Firefighting - Knowledge

726: 515: 38: 209:. Fires were almost a daily occurrence in Rome, and Crassus took advantage of the fact that Rome had no fire department, by creating his own brigade—500 men strong—which rushed to burning buildings at the first cry of alarm. Upon arriving at the scene, however, the firefighters did nothing while Crassus offered to buy the burning building from the distressed property owner, at a miserable price. If the owner agreed to sell the property, his men would put out the fire; if the owner refused, then they would simply let the structure burn to the ground. After buying many properties this way, he rebuilt them, and often leased the properties to their original owners or new tenants. 127: 686:. Backdrafts occur when there is a large amount of oxygen introduced to an oxygen-depleted fire. If a fire is compartmentalized and most or all of the oxygen has been burned up, there is a high risk of backdraft if something such as a window or door is opened. Introducing oxygen to a low burning fire can be devastating as it will ignite all of the oxygen along the way. It can also be heard from miles away as it has a concussive blast that adds to the effect. Firefighters need to have extreme communication at all times on the fire ground as one broken window at the wrong time could seriously harm anyone operating on the building. 256:, were established to supplement local fire services. Before 1938, there was no countrywide standard for firefighting terms, procedures, ranks, or equipment (such as hose couplings). In the month of August in 1939 with war looking very possible the Fire Service's act of 1938 came into effect. This unified Great Britain's fire service and prepared them for the German war machine. During the London Blitz, 700 fire men and 20 fire women, as known during the time period died as a result of heavy bombing, 91 of these perished at the same time defending London. By the end of the London Blitz, 327 firefighters had lost their lives. 434: 1124: 1075:

times). This leaves the fire without enough of the combustive agent, and it dies out. The vaporization of water also absorbs heat; it thereby cools the smoke, air, walls, and objects that could act as further fuel, and thus prevents one of the means by which fires grow, which is by "jumping" to nearby heat/fuel sources to start new fires, which then combine. Water extinguishment is thus a combination of "asphyxia" (cutting off the oxygen supply) and cooling. The flame itself is suppressed by asphyxia, but the cooling is the most important element in mastering a fire in a closed area.

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is time to withdraw firefighters from a fire, and react calmly in emergency situations. The chief officer must direct the activities of a fire department and supervise all firefighting activities, requiring extensive knowledge of city layouts, the location of streets, fire hydrants and fire alarm boxes, and the principal buildings. A chief officer must be familiar with sources of fires, including explosives, hazardous chemicals, and the combustion qualities of materials in buildings, homes, and

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continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that the combustion reaction can continue, and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid fuels. The resulting self-sustained chemical chain reaction is complex and requires fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. An oxidizing agent is a material or substance that will release gases, including oxygen, when the proper conditions exist. It is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire.

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large magnitude, greatly increasing the endothermic cooling effect and robbing the fire of oxygen. A straight spray is used so the water arrives massively to the seat of the fire before it vaporizes. A strong spray may also have a mechanical effect; it can disperse the combustible product and thus prevent the fire from starting again. Spray is always aimed at a surface or an object. For this reason, the strategy is sometimes called a two-dimensional or 2D attack.

4188: 3774: 711:"Three hours of fighting a fire stiffens arteries and impairs cardiac function in firefighters" according to a study by Bo Fernhall, a professor in the department of kinesiology and community health in the College of Applied Health Sciences, and Gavin Horn, director of research at the Illinois Fire Service Institute. The conditions (observed in healthy male firefighters) are "also apparent found in weightlifters and endurance athletes..." 4210: 3822: 116: 1242: 860: 3810: 3798: 4199: 3786: 540:

the fire department is contacted, directing the evacuation of the facility, activating or delaying activation of fire suppression equipment such as halon and sprinklers (delayed in case of a false alarm), meeting the fire department and taking them to the location of the alarm or to the fire past any security or locked doors, and, if necessary, fighting the fire until the fire department arrives.

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the conditions inside the room to normal. It is important to coordinate the ventilation with an interior fire attack since the opening of a ventilation hole supplies more air, and thus oxygen, to the fire. Ventilation may also "limit fire spread by channeling fire toward nearby openings and allows fire fighters to safely attack the fire" as well as limit smoke, heat, and water damage.

614:. A firefighter's SCBA usually hold 30 to 45 minutes of air, depending on the size of the tank and the rate of consumption during strenuous activities. While this gear helps to eliminate the risks, firefighters are still exposed to smoke, toxic dust, fumes and radiation that have contributed to firefighters being 14% more likely to develop cancer. 1217:. The aim is to absorb as much heat as possible at the beginning to stop the expansion of the fire and to reduce the smoke. If the flow is too low, the cooling is insufficient, and the steam that is produced can burn firefighters (the drop of pressure is too small and the vapor is pushed back in their direction). 1431:

In the US, fires are sometimes categorized as "one alarm", "all hands", "two alarm", "three alarm" (or higher) fires. There is no standard definition for what this means quantifiably; though, it always refers to the level of response by the local authorities. In some cities, the numeric rating refers

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to create excess pressure in a part of the building. This pressure pushes the smoke and heat out of the building, and thus facilitates rescue and fire fighting operations. It is necessary to have an exit for the smoke, to know the building layout well to predict where the smoke will go, and to ensure

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In most cases of structural firefighting, windows are broken or removed from the outside of the building to provide efficient horizontal ventilation. A 4x4 foot opening may also be cut into the roof directly over the fire room. This allows hot smoke and gases to escape through the opening, returning

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used an alternative method in the 1970s: spraying water on the hot walls to create a water vapor atmosphere and asphyxiate the fire. This method is no longer used because it turned out to be risky; the pressure created pushed the hot gases and vapor towards the firefighters, causing severe burns, and

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The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire (which may not be obvious for an indoor fire, especially if there are no witnesses), to identify any specific risks, and to detect possible casualties. An outdoor fire may not require reconnaissance, but

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were also used as firefighting tools, the larger ones being mounted on wheels. Another traditional firefighting method that survived was the bucket brigade, involving two lines of people formed between the water source and the fire. Typically, men in one of the lines would pass along the full buckets

