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1188:, the seat of Britain's government, by two miles of countryside, dotted with grand mansions. Within a few years he was "the most prominent London builder of his age". He built houses streets at a time, often around squares, and his developments were mostly to the west of the City of London, where land was plentiful.
1247:
At the same time, Barbon took an interest in the development of insurance and the banking industry, and helped to pioneer both. In 1680–81, with 11 associates, he founded an "Insurance Office for Houses" which offered fire insurance for up to 5,000 households in London. Fires were a major danger in
1394:
Barbon observed the power of fashion and luxury goods to enhance trade. Fashion demanded the replacement of goods before they had worn out; he believed this directed people towards the continuous purchasing of goods, which therefore created constant demand. These views were contrary to standard
1227:
adjacent saw their rural outlooks jeopardised, and started physical fist fights with Barbon's workmen, but the developer and his men fought back. The lawyers subsequently obtained warrants for his arrest but Barbon had these set aside and the development scheme was completed. Another setback came
1452:, and was unusual at the time. Along with John Locke, with whom he debated his theories, Barbon was one of the first theorists to argue that money's value was principally symbolic and that its main function was to assist trade. These views were expanded upon in his 1696 pamphlet,
1490:) has been criticised for an excess of "definition and classification" instead of analysis and a disjointed style which lacked rigour. This has been attributed to the early period in which he wrote, when economic thought was not yet fully developed.
1132:
families in 17th-century
England. Conflicting sources claim the name "Unless-Jesus-Christ-Had-Died-For-Thee-Thou-Hadst-Been-Damned" was given to Nicholas' father or to his uncle and Nicholas' hortatory name was supposedly a variant on this name.
1391:, written five years later, was much more significant, however. As a broad explanation of his economic and political views, it brought together all of his ideas and became the basis for his reputation as an economic theorist.
1410:. Barbon described as a "mistake" the standard view that interest is a monetary value, arguing that because money is typically borrowed to buy assets (goods and stock), the interest that is charged on the loan is a type of
1386:
of 1685—written in the aftermath of his fight with the lawyers of Gray's Inn—Barbon justified (anonymously) his expansionary building policy by describing the benefits it would bring to London and
Britain as a whole. His
1275:) to form Land Bank United, and offered the government a £2 million loan (£351 million as of 2024). The scheme foundered when Barbon and Briscoe could not raise enough money, and Land Bank United was demerged.
1211:
and royal declarations in the late 16th century: he often simply disregarded legal and local objections, demolished existing buildings without permission and rebuilt speculatively in search of a quick profit.
1436:
to justify a government's hoarding of it; policies intended to help accumulate supposedly "valuable" commodities such as silver and gold were not appropriate, because the laws of
1267:
These were popular with landowners because they could now raise money against the value of their main asset. The bank was moderately successful, and even threatened to usurp the
1239:, who studied his dealings and interviewed him on the subject, called him "an exquisite mob master" in recognition of his ability to manipulate people to carry out his schemes.
1414:—"a payment for the use of goods". From this, Schumpeter extrapolated the argument that just as rent is the price paid for the use of what he called "unwrought stock, or the
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1475:, which he thought impeded the growth in manufacturing and trade. He discussed these issues in his 1696 pamphlet, which also considered the effects of the
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London at the time: the Great Fire destroyed more than 13,000 houses and displaced about 100,000 people, and another conflagration in 1678 damaged the
1271:
in 1696. The government budget deficit had grown to an unsustainable level; Barbon merged the
National Land Bank with another institution (founded by
1302:, to be piped to his new building developments. He patented a design in 1694, and tried to sell pumping rights alongside fire insurance contracts.
1363:. He was one of several late 17th-century economic, social and political theorists with a medical education background; contemporaries included
1191:
Barbon was responsible for joining the city to the seat of government at
Westminster for the first time as a result of developments along the
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1513:
By the time of his death, Barbon had built or financed developments to the value of £200,000 (£33 million as of 2024) according to Sir
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His early writings sought to explain and advertise his insurance and mortgage schemes and his building developments; for example, in his
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recalled large quantities of silver coins, melted them down and reminted them, resulting in a temporary fall in the supply of money.
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1555:
A Letter to a
Gentleman in the Country, Giving an Account of the Two Insurance - Offices; the Fire-Office & Friendly-Society
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On 11 June 1684, Barbon's expansionary speculation brought him and his building tradesmen into conflict with lawyers based at
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A Discourse
Shewing the Great Advantages that New-buildings and the Enlarging of Towns and Cities do Bring to a Nation
1399:. He was one of the earliest writers to draw this distinction between the moral and economic aspects of purchasing.
1176:
He soon turned from the medical profession to the building trade, which suddenly became important in 1666 when the
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1833:
The Birth of Modern London: The
Development and Design of the City 1660-1720 By Elizabeth McKellar, pp.43,45
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He died at
Osterley in 1698 or 1699. His will was written in May 1698 and his executors received
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Apology for the
Builder; or a Discourse showing the Cause and Effects of the Increase of Building
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Apology for the
Builder: or a Discourse showing the Cause and Effects of the Increase of Building
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1207:. Barbon did this despite long-established restrictions on new buildings associated with various
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The Sun Insurance Office 1710–1960: The History of Two and a half Centuries of British Insurance
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Barbon was also active in other fields during the 1690s. Largely in order to take advantage of
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qualification from the latter in 1661. Three years later, he became an honorary fellow of the
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are considered important because of their innovative views on money, trade (especially
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1746:, 1816. Vol. 11, Article IV "The History and Antiquity of Dissenting Churches, etc."
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Nicholas Barbon was born in London in either 1637 or 1640. He was the eldest son of
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in 1690 and 1695. Another project involved trying to pump drinking water from the
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in central London, is named after him, as is Barbon Alley off Devonshire Square.
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An Answer to Paper Entituled, Reasons against Reducing Interest to Four per Cent
1498:
Barbon built a house for himself and his business interests in Crane Court, off
1956:
Ullmer, James H. (March 2007). "The Macroeconomic thought of Nicholas Barbon".
1900:
1896:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
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and thus gain immunity from prosecution by his creditors he bought a number of
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Despite the importance of some of his theories, Barbon's work (especially
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English economist, physician, property developer and financial speculator
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Potty, Fartwell and Knob: Extraordinary but True Names of British People
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During the later part of his life, Nicholas Barbon wrote extensively on
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Origins of Scientific Economics: English Economic Thought, 1660–1776
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of production", interest is the price paid for "wrought stock—the
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moral values of the time, influenced by the government and the
1219:. Barbon started his largest project yet, the redevelopment of
990:
1256:, he founded the National Land Bank. This was Britain's first
1118:
If-Jesus-Christ-had-not-died-for-thee-thou-hadst-been-damned
94:
Unless-Jesus-Christ-had-died-for-thee-thou-hadst-been-damned
91:
If-Jesus-Christ-had-not-died-for-thee-thou-hadst-been-damned
1440:
were the main determiner of their value. Such criticism of
1260:—a financial institution which issued loans in the form of
2105:(fee usually required to view pdf of probate copy of will)
1690:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1148:
in particular. He studied medicine at the Universities of
1743:
The Monthly Repository of Theology and General Literature
1088:
and mortgages as a means of financing such developments.
1294:
in Sussex, which enabled him to be elected one of its
1069:
consider him to be one of the first proponents of the
2207:. Routledge Library Editions. Vol. 9. Abingdon:
1587:
A Discourse Concerning Coining the New Money Lighter
1454:
A Discourse Concerning Coining the New Money Lighter
1348:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
1252:, one of the Inns of Court. In 1690, together with
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1759:"Oxford DNB article: Barbon (Barebone), Praisegod"
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1116:who purportedly gave Nicholas the baptismal name "
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2102:"Will of Nicholas Barbon of Osterley, Middlesex"
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2276:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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1768:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1357:A Discourse on Coining the New Money Lighter
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1687:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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2169:. London: Headline Publishing Group.
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1184:which at the time was separated from
2368:17th-century English medical doctors
2135:Historic London: An Explorer's Guide
1990:pp 125-7 in the 1970 Penguin edition
1355:. Karl Marx cites his work, notably
2160:
1634:
1515:John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale
1432:was that money did not have enough
13:
2137:. London: Macmillan. p. 136.
1756:Wright, Stephen (September 2004).
1471:, and postulated the reduction of
1448:—helped to lay the foundation for
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14:
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1678:Sheldon, R. D. (September 2004).
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276:Concepts, theory and techniques
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1740:Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper,
1734:
1325:. His pamphlets and books on
1:
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1428:One of the main arguments in
1100:(or Barbon), the namesake of
1091:
1080:, he became an active London
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1050:
61:
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1789:UK public library membership
1711:UK public library membership
1228:when houses he had built at
1112:. Praise-God Barebone was a
1104:of 1653, the predecessor of
37:Portrait of Nicholas Barbon.
7:
2358:Medical doctors from London
1527:
1166:Royal College of Physicians
1128:that was common among some
10:
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2378:Businesspeople from London
1136:Barbon became a religious
2363:Utrecht University alumni
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2300:Member of Parliament for
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2201:Letwin, William (2003) .
1970:10.1080/10427710601178336
1459:Barbon was influenced by
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2267:"Barbon, Nicholas"
2237:Harvard University Press
2232:London: A Social History
2184:Dickson, P.G.M. (1960).
2133:Inwood, Stephen (2008).
1594:
1539:
1337:. His works, especially
1076:In the aftermath of the
264:JEL classification codes
2273:Encyclopædia Britannica
2194:Oxford University Press
1894:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1532:Barbon Close, opposite
1506:, a large 16th-century
1280:Parliamentary privilege
1243:Insurance and mortgages
1180:devastated most of the
450:Industrial organization
307:Computational economics
1477:Recoinage of that year
1318:
1084:and helped to pioneer
302:Experimental economics
2285:Parliament of England
2161:Ash, Russell (2008).
2113:The National Archives
1922:History of Parliament
1774:10.1093/ref:odnb/1335
1696:10.1093/ref:odnb/1334
1502:, but later moved to
1313:
1296:Members of Parliament
1264:against real estate.
1102:Barebone's Parliament
1057:1698) was an English
1571:A Discourse of Trade
1524:on 6 February 1699.
1494:Later life and death
1488:A Discourse of Trade
1430:A Discourse of Trade
1389:A Discourse of Trade
1339:A Discourse of Trade
1178:Great Fire of London
1172:Property development
1078:Great Fire of London
1063:financial speculator
529:Social choice theory
134:property development
1450:classical economics
1423:means of production
1343:John Maynard Keynes
1160:, and received his
1120:," an example of a
1098:Praise-God Barebone
996:Business portal
317:Operations research
297:National accounting
1890:Retail Price Index
1681:"Barbon, Nicholas"
1319:
1315:Discourse of trade
1209:Acts of Parliament
1162:Doctor of Medicine
1082:property developer
327:Industrial complex
322:Middle income trap
2331:
2330:
2325:Sir Henry Furnese
2322:Succeeded by
2316:
2246:978-0-674-53839-9
2218:978-0-415-31329-2
2176:978-0-7553-1655-7
2144:978-0-230-70598-2
2067:, pp. 63–64.
2055:, pp. 62–63.
2002:, pp. 48–49.
1859:, pp. 87–88.
1807:, pp. 50–51.
1787:(Subscription or
1709:(Subscription or
1438:supply and demand
1408:Joseph Schumpeter
1353:Joseph Schumpeter
1335:supply and demand
1327:political economy
1065:. Historians of
1061:, physician, and
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497:
495:Organizational
492:
487:
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339:By application
338:
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309:
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136:
131:
129:Fire insurance
125:
123:
122:Known for
119:
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109:
105:
103:
99:
98:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
82:
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68:Osterley House
66:
59:
55:
54:
51:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2390:
2379:
2376:
2374:
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2326:
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2309:
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2295:
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2248:
2242:
2238:
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2233:
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2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2091:, p. 57.
2090:
2085:
2079:, p. 60.
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2043:, p. 63.
2042:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2026:, p. 56.
2025:
2020:
2014:, p. 55.
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1943:, p. 61.
1942:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1876:, p. 54.
1875:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1824:, p. 51.
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1731:, p. 48.
1730:
1725:
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1631:
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1627:
1620:, p. 49.
1619:
1614:
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1491:
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1466:
1462:
1461:populationism
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:His views on
1400:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:William Petty
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:of (1696) in
1358:
1354:
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1336:
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1250:Middle Temple
1240:
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1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:Inns of Court
1222:
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597:de Mandeville
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525:Public choice
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500:Participation
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460:Institutional
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410:Expeditionary
408:
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400:Environmental
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272:
265:
262:
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240:
236:
233:
231:
230:International
228:
226:
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221:
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216:
213:
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209:
206:Branches and
203:
202:
197:
194:
192:
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182:
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177:
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145:
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113:
110:
107:
106:
104:
100:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
60:
56:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2348:1690s deaths
2343:1640s births
2299:
2271:
2231:
2203:
2187:
2164:
2134:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1986:
1961:
1957:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1899:
1852:
1847:, p. 7.
1845:Dickson 1960
1840:
1829:
1777:. Retrieved
1763:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1699:. Retrieved
1685:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1531:
1519:
1512:
1500:Fleet Street
1497:
1487:
1485:
1469:credit money
1458:
1453:
1442:mercantilism
1429:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1338:
1320:
1314:
1300:River Thames
1277:
1273:John Briscoe
1266:
1246:
1234:
1230:Mincing Lane
1214:
1190:
1175:
1135:
1117:
1110:Protectorate
1095:
1075:
1067:mercantilism
1046:
1045:
966:Publications
931:
554:Sociological
527: /
425:Geographical
405:Evolutionary
380:Digitization
345:Agricultural
249:Mathematical
220:Econometrics
18:
2294:John Alford
2227:Porter, Roy
2118:17 February
2089:Letwin 2003
2077:Letwin 2003
2065:Letwin 2003
2053:Letwin 2003
2041:Letwin 2003
2024:Letwin 2003
2012:Letwin 2003
2000:Letwin 2003
1941:Letwin 2003
1874:Letwin 2003
1857:Porter 1998
1822:Letwin 2003
1805:Letwin 2003
1779:16 February
1729:Letwin 2003
1701:16 February
1618:Letwin 2003
1361:Das Capital
1254:John Asgill
1237:Roger North
1186:Westminster
1168:in London.
1158:Netherlands
1126:virtue name
1071:free market
802:von Neumann
455:Information
395:Engineering
375:Development
370:Demographic
312:Game theory
254:Methodology
146:middle name
143:speculation
102:Occupations
2337:Categories
2192:. Oxford:
2155:References
1924:biography
1791:required.)
1713:required.)
1481:Royal Mint
1377:John Locke
1331:free trade
1217:Gray's Inn
1197:Bloomsbury
1138:separatist
1130:Dissenting
1092:Early life
961:Economists
832:Schumacher
737:Schumpeter
707:von Wieser
627:von Thünen
588:economists
564:Statistics
559:Solidarity
480:Managerial
445:Humanistic
440:Historical
385:Ecological
350:Behavioral
244:Mainstream
2209:Routledge
1978:154339143
1262:mortgages
1258:land bank
1122:hortatory
1059:economist
877:Greenspan
842:Samuelson
822:Galbraith
792:Tinbergen
732:von Mises
727:Heckscher
687:Edgeworth
505:Personnel
465:Knowledge
430:Happiness
420:Financial
390:Education
365:Democracy
259:Political
225:Heterodox
168:Economics
111:economist
108:Physician
72:Middlesex
2229:(1998).
1635:Ash 2008
1528:Memorial
1420:produced
1404:interest
1284:burgages
1201:St Giles
970:journals
956:Glossary
907:Stiglitz
872:Rothbard
852:Buchanan
837:Friedman
827:Koopmans
817:Leontief
797:Robinson
682:Marshall
586:Notable
534:Regional
510:Planning
485:Monetary
415:Feminist
360:Cultural
355:Business
160:a series
158:Part of
2302:Bramber
1522:probate
1508:mansion
1446:bullion
1292:Bramber
1286:in the
1205:Holborn
1156:in the
1154:Utrecht
1053:1640 –
976:Schools
968: (
927:Piketty
922:Krugman
787:Kuznets
777:Kalecki
752:Polanyi
642:Cournot
637:Bastiat
622:Ricardo
612:Malthus
602:Quesnay
574:Welfare
544:Service
215:Applied
191:Outline
186:History
114:builder
2243:
2215:
2173:
2141:
1976:
1785:
1707:
1590:(1696)
1582:(1694)
1574:(1690)
1566:(1685)
1558:(1684)
1550:(1678)
1397:church
1351:) and
1333:) and
1317:, 1690
1193:Strand
1150:Leiden
912:Thaler
892:Ostrom
887:Becker
882:Sowell
862:Baumol
767:Myrdal
762:Sraffa
757:Frisch
747:Knight
742:Keynes
717:Fisher
712:Veblen
697:Pareto
677:Menger
672:George
667:Jevons
662:Walras
652:Gossen
520:Public
515:Policy
470:Labour
435:Health
292:Market
52:London
2306:with
1974:S2CID
1907:7 May
1595:Notes
1540:Works
1465:paper
1140:with
949:Lists
917:Hoppe
902:Lucas
867:Solow
857:Arrow
847:Simon
812:Lange
807:Hicks
782:Röpke
772:Hayek
722:Pigou
692:Clark
607:Smith
569:Urban
549:Socio
539:Rural
239:Macro
235:Micro
196:Index
2241:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2120:2010
1909:2024
1781:2010
1703:2010
1467:and
1412:rent
1375:and
1345:(in
1203:and
1152:and
933:more
657:Marx
647:Mill
632:List
64:1698
58:Died
49:1640
43:Born
1966:doi
1888:UK
1770:doi
1692:doi
1425:".
1290:of
1108:'s
897:Sen
617:Say
475:Law
2339::
2270:.
2239:.
2235:.
2211:.
2111:.
2107:.
2031:^
1972:.
1962:29
1960:.
1948:^
1931:^
1898:.
1881:^
1864:^
1812:^
1797:^
1762:.
1719:^
1684:.
1642:^
1625:^
1602:^
1517:.
1456:.
1379:.
1371:,
1367:,
1199:,
1195:,
1073:.
1055:c.
1051:c.
237:/
162:on
70:,
62:c.
47:c.
2249:.
2221:.
2196:.
2179:.
2147:.
2122:.
1980:.
1968::
1911:.
1783:.
1772::
1705:.
1694::
1049:(
1035:e
1028:t
1021:v
972:)
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