871:), and a harness with adjustable shoulder straps and waist belt which lets it be worn on the back. The air cylinder is commonly 4 liter, 6 liter, or 6.8 liter, but other sizes are also available. The endurance of the cylinder can be calculated from the volume, pressure and breathing rate of the user. The formula: volume (in liters) × pressure (in bars) / 40 (litres per minute) - 10 minutes (the 10 minutes is a safety margin, or reserve), so a 6-liter cylinder, of 300 bar, is 6 × 300 / 40 - 10 = 35 minutes working duration. The fitness and level of exertion of the wearer affect breathing rate, and result in variations of the actual usable time of the SCBA.
1017:
456:
983:
956:
1055:, chemical, and nuclear industries. The design emphasis for industrial users depends on the precise application and extends from the bottom end which is cost critical, to the most severe environments where the SCBA is one part of an integrated protective environment which includes gas-tight suits for whole-body protection and ease of decontamination. Industrial users will often be supplied with air via an air line, and only carry compressed air for escape or decontamination purposes.
1126:
517:
773:
971:
796:
3095:
2151:
1105:
1065:
1041:(personal alert safety system) or an ADSU (automatic distress signal unit) into their design. These units emit distinctive, high-pitched alarm tones to help locate firefighters in distress by automatically activating if movement is not sensed for a certain length of time (typically between 15 and 30 seconds), also allowing for manual activation should the need arise. In firefighting use, the layout of this breathing set should not interfere with
3143:
50:
2175:
3131:
3119:
147:
3107:
2163:
464:
841:
671:
1084:
performance of the SCBA, the marking required, and the information to be provided to the user. Two classes of SCBA are recognised, Type 1 for industrial use and Type 2 for firefighting. Any SCBA conforming to this standard will have been verified to reliably operate and protect the user from -30 °C to +60 °C under a wide range of severe simulated operational conditions.
1117:
512:
854:
reduces it to just above atmospheric pressure via a demand valve when the pressure drops on inhalation. A positive pressure mask has the demand valve set to close when the pressure inside the mask is slightly above the external ambient pressure, so when the mask is removed from the face or leaks around the skirt, the demand valve will free-flow.
484:
1093:
vision and awareness of the surroundings. The weight and harness straps may limit tidal volume, ventilation rate, and oxygen consumption, and heart rate may increase in comparison with the same exercise levels without the equipment. Shoulder harness straps of heavy SCBA can reduce free motion of the thorax which affects breathing.
1138:
522:
1092:
SCBA is intended to be personal protective equipment, but its use is not without cost. The weight of the unit and work of breathing affect the work capacity and agility of the wearer, and the full-face mask, while protecting the face and eyes from heat, smoke, and toxic gases, also reduces peripheral
1036:
For firefighting, the design emphasis is on heat and flame resistance above cost. SCBAs designed for firefighting tend to be expensive because of the exotic materials used to provide the flame resistance, and to a lesser extent, to reduce the weight penalty on the firefighter. In addition, modern
853:
Open-circuit industrial breathing sets are filled with filtered, compressed air. Typical open-circuit systems have two stage regulators. The first stage reduces the pressure from storage pressure of up to more than 300 bar to about 10 bar for supply to the second stage on the mask, which further
1083:
Any SCBA supplied for use in Europe must comply with the requirements of the
Personal Protective Equipment Directive (89/686/EEC). In practice this usually means that the SCBA must comply with the requirements of the European Standard EN 137:2006. This includes detailed requirements for the
504:
494:
1050:
The other major application is for industrial users of various types. Historically, mining was an important area, and in Europe this is still reflected by limitations on use in the construction of SCBAs of metals that can cause sparks. Other important users are
489:
340:
1104:
1076:, NFPA Standard 1981. If an SCBA is labeled as "1981 NFPA compliant", it is designed for firefighting. The current version of the standard was published in 2018. These standards are revised every five years. Similarly, the
810:
does not restrict the gas that can be used (although compressed air is usually chosen), use of compressed oxygen is not allowed due to the system's exposure to outside air. Duration is usually limited to 30-60 minutes.
940:
emblems from respirator labels, as MSHA is no longer involved in respirator approval except for respirators approved for mining. As a result, new SCBAs now have to specify whether the SCBA is "intended for mine use".
831:
NIOSH emphasizes that facepieces between both SCBA types cannot be interchanged, but certain SCBAs can be switched to both 'demand' and 'pressure-demand' operation. However, both modes require different training.
1127:
Announcement of Public
Meeting to Discuss Potential Standards or Guidelines for Respiratory Protective Devices Used to Protect Emergency Response Workers Against Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents
691:
The closed-circuit type, also known as a rebreather, operates by filtering, supplementing, and recirculating exhaled gas. It is used when a longer-duration supply of breathing gas is needed, such as in
654:), about 150 to 374 atmospheres), a pressure regulator, and a respiratory interface, which may be a mouthpiece, half mask or full-face mask, assembled and mounted on a framed carrying harness.
1456:
1001:
SCBAs usually come with full-facepieces, but can also come with half-mask or mouthpiece in demand or pressure-demand mode, though use of mouthpieces are limited to escapes only, as of 1987.
1365:
3189:
1452:
CBRN SCBA standard development and publication leading to the first NIOSH-Certified SCBA with CBRN protection offered by the US DHHS/CDC/NIOSH/NPPTL on June 3, 2002 (Archived)
183:
499:
1387:
Louhevaara, V.; Smolander, J.; Tuomi, T.; Korhonen, O.; Jaakkola, J. (1985). "Effects of an SCBA on breathing pattern, gas exchange, and heart rate during exercise".
758:
To reduce pressure buildup from use, a pressure-relief valve with saliva trap is included. Closed-circuit SCBAs are also noticeably smaller than open-circuit ones.
1118:
Safety
Advisory on The Potential for Sudden Failures of Fiberglass-wrapped Composite Aluminum Cylinders Following Exposure to Acidic Chemical Cleaning Agents
1077:
236:
700:, and going through passages too narrow for a big open-circuit air cylinder. Before open-circuit SCBA's were developed, most industrial breathing sets were
3022:
1690:
292:
67:
297:
821:: 2000 psi to the regulator from the main valve, plus a bypass valve in case of failure, with a two-stage regulator reducing pressure to 50-100 psi.
1446:
1080:(NIOSH) has a certification program for SCBA that are intended to be used in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) environments.
728:
Duration of closed-circuit SCBAs is somewhere between 1-4 hours. A closed-circuit SCBA system is negative-pressure, increasing the risk of leaks.
1702:
205:
114:
1357:
900:
every 5 years. During extended operations, empty air cylinders can be quickly replaced with fresh ones and then refilled from larger tanks in a
554:
86:
1510:
372:
2940:
1594:
211:
93:
2179:
827:: Similar to demand, but with a spring in the diaphragm, which holds the admission valve open, for continuous air flow to the facepiece.
2772:
215:
1068:
Volunteer fire fighter exiting live burn structure wearing NIOSH-certified SCBA, NFPA compliant turn-out gear, and holding a pike pole
764:
are also closed-circuit SCBAs, working on the same principles, being designed for emergency use in mines, and lasting about one hour.
1451:
100:
921:
580:
259:
225:
3169:
2303:
2213:
82:
1170:, also known as ADSU (automatic distress signal unit) – Device used to set off an alarm when a firefighter is in distress
657:
A self-contained breathing apparatus may fall into one of three categories: open-circuit, closed-circuit, or continuous-flow.
937:
254:
221:
2930:
2167:
1073:
917:
Escape SCBAs, also known as ESCBAs, come with hoods, are meant for escapes only, and are operated in continuous flow mode.
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An open circuit SCBA typically has three main components: a high-pressure gas storage cylinder, (e.g., 2,216 to 5,500
415:
264:
1472:
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Elastomeric masks linked to backpack air tanks: self-contained breathing apparatus, worn by firefighters advancing with a
2023:
1746:
1321:
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2424:
2278:
1555:
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547:
1913:
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133:
1182:, also known as Short Term Air Supply (STAS) – Device to protect the user from smoke inhalation in an emergency
2073:
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1647:
896:), but they also have the shortest lifespan and must be taken out of service after 15 years. Air cylinders must be
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An open-circuit SCBA does not recirculate air; it instead allows respired air to be exhausted outside. While
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Changes in
Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease
3179:
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2100:
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377:
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In the United States and Canada, SCBAs used in firefighting must meet guidelines established by the
3122:
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936:. As of 2001, quality assurance of SCBA harnesses is required. Labels have been updated to remove
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with exhaled water and carbon dioxide. A chlorate candle has to be struck to start the device.