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The fuel is the substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen. Heat is the energy component of a fire. When it comes into contact with a fuel, it provides the energy necessary for ignition, causes the

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in the United States requires every tenant in a high-rise to have at least one Fire Warden for every 7500 sq. ft. occupied, and a minimum of two Fire Wardens per floor. In this example, their duties include investigating any fire alarms (see if there really is a fire and if so, its nature), ensuring

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indicating that they were eligible for a company's firefighting services. It is a common belief that buildings not insured with a particular company were left by its firefighters to burn, unless they happened to be adjacent to an insured building, in which case it was often in the company's interest

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Although it may seem paradoxical, the use of a strong flow with an efficient fire hose and an efficient strategy (diffuse spray, small droplets) requires a smaller amount of water. This is because once the temperature is lowered, only a limited amount of water is necessary to suppress the fire seat

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include assuming all power lines are energized until confirmation they are de-energized, and grounding power lines to guard against electrical feedback, and using appropriate personal protective equipment. Proper respiratory protection can protect against hazardous substances. Proper ventilation of

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The chief officer is in charge of their firefighters during fires or emergencies, and is expected to command and control the overall situation while effectively combating a fire or other emergency. Chief officers must be able to evaluate their firefighters, use sound judgement when deciding when it

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to provide fire insurance, which was more successful. The Contributionship adopted "fire marks" to easily identify insured buildings. Firefighting started to become formalized with rules for providing buckets, ladders, and hooks, and with the formation of volunteer companies. A chain of command was

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The reason behind the "Alarm" designation is so the Incident Commander does not have to list each apparatus required. He can simply say, "Give me a second alarm here", instead of "Give me a truck company and two engine companies" along with requesting where they should come from. Categorization of

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Directly spraying the seat of the fire in enclosed areas can have unfortunate consequences: the force of water pushes air in front of it, which supplies the fire with extra oxygen before the water. The most important issue is not combating the flames, but controlling the fire; for example, cooling

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did not have municipal firefighters. Instead, private individuals relied on their slaves or supporters to take action. They would not only form bucket brigades or attempt to smother smaller fires, but would also demolish or raze nearby buildings to slow the spread of the fire. However, there is no

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unit. This is referred to as an Initial Alarm or Box Alarm. A working fire request (for the same incident) would call for air/light units and chief officers/fireground commanders (if not provided in the original dispatch). This summarizes the response to a First Alarm fire. Second and subsequent

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Firefighting requires technical proficiency of operational tactics, equipment, and scene awareness. Firefighters must also have, or be able to acquire, knowledge of department organizations, operations, and procedures, and the district or city street system they will have to negotiate in order to

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A firefighter's goals are to save lives, protect property, and protect the environment. A fire can rapidly spread and endanger many lives, but with modern firefighting techniques, catastrophe can often be avoided. To prevent fires from starting, a firefighter's duties may include public education

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The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire and to identify the specific risks. Fires can be extinguished by water, fuel or oxidant removal, or chemical flame inhibition; though, because fires are classified depending on the elements involved,

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or bushfires where they risk being easily surrounded by the flames. It might, however, be necessary to protect specific objects like houses or gas tanks against infrared radiation, and thus to use a diffused spray between the fire and the object. Breathing apparatus is often required as there is

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For outdoor fires, the seat of the fire is sprayed with a straight spray: the cooling effect immediately follows the "asphyxia" caused by vaporization and reduces the further amount of water required. This is because water droplets, upon forming in to water mist, increase their surface area by a

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in Philadelphia, which became the standard for volunteer fire organizations. These firefighters had two critical tools: salvage bags and so-called bed keys. Salvage bags were used to quickly collect and save valuables, and bed keys were used to separate the wooden frame of a bed (often the most

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One common way to extinguish a fire is to spray it with water. The water has two roles: It vaporizes when it comes in contact with fire, and this vapor displaces the oxygen (the volume of water vapor is 1,700 times greater than liquid water, at 1,000 °F (538 °C) it expands over 4,000

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Until the 1970s, fires were usually attacked while they declined, using the same strategy as for open air fires. Now fires are attacked in their development phase because firefighters arrive sooner at the site of a fire and because of changes in building construction. The increasing use of

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In fire fighting, there are also people designated as fire wardens, also known as chief officers. Their duties vary, some may ensure evacuation of that part of the building for which they are responsible; others may be responsible for fire control in a particular area, direct a crew in the

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Full-time career firefighters typically follow a 24-hour shift schedule, although some fire departments work 8- or 12-hour shifts. Australian firefighters work a 10/14 shift, in which the day shift works ten hours and the night shift works 14 hours. Firefighting personnel are split up into

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Only short pulses of water need to be sprayed, otherwise the spraying modifies the equilibrium, and the gases mix instead of remaining stratified: the hot gases (initially at the ceiling) move around the room, and the temperature rises at the ground, which is dangerous for firefighters.

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alternating shifts. Usually, the 24-hour shifts are followed by two days off. The shift personnel arrive for roll call at a specified time, ready to complete a regular tour of duty. While on shift, the firefighter remains at the fire station unless relieved or assigned other duties.

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One final extinguishing method is chemical flame inhibition. This can be accomplished by applying dry chemical or halogenated agents that interrupt the chemical chain reaction and stop flaming. This method is effective on gas and liquid fuel because they must have flame to burn.

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Another way to extinguish a fire is fuel removal. This can be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel, by removing solid fuel in the path of a fire, or by allowing the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed, at which point the fire will self-extinguish.

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Paul Grimwood introduced the concept of tactical ventilation in the 1980s to encourage a better thought-out approach to this aspect of firefighting. Following work with Warrington Fire Research Consultants (FRDG 6/94) his terminology and concepts were adopted officially by the

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The U.S. Forest Service publishes guidelines for the minimum distance a firefighter should be from a flame. As stated in the National Wildfire Coordinating Group's Incident Response Pocket Guide: "A safety zone is an area where a firefighter can survive without a

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One of the main risks of a fire is the smoke; because, it carries heat and poisonous gases, and obscures vision. In the case of a fire in a closed location (building), the following two different strategies may be used: isolation of the fire or ventilation.

