts to restore an independent Transylvania were still considered by a Hungarian jurist,

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Albert Klingenspohr, Hansotto Drotloff, "Cartea de Onoare a membrilor comunității evanghelice Mediaș, combatanți în Primul Război Mondial" and Helmuth Julius Knall, "Mediașul în perioada Marii Uniri", in Vasile Mărculeț, Helmuth Julius Knall (eds.),

2209:. The subsequent centralization cancelled all need for regional symbols, which were relegated to a ceremonial role. The informal Transylvanian flag was again recorded as "blue, red and yellow" in the late 1860s, with prints issued by the Armenian 2518:'s national holiday. Hungarian authorities broke up the rallies, citing the aggravating presence of Romanian colors. The students were defended by Pop, who claimed that the suspicious color scheme could just as well stand for Transylvania or the 2330:

heard reports about flag usage among the Transylvanian loyalists; his panel of experts disagreed on whether the flag was a Transylvanian symbol or a derivation of Romania's flag, but most viewed it as a staple of pan-Romanian "irredentism".

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who attempted to take Transylvania in 1611; these had "20 red-white-green silk flags". By contrast: "The princes of Transylvania had their own flags, which were almost always monochrome, with their own coat of arms and that of the country."

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claims a "green flag with a red scimitar" as standing for the "Kingdom of Siluana" or "Septem Castra". The latter is a reference to Transylvania as the country of "seven cities". According to historian Iulian Marțian, this name may predate

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and a yellow leaf, adding candidates' names in red letters. During those years, Romanian nationalist clubs began using an array of heraldic symbols evoking Dacia and the Romans. As early as 1871, the color scheme also spread into the

1858:, also using white flags with blue slogans before May 1848. These groups looked forward to a new arrangement in Transylvania, also proposing a new class of standardized symbols. Their design prominently included a female allegory of " 580: 2265:

dances in Kronstadt by 1881. That year, a Hungarian tricolor and a "Saxon flag" were added; the former's appearance led to a publicized brawl, with claims that Romanian students had put up the national flag of another country.

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In approving of this exclusion and distinction, Maria Theresa noted that interfering with the arms would upset Transylvania's population. By then, Romanians were readily associating with imperial symbolism. Already in 1756,

2543:, a Transylvanian Hungarian scholar and painter. This design also entered the new common medium coat of arms adopted that year by Austria-Hungary. This move generated some controversy, with Hungarian nationalists such as 2539:, Hungarian authorities again introduced proscriptions against the Romanian colors in February 1915. In October, a revamped version of the Hungarian arms, with minor adjustments to its Transylvanian quarter, was done by 2634:

with the offer to codify an "indissoluble union of three nations" (Transylvanian Romanians, Hungarians, and Saxons). This proposed state was to have its own seal and flag. Faced with the prospect of being absorbed as a

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The Saxons of Sibiu, who favored union with Romania, rallied under both the Romanian flag and a design of their own: "There was a search for the Saxon national banner and, since none was available, they brought in a

2010:, with the Transylvanian arms included. As the conflict turned to military confrontation, anti-Hungarian paramilitaries rallied under the Habsburg or German colors, as well as their own white flag with the slogan 227:; in its aftermath, Transylvanian or Tranylvanian-derived symbols were sometimes used by Hungarians seeking autonomy for the region as a whole. In parallel, pro-autonomy activists in Székely Land have adopted a 6859: 830:, who later also extended his control into Moldavia. During his interval in power, Michael issued documents bearing new seals, which included both Wallachian and Moldavian symbols; also featured were two lions 413:

The original Székely symbol featured an arm holding a sword, often piercing through a crown, a bear's severed head, and a heart, sometimes alongside a star-and-crescent; the field, though often interpreted as

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tolerated, or even encouraged, the use of Romanian banners by Transylvanian conscripts. Brassó was reportedly the first Transylvanian city to allow their flying at a public gathering. In 1915, Prime Minister

1294:("God will not abandon the just cause"). Tradition about Transylvania's coat of arms was preserved in other Hungarian circles: in 1734, Ioannes Szegedi published an engraving of it, showing a crowned eagle, 2280:

removing and desecrating the Hungarian national flag. In the aftermath, the community was ordered by government to cease flying the Transylvanian colors. No flags were on show during Franz Joseph's tour of

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In de Gérando's time, the coat of arms was interpreted as an actual visual record of ethnic divisions, omitting the "most populous inhabitants", who were the Romanians, as well as the "tolerated nation" of

2743:

As part of the union process of 1918–1922, Transylvania's symbols became an integral part of the Romanian arms. One of the first projects to include them in this overall arrangement was drafted in 1921 by

474:, the region effectively used Hungary's arms, although one popular legend attributes the creation of Transylvania's arms to the same Zápolya. Zápolya's military ordinances imposed recruitment rules on the 537:("Seven Cities", the German name of Transylvania); the color scheme seems to be purposefully based on the Hungarian arms. In the 1560s, the seven towers were featured on coinage issued by Habsburg client 1661:, on a stage bearing a large version of the Transylvanian arms. By contrast, a variant with only towers and two eagles in supporters was used on an 1825 lithograph depicting the Saxon city of Kronstadt. 2059: 1104:, associating each heraldic element with a distinct entity of Transylvania, and issuing orders for each to be made into a separate seal. A Diet writ also specified the introduction of distinct arms for 6806: 2514:, which, he argued, was enough of a symbol for the Romanian communities. The tricolor ambiguity was retained during the celebrations of May 10, 1914, when Romanian students gathered to celebrate the 6889: 6884: 1081:

features the three elements as separate shields, with the Székely moon wrongly depicted as a bird's head. From 1637, the regular coat of arms, combined with dynastic symbols, was still used as a

4220:, Vol. LIII, Issue 1, January 1922, pp. 22–23, 29–31, 46, 48–52, 60–61; Paula Virag, "'Horea – Rex Daciae' – Considerations on the Numismatic Symbols of the Peasants' Uprising of 1784–1785", in 2621:, a Saxon National Guard, which existed for some six days in December 1918, used a red-over-blue or blue-over-red bicolor, and assorted cockades. Saxon activists displayed their loyalism toward 6909: 2965: 2789:, which, on its 1921 edition cover, displayed the "coat of arms of Transylvania under the Hungarian royal crown". In April 1922, an "impressive procession" of irredentists took place outside 1213:, "reserved for the prince's use as gifts", with "the combined arms of Transylvania and the Apafi family". Transylvania and Partium were fully incorporated into the Habsburg realms under the 2249:—three ethnographic subdivisions of Partium. Crișana's arms, as published in 1881 by A. E. Gorjan, were directly inspired by those of Transylvania, in that they featured a derivative eagle. 2071: 2591:, which were colored red-blue-yellow or yellow-blue-red. Many tricolor variants, with yellow as the middle color, were used during the popular rallies on the event marked in Romania as the 1979:, which constituted a "grave error". This flag, he argues, was designed by youth unaware of the "lawful Transylvanian colors", and was even seen by some Romanians as closely resembling the 1703: 513:) preserves what is perhaps the first version of the modern Transylvanian arms—designed under Habsburg influence, and probably dating back to Zápolya's reign. It has a crowned eagle's head 6959: 6954: 6899: 7286: 2338:, some of which date back to the 1860s. During the 1890s, this color scheme had been adopted by Hungarian police officers in Saxon cities. At that stage, Saxon activists who frowned upon 2327: 1654: 768:

preceded modern conventions, and therefore could not be properly reconstructed. A relief of the Transylvanian arms was carved, probably on Sigismund's orders, in the Moldavian capital of

192:

resemble each other superficially: Transylvania has blue-red-yellow displayed horizontally, while Romania has blue-yellow-red, vertically. The Transylvanian colors were codified from the

6939: 6864: 1907:, showing that Romanians remained committed to the monarchy. While some scholars argue that the Romanian color scheme at Blaj already had yellow rather than white, others see this as an 1196:

army which assisted the Ottomans against the Habsburgs. This force is known to have used two banners: a blue one with an arm-and-sword, and a red one with the Thököly arms. In reaction,

6796: 2313:, but these were also confiscated by the authorities. The Romanian (and Transylvanian) colors were camouflaged into another symbolic arrangement: the PNR distributed lapels with a blue 1667: 2547:

arguing that the heraldic representation of an obsolete crownland on a major symbol would undermine the monarchy's "parity dualism". Towards the end of the year, Romania failed in her

2540: 596: 61:

Per fess Azure and Or, a fess Gules between in chief an eagle issuant from the division Sable flanked by a sun-in-splendour Or and an increscent Argent, and in base seven towers Gules.

7312: 7004: 6989: 6934: 2091: 7024: 6919: 6874: 6869: 6929: 5391: 800:

about the origins of the seven towers as an ethnic symbol, backdating them to the 13th century. Joseph Bedeus von Scharberg and other researchers propose that the eagle is from the

563: 7009: 6984: 6969: 6964: 6879: 6849: 6844: 7029: 6999: 6979: 6924: 6904: 1446:

Upon creating a "Grand Principality of Transylvania" on November 2, 1765, Maria Theresa finally standardized the coat of arms, introducing the definitive tinctures and adding the

6944: 7019: 7014: 6005:

Gábor Egry, "Minority Elite, Continuity, and Identity Politics in Northern Transylvania: The Case of the Transylvanian Party", in Victor Karady, Borbála Zsuzsanna Török (eds.),

6994: 6949: 6854: 3025: 2139: 1477:

for the field displaying the eagle was meant to represent Maria Theresa's Romanian subjects, being derived from the Wallachian arms (which, by then, were also standardized as

2334:

Red and blue (popularly read as symbolic for love and sincerity) survived on flags used by rural communities of Transylvanian Saxons—including those of youth fraternities in

1617:. While the tricolor scheme became a standard in official Habsburg heraldry, nostalgic or ill-informed heraldists continued to use variants without the bar, as with the 1784 1241:. In Partium, Leopold also granted nobility to the Romanian peasant families Sida and Iuga in 1701. Their diploma has separate shields of Transylvania, showing the towers on 557:

published another recognizable version of Transylvania's arms, showing a crowned eagle over seven hills, with each hill topped by a tower; tinctures cannot be reconstructed.

6914: 6894: 6839: 6834: 5763: 2158:, Transylvania was merged back into Hungary. This process, which included restoring heraldic symbols to the Székely nation in June 1861, was resisted by Romanians. In 1862, 6535:

Măriuca Radu, "Mărturii istorico-documentare privind mișcarea națională a românilor brașoveni reflectate în expoziția permanentă a Muzeului Județean de Istorie Brașov", in

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Monica Stroe, "Sibiu, Capitală Europeană a Culturii 2007: Germanitatea sașilor ca brand cultural românesc", Ovidiu Oltean, Remus Gabriel Anghel, Christian Schuster (eds.),

1737: 677:

and scepters. Transylvania also preserved the Zápolyan practice of organizing military units under separate county banners. In heraldic practice, it perpetuated the use of

6974: 1078: 300: 5992:

Kaplonyi, "Dr. Lükő Gábor múzeumőr útja Mádéfalván, Madarason, Dána Iván és Gyimesközéplakon Székely női és férfi ruhákat hozott Déri György néprajzi múzeum számára", in

3630: 1486: 880: 546: 197: 2439: 631: 7428: 5355:

Mircea Abrudan, "Die Haltung der Evangelischen Landeskirche A. B. in Siebenbürgen gegenüber dem Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs. Anhang. Bischof Dr. Friedrich Teutsch:

4934:

Ioan Chindriș, Anca Elisabeta Tatay, "An Armenian Man of Culture and Artist from Transylvania. Zacharias Gábrus (Zacharija Gabrušjan) and His Heraldic Manuscript", in

3904:

Cernovodeanu, pp. 134–136; Marțian, pp. 441–443; Moisil, p. 74; Pál-Antal, pp. 13–15, 17–20; Papoiu & Căpățînă, p. 198; Popescu, p. 197; Szekeres (2017), pp. 40–42

2853:." A new set of monuments, featuring the eagle together with the medium arms of Hungary, were erected throughout the annexed areas. In 1941, a Hungarian ethnographer, 2269:

Over the 1880s, Romanians continued to argue that the Transylvanian tricolor was a cherished symbol, but regional rather than ethnic. In 1885, the community newspaper

1175:. Seven towers of presumed Transylvanian origin were also depicted on a stove top, dated to ca. 1700, which was recovered during excavations at the Moldavian court in 4742: 1650: 1389: 6577:

Lajos Szádeczky-Kardoss, "Erdély szerepe a magyar szabadságharczokban és az uniótörténete. (A kolozsvári márcz. 15-iki ünnepélyen a Redoute-ban tartott beszéd)", in

5855: 1090: 1538:, either alongside a dagger-pierced heart, or with seven mounds that may evoke the seven cities on the official arms; this arrangement sometimes included a slogan, 1407: 5712: 2627: 2237:(1874–1876). This heraldic trend was followed by anonymous authors from either Wallachia or Transylvania, who were popularizing nationalist coats of arms for the 344: 2170:, Romanians gathering to oppose centralization reportedly flew a large flag "in Transylvania's colors"; their Hungarian opponents used the red-white-and-green. 642: 495: 6286: 2914:

as an armband, before switching again to "the colors of Romanian Transylvania: blue, yellow, and red". A draft proposal, submitted anonymously on behalf of the

2427: 1592: 852:, have cast "serious doubts", and see the lions as Michael's personal emblem. Cernovodeanu proposes that the lions could represent Transylvania indirectly, as " 6204:

Péter Csillag, "Kolozsvári futballmítoszok – Egy rejtőzködő klubjellemrajza, a valós és vélt kötődések szerepea CFR 1907 Cluj magyarországi megítélésében", in