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wrapped.) The composite cylinders are the lightest in weight and are therefore preferred by
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Hoods and helmets are limited to continuous flow mode only, and are also used in
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worn to provide an autonomous supply of breathable gas in an atmosphere that is
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Terrorism and CBRN defense (with SCBAs) meeting by NIOSH, circa March-April 2001
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1149:, regulator of SCBAs in the United States – US federal government agency
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CBRN SCBA interim user guide and list of approved CBRN SCBA (Archived)
1322:"STANDARD APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF RESPIRATORS"
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situations, regardless of type, are usually limited to 3-10 minutes.
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34:
1158: – List of definitions of terms and jargon used in firefighting
49:
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1603:
1021:
802:
approval label for an open-circuit, pressure-demand SCBA respirator
335:
1164: – Device worn to protect the user from inhaling contaminants
1043:
ability to carry a rescued person over the firefighter's shoulders
1470:
Study of the physiological effects of wearing breathing apparatus
1386:
146:
2191:
932:
42 CFR 84 replaces the 30 CFR 11 respirator regulation used by
867:, air cylinder, pressure gauge, (sometimes with an integrated
697:
463:
840:
2543:
1146:
933:
881:
814:
There are two types of open-circuit SCBA according to NIOSH:
732:
670:
717:
595:
means that the SCBA is not dependent on a remote supply of
231:
1421:
Essentials of Fire
Fighting and Fire Department Operations
513:
SCBA cylinder advisory following exposure to acidic agents
639:. If designed for use under water, it is also known as a
731:
There are two types of closed-circuit SCBA according to
1151:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
599:(e.g., through a long hose). They are sometimes called
3190:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1531:
1380:
1176: – Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
1078:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
716:. An example of modern rebreather SCBAs would be the
1573:
500:
NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care
Industry Millions
1217:
1205:
884:, or of a composite construction (usually glass or
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1881:
1059:
859:An open-circuit rescue or firefighting SCBA has a
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
643:(self-contained underwater breathing apparatus).
3161:
1431:NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection
1028:There are two major application areas for SCBA:
892:(UK: fire and rescue services previously called
790:
783:For underwater open-circuit breathing sets, see
1724:
16:Breathing gas supply system carried by the user
1963:
1229:
927:
723:
523:Flashover postmortem—with information on SCBAs
2207:
1504:
548:
2941:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
1304:
1302:
920:Escape only SCBAs, designed for escape from
750:. This involves a chemical reaction between
454:
1113:has original text related to this article:
19:"SCBA" redirects here. For other uses, see
2773:International Association of Fire Fighters
2214:
2200:
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1511:
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1289:
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1168:PASS device (personal alert safety system)
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1032:, and industrial use in confined spaces.
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1063:
1015:
839:
794:
771:
669:
145:
26:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1518:
1284:
863:, also called the face-piece, a demand
603:. Some types are also referred to as a
581:immediately dangerous to life or health
505:Differences Between Part 11 and Part 84
3162:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1248:
2195:
2007:
1962:
1880:
1723:
1572:
1530:
1492:
1457:Image of 2-cylinder open-circuit SCBA
1418:
1327:. NIOSH. January 2001. Archived from
1223:
1211:
3106:
2931:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
2162:
1074:National Fire Protection Association
467:Related media at Wikimedia Commons:
402:Related topics involving respirators
83:"Self-contained breathing apparatus"
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
2024:Breathing performance of regulators
1747:Continuous positive airway pressure
1462:Rescuer Deaths in Underground Mines
1267:
946:Updated SCBA labels under 42 CFR 84
160:This article is part of a series on
13:
2579:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2279:Firefighter assist and search team
1621:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1556:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
1481:Institute of Occupational Medicine
1008:in addition to escape-only SCBAs.
912:
776:SCBA packs carried on a rack in a
762:Self-contained self-rescue devices
605:compressed air breathing apparatus
569:self-contained breathing apparatus
421:Self-contained breathing apparatus
14:
3201:
1914:Surface-supplied diving equipment
1626:Self-contained self-rescue device
1533:High altitude breathing apparatus
1440:
1368:from the original on 6 April 2018
1037:firefighting SCBAs incorporate a
687:Self-contained self-rescue device
665:
307:Diseases mitigated by respirators
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3094:
3093:
2304:Fire department ranks by country
2221:
2173:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2074:Respiratory protective equipment
2059:Open circuit breathing apparatus
1648:Powered air-purifying respirator
1574:Occupational breathing apparatus
1103:
1087:
981:
969:
954:
835:
462:
48:
3142:
2778:International Firefighters' Day
2738:Candidate Physical Ability Test
1350:
1338:
1060:Other regulations and standards
767:
59:needs additional citations for
2289:Special operations firefighter
1883:Underwater breathing apparatus
1810:Respiratory gas humidification
1584:
1314:
1193:
1156:Glossary of firefighting terms
1139:Flashover postmortem and SCBAs
529:Image on left: User seal check
1:
3170:Personal protective equipment
2828:Wildfire emergency management
2395:Hazardous materials apparatus
1411:
677:Savox in a coal mining museum
587:. They are typically used in
1544:Aviation breathing apparatus
1428:Bollinger, Nancy J. (1987).
996:
619:). Unofficial names include
393:Hierarchy of hazard controls
7:
2803:World Police and Fire Games
2758:Fire protection engineering
2069:Positive pressure breathing
2054:Negative pressure breathing
2008:
1726:Medical breathing apparatus
1096:
928:Differences under 42 CFR 84
791:As of 1987, under 30 CFR 11
724:As of 1987, under 30 CFR 11
10:
3206:
3051:Glossary of wildfire terms
2783:List of firefighting films
2231:Personnel and organization
2039:Escape breathing apparatus
1965:User respiratory interface
1703:GB2626 (China), and others
876:Air cylinders are made of
782:
680:
411:Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster
32:
25:
18:
3089:
3068:
3043:
3000:
2959:
2841:
2820:
2811:
2763:Geography of firefighting
2730:
2602:
2423:
2355:
2312:
2294:Volunteer fire department
2229:
2145:
2101:Closed circuit rebreather
2014:
2003:
1971:
1958:
1889:
1876:
1796:Built-in breathing system
1732:
1719:
1698:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
1686:42 CFR 84 (United States)
1678:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1539:
1526:
601:industrial breathing sets
3081:Template:Fire protection
2798:World Firefighters Games
2692:Gaseous fire suppression
1805:Positive airway pressure
1779:Non-invasive ventilation
1483:Research Report TM/94/05
1186:
1011:
660:
365:N95 use during pandemics
33:Not to be confused with
2768:History of firefighting
2116:Carbon dioxide scrubber
2084:Constant flow regulator
1936:Atmospheric diving suit
1852:Partial rebreather mask
1616:Supplied-air respirator
1549:Emergency oxygen system
1479:by RG Love and others.
748:oxygen-generating solid
650:(15,280 to 37,920
635:, terms used mostly in
591:and industry. The term
477:Category:30 CFR Part 11
472:Category:42 CFR Part 84
373:Counterfeit respirators
2906:Firefighting apparatus
2594:Thermal imaging camera
2574:Secure information box
2390:Firefighting apparatus
1668:Elastomeric respirator
1633:Particulate respirator
1137:On Wikimedia Commons:
1069:
1025:
902:cascade storage system
898:hydrostatically tested
849:
803:
785:Scuba set § Types
780:
678:
459:
154:
35:SCUBA (self-contained
2951:Wildland water tender
2533:Hydraulic rescue tool
2299:Women in firefighting
1946:Helium reclaim system
1924:Helicopter escape set
1909:Full-face diving mask
1067:
1019:
964:SCBA respirator label
908:brought to the scene.
843:
798:
775:
673:
458:
274:Respirator regulation
246:Non-government bodies
149:
21:SCBA (disambiguation)
2992:Wildland fire module
2946:Wildland fire engine
2833:Wildfire suppression
2370:Fire command vehicle
2365:Airport crash tender
2264:Retained firefighter
2034:Emergency gas supply
1929:Submarine escape set
1006:air-line respirators
752:potassium superoxide
68:improve this article
39:breathing apparatus)
3175:Breathing apparatus
2851:Aerial firefighting
2707:Stop, drop and roll
2697:Multiple-alarm fire
2564:Portable water tank
2473:Fire proximity suit
2121:Semi-closed circuit
2064:Oxygen concentrator
1832:Non-rebreather mask
1815:Supplemental oxygen
1791:Hyperbaric medicine
1737:Anaesthetic machine
1520:Breathing apparatus
714:Siebe Gorman Salvus
613:breathing apparatus
151:Toronto firefighter
28:Breathing Apparatus
2891:Fire retardant gel
2876:Fire lookout tower
2549:New York roof hook
2400:Light and air unit
2337:Fire lookout tower
2244:Chief fire officer
2079:Pressure regulator
1894:Open-circuit scuba
1655:Chemical cartridge
1475:2014-05-13 at the
1070:
1026:
850:
804:
781:
710:Siebe Gorman Savox
706:Siebe Gorman Proto
679:
460:
426:Chemical cartridge
155:
3157:
3156:
3064:
3063:
3056:List of wildfires
2916:Helicopter bucket
2911:Firefighting foam
2513:Hard suction hose
2458:Fire extinguisher
2448:Fire brigade keys
2189:
2188:
2141:
2140:
2133:Escape respirator
2128:Work of breathing
2111:Oxygen rebreather
1999:
1998:
1954:
1953:
1904:Diving rebreather
1872:
1871:
1825:Reservoir cannula
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1564:
1563:
741:compressed oxygen
565:
564:
509:For firefighters:
450:
186:agencies involved
175:
170:
144:
143:
136:
118:
3197:
3180:Functional masks
3145:
3144:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3096:
2818:
2817:
2753:Fire photography
2535:("Jaws of life")
2493:Fireman's switch
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2005:
2004:
1960:
1959:
1878:
1877:
1857:Simple face mask
1721:
1720:
1581:
1580:
1570:
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1281:, pp. 59–64
1276:
1265:
1264:, pp. 55–56
1259:
1246:
1240:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1152:
1107:
1056:
1046:
985:
973:
958:
909:
890:fire departments
872:
855:
557:
550:
543:
466:
448:
178:
173:
169:
166:
157:
156:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3130:
3118:
3085:
3060:
3039:
2996:
2955:
2856:Controlled burn
2843:
2837:
2807:
2748:Fire engine red
2726:
2717:Two-in, two-out
2672:Fireman's carry
2598:
2498:Flame retardant
2419:
2380:Fire motorcycle
2351:
2325:Fire department
2308:
2259:Station officer
2239:Battalion chief
2225:
2220:
2190:
2185:
2137:
2010:
1995:
1975:Breathing mask
1967:
1950:
1885:
1868:
1728:
1707:
1691:ANSI K13.1-1973
1674:
1588:
1575:
1560:
1535:
1522:
1517:
1477:Wayback Machine
1443:
1438:
1423:(5th ed.).
1414:
1409:
1408:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1324:
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1292:
1285:
1277:
1268:
1260:
1249:
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1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1062:
1049:
1035:
1014:
999:
994:
993:
992:
989:
986:
977:
974:
965:
959:
948:
947:
930:
915:
913:Continuous-flow
875:
858:
852:
844:SCBA pack with
838:
825:Pressure-Demand
793:
788:
770:
726:
689:
668:
663:
629:oxygen cylinder
561:
532:
531:
527:
490:42 CFR 84 guide
452:
451:
440:
397:
352:
302:
293:ANSI K13.1-1973
269:
241:
202:Bureau of Mines
176:
172:
167:
153:wearing an SCBA
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Fire retardant
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Structure fire
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Door breaching
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:Smoke detector
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Fireman's pole
2485:
2480:
2478:Fire retardant
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2410:Rescue vehicle
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Full facepiece
1972:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1786:Oxygen therapy
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1757:Bag valve mask
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:N95 respirator
1630:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1537:
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1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1441:External links
1439:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1419:IFSTA (2008).
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1395:(3): 213–216.
1379:
1349:
1345:Bollinger 1987
1337:
1334:on 2003-03-19.
1313:
1309:Bollinger 1987
1298:
1294:Bollinger 1987
1283:
1279:Bollinger 1987
1266:
1262:Bollinger 1987
1247:
1245:, pp. 7–8
1243:Bollinger 1987
1228:
1226:, p. 191.
1216:
1214:, p. 190.
1204:
1200:Bollinger 1987
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1142:
1141:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1061:
1058:
1013:
1010:
998:
995:
991:
990:
988:Scrubber label
987:
980:
978:
975:
968:
966:
960:
953:
950:
949:
945:
944:
943:
929:
926:
914:
911:
906:air compressor
861:full-face mask
837:
834:
829:
828:
822:
792:
789:
769:
766:
756:
755:
744:
725:
722:
704:, such as the
667:
666:Closed-circuit
664:
662:
659:
593:self-contained
563:
562:
560:
559:
552:
545:
537:
534:
533:
526:
525:
520:
515:
510:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
485:NIOSH TB guide
482:
481:On Wikisource:
479:
474:
453:
447:
446:
445:
442:
441:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
416:Source control
413:
407:
404:
403:
399:
398:
396:
395:
390:
385:
383:Failure to use
380:
375:
369:
368:
367:
359:
358:
354:
353:
351:
350:
345:
344:
343:
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
309:
308:
304:
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301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
279:
276:
275:
271:
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262:
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251:
248:
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243:
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234:
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209:
198:
197:
196:
188:
187:
180:
179:
162:
161:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3202:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Template:Fire
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:United States
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Saint Florian
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:Miscellaneous
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Fire triangle
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Dead man zone
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Heat detector
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Breathing gas
2017:
2016:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1990:
1989:orinasal mask
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Diving helmet
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:Nasal cannula
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:Regulated by
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1347:, p. 120
1346:
1341:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1296:, p. 207
1295:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1202:, p. 184
1201:
1196:
1192:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1094:
1088:Human factors
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1053:petrochemical
1047:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1002:
984:
979:
976:Harness label
972:
967:
963:
957:
952:
951:
942:
939:
935:
925:
923:
918:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:fire brigades
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
870:
866:
862:
856:
847:
842:
836:Common traits
833:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
809:
801:
797:
786:
779:
774:
765:
763:
759:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
737:
736:
734:
729:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
684:
676:
672:
658:
655:
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597:breathing gas
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449:Commons files
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341:Mental health
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288:NIOSH ratings
286:
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177:United States
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88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
38:
29:
22:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3008:Ancient Rome
2982:Hotshot crew
2967:Fire lookout
2866:Fire flapper
2657:Fire control
2622:Chimney fire
2578:
2508:Halligan bar
2483:Fire shelter
2468:Fire hydrant
2443:Fire blanket
2438:Escape chair
2415:Water tender
2342:Fire station
2269:Fire marshal
2249:Fire captain
2223:Firefighting
2178:
2166:
2154:
2089:Demand valve
1941:Gas extender
1862:Venturi mask
1752:Resuscitator
1620:
1430:
1420:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1340:
1329:the original
1316:
1311:, p. 65
1219:
1207:
1195:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1091:
1082:
1071:
1048:
1034:
1030:firefighting
1027:
1003:
1000:
931:
919:
916:
886:carbon-fiber
874:
857:
851:
830:
824:
818:
813:
805:
768:Open-circuit
760:
757:
747:
740:
730:
727:
696:and in long
690:
675:Siebe Gorman
656:
645:
637:firefighting
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:) or simply
608:
604:
600:
592:
589:firefighting
585:gas cylinder
572:
568:
566:
461:
420:
326:Tuberculosis
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
36:
3185:Respirators
3001:By location
2987:Smokejumper
2844:and tactics
2722:Ventilation
2662:Fire safety
2647:False alarm
2604:Terminology
2554:PASS device
2528:Hose bridge
2518:Hazmat suit
2453:Fire bucket
2433:Bunker gear
2375:Fire engine
2320:Drill tower
2274:Fire police
2106:Counterlung
2049:Hazmat suit
1847:Oxygen tent
1842:Oxygen mask
1837:Oxygen hood
1762:Pocket mask
1742:Bubble CPAP
1679:Regulations
1659:Facepieces
1466:Literature
1389:J Occup Med
1039:PASS device
904:or from an
869:PASS device
846:PASS device
702:rebreathers
694:mine rescue
431:Elastomeric
168:Respirators
3164:Categories
3033:Washington
3028:California
2896:Fire trail
2842:Equipment
2682:Flash fire
2652:Fire class
2632:Deluge gun
2569:Rotary saw
2539:Kelly tool
2503:Fog nozzle
2347:Hose tower
2313:Facilities
2254:Fire chief
2096:Rebreather
2029:Dead space
1769:Ventilator
1663:Smoke hood
1597:and others
1586:Respirator
1412:References
1224:IFSTA 2008
1212:IFSTA 2008
1180:Smoke hood
1162:Respirator
1111:Wikisource
683:Rebreather
681:See also:
631:or simply
577:respirator
436:Disposable
321:Asbestosis
94:newspapers
37:underwater
3013:Australia
2960:Personnel
2921:Hose pack
2901:Firebreak
2881:Fire rake
2871:Fire hose
2861:Driptorch
2813:Wildfires
2743:Fire camp
2687:Flashover
2617:Barn fire
2612:Backdraft
2463:Fire hose
2425:Equipment
2357:Apparatus
2044:Facepiece
1984:Half mask
1774:Iron lung
1643:Dust mask
997:Facepiece
878:aluminium
865:regulator
808:30 CFR 11
800:30 CFR 11
778:firetruck
641:scuba set
348:2024 H5N1
316:Silicosis
226:1995/1998
184:Executive
3124:Glossary
3100:Category
3069:See also
2977:Helitack
2972:Handcrew
2702:Rollover
2677:Firewall
2385:Fireboat
2284:Handcrew
2180:Glossary
2156:Category
1609:Canister
1604:Gas mask
1473:Archived
1366:Archived
1097:See also
1022:firehose
746:Uses an
625:air tank
621:air pack
336:COVID-19
124:May 2012
3148:Outline
3112:Commons
3023:History
2936:Pulaski
2821:General
2559:The pig
2168:Commons
2009:General
1919:Snorkel
1401:3981278
962:Part 84
698:tunnels
583:from a
575:) is a
298:OSH Act
224:(until
214:(until
204:(until
194:Summary
108:scholar
2926:McLeod
2788:Muster
1399:
1358:"NFPA"
848:(ADSU)
819:Demand
388:Beards
378:Design
357:Misuse
174:in the
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3136:Index
3044:Lists
2642:Draft
2584:Siren
2544:Nomex
2405:Quint
1595:NIOSH
1372:5 May
1332:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
1187:Notes
1174:SCUBA
1147:NIOSH
1012:Usage
934:NIOSH
882:steel
739:Uses
733:NIOSH
712:, or
661:Types
237:NIOSH
115:JSTOR
101:books
2330:list
1397:PMID
1374:2018
1362:NFPA
938:MSHA
922:IDLH
718:SEFA
685:and
633:pack
609:CABA
573:SCBA
331:SARS
265:NFPA
260:AIHA
255:ANSI
232:OSHA
222:MSHA
216:1978
212:MESA
206:1969
87:news
652:kPa
648:psi
283:N95
70:by
3166::
1393:27
1391:.
1364:.
1360:.
1301:^
1286:^
1269:^
1250:^
1231:^
880:,
735::
720:.
708:,
627:,
623:,
617:BA
567:A
2215:e
2208:t
2201:v
1512:e
1505:t
1498:v
1434:.
1403:.
1376:.
1045:.
1024:.
787:.
743:.
615:(
607:(
571:(
556:e
549:t
542:v
228:)
218:)
208:)
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
30:.
23:.
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