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it. When water is heated to its boiling point, it converts to water vapor. When this conversion takes place, it dilutes the oxygen in the air above the fire, thus removing one of the elements that the fire requires to burn. This can also be done with foam.

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The volume of the fire must be cooled before its seat is attacked. This strategy, originally of Swedish origin (Mats Rosander & Krister Giselsson), was adapted by London Fire Officer Paul Grimwood following a decade of operational use in the busy

1330:, etc.); a burning layer can then be spread by the fire. If a pressurized fuel tank is endangered by fire it is necessary to avoid heat shocks that may damage the tank if it is sprayed with cooling water; the resulting decompression might produce a 329: 2809: 1385:

is either the venting, or containment (isolation) actions by on-scene firefighters, used to take control from the outset of a fire's burning regime, in an effort to gain tactical advantage during interior structural firefighting operations."

763:. Sources of metals exposure include burnt or melted electronics, cars, refrigerators, stoves, etc. Fire debris cleanup workers may be exposed to these metals or their combustion products in the air or on their skin. These metals may include 1199:); thus, it also reduces the mobility of the smoke and avoids a "backfire" of water vapor. Also, the diffuse spray creates an inert "water vapor sky", which prevents "roll-over" (rolls of flames on the ceiling created by hot burning gases). 1408:

that the doors ensuring the ventilation remain open by wedging or propping them. The main risk of this method is that it may accelerate the fire, or even create a flash-over; for example, if the smoke and the heat accumulate in a dead end.

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Ideally, part of reconnaissance is consulting a plan for the building that provides information about structures, firefighter hazards, and in some cases the most appropriate strategies and tactics for fighting a fire in that context.

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Hydraulic ventilation is the process of directing a stream of water from the inside of a structure out the window using a fog pattern. This will effectively pull smoke out of room. Smoke ejectors may also be used for this purpose.

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When a fire spreads beyond the building of its origin and spreads throughout the neighborhood, it is called a “conflagration.” Today, a conflagration is a large fire that is beyond the capability of the fire service to contain.

1191:. Using Grimwood's modified 3D attack strategy, the ceiling is first sprayed with short pulses of a diffuse spray. This cools the smoke which is then less likely to start a fire when it moves away. As gas cools it becomes 240:

Steam-powered apparatuses were first introduced in the 1850s, allowing a greater quantity of water to be directed onto a fire; in the early 1930s they were superseded by versions powered by an internal combustion engine.

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made a popular fire engine that was essentially a rectangular box on wheels filled using a bucket brigade to provide a reservoir while hand-powered pumps supplied sufficient water pressure to douse fires at a distance.

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In certain jurisdictions, civilians can get certified to be a Fire Warden, and some cities require certain types of buildings, such as high rises, to have a certain number of Fire Wardens. For example, the city of

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with an opening angle of 60°) can be undertaken to test the heat of smoke: If the temperature is moderate, the water falls down in drops with a sound like rain; if the temperature is high, the water

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from downed or exposed electrical lines or in instances where water has come into contact with electrical equipment. Structures that have been burned may be unstable and at risk of sudden collapse.

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Safety Zones can be natural features such as rock screes, meadows, and river bars; or human-made features such a parking lots or areas that have been cleared of vegetation through mechanical means.

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In such cases, it is necessary to asphyxiate the fire. This can be done in a variety of ways. Chemical products which react with the fuel can be used to stop the combustion. A layer of water-based

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fires varies among fire departments. A single alarm for one department may be a second alarm for another. Response always depends on the size of the fire and the department.

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may be required. The classification is based on the type of fires that the extinguisher is more suitable for. In the United States, the types of fire are described by the

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that can be used to avoid or minimize exposure to hazardous substances. When ventilation is insufficient or dust cannot be avoided, personal protective equipment such as

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to the number of fire stations that have been summoned to the fire. In others, it reflects the number of "dispatches" requesting additional personnel and equipment.

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to prevent the fire from spreading. This is a common misconception. In 1833 fire insurance companies in London merged to form The London Fire Company Establishment.

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Thomson Delmar Learning. The Firefighter's Handbook: Essentials of Fire Fighting and Emergency Response. Second Edition. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Publishers, 2004.

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mention of fires being extinguished, rather they were contained and burned themselves out. Ancient Rome did not have an organized firefighting force until the

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can eliminate oxygen flow to the fire. A simple and usually effective way to put out a fire in a stove-top pan is to put a lid on the pan and leave it there.

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a fire in a cellar or an underground car park with only a few centimeters of visibility may require long reconnaissance to identify the source of the fire.

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One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combusting materials. The four major hazards are:

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would represent a grave risk when combined with virtually anything combustible in the presence of fire) but use compressed air in a similar manner to

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Obvious risks associated with the immense heat generated by a fire, even without direct contact with the flames (direct flame impingement), such as

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with a straight spray. For a living room of 50 m (60 sq yd), the required amount of water is estimated as 60 L (15 gal).

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trained to drive fire apparatus to and from fires and other emergencies, operate fire-apparatus pumps and aerial devices, and maintain apparatus.

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injuries. Sufficient heat causes human flesh to burn as fuel, or the water within to boil, leading to potentially severe medical problems.

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International Fire Service Training Association. Fire Service Orientation and Indoctrination. Philadelphia: Board of Regents, 1984. Print.

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Smoke pulsing in and out around a door frame, as if the fire were breathing, which usually also means a lack of air to support combustion.

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can be found in concrete, roofing tiles, or it may be a naturally occurring element. Occupational exposures to silica dust can cause

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Using water is one common method to extinguish a fire. Water extinguishes a fire by cooling, which removes heat because of water’s

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improves life safety, fire extinguishment, and property conservation by 'pulling' fire away from trapped occupants and objects.

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the smoke so that it cannot spread and start fires further away, and endanger the lives of people, including the firefighters.

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An outdoor fire is always fed with air, and the risk to people is limited as they can move away from it, except in the case of

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An alternative is to cool all the atmosphere by spraying the whole atmosphere as if drawing letters in the air ("penciling").

