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954:, collapsed, killing 114 and injuring more than 200 people at a tea dance. The collapse was due to a late change in design, altering the method in which the rods supporting the walkways were connected to them, and inadvertently doubling the forces on the connection. The failure highlighted the need for good communication between design engineers and contractors, and rigorous checks on designs and especially on contractor-proposed design changes. The failure is a standard case study on engineering courses around the world, and is used to teach the importance of
734:). At second story level a wider column spacing existed, and loads from upper story columns were transferred into fewer columns below by girders at second floor level. The removal of one of the lower story columns caused neighbouring columns to fail due to the extra load, eventually leading to the complete collapse of the central portion of the building. The bombing was one of the first to highlight the extreme forces that blast loading from terrorism can exert on buildings, and led to increased consideration of terrorism in structural design of buildings.
854:
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231:, and elasticity, and then determine the size and shape necessary for the material to withstand the desired load for a long life. