1046:
24:
464:
975:
decrees that
Vigiles are "ordered to remind every one to have a supply of water ready in his upper room". While the Vigiles only had advising authority, their recommendations were often followed to avoid repercussions for negligence. Corporal punishment was the most common punishment for negligence
766:
were accommodated in barracks and patrolled the streets, especially at night, on the lookout for any unsupervised fires. Every householder was obliged to keep equipment for fighting fires, and the men themselves were equipped with pumps, buckets, hooks (for pulling down burning material), picks,
987:
helped to direct the
Vigiles in fighting the flames. It was rumoured that the Vigiles intentionally allowed the city to burn under orders from Nero, who later built his palace on land that was cleared by the fire. Regardless, Nero enacted fire code laws following the Great Fire to avoid further
967:
into fires. In many cases the best way to prevent the spread of flames was to tear down the burning building with hooks and levers. For fires in multiple story buildings, cushions and mattresses were spread out on the ground for people to jump onto from the upper levels.
871:
Beyond the office of the prefect, the
Vigiles were ordered by rank similar to the military. While some terms of service could extend beyond twenty years, most commissioned ranks were much shorter. Since the
828:
would often go on to become centurions in the Urban
Cohorts, followed by becoming a centurion in the Praetorian Guard. They would then transfer to the Legions, where they could reach the rank of
1855:
1190:. Despite initial bafflement, the head of the vigiles is able to solve the case with help from his Greek doctor friend and arrest the murderers despite their previously unknown weapon.
1120:
and there were sub-stations throughout the city. What arrangements were made for policing the outer suburbs of the city is not known. (Certainly after the governmental reforms of
1835:
996:
Starting about 27 BC, Augustus added a police function to the
Vigiles to counterbalance the urban mobs that had run rampant during the latter days of the Republic.
492:
1830:
1574:
1337:
848:
capacity of the office. As a judge, the
Prefect made rulings in his court for the common thieves caught during the night. Eventually, the Prefect was given
971:
A major duty of the
Vigiles was to enforce preventative measures against conflagrations. Adequate fire fighting equipment was required in every home. The
1840:
1061:. It was not until the mid-2nd century that official stations were built explicitly for the Vigiles' use. By the early 3rd century sub-stations (
943:
was pulled by horses and consisted of a large double action pump that was partially submerged in a reservoir of water. The
Vigiles designated as
899:. This is the only known instance of the holder of this office being given a substantive command outside Rome. Whether or not his force included
1742:
Tacitus, Publius
Cornelius. The Annals. In: The Complete Works of Tacitus. (1942) Translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb.
976:
according to the Digest of
Justinian, "where persons have paid insufficient attention to their fire, the prefect ... orders them to be beaten".
1860:
1745:
Justinian I. (529) The Digest of Justinian. Book I, XV. Translated by Monro, Charles Henry. (1904) Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51.
1865:
1153:, providing assistance in Falco's investigations. In particular, Falco's old army friend Lucius Petronius Longus is a 'Watch Captain' in
485:
270:
166:
860:, "if the offender is a person of such thuggish and infamous character ... the case is sent on to the prefect of the city". Often times
82:
840:
appointed by the emperor to command the seven cohorts. It was not a particularly sought after office until the 3rd century. Prominent
1130:
extended as far as the east coast and for 100 miles (160 km) in every direction. This might suggest that his subordinate, the
58:
715:(detachment) of four centuries was detached from Rome for four months at a time, with two centuries being stationed at each city.
224:
1656:
A Collection of Archaeological Pamphlets on Roman Remains Formed by Sir B.C.A. Windle and Relating Principally to Great Britain
478:
144:
1722:
1690:
1637:
1610:
1558:
1531:
1504:
1477:
1450:
1418:
1386:
1320:
1760:
Cambridge Ancient History. (1996) 2nd Ed, Vol. X: The Augustan Empire, 43B.C.-A.D.69 Ed. Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward;
591:
or "little bucket fellows", given to them because of the buckets they carried water in, which were made of rope sealed with
1162:
676:
1003:
of Rome. Their duties included apprehending thieves and robbers and capturing runaway slaves. The task of guarding the
988:
conflagrations. These laws called for more public access to water and prohibited buildings from sharing a common wall.
702:
1807:
32:
1578:
1271:
646:. Usually tribunes would begin their career by commanding a unit of the Vigiles. Each cohort was divided into seven
1850:
370:
48:
1065:), which held forty to fifty men, were constructed to accommodate the expanding city and the surrounding suburbs.
126:
240:
201:
152:
1219:
918:
is not known. If he is associated with one of the barracks it is likely to have been that of I Cohort in the
356:
289:
77:
1627:
1440:
1712:
1408:
1548:
564:
in Rome. Another organization dedicated to fighting fires in ancient Rome was a band of slaves led by the
951:
to bring water to the fire. Attempts were made to smother the fire by covering it with patchwork quilts (
571:. The privately operated system became ineffective, so in the interest of keeping himself and Rome safe,
1249:
1000:
175:
1845:
1361:
1295:
741:
In the beginning, the corps had difficulty recruiting men. In an effort to entice men to enlist the
1214:
385:
40:
880:, serving in the corps was usually only a means of achieving more honourable and lucrative posts.
856:
as well. According to Justinian, in the event of more serious crimes the decision was made by the
1209:
809:
603:
557:
1654:
1600:
1521:
1467:
1376:
805:
680:
639:
523:
252:
101:
1795:
1348:
1282:
895:(Gothicus) on his accession in 269 AD to secure the lower Rhone valley against the so-called
568:
351:
87:
729:
appear to have lost their status as an independent unit and come under the authority of the
972:
341:
283:
1757:
Bunson, Matthew. (1994) Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Facts on File Inc., New York, NY
8:
1146:
1098:
1054:
722:, the vigiles took to looting the city rather than enforcing law and fighting the fires.
679:, and were on occasion used to maintain order in the streets. Their most famous prefect,
468:
192:
1272:"Key Points Of The History Of Firefighting (From the Early Times Till The Middle Ages)"
1091:
980:
865:
837:
719:
631:
626:
437:
947:
needed to have an accurate knowledge of where water was located, and they also formed
759:
after six years of service. By the 2nd century, citizens were also allowed to enlist.
1803:
1776:
1718:
1686:
1633:
1606:
1554:
1527:
1500:
1473:
1446:
1414:
1382:
1316:
1008:
748:
580:
444:
310:
299:
599:
1678:
1224:
1204:
1199:
1167:
1026:
1021:
730:
688:
421:
410:
325:
44:
1711:
Conser, James A.; Paynich, Rebecca; Gingerich, Terry; Gingerich, Terry E. (2011).
1670:
1682:
1494:
1310:
1126:
1045:
857:
415:
393:
336:
1761:
948:
430:
400:
361:
833:
121:
1824:
1186:, whose victim was a prominent citizen in the city whom they murdered with a
1150:
1077:
1034:
896:
592:
561:
405:
377:
305:
1058:
1015:
and looked for disturbances of the peace while they patrolled the streets.
1012:
983:
in AD 64 over one third of Rome was destroyed by flames. The young Emperor
877:
849:
829:
743:
616:
535:
1175:
1029:, though Vigiles could provide a supporting role in these situations. The
1183:
1011:
when the baths remained open during the night. They dealt primarily with
940:
892:
888:
853:
527:
315:
206:
1550:
Industrialization and Urbanization: Studies in Interdisciplinary History
1244:
560:, organized into a group that combatted the common problems of fire and
1771:
1171:
1121:
845:
785:), with four doctors attached to each cohort, and their own chaplains (
711:
346:
111:
67:
1784:
797:
supervised the supply of water. The ordinary firefighters were called
1523:
Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order
813:
778:
652:
548:
331:
935:
Every cohort was equipped with standard firefighting equipment. The
1016:
956:
773:
692:
665:
647:
579:. Augustus modelled the new firefighters after the fire brigade of
572:
656:. Each cohort patrolled two of the city's fourteen administrative
606:
and used the proceeds to set up the new force. The first units of
1112:
As mentioned elsewhere detachments of watchmen were stationed at
1004:
960:
841:
817:
768:
752:
684:
675:
also acted as a night watch, keeping an eye out for burglars and
643:
96:
1814:
Originally published in 1926 by Oxford University Press, London.
1710:
1187:
1179:
1081:
844:
with a legal background began serving as Prefect to fulfil the
706:
611:
565:
531:
186:
1520:
Fuhrmann, Christopher J.; Fuhrmann, Christopher (2012-01-12).