1008:, an oxidizing agent (oxygen), and a chemical reaction. A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components. 91:– a constant peril while navigating unfamiliar layouts or confined spaces amid shifting debris under limited visibility – and 2735: 2585: 2558: 969: 3609: 2747: 1688: 104: 633:. Prolonged, intense exertion in hot environments also increases firefighters' risk for health-related illnesses, such as 625:, can cause serious burns even from great distances. There are a number of comparably serious heat-related risks, such as 64:

or fireman. Firefighters typically undergo a high degree of technical training. This involves structural firefighting and

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Alarms levels are generally used to define the tiers of the response as to what resources are to be used. For example, a

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can be used. In the case of very small fires and in the absence of other extinguishing agents, covering the flame with a

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Smoke, which is becoming increasingly dangerous due to the increased variety and amount of synthetic household materials

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of water toward the fire while in the other line women and children would pass back the empty buckets to be refilled.

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response draws the following equipment: four engine/pumper companies, one truck/ladder/aerial/quint company, and one

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They must meet minimum physical fitness standards and learn various firefighting duties within a reasonable period

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senior engineering students, Viet Tran and Seth Robertson, but the procedure is still awaiting a patent (2015).

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Modern methods for extinguishing an urban fire dictate the use of a massive initial water flow, e.g. 500

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in 1666, some parishes in the UK had begun to organize rudimentary firefighting crews. After the Great Fire,

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In the 17th century the first "fire engines" were made, notably in Amsterdam. In 1721, the English inventor

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with water to produce poisonous gases, or they may even burn when they come into contact with water (e.g.,

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The earliest known firefighters were in the city of Rome. In 60 A.D., emperor Nero established a Corps of

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Soot on windows, which usually means that combustion is incomplete, and thus, a lack of air in the room;

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Bernard Klaene. Structural Firefighting: Strategies and Tactics. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2007.

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training manuals (1996–97). Grimwood's original definition of his 1991 unified strategy stated that, "

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Hot zones, which can be detected with a gloved hand, for example by touching a door before opening it;

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introduced the first fire insurance. In order to reduce insurance costs, Barbon also formed his own

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Shropshire Fire and Rescue Service, Operational Note 3 (in the public domain, accessed 22 May 2007)

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The "reading" of a fire is the analysis by firefighters of indications of thermal events such as

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Electrical fires cannot be extinguished with water since the water could act as a conductor.

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Fireman! A Personal Account, by Neil Wallington, Pub David & Charles, 22 February 1979,

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valuable item in a home at the time) into pieces for safe and rapid removal from the fire.

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can be applied by the fire hose in order to separate the oxygen in the air from the fuel.

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Once extinguished, fire debris cleanup poses several safety and health risks for workers.

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Additional risks of fire are the obscuring of vision due to smoke, potentially causing a

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Ottawa Fire Department motor pump, Ottawa, Ontario, taken by the Topley Studio, May 1915.

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There are four elements needed to start and sustain a fire and/or flame: temperature, a

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In some cases, the use of water is undesirable. This is because some chemical products

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Safety hazards of fire cleanup include the risk of reignition of smoldering debris,

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Fire Department, at the 1950 Fire Department Instructors Conference (FDIC) held in

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Data Processing Techniques and Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems (DPTA 2019)

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A hose team training to fight an aircraft fire aboard a US aircraft carrier, 2006

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A firefighter doing a ladder slide, which is used to quickly escape from a window

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and conducting fire inspections of locations to verify their adherence to local

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with a hiss—the sign of a potentially extremely dangerous impending flashover.

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Firefighting is a dangerous profession due to the toxic environment created by

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suppression of forest fires, or function as fire patrolmen in a logging area.

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In January 1608, a fire destroyed many colonists' provisions and lodgings in

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Iranian firefighters extinguish a fire at Bistoon Petrochemicals Powerhouse

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Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar

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Spraying water on the ceiling in short pulses of a diffused spray (e.g., a

760: 672: 660:(boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion). Some chemical products such as 622: 611: 550: 357: 281: 245: 226: 192: 2338:"Health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica" 2062:"Rhabdomyolysis in structural fire fighters: a patient population at risk" 1228:

pushed the hot gases into other rooms where they could start other fires.

307:

The first American attempt at fire insurance failed after a large fire in

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the fuel in order to sustain the fire. Water also extinguishes a fire by

1020: 342: 61: 936:. It is performed during reconnaissance and fire suppression maneuvers. 4309: 4152: 3916: 3574: 3360: 3330: 3310: 3247: 3217: 3181: 3025: 2932: 1183:

Use of a diffuse spray was first proposed by Chief Lloyd Layman of the

1083: 1070:

A firefighting aircraft dumping water on a forest fire in South Africa.

1028: 756: 664: 607: 430:

Specialized areas of operations may require subject-specific training.

161: 53: 2866:

CDC - NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program

2048:

Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations 5th Edition

1043:

Sound waves have been successfully used in a device fabricated by two

284:

were all plagued by fires, and volunteer fire brigades began to form.

4638: 4633: 4581: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4289: 4284: 4157: 4147: 4137: 4078: 4050: 3946: 3599: 3579: 3559: 3549: 3539: 3421: 3365: 3295: 3290: 3141: 2505:. Fourth Edition. Stillwater, OK: Fire Protection Publications, 1998: 1460:, the scale of a fire is measured by the number of "pumps" (ordinary 1323: 1214: 1180:

between 1984 and 1994 and termed the three-dimensional or 3D attack.

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that can exacerbate the problems encountered in a toxic environment.