2798: 2507: 5887:"Ottó-nagygyűlés a Vigadóban. Ottó királyfi nagykorúságának megünneplésére a Szentkorona Szövetség díszgyűlést tartott. Tüntetők zavarták meg az ünnepet", in 2362:

during June 1898, after Hungarian police tried to register and prosecute it as a "foreign flag". A compromised was reached in August, when the authorities of

1321:

in 1746, referred to the Transylvanian arms as being: "Seven cities over which shines the moon". Regional symbolism was again in focus during the 1740s, when

1276:, who also claimed the Hungarian throne. This episode began in July 1704, when the Diet abolished the instruments of Habsburg rule, including the seal of the 7369: 3046: 2874: 1591:

wings; the first such depiction was in 1806. The local flag, meanwhile, was still used in tandem with a multitude of other banners. As reported by historian

1171:. Researchers see this usage as reflecting a belief that "red towers" stood for Transylvanian cities in general, and for Udriște's claim to descent from the 6040: 5139: 5081: 2902: 2748:, wherein the Transylvanian quarter also represented all of the former Partium. In Gore's original version, the fess was removed, and the field was divided 2711: 2370:'s 400th anniversary, but only if "evenly represented" with the Hungarian colors. The crossed swords were also revisited as a community symbol, with bishop 2210: 6308: 5735: 2644: 1587:) of 1804, the Transylvanian arms appear, alongside other provincial arms, in an "arbitrary" arrangement. The imperial arms also came to feature it on the 935: 867:

In November 1599, Michael ordered new military flags to be made by the Hungarian tailor János Thamásfalvi. Flags captured by Michael and his Habsburg ally

118:. In its upper half, it prominently includes the eagle, which may have been one of the oldest regional symbols, or is otherwise a localized version of the 5034: 2854: 2845:

was briefly reincorporated with Hungary. Shortly after this, in September 1940, the Székely College Students' Association created a flag for the youth at

2688: 2162:

staged an exhibit and political rally, which included tricolor flags and a tapestry with the Transylvanian arms protected by a lion, alongside the slogan

2119: 5374: 5096: 2397: 2371: 2271: 1116:. Nevertheless, a symbol of Partium never appeared on Barcsay's Transylvanian arms, and the notion was eventually abandoned. As attested in the 1650s by 1964:. Several authors note that such a color scheme merely reflected confusion among the Romanians, allowing Hungarians in the Diet to report that it was a 1365: 950: 4734: 3785: 3672: 2704: 2038:, on Transylvania's western border. The festivities included a triumphal arch festooned with Habsburg and "blue-yellow-red" Transylvanian flags marked 1058: 986: 6641:"Începuturile stemei Transilvaniei în lumina mai multor izvoare ilustrate externe, din secolul al XV-lea până la începutul secolului al XVII-lea", in 6617:

Nicolae Teșculă, Gheorghe Gavrilă, "Marea Adunare Națională de la Blaj din 3/15 mai 1848 într-o descriere inedită a unui memorialist sighișorean", in

6303:

Maria Dogaru, "Insignes et devises héraldiques attestant l'origine latine du peuple roumain", in A. d'Addano, R. Gueze, A. Pratesi, G. Scalia (eds.),

6188: 1834:, welcomed this collaboration, but formed their separate units, with distinct symbols. Specifically, these showed, on one side, the seven castles and 2228:. Though intended to show the cultural unity between Romanians within and without Austria-Hungary, this exhibit was criticized by nationalist writer 1944:

This "flag of the Transylvanian Romanians" was transformed into a red-blue-white, blue-red-white or white-blue-red tricolor, bearing the inscription

660: 2173:

In this context, the Romanian community had opted for the Transylvanian eagle as its own ethnic symbol; in 1865, its representatives in the unified

2933:. The regime involved itself in removing signs of Hungarian irredentism, such as plastering over the medium Hungarian arms on the 1941 monument in 2676: 2198:. The presence of a "Dacian" woman and lions in supporters in all Romanian national arms between 1866 and 1872 was an homage to the 1848 proposal. 713:

in 1576. Though he was the first to emphasize his princely title, he did not create any heraldic symbol for the region, and instead introduced the

2866: 1419: 307:, suggest that Transylvanian troops fought under an eagle banner, but the accuracy of such reporting is altogether doubtful. Several 15th-century 6684: 4246: 2897: 2191: 180:

Before Maria Theresa, Transylvania's rulers used a variety of flags, which more often than not included family or factional symbols, such as the

1721: 1556:, it was illustrated with an allegory which included the Transylvanian arms. At the same time, Márton Hochmeister was putting out the newspaper 7327: 2661: 1810:

Hungary, only allowing the "blue-red-yellow tricolor" to be displayed on the tapestry of the Diet throne. When Transylvanian delegates visited

1227:

with its own markings throughout the early 18th century. These depictions introduced the practice of showing regional arms superimposed on the

2375:

Other groups of Saxons had similar bicolor banners and ribbons with the Transylvanian arms—as with the Association of Transylvanian Saxons in

1575:

Joseph II ended Transylvania's separate coinage, including monetary use of the regional arms. Following the consolidation of a Habsburg-ruled

2289:

Transylvanian regional symbols were sometimes reclaimed by other members of the Hungarian community. In May 1896, during celebrations of the

2186:

gave this arrangement a colored version in 1856, selecting tinctures that would reflect the Romanian tricolor, with Transylvania in yellow (

2600: 2007: 1220: 1005:, but there is disagreement as to whether these alluded to Michael's heraldry or to Moses' own family arms. Taking over as Prince in 1605, 989:

notes that, overall, this "decidedly Hungarian" color scheme was more often embraced by Hungarians in Habsburg-held territories, including

738:

in 1595. By January 1596, he had ambitions to expand his realm, and his Transylvanian troops, stationed in Moldavia, used a flag inscribed

656: 153:'s reign, were codified as representing three separate jurisdictions: the eagle stood for Transylvania-proper, the sun-and-crescent is for 138: 103: 69: 41: 721:

may have issued a heraldic medal showing an eagle and seven towers alongside the Székely sun and waxing moon, but this may be a forgery.

390:. Also included was a third shield, which is as either an eagle-and-rose composition or the first appearance of "three leaves", joined in 6766: 6721: 2994: 2928: 2781:

setting free a female figure bearing the Transylvanian shield. Another political statement was the Transylvanian folk-song collection of

1821:

Hungarian communities were committed to the new tricolor, whereas, in 1846, the Saxons had a "national flag" of unspecified colors, with

6425: 4351:

István Demeter, Zoltán Miklós, "Egy jelentéktelen családi örökség közkincsé válása – egy 19. század eleji székelykapu restaurálása", in

2213:. A flag for the old crownland was also carried by Antal Esterházy (or, according to other reports, by Albert Bánffy) at Franz Joseph's 7490: 7317: 2358:, responded with an explicit ban on Saxon symbols. A red-over-blue bicolor, also identified as the "Saxon flag", sparked litigation in 2290: 2147: 1891:

Transylvania's Romanian nationalists continued to experiment with flags, eventually arriving at (generally horizontal) variants of the

1217:(1699). In anticipation, Leopold already used the Transylvanian arms on his large coat of arms, by 1691, and on his coinage, by 1694. 919: 284: 256: 6189:"Zászlóügy: egymásra mutogatnak. Több ízben is az Erdély-lobogó felcsavarását kérték akolozsvári március 15-ei megemlékezés szervezői" 3110:, pp. 371–372, 375–375, 380. Boulder & Highland Lakes: Social Science Monographs & Atlantic Research and Publications, 2001. 2830:

Păcățian, who argued that Saxons had both a moral and a legal right to their own bicolor. In early 1939, schoolteacher Georg Kraft of

1687: 1605:

under their respective county banners. Coins minted in Transylvania no longer had distinguishing heraldic markings after 1780, though

772:, again highlighting his regional dominance. This variant kept only the seven towers, and replaced the eagle with an "imperial crown" 7362: 6771: 6461:

Judit Pál, "'The Struggle of Colours': Flags as National Symbols in Transylvania in 1848", in Anders Blomqvist, Constantin Iordachi,

3108:

History of Transylvania. Volume I: From the Beginnings to 1606 (East European Monographs 581. Atlantic Studies on Society Change 106)

3067: 2647:

reports that a "Székely Republic movement" hoisted its flag in Marosvásárhely, but that other Hungarians wanted it torn down. Artist

1065:, Transylvania already had a "blue, red, gold-yellow" tricolor as its state flag. This appears in heraldry used by the Transylvanian 1159:

popularity in Romanian-inhabited areas outside Transylvania's borders. Shortly before Barcsay's ascendancy, Wallachian intellectual

7322: 7302: 4979:"Károly király átveszi a hitlevelet. A hitlevél-bizottság Károly királynál és Zita királynénál. Erdély zászlója a koronázáson", in 2892:, with Romanian flags being routinely removed from official buildings; concrete projects of independence were submitted by Kós and 1454: 2026:, Transylvania was more firmly integrated with the Austrian Empire, with the Székely seal being confiscated. In July 1852, Bishop 2865:, which was being unfairly censored in Hungary for looking "Romanian". During this renewed integration with the Hungarian crown, 2412: 1527: 1355: 291:. He argues that seven towers may have already been a Transylvanian symbol at that stage, noting that the "Dacian" metropolis of 615: 3885:

Mihaela Mehedinți, "Transylvanian Identities: Swedish Travellers' Observations for the 17th–19th Centuries Realities [

2385: 1925: 889: 7535: 7150: 6603: 6523: 6478: 6363: 6345: 6151: 6014: 5863: 5724: 5673: 5361:Österreichisch-Siebenbürgische Kulturbeiträge. Schriftenreihe der Österreich-Bibliothek Cluj-Napoca – Klausenburg – Kolozsvár 5294: 5046: 2446: 2302: 2167: 1797: 1325:

took over as Queen and Empress. A medal she issued in 1740 is also the first official one to have readable hatching, with an

1269: 1096:

Various other designs of the state arms, featuring the same basic elements, continued under several Princes until 1659, when

6672:

History of Transylvania. Volume II: From 1606 to 1830 (East European Monographs 593. Atlantic Studies on Society Change 107)

5850:

Sarolta Kővágó, "A magyar amatőr néptáncmozgalom története a kezdetektől 1948-ig", in Zsuzsa Kővágó, Sarolta Kővágó (eds.),

3515:Ștefan Andreescu, "Comerțul danubiano-pontic la sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea: Mihai Viteazul și 'drumul moldovenesc'", in 323:. Among the modern experts, Tudor-Radu Tiron argues for the existence of a Transylvanian eagle shield, taking as evidence a 7355: 2724: 2506:". ASTRA's other symbols by 1911 were all-blue banners marked with the names of its sections, or generic slogans. Delegate 1637:. Székely woodcarvers appropriated the coat of arms, which appeared on their wooden gates, though less frequently than the 812:; in similar vein, he used an alternative coat of arms depicting three suns, which apparently referred to his witnessing a 6670:Ágnes R. Várkonyi, "The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711)", in László Makkai, András Mócsy (eds.), 3478:

Cernovodeanu, pp. 131–133; Moisil, pp. 76–77; Pál-Antal, p. 17; Szekeres (2017), pp. 26–27; Tiron (2011), pp. 310, 324–335

1621:. Mapmaker Johann Joseph von Reilly also preferred a three-shield version: the eagle and the Székely sun-and-moon each on 7307: 7200: 7070: 6598:, pp. 11–69. Odorheiu Secuiesc: Centrul Județean pentru Conservarea și Promovarea Culturii Tradiționale Harghita, 2017. 3858:

Borsos, pp. 52–53; Cernovodeanu, pp. 134–136; Kisteleki, p. 1057; Pál-Antal, pp. 13–15, 17–20; Szekeres (2017), pp. 40–42

3055: 2499: 2214: 2155: 1710: 6674:, pp. 232–513. Boulder & Highland Lakes: Social Science Monographs & Atlantic Research and Publications, 2002. 4804:

Doru Radoslav, "Ierarhul și Monarhul: o întâlnire admirabilă la 1852", in National Commission for Church History (ed.),

1830:

Transylvania. In mid 1848, Saxons were welcomed into the Hungarian National Guard. Many towns, especially Kronstadt and

1374: 7530: 7525: 6816: 5287:

Sașii și concetățenii lor ardeleni / Die Sachsen und ihre Nachbarn in Siebenbürgen. Studia in Honorem Dr. Thomas Nägler

2770: 2576: 479: 270: 224: 127: 3013: 904: 402:. A tradition reported in 1896 by lawyer Vilmos Bruckner held that a Saxon flag and seal from 1222 carried the slogan 166: 7545: 6801: 6679: 6572: 4813: 4331: 3648:

Constantin Rezachevici, "Istorie cunoscută... mai puțin. Bătălia de la Guruslău în viziunea lui Hans von Aachen", in

3115: 2861:

and "was taken over by the Romanians in 1848". He believed this color scheme to have seeped into the folk art of the

2107: 1987:. Over the following months, blue-yellow-red replaced other variants—either under the influence of flags used in the 1108:—an area of Hungary-proper which had been attached to the Principality. This subregion was to be represented by four 571: 478:, specifying that each county would have its own banner. Meanwhile, a rival claim to Transylvania had been placed by 475: 335:, and as such folk symbols of "Dacia". At this earliest stage, individual Voivodes also had their own attested arms. 278: 5454:

Alexandru Constantin Chituță, "Octavian Smigelschi — inițiatorul picturii monumentale și naționale bisericești", in

4677:

Barițiu, pp. 138–140, 226–227; Berariu I, p. 3; Pál, pp. 114–115. See also Păcățian, p. 1; Szádeczky-Kardoss, p. 195

2922:

Arms with a Transylvanian canton remained a Romanian national symbol throughout this period, until being removed by

1999:. One variant, featuring an icon and tricolor bordure, is viewed by some historians as one of Iancu's battle flags. 977:

In 1601, at the beginning of his third and final reign in Transylvania, Prince Sigismund received from his overlord

7540: 7515: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7250: 7225: 3106:

László Makkai, "Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526)", in László Makkai, András Mócsy (eds.),

1362: 734: 383: 370:. In tandem, some alternative collective symbols were being introduced within two distinct ethnic communities: the 7215: 7125: 2969: 2326:, where it was identified and repressed as a symbol of "anti-Austrian" subversion. Before deciding on this issue, 1796:

broke out. The revolution proclaimed Transylvania's absorption by the Hungarian Kingdom, eventually moving toward

836:. Romanian scholars are in disagreement as to whether the latter symbol is meant to represent Transylvania. While 255:

Some of the earliest heraldic traditions in Transylvania relate to the 12th and 13th centuries—which is after the

7510: 7240: 6756: 6714: 3040: 2206: 2126: 2043: 1953: 1756: 1490: 1089:. Between the reigns of Bethlen and Rákóczi, knowledge about "heraldic art" was spread in Transylvania by writer 554: 491: 394:, as the leading symbol of the Saxons at large. According to historian Jean-Paul Van der Elst, they are possibly 7185: 6689:

Documente privitoare la Istoria Ardealului, Moldovei și Țării-Românești. Volumul V: Acte și scrisori (1596—1599)

6650:

István György Tóth, "Bethlen Gábor mókás temetési menete. Francisci András pálos szerzetes levele 1630-ból", in

4938:, Vol. IX (Art of the Armenian Diaspora. Proceedings of the Conference, Zamość, April 28–30, 2010), 2011, p. 143 1310:

background; here, the Székelys were no longer represented by celestial bodies, but by the older arm-and-sword.

808:. The bird had special significance for the superstitious Sigismund, who credited his victories in Wallachia to 437: 158: 7175: 5495:"Interpelația dlui Dr. Ștefan C. Pop în chestia disolvării adunării poporale dela Alba Iulia (Continuare)", in 4052:, Vol. XIV, Issue 1, 2014, p. 25; Attila Pandula, "Fejezetek az 'árpádsávos' zászló és lobogótörténetéből", in 2297:

presented the blue banner of 1867 to Franz Joseph; it had been since hidden, lost, and ultimately found in the

1744: 1547: 1515: 1073:, whose reign began in 1648, used a vast range of Transylvanian arms, freely mixing the elements and including 5717:

A szupremácia és az önrendelkezés igénye. Magyar javaslatok, tervek, az erdélyi kérdés rendezésére (1918–1940)

5039:

A szupremácia és az önrendelkezés igénye. Magyar javaslatok, tervek, az erdélyi kérdés rendezésére (1918–1940)

2888:

in 1944. In its aftermath, projects for a unified and independent Transylvania received some backing from the

149:, who also simplified the charges. They entered the heraldic patrimony over the next few decades, and, during 7145: 6312: 5815:

Onoriu Stoica, Adrian Frunză, "Contribuții la cunoașterea 'insignelor onorifice' militare românești (I)", in

3819:

Mirela Cărăbineanu, "Hârtia în Cancelaria princiară a Transilvaniei. Câteva aspecte privind filigranele", in

2942: 2695: 2584: 1988: 1523: 1197: 110:. While neither symbol has official status in present-day Romania, the coat of arms is marshalled within the 6025:

Roland Olah, Gariel Moisa, "Stare de spirit și tendințe autonomiste în Transilvania de Nord postbelică", in

3460:

Cernovodeanu, pp. 133–134; Tiron (2011), pp. 308–310, 337. See also Pál-Antal, p. 17; Szekeres (2017), p. 26

3172:, 1917; Constantin Marinescu, "Le Danube et le littoral occidental et septentrional de la Mer Noire dans le 2201:

Transylvanian symbols were again added to the medium coat of arms of Hungary following the establishment of

1713: 494:, and was based on Saxon heraldry, showing crossed swords and a triquetra. This is the version published by 6528:

Vlad-Lucian Popescu, "Considerații cu privire la stema de stat a României și cea a Republicii Moldova", in

5637: 4048:

György Antal Diószegi, "Zászlótartó hõseink az 1848–49. évi dicsõséges magyar szabadságharc csatáiban", in

2945:. Transylvania was prominently displayed in sketches submitted by Maria Dogaru, who also proposed adopting 2234: 1793: 1027: 423: 209: 7255: 7245: 7130: 6420:

Augustin Mureșan, "Despre stema Crișanei. Certitudini și supoziții", in Doru Sinaci, Emil Arbonie (eds.),

6379:

Károly Kisteleki, "Adalékok jogi nézőpontból az Erdélyi Fejedelemség önálló államiságának kérdéséhez", in

7520: 7378: 7205: 7140: 3169: 2983: 2938: 2822: 2560: 1826: 1552: 857: 824: 451:. Marțian notes that these two devices were also used in medieval armorials as visual representations of 7195: 7095: 7090: 6507:

Lizica Papoiu, Dan Căpățînă, "O diplomă de înnobilare (secolul al XVIII-lea) din Țara Crișului Alb", in

6355: 3393:

Tiron (2011), pp. 311, 319, 322–323. See also Cernovodeanu, p. 131; Iftimi, p. 192; Marțian, pp. 443–444

1814:

on April 23, they were greeted by the flags of both Hungary and Transylvania, alongside a ribbon marked

188:, but the practice died out long before the Habsburg conquest. Transylvania's Habsburg tricolor and the 7065: 6707: 6564: 3867:

Cernovodeanu, p. 136; Kisteleki, p. 1057; Marțian, p. 441; Pál-Antal, p. 18; Szekeres (2017), pp. 40–42

2298: 542: 7190: 7155: 6225:. Blaj: Despărțământul XI. Blaj, al Asociațiunii & Tipografia Seminarului Teologic Gr. Cat., 1911. 4482:

Alexandru Ceușianu, "Vremuri de osândă. Revoluția 1848/49 din perspectiva unui orășel ardelenesc", in

2463: 2282: 1933:

could reflect that association. Contrasting testimonies suggest that the arrangement was based on the

1609:-with-arms designs continued to be used by other institutions into the 19th century, including by the 7555: 7550: 7210: 7110: 7085: 7051: 7046: 5569:"Informațiuni. Intrunirea societății numismatice. Comunicările lui M. C. Sutzu și Iustin Nestor", in 3823:, Supplement 1: "Literacy Experiences Concerning Medieval and Modern Transylvania", 2015, pp. 357–359 2915: 2790: 2254: 2031: 1929:. Pușcariu advocated for the blue-red-yellow of Transylvania and was told by his peers that the gold 1658: 467: 7160: 7105: 7100: 6657:

Jean-Paul Van der Elst, "The Coat of Arms of the Sieben Stühle Hermannstadt (Seven Chairs [

1937:, or that it was improvised from the "Transylvanian colors red and blue", with the white band as a 1001:, briefly took the throne of Transylvania in 1603. His seals included a representation of the lions 861: 471: 7230: 6761: 6516:

The Double Eagle (The Flag Heritage Foundation Monograph and Translation Series, Publication No. 4)

6490:

Elena Pălănceanu, "Steaguri din colecția Muzeului de Istorie al Republicii Socialiste România", in

6445:

Marian Olaru, "Lupta pentru tricolor și afirmarea identității naționale românești în Bucovina", in

5458:, Issue 1/2017, pp. 32–33; Cornel Tatai-Baltă, "Caracterul militant al artei plastice blăjene", in 3077: 2229: 1522:

rather than the Transylvanian eagle, expressing solidarity with the "well-beloved", reform-minded,

1425: 1330: 796:

after first appearing on Sigismund's seal. Similarly, Marțian argues that the Saxons circulated an

706: 352: 7270: 7120: 7080: 4861:, August 4, 1863, p. 1; Viola Pop, "Ardealul autonom și pretențiile naționale romănești [ 4743:"A fost sau n-a fost. Povestea steagului "lui Avram Iancu", care a pus ministerul Culturii pe jar" 1568:

from a Hungarian perspective, and was headlined by the Hungarian arms with the Transylvanian arms

1481:). As they note, those Romanian serfs who were raised into Transylvania's nobility also opted for 446: 328: 7433: 7397: 7235: 7165: 7135: 6746: 6594:"Stema comunității secuiești", in Attila István Szekeres, Sándor Pál-Antal, János Mihály (eds.), 6325:Éva Gyulai, "'Consilio firmata Dei'. Bethlen Gábor emblémás zászlaja – Besztercebánya, 1620", in 3161: 2950: 2846: 2306: 2195: 2078: 1912: 1863: 1601: 1395: 1333:

published a version more closely resembling the Báthory design but replacing the "teeth" with an

1273: 820: 702: 587: 379: 266: 205: 115: 111: 7170: 6228:

Florin Ardelean, "Obligațiile militare ale nobilimii în Transilvania princiară (1540–1657)", in

5874:"Impozáns körménet a magyar feltámadásért. (Az irredenta zászló a feltámadási körmenetben)", in 5707:

Károly Gulya, "Az erdélyi nemzetiségi kérdés megoldására irányuló törekvések 1918–1919-ben", in

3073: 2990: 2023: 1960:("Romanian virtue revived"), and carried ribbons in the Habsburg colors, with a slogan honoring 784:, with the implicit omission of Transylvania's Romanians. In this reading, the eagle represents 228: 7560: 7265: 7260: 7180: 7115: 6692: 6470: 6462: 6296:

György Gyarmati, "A független Erdély alkotmány-koncepciója a béke-előkészítés időszakában", in

4589:

Pălănceanu, p. 139; Sbiera, p. 219. See also Berariu I, p. 3; Crudu, p. 14; Olaru, pp. 390, 393

3954:

Constantin Iconomu, "Noi date arheologice despre județul Vaslui rezultate dintr-o donație", in

2993:

with the sun-and-moon. In September 2014, western Transylvanian Hungarians affiliated with the

2989:

At the same stage, a Székely autonomist movement had begun using its own derivative symbol—the

2878: 2548: 2536: 2481: 2082: 1961: 1784:

by Transylvanian Hungarians was first documented in 1846, when it appeared with members of the

1257:. The Partium arms with the Patriarchal cross are also revived for this document, with bars of 1238: 1070: 1011: 801: 744: 664: 506: 142: 119: 2834:

successfully defended in court his right to fly the Saxon colors alongside the Romanian ones.

1805:

ends by a wavy ribbon, imagined as the national tricolor, attached to the crown." One of the

1649:. "The sun, the moon and the eagle" under a "Hungarian sky" were thus referenced in a song by 718: 208:. They became popular among the Romanian community of Transylvania in the later stages of the 7418: 7220: 6452:

Teodor V. Păcățian, "Drapelul săsesc din Ardeal are îndreptățire legală de a fi arborat", in

4233:

Marin Sâmbrian-Toma, "Carte veche de istorie din anii 1791–1828 în colecții din Craiova", in

3031: 2842: 2817:. Kós, who designed various versions of the Transylvanian arms (including in his 1922 album, 2814: 2766: 2745: 2636: 1972:, Romanians, specifically Eastern Catholics, opted for alternative flags of blue and yellow. 1569: 1160: 1145: 1062: 1035: 845: 764:(for the seven towers), such readings are criticized by Cernovodeanu—as he notes, the seal's 678: 336: 311:

also feature a "Duke of Weydn" or "Weiden", which may refer to the Transylvanian Voivodes or

6305:

Studi in onore di Leopoldo Sandri. II (Publicazioni degli Archivi di Stato, XCVIII. Saggi I)

4857: 3330:

Borsos, p. 52; Marțian, pp. 441, 445; Pál-Antal, pp. 9–13; Szekeres (2017), pp. 13–14, 16–17

2972:

also features a 1992 mural with the 1765 arms of Transylvania. In 1996, the municipality of

2668: 1975:

Barițiu notes that the "white-blue and red tricolor" was used by the Romanian Commission of

1120:, the various towns of this area flew their own symbols, a multitude of "flags and colors". 942: 872: 304: 7469: 7075: 6247: 5167: 4606: 3635: 2999: 2567: 1850: 1634: 1543: 1141: 1043: 602: 427: 371: 359: 312: 220: 5837:

Miklós Zeidler, "Irredentism in Everyday Life in Hungary during the Inter-war Period", in

2599:

also mentions the "beautiful Romanian tricolor of Transylvania" as being the flag held by

910: 725: 146: 8: 7055: 6826: 6144:

Reinventând germanitatea. Etnicizare, mobilitate și împrumut cultural la marginea Europei

5037:, "Tervezet a 'kisebbségi törvény' javaslatához", in Nándor Bárdi, Csaba Zahorán (eds.), 2982:

those of Transylvania-proper, had a major revival beginning in 2007, when the city was a

2949:

as the national motto. The 1921 arms were reinstated, with some modifications, under the

2911: 2857:, revisited the blue-red-yellow and its origins, suggesting that it had been invented by 2838: 2495: 1470: 1214: 1187: 832: 765: 432: 244: 193: 170: 5715:, "Az erdélyi három nemzet uniójának alapelvei", in Nándor Bárdi, Csaba Zahorán (eds.), 3321:

Szekeres (2017), pp. 12–25. See also Borsos, p. 52; Marțian, p. 445; Pál-Antal, pp. 9–13

2477: 2178:

arms, which were featured, alongside the Moldavian and Wallachian shields, on the medal

1100:

restored Sigismund's basic arrangement. This was probably the result of a ruling by the

780:

The latter innovation is often described as fulfilling the visual representation of the

7338: 5111: 2786: 2774: 2515: 2065:

One of the Romanian Transylvanian tricolor schemes used in 1848 (with Habsburg ribbons)

1908: 1881: 1748: 1610: 1399: 1287: 1101: 1031: 797: 785: 729: 387: 367: 340: 4373:

Katalin Ágnes Bartha, "Theatre Inauguration Ceremony and Symbolic Representation", in

2849:. One side was "embroidered with the coat of arms of Transylvania and the inscription 2579:, flying horizontal tricolors of blue-yellow-red. Transylvanian soldiers stationed in 1233:, something which was also done, with the respective arms, for coins used in Hungary, 710: 324: 28: 6730: 6675: 6599: 6568: 6519: 6474: 6410: 6373: 6359: 6341: 6270: 6147: 6010: 5859: 5720: 5692: 5669: 5407:

A. V. din Bucuresci, "Formațiunea limbei și a neamului român. (Urmare și fine.)", in

5290: 5042: 4809: 4782:

Valer Rus, "Războiul civil ardelean (1848–1849) și petițiile văduvelor maghiare", in

4327: 3299:

Vilmos Bruckner, "Szeben vármegye díszközgyűlése. — Dr. Bruckner Vilmos beszéde", in

3111: 2923: 2885: 2806: 2652: 2544: 2355: 2319: 2257: 2015: 1996: 1965: 1911:. Known versions included a blue-white-red or blue-red-white arrangement, claimed by 1896: 1885: 1473:. Historians Lizica Papoiu and Dan Căpățînă propose that the definitive selection of 1183: 1113: 926: 837: 827: 789: 749: 549:, showing Heraclid's ambition of unifying the three realms under one crown. In 1596, 487: 483: 123: 107: 56: 6235: 5180:

Rozalinda Posea, "O festivitate publică controversată, sărbătoarea Milleniului", in

2900:

proclaiming himself Prime Minister of the unrecognized country. A rumor recorded in

2802: 2294: 2143: 1789: 714: 181: 7464: 6497: 3157: 2826: 2782: 2572: 2552: 2519: 2221: 2042:("With United Forces")—the Habsburg motto. Later that year, Transylvanian Governor 1923:, who carried a version of the banner marked with a Romanian version of the slogan 1462: 1201: 1172: 1168: 514: 261: 6337: 5632: 4601: 3402:

Cătălin Pungă, "'Planul dacic' al lui Ioan Iacob Heraclid Despot (1561–1563)", in

2596: 2450: 2027: 1920: 998: 7438: 7392: 6751: 5902:

Victoria Tudor, "Mărci înregistrate în județul Alba în perioada interbelică", in

5788:

Szekeres (2013), p. 288 & (2017), p. 47; Tiron (2001), pp. 516, 518, 526, 532

5003: 3650: 2858: 2794: 2729: 2648: 2640: 2622: 2367: 2351: 2202: 2174: 1892: 1871: 1781: 1576: 1334: 1023: 1006: 982: 970: 895: 876: 849: 841: 550: 463: 216: 189: 185: 6781: 5970:"Hírek. A SZEFHE gyönyörű zászlót küldött a kolozsvári egyetemi ifjúságnak", in 2531: 1845:

The adoption of separate Saxon flags caused a standoff between the two camps at

1542:, attesting Horea's Habsburg loyalties. In 1791, Romanian intellectuals of the " 1489:

was entrusted with conscripting Székely and Romanian (or "Dacian") men into the

1206: 1117: 1097: 154: 150: 6120:"Das 9. Tartlauer Treffen vom 26. Sept. '98 in Schnelldorf bei Crailsheim", in 5338:

Delia Cotârlea, "Repräsentation reformatorischer Ideale am Beispiel des Dramas

4637:

Camil Mureșanu, "Adunarea națională de la Blaj. Relatări din presa vremii", in

1984: 1980: 1949: 1934: 1916: 1867: 1234: 1109: 805: 792:, neither of these symbols preexisted the 1590s but were appropriated by their 538: 459: 407: 332: 7347: 5889: 5109:"Sfințirea stégului Reuniunii române de gimnastică și cântări din Brașov", in 4855:"Nouvelles étrangères. Autriche. Hermannstadt (Transylvanie), 27 juillet", in 1140:

Personification of Transylvania with a heraldic shield; from a 1723 fresco by

1136: 1039: 358:

The right to use individual coat of arms was severely limited by the codes of

177:), but this interpretation is criticized as inaccurate by various historians. 7484: 6542: 6467:

Hungary and Romania Beyond National Narratives: Comparisons and Entanglements

5684: 5650:

Liliana Popa, "Mărturii documentare săsești despre momentul Marii Uniri", in

5305: 3520: 2503: 2403: 2339: 2183: 1948:("Roman virtue revived"). The slogan's origin can be traced back to Romanian 1904: 1811: 1801: 1614: 1565: 1322: 1125: 1030:

by depicting Hungary and Transylvania's arms on a single shield. His crimson

868: 668: 499: 399: 99: 6393: 6107:

György Beke, "Sorskérdések. Fáklya-sors. Egy székely tanár portréjához", in

6009:, pp. 186–215. Cluj-Napoca: Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center, 2008. 2877:; it did not use the regional flag and coat of arms, but had a depiction of 1530:, insurgents reportedly carried a flag with Joseph's portrait. Their leader 1050:

alongside Latin poetry and slogans; in one version, these include the motto

966: 6552:

Costin Scurtu, "Știri de pe frontul bucovinean în România (1914–1918)", in

6334:

Deutsche und Ungarn im südöstlichen Europa. Identitäts- und Ethnomanagement

4513:

Attila Süli, "A nemzetőrség szervezése Erdélyben 1848 nyarán és őszén", in

2893: 2889: 2862: 2778: 2737: 2323: 1831: 1535: 1499: 1074: 809: 788:

and the towers are a stand-in for the Saxon cities. According to historian

530: 395: 162: 95: 6274: 2964:, identified as the "Transylvanian colors", were used for the new arms of 2603:, who was shot by the Hungarian National Guard on his way to the rally in 2242: 1870:. Another proposal was consciously based on 3rd-century coinage issued by 6422:

Administrație românească arădeană. Studii și comunicări din Banat-Crișana

4867:] la dieta din Sibiiu de la 1863–64, după o nouă carte maghiară", in 4012:

Szekeres (2017), pp. 42–45. See also Borsos, pp. 53–54; Kirițescu, p. 105

2907: 2870: 2631: 2592: 2526: 2468: 1992: 1859: 1674: 1561: 1229: 1066: 1047: 441: 288: 6454: 6413:, "Stema României. — Originea și evoluția ei istorică și heraldică", in 5696: 5165:"Din pildele trecutului. D-l Vaida-Voevod despre tineri și bătrâni", in 3081: 2359: 2003: 1583:

depicted separately from the main arms. On the Hungarian "secret seal" (

1223:, which remained a principality attached to the Hungarian Crown, issued 1010:

carried separately during his funeral procession in 1607. His successor

622: 375: 4842:

Gherghina Boda, "Expoziția națională a Astrei de la Brașov (1862)", in

4386:

Minerva Nistor, "Brașovul în izvoare cartografice și iconografice", in

2978: 2604: 2575:

of 1918, Transylvanian Romanians began organizing themselves to demand

1938: 1806: 978: 5666:

Mediașul și Marea Unire. Studii (Bibliotheca Historica Mediensis XXXI)

5257:

Tradiții Mureșene. Revistă Anuală de Etnografie și Patrimoniu Cultural

2419: 2246: 2098: 1280:, which had served as a centralized body of administration. Rákóczi's 717:

arms (three "wolf's teeth") as a stand-in. Serving as regent in 1580,

398:

leaves, establishing a connection with the heraldic traditions of the

259:. They refer to the conquest's chronicling in the manuscript known as 6610:

Petru Tămâian, "'Mărire Ție Celui ce ne-ai arătat nouă lumina!'", in

6587:"Renașterea fenomenului heraldic la Sf. Gheorghe după anul 1989", in 6386:

Bernát L. Kumorovitz, "A magyar közép- és nagycímer kialakulása", in

5571: 2556: 2343: 2225: 1580: 1438: 1082: 773: 638: 391: 174: 131: 7454: 6699: 6396:, "Miscellanea. Mitul 'Sacrei Coroane' și problema transilvană", in 6318:

Albert Forró, "Első világháborús emlékművek Udvarhely megyében", in

6240:

Parti alese din Istori'a Transilvaniei. Pe doue sute de ani din urma

5001:

Vasile Maciu, "Un pasionat luptător pentru Unire: B. P. Hasdeu", in

4747: 4203:Ștefan Pascu, "Știri noui privitoare la revoluțiunea lui Horia", in 4106:

Borsos, p. 52; Cernovodeanu, p. 138; Crudu, pp. 13–14; Moisil, p. 75

2618: 2363: 1969: 1838:, and on the other, a "coat of arms of the eleven Saxon", alongside 1016: 6251:: Part I, Issue 94/1901, pp. 1–3; Part II, Issue 100/1901, pp. 2–4. 4322:"Fișele exponatelor", in Valeriu Cavruc, Andrea Chiricescu (eds.), 3004: 2049: 1772: 1642: 682: 308: 7039: 6007:

Cultural Dimensions of Elite Formation in Transylvania (1770–1950)

5593:

Neagu, p. 319; Neș, pp. 520–521, 527, 566; Pălănceanu, pp. 142–143

5025:

Mureșan, pp. 63–65, 71–73. See also Cernovodeanu, pp. 139, 302–303

3876:

Cernovodeanu, p. 136; Pál-Antal, pp. 14–15; Szekeres (2017), p. 42

3375:

Cernovodeanu, pp. 73, 130. See also Tiron (2011), pp. 312, 322–323

2831: 2309:(PNR) used white flags with green-leaf patterns, as well as green 2277: 1086: 7402: 6738: 6223:

Serbările dela Blaj. 1911. O pagină din istoria noastră culturală

2754: 2613: 2525:

Over the following months, with the outbreak of World War I, the

2335: 2310: 2262: 2035: 1876: 1855: 1380: 1224: 1105: 990: 813: 793: 769: 655:

The Eastern Kingdom was downgraded by its Ottoman suzerains to a

452: 348: 292: 36: 6643:

Anuarul Institutului de Istorie George Barițiu. Series Historica

3821:

Anuarul Institutului de Istorie George Barițiu. Series Historica

3706:

Tiron (2006), p. 226. See also Kisteleki, p. 1057; Moisil, p. 74

2587:; in recognition the city populace presented them with tricolor 1176: 981:

a red-white-green flag which superficially resembled the modern

856:", noting similar descriptions of "Dacian arms" in the works of 6403:

Iulian Marțian, "Contribuții la eraldica vechiului Ardeal", in

6352:

Vechile blazoane vorbesc. Obiecte armoriate din colecții ieșene

6171:"Partium Székelyföld nyomában. Zászló és címer kerestetik", in 5852:

A magyar amatőr néptáncmozgalom története a kezdetektől 1948-ig

5839:

Regio. A Review of Studies on Minorities, Politics, and Society

5363:, Vol. 7, p. 84. Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2017 4562:

Sbiera, p. 219; Pál, p. 114; Teșculă & Gavrilă, pp. 204–205

4495:

Pál, pp. 115, 117–118. See also Barițiu, pp. 48, 51–52, 56, 139

2588: 2580: 2480:, who, in late 1910, used it to defend flag-wavers arrested in 2376: 1930: 1846: 1792:, most locals were still unaware of this color scheme when the 1506: 1466: 1318: 673: 490:. A Transylvanian symbol was probably designed at the court of 410:). The latter's earliest documented usage is on the 1302 seal. 363: 7459: 6634:"Despre dreptul la stemă în Transilvania secolului XVII", in 5764:"Kós Károly. A Kalotaszegi Köztársaság és a transzilvanizmus" 5556:

Norbert Varga, "Az Osztrák—Magyar Monarchia középcímere", in

4936:

Series Byzantina. Studies on Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art

4650:

Berariu I, p. 3; Neagu, p. 318; Olaru, p. 393; Sbiera, p. 219

4216:

Ioan C. Băcilă, "Portretele lui Horia, Cloșca și Crișan", in

2956:

Following the revival of heraldry in post-communist Romania,

2934: 2314: 2238: 2030:, as a representative of his Romanian community, met Emperor 2014:. In January 1849, during the late stages of this civil war, 1976: 1694: 1646: 1531: 1282: 1210: 1192: 853: 606: 545:. These artifacts also feature the Moldavian aurochs and the 201: 5152:

Raport, "Corespondințe. Manevrele militare în Bistrița", in

4190:

Rolf Kutschera, "Guvernatorii Transilvaniei, 1691—1774", in

2937:. It was cleaned up by community representatives during the 2869:

and other local intellectuals established a regionalist and

2797:. A "flag of separated Transylvania" was carried therein by 1895:, blue-yellow-red, which, from 1842, had been in use as the 184:"wolf teeth"; Prince Sigismund also used a prototype of the 4824:

Berariu I, p. 1 & II, p. 3; Crudu, p. 14; Neagu, p. 318

3357:

Marțian, p. 441; Pál-Antal, pp. 13–15; Tiron (2011), p. 318

2973: 2906:

in November 1944 had it that former Hungarian officials in

2205:

in 1867. They were also prominently marshalled into in the

2019: 1900: 1450: 1152: 339:, who governed in the 1350s, used a lion combined with the 169:. They are also widely understood as ethnic symbols of the 6254:

András Imre Borsos, "A félhold képe Erdély címerében", in

5719:, pp. 91–92. Miercurea Ciuc: Pro-Print Könyvkiadó, 2014. 5359:. Eine Ansprache", in Rudolf Gräf, Veronika Zwing (eds.), 4266:

Lajos Huszár, "Numizmatika. Szerkeszti: Dr. Gedai István.