624:
and they were all slaves. In 22 AD they were commanded by the
1856:
Military units and formations established in the 1st century
891:
was put in charge of an expeditionary force sent to Gaul by
984:
876:
never achieved the prestige of the Praetorian Guard or the
515:
1312:
The Great Fire of Rome: Life and Death in the Ancient City
668:
by this time. The cohorts were doubled in size in AD 205.
1677:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 4–46, 1995-09-21,
999:
In addition to extinguishing fires, the Vigiles were the
914:
identified above or whether he had an entirely separate
1007:
was added as a duty of the Vigiles during the reign of
695:
to retake control of the city from Sejanus's soldiers.
1072:
or barracks have been fairly definitively identified:
575:
instituted a new public firefighting force called the
1496:
Kill Caesar!: Assassination in the Early Roman Empire
1547:
Rabb, Theodore K.; Rotberg, Robert I. (2014-07-14).
1109:provisionally identified near the Aemilian Bridge.
808:each 1,000 men strong. The cohorts contained seven
1785:"The Cohortes Vigilum and the Great Fire of 64 AD"
1442:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
1836:Military units and formations of the Roman Empire
955:) soaked with water. There is even evidence that
1822:
1519:
1145:The Vigiles often play a prominent role in the
1097:V Cohort: On Caelian Hill near present site of
1019:, riots and violent crimes were handled by the
1602:Ancient Rome: City Planning and Administration
1335:
777:for knocking down burning houses and creating
1831:Infantry units and formations of ancient Rome
1575:"History of Law Enforcement - Police History"
959:firefighting methods were used by throwing a
486:
1057:private homes and buildings to use as their
556:) were the first men, being privately owned
1546:
781:. They even had their own medical support (
691:after his men had been used by the Emperor
1068:The locations of four of the seven cohort
493:
479:
1841:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Italy
1653:Windle, Sir Bertram Coghill Alan (1887).
650:, each of 70–80 men commanded by a
1794:
1598:
1438:
1182:) are tasked to hunt down two murderers
1105:The VII Cohort was probably housed in a
1044:
701:were stationed at the harbour cities of
1764:. Cambridge University Press, New York.
1492:
1469:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome
1465:
820:. The commander of the Vigiles was the
1823:
1652:
1406:
1374:
1137:, had a commensurate responsibility.)
804:The Vigiles were organized into seven
1861:0s establishments in the Roman Empire
1625:
1338:"History of Firefighting: Key Points"
1308:
1140:
1750:
1714:Law Enforcement in the United States
1434:
1432:
1430:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1269:
1049:Graffiti from wardroom of 7th Cohort
832:. The prefect was also known as the
816:, and the cohort was commanded by a
1866:1st-century establishments in Italy
1791:, Vol. 87 (1992), pp. 229–240.
1717:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
1671:"Republican principles of policing"
1336:Peresun’ko, T. I.; Spirkina, O. O.
910:had his headquarters in any of the
747:was passed in 24 AD, granting full
733:sometime in the early 3rd century.
13:
1735:
1076:I Cohort: On the east side of the
812:. The centuries were commanded by
587:were also known by their nickname
14:
1877:
1493:Sheldon, Rose Mary (2018-10-27).
1427:
1395:
930:
836:of the Watch. The prefect was an
1772:"Conflagrations in Ancient Rome"
1526:. Oxford University Press, USA.
866:prefects of the Praetorian Guard
462:
22:
1704:
1663:
1646:
1619:
1592:
1567:
1540:
1513:
1407:Harvey, Brian K. (2015-06-03).
1375:Nippel, Wilfried (1995-09-21).
1309:Walsh, Joseph J. (2019-10-01).
991:
736:
1599:Robinson, O. F. (2003-08-27).
1553:. Princeton University Press.
1486:
1472:. Cambridge University Press.
1459:
1410:Roman Lives, Corrected Edition
1381:. Cambridge University Press.
1368:
1329:
1302:
1263:
1237:
610:were under the command of the
598:In AD 6, Augustus levied a 4%
1:
1780:, 27 (1932), pp. 270–288
1629:Falco: The Official Companion
1626:Davis, Lindsey (2011-01-18).
1230:
1220:List of Roman army unit types
1025:and (to a lesser extent) the
357:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
1800:The Vigiles of Imperial Rome
1683:10.1017/cbo9780511620324.003
1675:Public Order in Ancient Rome
1499:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1466:Erdkamp, Paul (2013-09-05).
1378:Public Order in Ancient Rome
903:from the city is uncertain.
638:and were divided into seven
271:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
1802:. Chicago, Illinois: Ares.
1193:
1040:
677:hunting down runaway slaves
526:of the watchmen") were the
83:Decorations and punishments
10:
1882:
1250:World History Encyclopedia
1170:, the vigiles of Vesunna,
541:
1315:. JHU Press. p. 33.
925:
771:and axes. They also used
1215:List of fire departments
1124:the jurisdiction of the
620:. There were only 6,000
386:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
371:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
41:Military of ancient Rome
16:Watchmen of ancient Rome
1851:History of firefighting
1210:History of firefighting
1087:III Cohort: On Viminal;
963:based substance called
793:operated a pump and an
469:Ancient Rome portal
1796:Reynolds, P.K. Baillie
1783:Daugherty, Gregory N.
1439:Southern, Pat (2006).
1413:. Hackett Publishing.
1356:Cite journal requires
1290:Cite journal requires
1050:
1033:were not considered a
824:The centurions of the
681:Naevius Sutorius Macro
554:three men of the night
1048:
685:Lucius Aelius Sejanus
569:Marcus Egnatius Rufus
510:or more properly the
352:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
167:Technological history
342:Lower Germanic Limes
241:Strategy and tactics
176:Military engineering
78:Unit types and ranks
1767:Canter, H.V. (1932)
1147:Marcus Didius Falco
1099:S. Maria in Domnica
973:Digest of Justinian
906:Whether or not the
822:Praefectus Vigilum.
731:Praetorian prefects
337:Lauter Valley Limes
1141:In popular culture
1092:Baths of Caracalla
1053:The first Vigiles
1051:
981:Great Fire of Rome
908:Praefectus Vigilum
864:would go on to be
862:Praefectus Vigilum
720:Great Fire of Rome
687:as Prefect of the
627:praefectus vigilum
549:triumviri nocturni
514:("watchmen of the
438:Limes Tripolitanus
59:Structural history
1789:Classical Journal
1777:Classical Journal
1751:Secondary sources
1724:978-0-7637-9938-0
1692:978-0-521-38749-1
1639:978-1-4464-5523-4
1612:978-1-134-84493-7
1560:978-1-4008-5655-8
1533:978-0-19-973784-0
1506:978-1-5381-1489-6
1479:978-0-521-89629-0
1452:978-1-85109-730-2
1420:978-1-58510-975-3
1388:978-0-521-38749-1
1322:978-1-4214-3371-4
1009:Alexander Severus
751:and a bonus cash
581:Alexandria, Egypt
503:
502:
454:
453:
445:Limes Mauretaniae
300:Limes Britannicus
261:
260:
225:Political history
215:
214:
135:
134:
1873:
1846:Fire departments
1813:
1729:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1632:. Random House.
1623:
1617:
1616:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1577:. Archived from
1571:
1565:
1564:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1463:
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1425:
1424:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1354:
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1344:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1225:Vigili del Fuoco
1200:Praetorian Guard
1168:Harry Turtledove
1163:Death in Vesunna
1090:IV Cohort: Near
1027:Praetorian Guard
1022:Cohortes urbanae
689:Praetorian Guard
664:were made up of
520:Cohortes Vigilum
495:
488:
481:
467:
466:
465:
326:Limes Germanicus
276:
275:
253:Infantry tactics
246:
245:
202:Triumphal arches
172:
171:
153:Wars and battles
145:Campaign history
64:
63:
26:
25:
19:
18:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1810:
1762:Lintott, Andrew
1753:
1748:
1738:
1736:Primary sources
1733:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:Spirkina, O.O.
1268:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1196:
1184:from the future
1143:
1127:Praefectus Urbi
1043:
994:
949:bucket brigades
933:
928:
858:praefectus urbi
739:
642:commanded by a
602:on the sale of
544:
499:
463:
461:
456:
455:
450:
422:Limes Sarmatiae
416:Anastasian Wall
394:Pannonian Limes
273:
263:
262:
257:
243:
233:
232:
231:
227:
217:
216:
211:
197:
169:
159:
158:
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131:
106:
92:
61:
51:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1879:
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1858:
1853:
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1816:
1815:
1808:
1792:
1781:
1770:H. V. Canter,
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1512:
1505:
1485:
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1419:
1394:
1387:
1367:
1358:|journal=
1328:
1321:
1301:
1292:|journal=
1262:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1142:
1139:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1042:
1039:
993:
990:
932:
931:Fighting fires
929:
927:
924:
738:
735:
562:conflagrations
543:
540:
512:Vigiles Urbani
501:
500:
498:
497:
490:
483:
475:
472:
471:
458:
457:
452:
451:
449:
448:
441:
434:
431:Limes Arabicus
426:
425:
418:
413:
408:
403:
401:Limes Alutanus
397:
396:
390:
389:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
365:
364:
362:Wetterau Limes
359:
354:
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339:
334:
321:
320:
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313:
311:Hadrian's Wall
308:
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62:
57:
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52:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1878:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
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1829:
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1826:
1819:
1811:
1809:0-89005-552-1
1805:
1801:
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1790:
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1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1569:
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1515:
1495:
1488:
1468:
1461:
1445:. ABC-CLIO.
1441:
1409:
1377:
1370:
1349:cite journal
1331:
1311:
1304:
1283:cite journal
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1205:Urban cohort
1174:(now modern
1161:
1159:
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1117:
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1013:petty crimes
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854:petty crimes
850:jurisdiction
830:Primus Pilus
825:
821:
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801:(soldiers).
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744:Lex Visellia
742:
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737:Organization
726:
724:
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710:
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672:
670:
661:
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617:vicomagistri
615:
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597:
588:
584:
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547:
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536:ancient Rome
528:firefighters
519:
511:
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429:
420:
384:
324:
298:
282:
185:
1063:excubitoria
1055:sequestered
979:During the
941:fire engine
916:praefectura
893:Claudius II
889:Placidianus
846:magisterial
791:siphonarius
749:citizenship
718:During the
316:Saxon Shore
1825:Categories
1698:2020-11-14
1585:2015-10-11
1256:2021-01-20
1231:References
1172:Roman Gaul
1149:novels of
1132:Praefectus
1122:Diocletian
1001:nightwatch
885:praefectus
883:One known
814:centurions
787:victimarii
779:firebreaks
712:vexillatio
634:rank, and
632:equestrian
347:Main Limes
1245:"Vigiles"
1176:PĂ©rigueux
1070:stationes
912:stationes
810:centuries
774:ballistae
653:centurion
648:centuries
552:(meaning
332:Alb Limes
1798:(1996).
1194:See also
1078:Via Lata
1041:Quarters
1017:Sedition
957:chemical
953:centones
920:Via Lata
795:aquarius
769:mattocks
693:Tiberius
666:freedmen
658:regiones
614:and the
589:Spartoli
573:Augustus
127:Admirals
102:Generals
33:a series
31:Part of
1135:Vigilum
1031:Vigiles
961:vinegar
945:aquarii
901:vigiles
874:Vigiles
842:jurists
834:Prefect
826:Vigiles
818:tribune
806:cohorts
799:milites
764:Vigiles
757:Vigiles
753:stipend
727:vigiles
699:Vigiles
673:vigiles
662:vigiles
644:tribune
640:cohorts
622:vigiles
612:aediles
608:vigiles
585:vigiles
577:vigiles
542:History
524:cohorts
507:Vigiles
97:Auxilia
88:Legions
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1188:pistol
1180:France
1157:XIII.
1118:Portus
1107:statio
1082:Saepta
1037:unit.
965:acetum
926:Duties
783:medici
707:Portus
660:. The
604:slaves
583:. The
566:aedile
558:slaves
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187:Castra
122:Fleets
49:AD 476
45:753 BC
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1005:baths
937:sipho
838:eques
789:). A
703:Ostia
593:pitch
290:Walls
284:Limes
207:Roads
1804:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1634:ISBN
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1555:ISBN
1528:ISBN
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1474:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1362:help
1317:ISBN
1296:help
1116:and
985:Nero
762:The
725:The
709:. A
705:and
671:The
546:The
530:and
516:City
112:Navy
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1166:by
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