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By the start of the 1800s, insured buildings were identified with a

115: 4588: 4576: 4481: 4381: 4125: 3655: 3650: 3491: 3063: 2962: 1528: 1319: 1111: 1091: 998: 994: 810: 772: 752: 119: 2865: 1513:—structured list of firefighting topics, organized by subject area 1082:, pumped from water sources such as lakes or rivers, delivered by 849: 4571: 4545: 4506: 4442: 4373: 4294: 1327: 1192: 1145: 1137: 818: 814: 768: 536: 492:

trained to extinguish fires in outdoor vegetation, including the

198: 172: 141: 2170:"Defining the Difference between Backdraft and Smoke Explosions" 1831: 1363: 1314:. Another problem is that some products float on water, such as 99:

such as grease, paper, electrical, etcetera, a specific type of

3972: 2870: 2654: 2125: 2123: 2121: 1307: 788: 776: 269: 2631: 2442:"Personal Protective Equipment During Fire Cleanup Operations" 449:

firefighter can be seen wielding an axe amid the rooftop blaze

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Huang, Chuanchao; Chan, Yu-Wei; Yen, Neil (3 February 2020).

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Many hazardous substances are commonly found in fire debris.

657: 642: 630: 2516:"George Mason University Students Use Sound to Put Out Fire" 2118: 2097:"3 heat-related threats to firefighters and how to fix them" 1476:—list of firefighting terms and acronyms, with descriptions 1444:

alarms call for two engine companies and one truck company.

1140:, produce much more heat than do traditional materials like 4539: 3977: 3967: 3869: 1141: 1005: 780: 690: 626: 57: 4254: 2342:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1727:

The Great Fire of Rome: Life and Death in the Ancient City

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firefighters neutralize a fire during a training exercise

629:

from hot gases (e.g., air), steam, and hot and/or toxic

311:

in 1736. Later in 1740, Benjamin Franklin organized the

3838: 1875: 1023:. Without heat, the fuel cannot keep the oxidizer from 2263:

Beaucham, Catherine; Eisenberg, Judith (August 2019).

1979:

Fire Warden Certification Classes - City of Houston -

652:

Heat can cause flammable liquid contained in tanks to

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California Division of Occupational Safety and Health

2446:

California Division of Occupational Safety and Health

2311:

California Division of Occupational Safety and Health

2274:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1156:. Under these conditions, there is a greater risk of 1115:

still the risk of inhaling smoke or poisonous gases.

1098:) may be used where access to the area is difficult. 1090:, which are aircraft adapted as tankers for fighting 543: 76:, maritime firefighting, and proximity firefighting. 60:. A person who engages in firefighting is known as a 2547:

Gann, Richard; Friedman, Raymond (3 December 2013).

1793: 1791: 1580:. National Careers Service (UK). 13 September 2017. 1136:

confines the heat, and modern materials, especially

1019:

to absorb massive amounts of heat as it converts to

641:(PPE) that includes fire-resistant clothing such as 156:

In the 3rd century B.C., an Alexandrian Greek named

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Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus 2.3–4

1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 2663:"Why Sodium And Potassium Really Explode In Water" 2492: 1818: 1816: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 2262: 1788: 205:The first ever Roman fire brigade was created by 4651: 2553:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 228. 602:To deal with such hazards, firefighters carry a 2770: 1934:"Fire & Rescue NSW - Annual Report 2012/13" 1813: 1770:Richest People in History Ancient Roman Crassus 1640: 476:certified to perform complex technical rescues. 291:Firefighters onboard the USS Forrestal in 1967. 2306:"Worker Safety and Health During Fire Cleanup" 1897:"City of Dallas:Dallas Fire-Rescue Department" 1755: 1596:"Recruitment « UK Fire Service Resources" 637:. Accordingly, firefighters are equipped with 4240: 3854: 2886: 2694:"What firefighters need to know about BLEVEs" 1686: 1377:, and are now referred to throughout revised 1364:Tactical ventilation or isolation of the fire 151: 3620:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 2573: 2546: 2471:"Respiratory Protection During Fire Cleanup" 1334:(boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion). 974: 573:Structure fire in Grand Rapids, Michigan, US 2167: 1517:Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup 1502:—alphabetical list of firefighting articles 1270:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 888:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 721:Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup 4247: 4233: 3861: 3847: 3452:International Association of Fire Fighters 2893: 2879: 2818: 2550:Principles of Fire Behavior and Combustion 2415:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1894: 1878:"Fire-Rescue - Special Operations Command" 682:Furthers risks include the occurrences of 559: 202:were formed during the reign of Augustus. 3896:Native American use of fire in ecosystems 2349: 2185: 2069: 1913: 1733: 1548:"Firefighting | Definition & Meaning" 1290:Learn how and when to remove this message 1078:Water may be accessed from a pressurized 908:Learn how and when to remove this message 755:can result in various diseases including 41:Firefighters douse a burning building in 2740: 1687:Dillon, Matthew; Garland, Lynda (2005). 1122: 1065: 1054: 988: 724: 714: 568: 513: 440: 432: 412:Vehicle extrication and technical rescue 356: 323: 286: 125: 114: 36: 4105:International Flame Research Foundation 1523:United States Air Force Fire Protection 56:aimed at controlling and extinguishing 14: 4652: 2642:from the original on February 17, 2015 2300: 2298: 2168:Fleischmann, Charles (December 2013). 1876:City of Fort Lauderdale (April 2011). 1525:- United States Air Force Firefighting 1231: 817:or safety glasses, heavy work gloves, 667:can also explode, potentially causing 656:violently, producing what is called a 4228: 3842: 2874: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2258: 2256: 2031:"NWCG Incident Response Pocket Guide" 1916:"Firefighter Schedules and Work Life" 1785:. 1975 – 1981. Web. 23 December 2009. 1628:from the original on 26 November 2016 1602:from the original on 25 November 2016 1584:from the original on 12 October 2016. 1572: 1570: 1415: 1118: 970:Firefighting threat assessment matrix 850:Reconnaissance and "reading" the fire 693:can occur in a fraction of a second. 419: 352: 319: 229:, and other companies followed suit. 4198: 3785: 3610:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 2190:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 1880:. fortlauderdale.gov. Archived from 1852: 1268:adding citations to reliable sources 1235: 886:adding citations to reliable sources 853: 105:National Fire Protection Association 2704:from the original on 16 August 2021 2673:from the original on 23 August 2021 2409:"Worker Safety During Fire Cleanup" 2295: 1458:fire services in the United Kingdom 1451: 689:Depending on the heat of the fire, 27:Actions to prevent damage from fire 24: 3258:Self-contained breathing apparatus 2958:Firefighter assist and search team 2852:from the original on 17 June 2017. 2660: 2612:from the original on 27 April 2018 2422:from the original on 11 April 2020 2394: 2318:from the original on 25 March 2020 2253: 1961:from the original on 12 March 2015 1855:"Firefighting in Colonial America" 1752:(Adolf M Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1976) 1567: 1480:Glossary of firefighting equipment 1420: 704:; becoming trapped in a fire; and 604:self-contained breathing apparatus 584:Oxygen deficient atmosphere (21% O 544:Firefighter safety zone guidelines 518:A fire warden poster, circa 1940s. 85:self-contained breathing apparatus 25: 4686: 2859: 2691: 2528:from the original on 25 June 2017 1724: 212: 4208: 4197: 4187: 4186: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3773: 3772: 2983:Fire department ranks by country 2900: 2580:. Springer Nature. p. 467. 1922:from the original on 2014-01-13. 1899:. City of Dallas. Archived from 1865:from the original on 2017-10-08. 1240: 1101: 985:Physical properties of wildfires 858: 564: 464:Hazardous materials technician - 458:Fire apparatus driver/operator - 259: 68:. Specialized training includes 3886:Control of fire by early humans 3821: 3457:International Firefighters' Day 3417:Candidate Physical Ability Test 2834: 2800: 2716: 2667:Chemical & Engineering News 2624: 2594: 2567: 2540: 2508: 2481:from the original on 2020-03-25 2463: 2452:from the original on 2020-03-25 2434: 2385: 2369: 2358:from the original on 2020-04-07 2330: 2284:from the original on 2019-12-08 2223: 2212:from the original on 2016-08-10 2194: 2161: 2150:from the original on 2021-03-18 2132: 2107:from the original on 2016-05-12 2089: 2078:from the original on 2020-06-17 2054: 2040: 2023: 1999: 1988:from the original on 2016-06-18 1973: 1951:"7 key duties of a fire warden" 1943: 1926: 1907: 1888: 1869: 1846: 1707:from the original on 2022-04-08 1050: 592:is considered oxygen deficient) 509: 426:Special operations firefighters 187: 4675:Occupational safety and health 2968:Special operations firefighter 2202:"The Risks of Being a Fireman" 1955:healthandsafetyhandbook.com.au 1750:Crassus: A Political Biography 1742: 1680: 1614: 1588: 1540: 1500:Index of firefighting articles 500: 13: 1: 3507:Wildfire emergency management 3074:Hazardous materials apparatus 2778:"Four-alarm fire on Avenue B" 1534: 1401:Positive pressure ventilation 833:devices. Hazard controls for 807:personal protective equipment 639:personal protective equipment 313:Philadelphia Contributionship 122:firefighters in action, 1930s 87:. Additional hazards include 4609:Potentially hazardous object 2602:"Fire Prevention/Protection" 2187:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.071 1798:London Fire Brigade (2023). 415:Hazardous materials response 336:Aerial video of Firefighting 7: 3482:World Police and Fire Games 3437:Fire protection engineering 2503:Essentials of Fire Fighting 1895:Tommy Tine (January 2014). 1622:"Fire Fighter: OSH Answers" 1467: 10: 4691: 3730:Glossary of wildfire terms 3462:List of firefighting films 2910:Personnel and organization 2632:"Firefighter Career Guide" 1914:Jobmonkey (January 2014). 1489:Glossary of wildfire terms 1424: 1403:(PPV) consists of using a 978: 967: 718: 423: 309:Charlestown, Massachusetts 152:Historic tactics and tools 133: 110: 72:, shipboard firefighting, 29: 4601: 4564: 4523: 4505: 4474: 4467: 4435: 4401: 4394: 4372: 4342: 4308: 4275: 4266: 4181: 4118: 4097: 4071: 4043: 4022: 3996: 3960: 3904: 3876: 3768: 3747: 3722: 3679: 3638: 3520: 3499: 3490: 3442:Geography of firefighting 3409: 3281: 3102: 3034: 2991: 2973:Volunteer fire department 2908: 1312:water-reactive substances 975:Science of extinguishment 809:for fire cleanup include 793:Polyaromatic hydrocarbons 4110:The Combustion Institute 3868: 3760:Template:Fire protection 3477:World Firefighters Games 3371:Gaseous fire suppression 2351:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2002129 2144:U.S. Fire Administration 2071:10.26616/nioshpub2018134 1693:. Taylor & Francis. 1506:List of fire departments 1493:Glossary of firefighting 1484:Glossary of firefighting 1474:Glossary of firefighting 494:wildland/urban interface 3447:History of firefighting 2606:www.fireengineering.com 2140:"Coffee Break Bulletin" 1511:Outline of firefighting 1045:George Mason University 647:polybenzimidazole fiber 560:Hazards caused by fires 447:Chicago Fire Department 207:Marcus Licinius Crassus 136:History of firefighting 3952:Spontaneous combustion 3585:Firefighting apparatus 3273:Thermal imaging camera 3253:Secure information box 3069:Firefighting apparatus 1128: 1094:. An armored vehicle ( 1071: 1063: 1001: 737: 574: 519: 490:Wildland firefighter - 466:certified to mitigate 450: 438: 366:perform their duties. 362: 337: 292: 250:Auxiliary Fire Service 131: 123: 46: 3630:Wildland water tender 3212:Hydraulic rescue tool 2978:Women in firefighting 1800:"Early fire brigades" 1126: 1069: 1058: 992: 968:Further information: 728: 715:During debris cleanup 595:Elevated temperatures 588:is normal and 19.5% O 572: 517: 480:Airport firefighter - 444: 436: 403:Fire hose and streams 376:Building construction 360: 335: 290: 254:National Fire Service 171:In the 16th century, 129: 118: 81:combustible materials 70:aircraft firefighting 66:wildland firefighting 40: 3671:Wildland fire module 3625:Wildland fire engine 3512:Wildfire suppression 3049:Fire command vehicle 3044:Airport crash tender 2943:Retained firefighter 2812:30 June 2007 at the 2418:. 27 December 2012. 2174:Procedia Engineering 1782:The People's Almanac 1389:When properly used, 1383:tactical ventilation 1264:improve this section 939:The main signs are: 882:improve this section 735:September 11 attacks 409:Salvage and overhaul 268:. By the mid-1600s, 219:Great Fire of London 30:For other uses, see 3530:Aerial firefighting 3386:Stop, drop and roll 3376:Multiple-alarm fire 3243:Portable water tank 3152:Fire proximity suit 2788:on 29 December 2015 2758:on 23 November 2007 2241:on 19 February 2015 1834:on 17 November 2014 1779:". Trivia-Library. 1762:Wallechinsky, David 1427:Multiple-alarm fire 1342:fire retardant foam 1232:Asphyxiating a fire 1225:French firefighters 997:is used to fight a 840:engineering control 759:, lung cancer, and 706:structural collapse 474:Rescue technician - 468:hazardous materials 266:Jamestown, Virginia 93:structural collapse 74:aerial firefighting 4670:Emergency services 4260:list by death toll 3570:Fire retardant gel 3555:Fire lookout tower 3228:New York roof hook 3079:Light and air unit 3016:Fire lookout tower 2923:Chief fire officer 1939:. Fire.nsw.gov.au. 1775:2020-02-26 at the 1416:Categorizing fires 1354:sodium bicarbonate 1178:West End of London 1134:thermal insulation 1129: 1119:Closed volume fire 1086:, or dropped from 1072: 1064: 1002: 823:hearing protection 738: 575: 520: 451: 439: 420:Specialized skills 385:Fire extinguishers 363: 353:Firefighter skills 338: 320:Firefighter duties 316:also established. 301:Union Fire Company 293: 132: 124: 47: 4647: 4646: 4624:Geomagnetic storm 4597: 4596: 4463: 4462: 4390: 4389: 4334:Soil liquefaction 4256:Natural disasters 4222: 4221: 4131:List of wildfires 3836: 3835: 3743: 3742: 3735:List of wildfires 3595:Helicopter bucket 3590:Firefighting foam 3192:Hard suction hose 3137:Fire extinguisher 3127:Fire brigade keys 2736:978-0-7637-5168-5 2587:978-981-15-1468-5 2560:978-1-284-05610-5 1918:. jobmonkey.com. 1300: 1299: 1292: 1096:firefighting tank 918: 917: 910: 835:electrical injury 791:, and many more. 612:SCUBA diving gear 598:Toxic atmospheres 529:industrial plants 397:Search and rescue 333: 297:Benjamin Franklin 101:fire extinguisher 16:(Redirected from 4682: 4556:Tropical cyclone 4550:Tornado outbreak 4472: 4471: 4399: 4398: 4352:Pyroclastic flow 4344:Volcano eruption 4273: 4272: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4212: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4035:Death by burning 3997:Individual fires 3863: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3824: 3823: 3812: 3811: 3800: 3799: 3788: 3787: 3776: 3775: 3497: 3496: 3432:Fire photography 3214:("Jaws of life") 3172:Fireman's switch 2895: 2888: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2854: 2853: 2848:. 18 June 2017. 2838: 2832: 2822: 2816: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2784:. Archived from 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2754:. Archived from 2744: 2738: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2692:Watts, Shelbie. 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2512: 2506: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2405: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2283: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2237:. Archived from 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2073: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1853:Hashagan, Paul. 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1830:. Archived from 1820: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1795: 1786: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1544: 1375:UK fire services 1295: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1244: 1236: 913: 906: 902: 899: 893: 862: 854: 729:Firefighters at 662:ammonium nitrate 406:Fire suppression 382:Firefighting PPE 334: 252:, and later the 21: 18:Fire containment 4690: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4593: 4560: 4524:Cyclonic storms 4519: 4501: 4459: 4455:Limnic eruption 4431: 4405: 4386: 4374:Natural erosion 4368: 4338: 4312: 4304: 4262: 4253: 4223: 4218: 4177: 4114: 4093: 4067: 4039: 4018: 3992: 3956: 3942:Fire protection 3900: 3872: 3867: 3837: 3832: 3809: 3797: 3764: 3739: 3718: 3675: 3634: 3535:Controlled burn 3522: 3516: 3486: 3427:Fire engine red 3405: 3396:Two-in, two-out 3351:Fireman's carry 3277: 3177:Flame retardant 3098: 3059:Fire motorcycle 3030: 3004:Fire department 2987: 2938:Station officer 2918:Battalion chief 2904: 2899: 2862: 2857: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2823: 2819: 2814:Wayback Machine 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2782:thevillager.com 2776: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2752:NBC4 Washington 2746: 2745: 2741: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2661:Jacoby, Mitch. 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2501:Hall, Richard. 2500: 2493: 2484: 2482: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2407: 2406: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2213: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2108: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2036:. January 2022. 2033: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1912: 1908: 1893: 1889: 1874: 1870: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1789: 1777:Wayback Machine 1760: 1756: 1748:Marshall, B A: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1725:Walsh, Joseph. 1723: 1719: 1710: 1708: 1701: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1470: 1454: 1441:battalion chief 1429: 1423: 1418: 1366: 1296: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1261: 1245: 1234: 1121: 1104: 1053: 995:fire helicopter 987: 977: 972: 934:smoke explosion 914: 903: 897: 894: 879: 863: 852: 844:N95 respirators 831:fall protection 827:steel-toe boots 723: 717: 669:physical trauma 619:conductive heat 591: 587: 567: 562: 546: 512: 503: 428: 422: 388:Ropes and knots 355: 324: 322: 262: 223:Nicholas Barbon 215: 190: 181:Richard Newsham 154: 138: 113: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4688: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4543: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4469: 4468:Meteorological 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4324:Seismic hazard 4320: 4318: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4205: 4194: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4168:Slash-and-burn 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3922:Dust explosion 3919: 3914: 3912:Chain reaction 3908: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3891:Historic fires 3888: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3565:Fire retardant 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3391:Structure fire 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3316:Door breaching 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3268:Smoke detector 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167:Fireman's pole 3164: 3159: 3157:Fire retardant 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3089:Rescue vehicle 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2860:External links 2858: 2856: 2855: 2833: 2817: 2799: 2769: 2739: 2715: 2684: 2653: 2623: 2593: 2586: 2566: 2559: 2539: 2507: 2491: 2462: 2433: 2393: 2384: 2368: 2344:. 2017-05-13. 2329: 2314:. April 2019. 2294: 2252: 2222: 2206:work.chron.com 2193: 2160: 2146:. 2020-05-19. 2131: 2117: 2088: 2064:. 2018-05-01. 2053: 2039: 2022: 1998: 1972: 1942: 1925: 1906: 1903:on 2014-01-13. 1887: 1884:on 2012-05-12. 1868: 1845: 1812: 1787: 1766:Irving Wallace 1754: 1741: 1732: 1717: 1699: 1679: 1639: 1613: 1587: 1566: 1553:Dictionary.com 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1491:—expansion of 1486: 1482:—expansion of 1469: 1466: 1453: 1452:United Kingdom 1450: 1437:structure fire 1425:Main article: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1365: 1362: 1346:carbon dioxide 1298: 1297: 1248: 1246: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1213:/min for each 1120: 1117: 1103: 1100: 1052: 1049: 981:Fire Chemistry 976: 973: 951: 950: 947: 944: 916: 915: 866: 864: 857: 851: 848: 838:an area is an 719:Main article: 716: 713: 702:disorientation 635:rhabdomyolysis 600: 599: 596: 593: 589: 585: 582: 566: 563: 561: 558: 545: 542: 511: 508: 502: 499: 498: 497: 487: 477: 471: 461: 453:Examples are: 424:Main article: 421: 418: 417: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 394:Forcible entry 392: 391:Ground ladders 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 372:Examples are: 354: 351: 321: 318: 261: 258: 214: 213:United Kingdom 211: 189: 186: 160:made a double 153: 150: 134:Main article: 112: 109: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4687: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4619:Meteor shower 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4417:Coastal flood 4415: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098:Organizations 4096: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3829: 3828: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3755:Template:Fire 3753: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3697:United States 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3472:Saint Florian 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410:Miscellaneous 3408: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3346:Fire triangle 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3306:Dead man zone 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3202:Heat detector 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2830:0-7153-7723-X 2827: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728:0-7637-5168-5 2725: 2719: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2032: 2026: 2008: 2002: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1935: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1801: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1736: 1728: 1721: 1706: 1702: 1700:9780415224581 1696: 1692: 1691: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1578:"Firefighter" 1573: 1571: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1421:United States 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1294: 1291: 1283: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1249:This section 1247: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1197:Charles's law 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1102:Open air fire 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:water bombers 1085: 1081: 1076: 1068: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1000: 996: 991: 986: 982: 971: 966: 962: 960: 956: 948: 945: 942: 941: 940: 937: 935: 931: 927: 922: 912: 909: 901: 898:December 2023 891: 887: 883: 877: 876: 872: 867:This section 865: 861: 856: 855: 847: 846:can be used. 845: 841: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 800:electrocution 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 736: 732: 727: 722: 712: 709: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 687: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 597: 594: 583: 580: 579: 578: 571: 565:During a fire 557: 554: 552: 541: 538: 532: 530: 524: 516: 507: 495: 491: 488: 485: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 465: 462: 459: 456: 455: 454: 448: 443: 435: 431: 427: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 379:Fire behavior 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 367: 359: 350: 348: 344: 317: 314: 310: 305: 302: 298: 289: 285: 283: 279: 278:New York City 275: 274:New Amsterdam 271: 267: 260:United States 257: 255: 251: 247: 242: 238: 235: 234:badge or mark 230: 228: 224: 220: 217:Prior to the 210: 208: 203: 201: 200: 194: 185: 182: 177: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 149: 147: 143: 137: 128: 121: 117: 108: 106: 102: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 44: 39: 33: 19: 4660:Firefighting 4614:Impact event 4602:Astronomical 4536:Thunderstorm 4531:Bomb cyclone 4395:Hydrological 4364:Volcanic ash 4329:Seismic risk 4277:Mass wasting 4143:Firefighting 4142: 4084:Fire worship 3927:Fire ecology 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3687:Ancient Rome 3661:Hotshot crew 3646:Fire lookout 3545:Fire flapper 3336:Fire control 3301:Chimney fire 3187:Halligan bar 3162:Fire shelter 3147:Fire hydrant 3122:Fire blanket 3117:Escape chair 3094:Water tender 3021:Fire station 2948:Fire marshal 2928:Fire captain 2902:Firefighting 2901: 2846:The Guardian 2845: 2836: 2820: 2802: 2790:. 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Retrieved 1551: 1542: 1492: 1483: 1462:fire engines 1455: 1446: 1434: 1430: 1410: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1371: 1367: 1358:fire blanket 1339: 1336: 1316:hydrocarbons 1301: 1286: 1277: 1262:Please help 1250: 1223: 1219: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1130: 1109: 1105: 1092:forest fires 1084:tanker truck 1080:fire hydrant 1077: 1073: 1051:Use of water 1042: 1038: 1034: 1014: 1010: 1003: 963: 952: 938: 923: 919: 904: 895: 880:Please help 868: 804: 797: 761:mesothelioma 742: 739: 710: 695: 688: 681: 651: 623:radiant heat 616: 601: 576: 555: 551:fire shelter 547: 533: 525: 521: 510:Fire wardens 504: 489: 479: 473: 470:emergencies. 463: 457: 452: 429: 371: 368: 364: 339: 306: 299:founded the 294: 282:Philadelphia 263: 246:World War II 243: 239: 231: 227:fire brigade 216: 204: 197: 193:Ancient Rome 191: 188:Ancient Rome 178: 170: 165: 155: 145: 139: 97: 78: 50:Firefighting 49: 48: 4629:Solar flare 4515:Megadrought 4475:Temperature 4448:Megatsunami 4427:Storm surge 4422:Flash flood 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