4065:

Cernovodeanu, pp. 137–138. See also Szekeres (2017), p. 14

2941:. In spring 1990, projects were submitted for the arms of 2884:

The region was ultimately recovered by Romania during the

1148:. Tinctures not yet standardized before the addition of a 6659: 6320:

Areopolisz. Történelmi és Társadalomtudományi Tanulmányok

5668:, pp. 19–20, 60–61, 64. Mediaș: Editura Crisserv, 2018. 4863: 4326:, pp. 245–246. Sfântu Gheorghe: Editura Angustia, 2006. 3887: 3536:

Cernovodeanu, pp. 131–134; Tiron (2011), pp. 310–311, 338

3415:

Cernovodeanu, pp. 130–131; Tiron (2011), pp. 310, 337–338

2490: 1915:

as "Transylvania's oldest colors", for being used in the

466:

in 1541, leaving Transylvania to reestablish itself as a

130:

at some point before 1550, and were therefore symbols of

6500:, "Koronázási országzászlókés zászlóvivő főnemesek", in 4916:

Borsos, p. 56; Moisil, p. 75; Szekeres (2017), pp. 46–47

2350:—a design originally found in a highly popular print by 1995:, and later flown by his guerrilla units throughout the 1496:

Romanian loyalism remained high as the Székely rebelled

848:

have supported the notion, others, including Moisil and

728:, rejected Ottoman rule and joined the Habsburgs in the 215:

On such grounds, Transylvanian flags were often used in

5754:

Ibolya Nagy, "Rés a világra. Hajlékot embernek...", in

5041:, p. 236. Miercurea Ciuc: Pro-Print Könyvkiadó, 2014. 4871:, Vol. XXV, Issues 10–12, October–December 1939, p. 354 2758:, while the towers were again replaced by seven hills, 1268:

Transylvanian independence was briefly restored in the

529:

field. Its design may join the earlier eagle flag with

212:, after replacing combinations of blue, red and white. 6483:

Sándor Pál-Antal, "Sigiliul 'Națiunii' secuiești", in

5691:, p. 41. Bucharest: Editura Națională Ciornei, 1931. 4003:

Cernovodeanu, p. 137. See also Kumorovitz, pp. 213–215

3742:

János Mihály, "Bethlen Gábor fejedelemzászlóiról", in

3404:

Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei

2773:. Also in 1921, a statue called "East" was erected in 2639:, some Hungarians attempted to resist and invoked the 2220:

Two months later, the coat of arms was on show at the

2182:, issued by Wallachia's Philharmonic Society in 1838. 1854:

white-blue, blue-yellow, red-white, or red-white-blue

1413:

Transylvanian arms in Ioannes Szegedi's version (1734)

436:. This event is traditionally held as the source of a 362:, introduced in 1514. These effectively excluded many 6089:

Szekeres (2017), p. 47. See also Popescu, pp. 196–197

5689:

Memorii. Vol. III: Tristețea și sfârșitul unei domnii

5635:, "Propunerea Unirii la Alba-Iulia. Adnotațiuni", in 4735:"Drapelul lui Avram Iancu nu este al lui Avram Iancu" 4659:

Berariu I, p. 3; Sbiera, p. 219; Tiron (2001), p. 517

3144:

Zsigmond Jakó, "Az erdélyi vajdák kinevezéséről", in

3007:, which has a mixed Romanian-and-Hungarian fan base. 299:. Hungarian sources, analyzed in the 19th century by 6431:

Doru Neagu, "Din istoricul drapelului național", in

4760:

László Pákozdi, "Százéves a Magyar Postabélyeg", in

4142:

Szabo, pp. 333–334. See also Kumurovitz, pp. 217–218

3451:

Cernovodeanu, pp. 129, 130–131; Tiron (2011), p. 337

2194:

in 1859, Transylvanian emblems were left out of the

2077:

Arms of Transylvania (top right) marshaled into the

3180:, Vol. III, Issues 1–3, January–March 1926, pp. 6–7 2682:

Ströhl's rendition of the Transylvanian flag (1900)

2018:'s Romanian irregulars, who occupied and ransacked 1776:

Arms endorsed by Romanian nationalists in the 1840s

1550:an essay demanding increased social rights. Titled 569:Attributed flag of the "Kingdom of Siluana" in the 470:. During the first decades of reorganization under 430:established a regime of feudal privileges known as 5654:, Vol. VI (Comunicări Științifice XV), 2016, p. 88 5344:Kronstädter Beiträge zur Germanistischen Forschung 4808:, p. 136. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Renașterea, 2003. 4806:In Memoriam: Mitropolitul Andrei Șaguna. 1873–2003 4741:, January 28, 2016; Raluca Ion, Diana Pârvulescu, 3895:, Vol. 57, Special Issue, December 2012, pp. 50–51 2765:In contrast, the 1765 arms returned as symbols of 2458: 875:, some of which are also depicted in paintings by 671:; these were paraded in ceremonies, alongside the 331:. Both, he argues, may be "heraldizations" of the 4722:Pălănceanu, pp. 139–142. See also Berariu I, p. 3 4486:, Vol. VI, Issue 4, July–August 1934, pp. 321–322 4235:Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Historica 4124:Berariu I, pp. 1, 3 & II, p. 4; Olaru, p. 391 2655:, for which he designed a flag and coat of arms. 1286:cavalry fought under a seven-bars variant of the 748:during the 1890s, and are described by historian 650: 586:"Duke of Weiden" arms, possibly representing the 248:Coat of arms in the 16th century, as depicted in 7482: 5372:"Informațiuni. In contra culorilor săsești", in 5316:, Vol. IV, Issues 1–3, January–March 1927, p. 64 3922:Pál-Antal, pp. 13–15; Szekeres (2017), pp. 40–42 3801:Cernovodeanu, p. 135; Szekeres (2017), pp. 32–35 3733:Cernovodeanu, p. 135; Szekeres (2017), pp. 31–32 2022:, also flew the Habsburg bicolor. Following the 1019:, which had risen in rebellion against Rákóczi. 823:, the Báthorys were ousted from Transylvania by 347:, rising to the position in the 1490s, used the 7377: 5709:Acta Universitatis Szegediensis. Acta Historica 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4535:Cernovodeanu, pp. 139, 150; Dogaru, pp. 449–450 3572:Cernovodeanu, pp. 69–73. See also Moisil, p. 78 2342:created another regional flag, bearing the old 2156:reconciliation between Hungarians and Austrians 2047:also granted to Șaguna upon his appointment as 1595:, in the 1840s Transylvania's chartered towns ( 6245:Constantin Berariu, "Tricolorul românesc", in 5797:Cernovodeanu, p. 139. See also Marțian, p. 446 4786:, Vol. XIII, Issue 13, 2014, pp. 45, 58, 61–62 4604:, "Adunarea națională din 3/15 Maiu 1848", in 4274:, Vol. XXXII, Issue 52, December 1977, p. 1662 4268:Az erdélyi fejedelemség pénzei és pénzforgalma 3545:Cernovodeanu, pp. 132, 133; Kisteleki, p. 1056 2502:, with the tower also read as a depiction of " 1956:. A blue-red-white variant was inscribed with 1493:, under a shared Transylvanian coat of arms. 1042:and his Hungarian–Transylvanian troops in the 7363: 6715: 6309:Ministry for Cultural Assets and Environments 5409:Ungaria. Revistă Socială-Stientifică-Literară 5075:Un Brașovean, "Corespondențe particulare ale 4453:"Nem hivatalos rész. Pest, ápril 29-kén", in 4390:, Vol. IV, Issue IX (Part 1), 1970, pp. 55–56 2651:is reported to have sought the separation of 1825:. By 1848, they had adopted a variant of the 137:The arms were only attested as in use by the 114:; it was also for decades a component of the 6561:Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753–1780 6518:. Danvers: Flag Heritage Foundation, 2014. 6433:Argesis. Studii și comunicări. Seria Istorie 6370:Sistemul bănesc al leului și precursorii lui 6293:. Paris: Comptoir des imprimeurs unis, 1845. 5267: 5265: 4992:Pálffy, pp. 35, 37. See also Berariu I, p. 1 4966: 4955: 4953: 4704:Olaru, pp. 390, 392–393; Sbiera, pp. 219–221 4628:Berariu I, p. 2; Crudu, p. 14; Neagu, p. 318 4435:Pál, p. 122; Szádeczky-Kardoss, pp. 194, 196 4375:Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai. Dramatica 3838:Libraria. Studii și Cercetări de Bibliologie 6390:, Vol. 36, Issue 1, July 1965, pp. 209–234. 6146:, pp. 118–121. Bucharest: Tritonic, 2017. 5915:"Napi hírek. Sándor József Budapesten", in 5750: 5748: 5392:"Vereinsgründung in München vor 106 Jahren" 4517:, Vol. 113, Issue 3, September 2000, p. 625 4478: 4476: 4324:Sarea, Timpul și Omul. Catalog de expoziție 3893:Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai. Historia 2929:Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Romania 2837:At the height of World War II, following a 1337:. Žefarović placed the eagle on a field of 1329:background throughout. The following year, 709:. Zápolya's former realm was taken over by 7370: 7356: 6722: 6708: 6279:Tiberiu Crudu, "Istoricul drapelului", in 5271:"Sașii pentru culorile lor naționale", in 4907:Cernovodeanu, pp. 139, 155; Dogaru, p. 450 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3034:'s design for the Transylvanian arms, 1921 1641:. A unique example is on the 1816 gate at 1528:anti-Hungarian revolt of Romanian peasants 6556:, Vol. XIII, Issue 13, 2014, pp. 131–140. 6405:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională 6398:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională 6383:, Vol. 150, Issue 4, 2016, pp. 1029–1068. 5758:, Vol. XLIV, Issue 15, April 2000, p. 3; 5543: 5541: 5289:, pp. 287–298. Alba Iulia: Altip, 2009. 5262: 4950: 4764:, Vol. XXVI, Issue 18, April 1971, p. 824 4597: 4595: 4399:Pál, pp. 107–110. See also Barițiu, p. 41 4291: 4289: 4205:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională 4192:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională 4115:Borsos, pp. 52–55; Szekeres (2017), p. 46 2630:. In March 1919, he approached the PNR's 2563:(in which the Dragon stood for Romania). 2551:—upon which the Hungarian authorities of 2207:amalgamated state arms of Austria-Hungary 1874:. Also keeping the 1765 format, it added 1849:, but created a precedent. The advent of 1046:. It depicts a "Turkish warship" and the 295:was represented by a tower on a field of 7303:Romanian Armed Forces ranks and insignia 6426:Vasile Goldiș Western University of Arad 5745: 5738:, "A leszerelt székely köztársaság", in 4473: 4093: 4091: 4089: 3836:. Heraldica lui Pápai Páriz Ferenc", in 3502: 3500: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3274: 3272: 3270: 2723: 2643:against the Alba Iulia assembly. Writer 2462: 2138: 2006:designed what would have been the first 1771: 1579:in 1804, Transylvania became one of the 1437: 1135: 965: 961: 243: 7287:Ministry of Administration and Interior 6581:, Vol. XI, Issue IV, 1894, pp. 187–201. 6300:, Vol. III, Issue 3, 1997, pp. 130–153. 4571:Păcățian, p. 1; Pălănceanu, pp. 139–142 4257:, Vol. V, Issue 9, June 1924, pp. 27–28 4222:Acta Mvsei Napocensis. Series Historica 4083:Borsos, pp. 54–55; Cernovodeanu, p. 137 3932: 3930: 3928: 3611: 3348:Cernovodeanu, p. 129; Moisil, pp. 72–73 3228:Tiron (2011), pp. 312–313, 315–318, 336 3206: 3204: 2953:, and were again reconfirmed in 2016. 2510:also proposed an all-white flag marked 2024:Hungarian revolutionaries' capitulation 1433: 1038:, and was as such carried in battle by 941:"Wolf's teeth" banner, captured in the 804:, hinting to Stephen Báthory's rule as 7483: 6627:"Stema Banatului între 1921–1992", in 6449:, Vol. VI, Issue 2, 1999, pp. 387–406. 6283:, Vol. VI, Issues 4–5, 1927, pp. 7–18. 5961:, Vol. VI, Issue 11, April 1939, p. 53 5538: 4592: 4286: 3527:, Vol. I, Issue 5, May 1915, pp. 86–87 2559:with the Transylvanian arms alongside 2433:Romanian Cobblers' Guild banner (1867) 2160:ASTRA Society for Cultural Advancement 1767: 701:, which were probably remnants of the 609:(before 1470); colors are hypothetical 486:and thus dynastically attached to the 122:. Early versions of the Transylvanian 7351: 7313:Inspectorate for Emergency Situations 6729: 6703: 6545:, "Ceva despre tricolorul român", in 6442:. Oradea: Tipografia Diecezană, 1937. 5817:Oltenia. Studii. Documente. Cercetări 5308:, "Compte-rendus. Friedrich Teutsch, 4253:. Az első erdélyi magyar hírlap", in 4086: 3958:, Vols. XXIII–XXIV, 2000–2001, p. 278 3776:Gyulai, p. 32; Tóth, pp. 124, 126–130 3675:, "Die ungarische Nationalfahne", in 3633:, "Tricolorul românesc. (Fine.)", in 3495: 3481: 3267: 2571:Austro-Hungarian arms. Following the 2366:were allowed to fly the blue-red for 2192:unification of Moldavia and Wallachia 2146:with the Transylvanian banner at the 1842:("For Prince, Law, and Fatherland"). 1469:unit, which flew its own flag in the 637:Seal of Transylvania with swords and 6636:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 6400:, Vol. VIII, 1939–1940, pp. 343–360. 6267:Editura științifică și enciclopedică 6263:Știința și arta heraldică în România 5411:, Vol. I, Issue 9, June 1892, p. 367 5314:Revue Historique du Sud-Est Européen 4377:, Vol. XII, Issue 2, 2017, pp. 29–31 4224:, Vol. 52, Issue II, 2015, pp. 81–89 3925: 3523:, "Note despre vechea Bucovină", in 3517:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 3201: 3178:Revue Historique du Sud-Est Européen 2617:decked in red and blue ribbons". In 2097:Saxon colors on the militia flag of 1534:reportedly used an emblem showing a 1442:Coat of arms of Transylvania in 1765 1131: 997:One of Michael's allies and rivals, 956:"Wolf's teeth" badge from a 1645 map 667:were granted banners-of-rule by the 6029:, Issue III, 2015/2016, pp. 101–105 5957:"How Minorities Live. Rumania", in 5310:Geschichte der siebenbürger Sachsen 5133:V., "Corespondențe particulare ale 3442:Tiron (2006), pp. 220–221, 227, 230 3168:, pp. 370, 399. Washington, D. C.: 2851:Erdély örök, egyetlen miénk felírás 1182:In the 1680s, at the height of the 13: 6407:, Vol. IV, 1926–1927, pp. 441–446. 6242:, Vol. II. Sibiu: W. Krafft, 1890. 5806:Moisil, pp. 83–84; Popescu, p. 197 5779:Tiron (2001), pp. 511–512, 520–521 5611:Pălănceanu, pp. 142–143; Tămâian, 5508:Radu, pp. 143, 144; Scurtu, p. 133 5420:Berariu I, p. 2 & II, pp. 3, 4 5094:"Sibiiu, 19 Decemvrie st. v.", in 4030:Papoiu & Căpățînă, pp. 197–198 3237:Tiron (2011), pp. 313–314, 335–337 3148:, Vol. 63, Issues 1–2, 1992, p. 74 3061:Flag used by Saxon cultural bodies 2583:helped turn that city over to the 2134: 1919:. This origin was also claimed by 1798:separation from the Habsburg realm 1657:. It was performed in 1821 at the 1292:IUSTAM CAUSAM DEUS NON DERELINQUET 1022:Before 1621, anti-Habsburg Prince 42:Grand Principality of Transylvania 14: 7572: 7491:Coats of arms of former countries 5325:"Steagul săsesc în Bistrița", in 5193:"Cronică. O nouă condamnare", in 5154:Unirea. Fóia Bisericéscă-Politică 4194:, Vol. IX, 1943–1944, pp. 182–184 4133:Lupaș, pp. 355–356; Szabo, p. 333 2919:to use their own national flag." 1599:) formed individual units of the 572:Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms 351:head, which was also a staple of 279:Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms 6780: 6654:, Vol. XXXIX, 1997, pp. 119–131. 6547:Calendarul Minervei pe Anul 1905 6291:La Transylvanie et ses habitants 6208:, Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2015, p. 175 6198: 6187:Csaba Gyergyai, Andrea Kőrössy, 6178: 6165: 6156: 6136: 6127: 6114: 6101: 6098:Szekeres (2013), p. 288, 290–291 6092: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6047: 6032: 6027:Gaudeamus. Alma Mater Crisiensis 6019: 5999: 5986: 5977: 5964: 5951: 5939: 5922: 5909: 5896: 5881: 5868: 5844: 5831: 5822: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5729: 5701: 5678: 5657: 5644: 5626: 5617: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5563: 5550: 5529: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5489: 5477: 5465: 5448: 5436: 5423: 5414: 5401: 5381: 5366: 5349: 5332: 5319: 5299: 5278: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5187: 5184:, Vol. X, Issue 10, 2011, p. 117 5174: 5159: 5146: 5127: 5118: 5103: 5088: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5028: 5019: 5010: 4995: 4986: 4941: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4849: 4836: 4827: 4818: 4798: 4789: 4776: 4767: 4754: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4460: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4380: 4367: 4358: 4353:Isis. Erdélyi Magyar Restaurátor 4345: 4336: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4277: 4260: 4240: 4227: 4210: 4197: 4184: 4175: 4163: 3066: 3054: 3039: 3024: 3012: 2809:'s birthday, in November 1930. 2703: 2687: 2675: 2660: 2438: 2426: 2411: 2396: 2384: 2354:(1884). The new Prime Minister, 2118: 2113:Variant of Austrian arms in 1850 2106: 2090: 2070: 2058: 1755: 1736: 1720: 1702: 1686: 1666: 1418: 1406: 1388: 1373: 1354: 1341:; his towers and mountains were 1061:argues that in the 1630s, under 1036:defender of the Protestant faith 949: 934: 918: 903: 888: 630: 614: 595: 579: 562: 327:relief and the attested seal of 196:, but Romanian scholars such as 102:in 1765, when she established a 27: 6638:, Vol. XXIV, 2006, pp. 217–238. 6621:, Vol. XVII, 2003, pp. 201–206. 6539:, Vol. XXVI, 2003, pp. 141–159. 6313:Casa Editrice Felice Le Monnier 5124:Neș, pp. 168–170, 345, 355, 451 4925:Moisil, p. 75; Pál-Antal, p. 21 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3948: 3939: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3826: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3749: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3666: 3657: 3642: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3509: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3293: 3281: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 2966:Miklós Székely National College 2719: 2549:attempt to conquer Transylvania 2459:Romanian Transylvanian tricolor 2322:, a Romanian-inhabited part of 1954:Transylvanian Military Frontier 1085:by the Rákóczian paper mill of 482:, which was part of the larger 440:, which only shows the sun and 315:, using an eagle on a field of 6614:, Issues 9–10/1929, pp. 15–16. 6435:, Vol. XIX, 2010, pp. 315–320. 6322:, Vol. VII, 2007, pp. 315–336. 6038:"După cum bate vântul...", in 5016:Cernovodeanu, pp. 139, 302–303 3563:Tiron (2011), pp. 330–331, 338 3213: 3192: 3183: 3151: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3100: 2821:), eventually established the 2406:'s redesign of the arms (1874) 1840:FÜR FÜRST, RECHT UND VATERLAND 1709:Transylvanian arms as used by 1205:During this time, the mint of 1200:and his Habsburg court backed 1190:led a Hungarian–Transylvanian 1077:'s arms. A portrait of his by 1026:incorporated his claim to the 651:Báthorys and Michael the Brave 366:(Romanians) from the ranks of 219:to camouflage celebrations of 161:), while the seven towers are 145:to recognize and use them was 1: 6631:, Vol. IX, 2001, pp. 511–536. 6591:, Vol. II, 2013, pp. 285–304. 6532:, Issue 12/2001, pp. 196–199. 6511:, Vol. VI, 1982, pp. 196–199. 6504:, Issues 1–2/2017, pp. 31–37. 6424:, Vol. XV, pp. 63–75. Arad: 6232:, Vol. XL, 2010, pp. 193–208. 5460:Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis 4668:Teșculă & Gavrilă, p. 205 4466:"Törvényhatósági dolgok", in 4457:, April 30, 1848, pp. 383–384 4237:, Vol. XII, 2008, pp. 152–153 4181:Papoiu & Căpățînă, p. 198 3792:, p. 104. Cluj: Minerva, 1921 3088: 2968:; Simeria Reformed Church in 2696:Hungarian Parliament Building 2585:Czechoslovak National Council 2494:]." This was a design by 2391:Medium arms of Hungary (1867) 1625:, and the seven mountains on 1526:. Late that year, during the 7536:Coats of arms with buildings 7424:Coat of arms of Transylvania 6645:, Vol. L, 2011, pp. 307–339. 6596:Simboluri istorice secuiești 6494:, Vol. I, 1974, pp. 135–155. 6327:Történeti Muzeológiai Szemle 5641:, Issues 1–2/2018, pp. 47–48 5560:, Special Issue, 2007, p. 94 5499:(Arad), Issue 120/1914, p. 4 5156:, Issue 38/1891, pp. 299–300 5143:, Issue 65/1888, pp. 260–261 5115:, Issue 47/1885, pp. 560–561 4898:Cernovodeanu, pp. 22–23, 139 4470:, September 11, 1846, p. 169 4283:Kumorovitz, pp. 215, 222–223 4207:, Vol. IX, 1943–1944, p. 361 4056:, Special Issue, 2007, p. 53 3581:Cernovodeanu, pp. 72–73, 134 3093: 3019:Small arms of Romania (1921) 2910:had switched to wearing the 2553:Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mureș) 2418:Unofficial Romanian arms of 2125:Flag reportedly endorsed by 1926:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 1794:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 1788:association; as reported by 1163:used a heraldic device with 1028:Lands of the Hungarian Crown 464:took hold of central Hungary 406:("To protect the Crown", in 159:coat of arms of the Székelys 141:in or after 1580. The first 22:Coat of arms of Transylvania 7: 7379:National symbols of Hungary 6487:, Vol. III, 2014, pp. 9–24. 6469:, pp. 93–123. Oxford etc.: 6440:Oameni din Bihor: 1848–1918 5994:Debreczeni Ujság. Hajdúföld 5711:, Vol. 9, 1961, pp. 11–12; 5602:Radu, pp. 147, 148–149, 157 3679:, Vol. 2, 1941, pp. 535–536 3406:, Vol. XIX, 2013, pp. 94–95 3366:Ardelean, pp. 195, 197, 203 3170:National Geographic Society 3003:football matches involving 2984:European Capital of Culture 2939:Romanian Revolution of 1989 2813:with those of Transylvania 2561:Saint George and the Dragon 2537:remained neutral until 1916 2303:Hungarian elections of 1906 1553:Supplex Libellus Valachorum 343:. One theory proposes that 10: 7577: 6667:, Issue 6/2004, pp. 37–41. 6565:Cambridge University Press 6485:Anuarul Arhivelor Mureșene 6417:, Issue 2/1931, pp. 65–85. 6329:, Vol. 10, 2010, pp. 21–34 6258:, Issue 3/1991, pp. 52–56. 6215: 6175:, September 15, 2014, p. 2 6162:Hermanik, pp. 119–120, 202 5974:, September 20, 1940, p. 7 5906:, Vols. X–XI, 2011, p. 122 5742:, December 29, 1929, p. 37 5342:von Traugott Teutsch", in 4846:, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 97–99 3599:Szekeres (2017), pp. 24–25 2943:post-revolutionary Romania 2839:re-partition of the region 2164:INDEPENDENȚA TRANSILVANIEI 1516:Romanian Eastern Catholics 1465:sponsored an all-Romanian 657:Transylvanian Principality 374:(German-speaking) and the 301:Josef Bedeus von Scharberg 239: 234: 139:Transylvanian Principality 80:No current official status 70:Transylvanian Principality 7531:Coats of arms with fesses 7526:Coats of arms with eagles 7447: 7411: 7385: 7336: 7295: 7279: 7038: 6825: 6789: 6778: 6737: 6589:Acta Terrae Fogorasiensis 6195:, March 17–19, 2017, p. 7 5928:"Comunicări. Nr. 3797. — 5919:, November 19, 1940, p. 6 5893:, November 21, 1930, p. 7 5137:. Steagul din Beiuș", in 4983:, December 28, 1916, p. 8 4889:Cernovodeanu, pp. 22, 141 4515:Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 4021:Phillips, pp. 53, 89, 111 3849:Tiron (2006), pp. 227–229 3810:Cernovodeanu, pp. 136–137 3688:Cernovodeanu, pp. 73, 134 3554:Tiron (2011), pp. 311–313 3384:Tiron (2011), pp. 318–323 3264:Tiron (2006), pp. 221–223 3219:Tiron (2011), pp. 312–313 2916:Second Hungarian Republic 2541:József Sebestyén Keöpeczi 2222:Romanian Literary Society 1958:VIRTUTEA ROMÂNĂ REÎNVIATĂ 1952:regiments serving on the 1518:focuses attention on the 1487:Adolf Nikolaus von Buccow 929:, featuring the two lions 659:in 1570. Like with other 257:age of Hungarian conquest 76: 65: 55: 47: 35: 26: 21: 7546:Coats of arms with moons 7429:Coat of arms of Slavonia 6584:Attila István Szekeres, 6458:, July 4, 1923, pp. 1–2. 5462:, Vol. III, 2012, p. 452 4641:, Vol. XXX, 2008, p. 280 4639:Acta Mvsei Porolissensis 3519:, Vol. XV, 1997, p. 43; 3078:Szekler National Council 2995:Hungarian People's Party 2823:Hungarian People's Party 2694:Arms as depicted in the 2255:Hungarian Prime Minister 2230:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 1866:, as well as a lion and 1782:red-white-green tricolor 1653:, dedicated to Governor 1302:, over seven mountains, 740:Sigismundus Rex Ungariae 732:, being recognized as a 476:counties of Transylvania 438:new Székely coat of arms 229:blue-gold-silver pattern 204:origin and links to the 171:three privileged nations 7541:Coats of arms with suns 7516:Hungarian coats of arms 7506:Culture of Transylvania 7501:History of Transylvania 7496:Obsolete national flags 7434:Coat of arms of Croatia 6747:Coat of arms of Romania 6372:, Volume I. Bucharest: 6332:Klaus-Jürgen Hermanik, 5856:Hungarian Dance Academy 5854:, pp. 35–36. Budapest: 5819:, Issue 1, 2013, p. 269 5396:Siebenbürgische Zeitung 5357:Treue zum Herrscherhaus 5346:, Vol. 18, 2018, p. 153 5329:, Issue 29/1889, p. 346 5197:, Issue 11/1903, p. 129 5085:, Issue 59/1881, p. 235 5079:. Brașov, 18 Maiu", in 4313:Kirițescu, pp. 104, 105 3967:de Gérando, pp. 134–135 3790:Erdély követei a portán 3174:Libro del Conosçimiento 3162:Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor 2998:after reports that the 2847:Franz Joseph University 2805:during celebrations of 2307:Romanian National Party 2215:coronation in June 1867 2008:Hungarian postage stamp 1913:Alexandru Papiu Ilarian 1864:origin of the Romanians 1800:. Revolutionary leader 1780:Political usage of the 1659:National Magyar Theater 1615:Vizakna (Ocna Sibiului) 1560:, which fought against 1514:("Prayer Book") of the 1315:Dictionarium heraldicum 679:Hungarian royal diadems 588:Voivode of Transylvania 267:Voivode of Transylvania 225:1918 union with Romania 126:were first designed in 16:Symbols of Transylvania 7511:Romanian coats of arms 6340:: Vienna etc., 2017. 5878:, April 15, 1922, p. 6 5378:, Issue 120/1909, p. 5 5275:, Issue 110/1898, p. 1 5100:, Issue 200/1885, p. 1 4963:, March 30, 1896, p. 5 4959:"Erdély zászlója", in 4610:, Issue 130/1913, p. 3 4251:Erdélyi Magyar Hírvivő 4054:Jog. Történeti Szemle 3639:, Issue 206/1910, p. 2 2947:VIRTUS ROMANA REDIVIVA 2791:St. Stephen's Basilica 2777:, Budapest. It showed 2740: 2472: 2168:elections of late 1865 2154:During the subsequent 2151: 2150:celebrations, May 1896 2127:Karl von Schwarzenberg 2044:Karl von Schwarzenberg 1946:VIRTUS ROMANA REDIVIVA 1777: 1729:Erdélyi Magyar Hírvivő 1558:Erdélyi Magyar Hírvivő 1443: 1155: 974: 862:Pavao Ritter Vitezović 802:coat of arms of Poland 745:Siebmachers Wappenbuch 507:Bavarian State Library 472:John Sigismund Zápolya 468:rump Hungarian Kingdom 424:peasant revolt of 1437 287:, and is traceable to 252: 167:Saxon-populated cities 112:national Romanian arms 7151:Drobeta-Turnu Severin 6388:Levéltári Közlemények 6307:, pp. 443–455. Rome: 6133:Hermanik, pp. 221–222 6124:, Issue 33/1998, p. 2 6111:, Issue 1/1999, p. 51 6044:, Issue 87/1944, p. 2 5936:, Issue 25/1924, p. 5 5558:Jog. Történeti Szemle 5474:, pp. 3, 63, 277, 405 5433:, Issue 48/1910, p. 2 5206:Neș, pp. 200, 400–401 5171:, Issue 99/1936, p. 1 4526:Pál, pp. 111–113, 117 4355:, Vol. 6, 2007, p. 32 4342:de Gérando, pp. 51–54 3654:, May 2010, pp. 16–17 3433:Ardelean, pp. 203–205 3146:Levéltári Közlemények 2991:blue-gold-silver flag 2843:Northern Transylvania 2767:Hungarian irredentism 2727: 2566:With the crowning of 2467:Flag used during the 2466: 2348:AD RETINENDAM CORONAM 2299:Bonțida Bánffy Castle 2142: 2012:AD RETINENDAM CORONAM 1989:Wallachian revolution 1893:pan-Romanian tricolor 1836:AD RETINENDAM CORONAM 1823:AD RETINENDAM CORONAM 1775: 1651:Zsigmond Szentkirályi 1510:included in the 1784 1441: 1383:arms, as used in 1701 1249:on a barry shield of 1221:Habsburg Transylvania 1146:St. Florian Monastery 1139: 969: 962:17th-century variants 643:Georg Reicherstorffer 496:Georg Reicherstorffer 447:Count of the Székelys 404:AD RETINENDAM CORONAM 271:high-medieval Hungary 247: 206:Romanian ethnogenesis 173:(therefore excluding 7323:Romanian Gendarmerie 6790:Historical provinces 6757:History of the flags 6248:Gazeta Transilvaniei 6080:Tiron (2001), p. 517 5996:, June 1, 1941, p. 9 5930:Arborarea drapelelor 5904:Patrimonivm Apvlense 5828:Tiron (2001), p. 525 5575:, May 31, 1928, p. 4 5168:Gazeta Transilvaniei 4833:Pál-Antal, pp. 20–21 4695:Barițiu, pp. 139–140 4607:Gazeta Transilvaniei 4544:Cernovodeanu, p. 150 4097:Cernovodeanu, p. 138 4074:Marțian, pp. 443–444 3913:Marțian, pp. 441–443 3746:, Issue 2/2014, p. 9 3724:Tiron (2006), p. 233 3697:Cernovodeanu, p. 134 3636:Gazeta Transilvaniei 3631:Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu 3608:Tiron (2011), p. 338 3492:Cernovodeanu, p. 133 3339:Marțian, pp. 445–446 3303:, May 11, 1896, p. 1 3246:Tiron (2006), p. 218 3198:Cernovodeanu, p. 131 3189:Marțian, pp. 443–445 3126:Cernovodeanu, p. 129 3000:Romanian Gendarmerie 2508:Horia Petra-Petrescu 2328:Governor Bourguignon 2291:Hungarian Millennium 2148:Hungarian Millennium 1851:Romanian nationalism 1762:Székely seal in 1832 1678:variant in the 1784 1544:Transylvanian School 1434:Standardized symbols 1298:, and seven towers, 1142:Bartolomeo Altomonte 1052:CONSILIO FIRMATA DEI 881:Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu 760:(for the eagle) and 517:, and seven towers, 505:A manuscript at the 455:and of the Vlachs. 428:estates of the realm 422:. Threatened by the 372:Transylvanian Saxons 221:Romanian nationalism 198:Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu 6514:David F. Phillips, 5535:Scurtu, pp. 135–136 5390:Christian Schoger, 5251:Laura Pop, "Despre 5224:Dogaru, pp. 450–453 5007:, April 1970, p. 26 4172:, pp. 70, 345, VIII 3956:Arheologia Moldovei 3945:Iftimi, pp. 191–192 3840:, Vol. VIII, 2009, 3312:Van der Elst, p. 37 3255:Cernovodeanu, p. 93 3047:Transylvanian Party 2875:Transylvanian Party 2637:minority in Romania 2496:Octavian Smigelschi 2379:, founded in 1910. 2360:Bistritz (Bistrița) 2036:Kiskossó (Coșevița) 1862:", alluding to the 1768:Revolutionary usage 1697:'s reported emblems 1426:Hristofor Žefarović 1331:Hristofor Žefarović 1215:Treaty of Karlowitz 819:In 1599, following 782:Unio Trium Nationum 719:Christopher Báthory 707:Dalmatian tinctures 433:Unio Trium Nationum 345:Bartholomew Drágffy 7521:1765 introductions 7470:Stephen of Hungary 7339:History of Romania 7296:Other institutions 6663:] Sibiu)", in 6624:Tudor-Radu Tiron, 6563:. Cambridge etc.: 6368:Costin Kirițescu, 6287:Auguste de Gérando 6261:Dan Cernovodeanu, 6206:Erdélyi Társadalom 6122:Das Tartlauer Wort 5983:Forró, pp. 327–329 5756:Reformátusok Lapja 5652:Collegium Mediense 5242:Olaru, pp. 387–392 5233:Mureșan, pp. 66–67 5135:Telegrafului Român 5077:Telegrafului Român 4947:Pálffy, pp. 35, 37 4880:Mureșan, pp. 65–66 4858:Journal des Débats 4751:, October 24, 2013 4417:Kumurovitz, p. 227 4304:de Gérando, p. 152 4151:Kumurovitz, p. 214 3994:Kisteleki, p. 1057 3424:de Gérando, p. 235 3166:Flags of the World 3135:Kisteleki, p. 1056 2741: 2669:Hugo Gerard Ströhl 2577:union with Romania 2516:Kingdom of Romania 2473: 2152: 1977:Sibiu (Nagyszeben) 1909:invented tradition 1901:Blaj (Balázsfalva) 1882:Legio V Macedonica 1880:with markings for 1778: 1749:Emperor of Austria 1593:Auguste de Gérando 1485:shields. In 1762, 1455:Wenzel von Kaunitz 1444: 1398:'s version of the 1396:Francis II Rákóczi 1290:, with the slogan 1274:Francis II Rákóczi 1156: 1102:Transylvanian Diet 1091:Ferenc Pápai Páriz 1087:Lámkerék (Lancrăm) 1017:Kronstadt (Brașov) 983:Hungarian tricolor 975: 943:Battle of Guruslău 873:Battle of Guruslău 821:defeat at Șelimbăr 798:invented tradition 786:Hungarian nobility 543:Prince of Moldavia 521:, on seven hills, 418:, was most likely 368:Hungarian nobility 353:Moldavian heraldry 305:Nicolae Densușianu 285:Hungarian conquest 253: 194:heraldic tinctures 186:Hungarian tricolor 104:Grand Principality 66:Earlier version(s) 7478: 7477: 7345: 7344: 7328:National Archives 7059: 6797:Banat and Oltenia 6731:Romanian heraldry 6693:Cartea Românească 6652:Történelmi Szemle 6629:Analele Banatului 6619:Revista Bistriței 6604:978-606-93980-8-1 6524:978-1-4507-2430-2 6479:978-3-03-530455-8 6463:Balázs Trencsényi 6447:Analele Bucovinei 6411:Constantin Moisil 6374:Editura Academiei 6364:978-606-8547-02-2 6346:978-3-205-20264-6 6193:Udvarhelyi Híradó 6152:978-606-749-316-0 6015:978-973-86239-6-5 5864:978-615-80297-2-8 5725:978-606-556-074-1 5674:978-973-8990-68-5 5340:Johannes Honterus 5295:978-973-117-213-2 5273:Tribuna Poporului 5066:Pacațian, pp. 1–2 5047:978-606-556-074-1 4739:Monitorul de Cluj 4408:Borsos, pp. 55–56 3832:Szidónia Weisz, " 3767:Gyulai, pp. 30–31 2951:1992 Constitution 2886:Battle of Romania 2807:Otto von Habsburg 2619:Medwesch (Mediaș) 2520:Budapest tricolor 2482:Alsó-Fehér County 2449:by supporters of 2445:Tricolor used in 2372:Friedrich Teutsch 2320:Duchy of Bukovina 2235:University Square 2016:Ioan Axente Sever 1997:Apuseni Mountains 1968:. In Fogaras and 1966:pan-Slavic symbol 1897:flag of Wallachia 1886:Legio XIII Gemina 1491:Military Frontier 1428:'s version (1741) 1207:Fogaras (Făgăraș) 1184:Great Turkish War 1132:Habsburg conquest 1114:Patriarchal cross 1071:George II Rákóczi 1044:Thirty Years' War 1012:Sigismund Rákóczi 927:Michael the Brave 913:'s composite arms 911:Sigismund Báthory 838:Grigore Tocilescu 828:Michael the Brave 825:Wallachian Prince 790:Szabolcs de Vajay 750:Constantin Moisil 726:Sigismund Báthory 488:Holy Roman Empire 484:Habsburg monarchy 147:Sigismund Báthory 108:Habsburg monarchy 84: 83: 7568: 7556:Flags of Romania 7551:Flags of Hungary 7465:Lady of Hungaria 7372: 7365: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7044: 6807:Northern Dobruja 6784: 6767:Socialist emblem 6724: 6717: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6356:Palatul Culturii 6281:Revista Moldovei 6209: 6202: 6196: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6154: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6063: 6062:Gyarmati, p. 138 6060: 6054: 6053:Gyarmati, p. 150 6051: 6045: 6041:Telegraful Român 6036: 6030: 6023: 6017: 6003: 5997: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5866: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5771: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5733: 5727: 5705: 5699: 5682: 5676: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5536: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5429:"Din dietă", in 5427: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5398:, March 20, 2004 5389: 5385: 5379: 5370: 5364: 5353: 5347: 5336: 5330: 5323: 5317: 5303: 5297: 5282: 5276: 5269: 5260: 5259:, 2012, pp. 4–12 5255:la Saschiz", in 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5140:Telegraful Român 5131: 5125: 5122: 5116: 5107: 5101: 5092: 5086: 5082:Telegraful Român 5073: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5008: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4964: 4957: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4869:Revista Istorică 4853: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4802: 4796: 4795:Pál-Antal, p. 20 4793: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4773:Pál, pp. 117–120 4771: 4765: 4762:Élet és Tudomány 4758: 4752: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4686:Pál, pp. 120–121 4684: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4619:Pál, pp. 113–114 4617: 4611: 4599: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4553:Crudu, pp. 13–15 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4480: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272:Élet és Tudomány 4264: 4258: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4046: 4040: 4039:Várkonyi, p. 405 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3985:Várkonyi, p. 480 3983: 3977: 3976:Várkonyi, p. 363 3974: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3628: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525:Revista Istorică 3513: 3507: 3504: 3493: 3490: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3469:Veress, pp. 3, 5 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3158:Byron McCandless 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3104: 3070: 3058: 3043: 3028: 3016: 2903:Telegraful Român 2832:Dedrad (Zepling) 2827:Transylvanianism 2712:Székely Division 2707: 2691: 2679: 2667:Arms variant by 2664: 2573:Aster Revolution 2478:Ștefan Cicio Pop 2442: 2430: 2415: 2400: 2388: 2283:Beszterce-Naszód 2278:Belényes (Beiuș) 2211:Zacharias Gábrus 2122: 2110: 2094: 2074: 2062: 2020:Straßburg (Aiud) 1759: 1740: 1724: 1706: 1690: 1670: 1643:Farcád (Forțeni) 1471:Seven Years' War 1463:Petru Pavel Aron 1422: 1410: 1392: 1377: 1363:Princess-consort 1358: 1345:and placed on a 1270:War of 1703–1711 1202:Michael II Apafi 1173:Boyar of Fogaras 1167:tower appearing 1161:Udriște Năsturel 1063:George I Rákóczi 953: 938: 922: 907: 892: 634: 618: 599: 583: 566: 480:Habsburg Hungary 337:Thomas Szécsényi 262:Gesta Hungarorum 128:Habsburg Hungary 98:were granted by 72:(after ca. 1580) 51:November 2, 1765 31: 19: 18: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7443: 7439:Sword of Attila 7407: 7381: 7376: 7346: 7341: 7332: 7308:Romanian Police 7291: 7275: 7216:Sfântu Gheorghe 7050: 7043: 7034: 6860:Bistrița Năsăud 6821: 6785: 6776: 6752:Flag of Romania 6733: 6728: 6698: 6530:Revista Erasmus 6509:Muzeul Național 6492:Muzeul Național 6218: 6213: 6212: 6203: 6199: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6119: 6115: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5969: 5965: 5959:Danubian Review 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5927: 5923: 5914: 5910: 5901: 5897: 5886: 5882: 5873: 5869: 5849: 5845: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5759: 5753: 5746: 5734: 5730: 5706: 5702: 5683: 5679: 5662: 5658: 5649: 5645: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5568: 5564: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5431:Foaia Poporului 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5402: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5371: 5367: 5354: 5350: 5337: 5333: 5327:Foaia Poporului 5324: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5263: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5195:Foaia Poporului 5192: 5188: 5179: 5175: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5147: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5108: 5104: 5093: 5089: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5035:Elemér Jakabffy 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5004:Magazin Istoric 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4967: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4755: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4474: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4444:Barițiu, p. 146 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295:Phillips, p. 54 4294: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4265: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3651:Magazin Istoric 3647: 3643: 3629: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3496: 3491: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3278:Marțian, p. 443 3277: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210:Marțian, p. 442 3209: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3071: 3062: 3059: 3050: 3044: 3035: 3029: 3020: 3017: 2970:Sfântu Gheorghe 2879:Saint Ladislaus 2859:Gabriel Bethlen 2799:Nándor Urmánczy 2722: 2715: 2708: 2699: 2692: 2683: 2680: 2671: 2665: 2641:Fourteen Points 2623:Greater Romania 2461: 2454: 2443: 2434: 2431: 2422: 2416: 2407: 2401: 2392: 2389: 2368:Johannes Honter 2364:Brassó (Brașov) 2352:Georg Bleibtreu 2346:and the slogan 2336:Keisd (Saschiz) 2203:Austria-Hungary 2175:Diet of Hungary 2137: 2135:Austria-Hungary 2130: 2123: 2114: 2111: 2102: 2101:, 1849 or later 2095: 2086: 2083:Hungarian State 2075: 2066: 2063: 1970:Fellak (Feleac) 1939:symbol of peace 1905:Habsburg colors 1872:Philip the Arab 1832:Broos (Orăștie) 1770: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1741: 1732: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1691: 1682: 1671: 1577:Austrian Empire 1436: 1429: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1384: 1378: 1369: 1359: 1134: 1024:Gabriel Bethlen 1007:Stephen Bocskai 971:Gabriel Bethlen 964: 957: 954: 945: 939: 930: 923: 914: 908: 899: 898:version of 1596 896:Levinus Hulsius 893: 877:Hans von Aachen 850:Ioan C. Filitti 842:Dimitrie Onciul 724:Stephen's son, 711:Stephen Báthory 661:Ottoman clients 653: 646: 635: 626: 619: 610: 600: 591: 584: 575: 567: 551:Levinus Hulsius 547:Wallachian bird 360:István Werbőczy 242: 237: 217:Austria-Hungary 210:1848 Revolution 200:ascribe them a 190:flag of Romania 17: 12: 11: 5: 7574: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7386:Constitutional 7383: 7382: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7201:Râmnicu Vâlcea 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7176:Miercurea-Ciuc 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7047:Municipalities 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6772:Socialist flag 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6697: 6696: 6682: 6668: 6655: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6592: 6582: 6579:Erdélyi Múzeum 6575: 6557: 6550: 6549:, pp. 218–227. 6540: 6533: 6526: 6512: 6505: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6459: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6418: 6408: 6401: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6366: 6350:Sorin Iftimi, 6348: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6301: 6294: 6284: 6277: 6259: 6252: 6243: 6236:George Barițiu 6233: 6230:Revista Crisia 6226: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6197: 6185:(in Hungarian) 6177: 6164: 6155: 6135: 6126: 6113: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6031: 6018: 5998: 5985: 5976: 5963: 5950: 5938: 5921: 5908: 5895: 5880: 5867: 5843: 5830: 5821: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5768:Rubicon Online 5760:(in Hungarian) 5744: 5728: 5713:Elemér Gyárfás 5700: 5677: 5656: 5643: 5625: 5623:Tămâian, p. 15 5616: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5562: 5549: 5537: 5528: 5526:Pacațian, p. 2 5519: 5510: 5501: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5447: 5435: 5422: 5413: 5400: 5380: 5365: 5348: 5331: 5318: 5298: 5277: 5261: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5186: 5173: 5158: 5145: 5126: 5117: 5102: 5087: 5068: 5059: 5057:Pacațian, p. 1 5050: 5027: 5018: 5009: 4994: 4985: 4965: 4961:Fővárosi Lapok 4949: 4940: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4848: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4797: 4788: 4775: 4766: 4753: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4506: 4504:Păcățian, p. 2 4497: 4488: 4472: 4459: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4426:Barițiu, p. 25 4419: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4379: 4366: 4357: 4344: 4335: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4285: 4276: 4259: 4239: 4226: 4209: 4196: 4183: 4174: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3947: 3938: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3825: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3748: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3665: 3656: 3641: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3590:Veress, p. 283 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3508: 3494: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3292: 3287:Van der Elst, 3280: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3150: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3053: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3036: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3011: 2935:Lueta (Lövéte) 2924:communist rule 2881:as its logo. 2825:as a voice of 2803:Vigadó of Pest 2771:Regency period 2721: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2628:Elemér Gyárfás 2500:Blaj Cathedral 2460: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453:(reverse side) 2444: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2383: 2295:András Bethlen 2144:András Bethlen 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2057: 2050:Reichsfreiherr 2040:VIRIBUS UNITIS 2032:Franz Joseph I 2002:In July 1848, 1950:Grenz infantry 1935:flag of France 1917:Romanian dress 1903:alongside the 1847:Regen (Reghin) 1790:George Barițiu 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1672: 1665: 1597:oppida nobilia 1540:NOS PRO CESARE 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1379: 1372: 1370: 1366:Sophia Báthory 1360: 1353: 1335:Austrian badge 1245:and the eagle 1188:Emeric Thököly 1133: 1130: 963: 960: 959: 958: 955: 948: 946: 940: 933: 931: 924: 917: 915: 909: 902: 900: 894: 887: 858:Nicolae Costin 806:King of Poland 715:Báthory family 652: 649: 648: 647: 645:variant, 1550) 636: 629: 627: 621:Banner of the 620: 613: 611: 601: 594: 592: 590:(1438 version) 585: 578: 576: 568: 561: 539:Iacob Heraclid 511:Cod. icon. 391 460:Ottoman Empire 408:Medieval Latin 250:Cod. icon. 391 241: 238: 236: 233: 116:Hungarian arms 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 67: 63: 62: 59: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 39: 33: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7573: 7562: 7561:Maria Theresa 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448:Other symbols 7446: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7318:Border Police 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7048: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885:Caraș-Severin 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762:List of flags 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6694: 6691:. Bucharest: 6690: 6686: 6685:Andrei Veress 6683: 6681: 6680:0-88033-491-6 6677: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6574: 6573:0-521-46690-3 6570: 6566: 6562: 6559:Franz Szabo, 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6543:Ion G. Sbiera 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6415:Boabe de Grâu 6412: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6338:Böhlau Verlag 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6265:. Bucharest: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6207: 6201: 6194: 6190: 6181: 6174: 6168: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6071:Forró, p. 328 6068: 6059: 6050: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5892: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5841:, 2002, p. 73 5840: 5834: 5825: 5818: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5736:István Zágoni 5732: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685:Nicolae Iorga 5681: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5633:Vasile Goldiș 5629: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5584:Pálffy, p. 35 5581: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5547:Borsos, p. 56 5544: 5542: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5384: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5306:Nicolae Iorga 5302: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5221: 5212: 5203: 5196: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5170: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5006: 5005: 4998: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4815: 4814:973-8248-38-8 4811: 4807: 4801: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4770: 4763: 4757: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732:(in Romanian) 4728: 4719: 4713:Olaru, p. 391 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4602:Ioan Pușcariu 4598: 4596: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4364:Forró, p. 329 4361: 4354: 4348: 4339: 4333: 4332:973-85676-8-8 4329: 4325: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4247:Farkas Gyalui 4243: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4193: 4187: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4160:Lupaș, p. 356 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3936:Moisil, p. 75 3933: 3931: 3929: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3834:Ars heraldica 3829: 3822: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3660: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3526: 3522: 3521:Nicolae Iorga 3518: 3512: 3506:Moisil, p. 74 3503: 3501: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3205: 3195: 3186: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3116:0-88033-479-7 3113: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2898:Teofil Vescan 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2873:group called 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2787:Zoltán Kodály 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775:Szabadság tér 2772: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645:István Zágoni 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:Vasile Goldiș 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504:New Jerusalem 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2465: 2452: 2451:Iosif Hodoșiu 2448: 2447:1869 election 2441: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2404:Cezar Bolliac 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2340:Magyarization 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2196:national arms 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:Cezar Bolliac 2181: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028:Andrei Șaguna 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:Serbian flags 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1921:Ioan Pușcariu 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1827:German colors 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1802:Lajos Kossuth 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1747:as the first 1746: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1714:Sámuel Teleki 1712: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1655:György Bánffy 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:salt monopoly 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1566:Germanization 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1440: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1400:Árpád stripes 1397: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361:Arms used by 1357: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:Maria Theresa 1320: 1317:, printed at 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288:Árpád stripes 1285: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1129: 1127: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:Moses Székely 995: 992: 988: 984: 980: 972: 968: 952: 947: 944: 937: 932: 928: 925:Seal used by 921: 916: 912: 906: 901: 897: 891: 886: 885: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 869:Giorgio Basta 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834: 829: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 746: 741: 737: 736: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675: 670: 669:Sublime Porte 666: 662: 658: 644: 640: 633: 628: 624: 617: 612: 608: 604: 598: 593: 589: 582: 577: 574: 573: 565: 560: 559: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541:, who became 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 500:Martin Schrot 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 448: 443: 439: 435: 434: 429: 425: 421: 417: 411: 409: 405: 401: 400:Low Countries 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:Capetian arms 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341:Árpád stripes 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 280: 274: 272: 268: 264: 263: 258: 251: 246: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:Maria Theresa 97: 93: 89: 79: 75: 71: 68: 64: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 43: 40: 38: 34: 30: 25: 20: 7423: 7419:Crown jewels 7398:Coat of arms 7186:Piatra Neamț 6812:Transylvania 6811: 6688: 6671: 6665:Transilvania 6664: 6658: 6651: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6618: 6611: 6595: 6588: 6578: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6536: 6529: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6491: 6484: 6466: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6438:Teodor Neș, 6432: 6421: 6414: 6404: 6397: 6387: 6380: 6369: 6351: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6280: 6262: 6255: 6246: 6239: 6229: 6222: 6205: 6200: 6192: 6180: 6172: 6167: 6158: 6143: 6138: 6129: 6121: 6116: 6108: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6039: 6034: 6026: 6021: 6006: 6001: 5993: 5988: 5979: 5972:Keleti Ujság 5971: 5966: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5917:Pesti Hírlap 5916: 5911: 5903: 5898: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5851: 5846: 5838: 5833: 5824: 5816: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5767: 5755: 5740:Keleti Ujság 5739: 5731: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5688: 5680: 5665: 5659: 5651: 5646: 5638:Limba Română 5636: 5628: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5580: 5570: 5565: 5557: 5552: 5531: 5522: 5517:Radu, p. 143 5513: 5504: 5496: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5456:Transilvania 5455: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5425: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5395: 5383: 5373: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5326: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5238: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5194: 5189: 5181: 5176: 5166: 5161: 5153: 5148: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5095: 5090: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5038: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5002: 4997: 4988: 4981:Pesti Hírlap 4980: 4960: 4943: 4935: 4930: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4851: 4843: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4805: 4800: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4738: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4638: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4605: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4514: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4483: 4468:Pesti Hírlap 4467: 4462: 4455:Pesti Hírlap 4454: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4360: 4352: 4347: 4338: 4323: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4234: 4229: 4221: 4218:Transilvania 4217: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4191: 4186: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3955: 3950: 3941: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3820: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3789: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3743: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3715:Tóth, p. 120 3711: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3676: 3668: 3659: 3649: 3644: 3634: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3524: 3516: 3511: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3194: 3185: 3177: 3173: 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Scholar 979:Mehmed III 663:, the new 625:, ca. 1500 396:water-lily 7256:Timișoara 7246:Târgu Jiu 7211:Satu Mare 7131:Constanţa 7111:Bucharest 7086:Baia Mare 7005:Teleorman 6990:Satu Mare 6960:Mehedinți 6955:Maramureș 6935:Hunedoara 6910:Dâmbovița 6900:Constanța 6817:Wallachia 6567:, 1994. 6473:, 2013. 6358:, 2014. 6275:469825245 6269:, 1977. 6173:Háromszék 5876:Kis Ujság 5858:, 2015. 5572:Universul 5484:Serbările 5472:Serbările 5443:Serbările 4170:Serbările 3301:Kolozsvár 3094:Citations 3032:Paul Gore 2746:Paul Gore 2736:arms, in 2344:triquetra 2243:Maramureș 2226:Bucharest 2099:Heldsdorf 1786:Védegylet 1635:Armenians 1524:Joseph II 1306:, all on 1278:Gubernium 1209:produced 1198:Leopold I 1083:watermark 973:'s banner 846:Paul Gore 774:supported 639:triquetra 555:Nuremberg 525:, over a 392:triquetra 380:Hungarian 309:armorials 175:Romanians 7231:Slobozia 7196:Ploiești 7126:Călărași 7096:Botoșani 7091:Bistrița 7056:communes 7042:Capitals 6940:Ialomița 6930:Harghita 6890:Călărași 6865:Botoșani 6827:Counties 6802:Moldavia 6739:National 6537:Cumidava 6465:(eds.), 6455:Adevărul 6381:Századok 6354:. 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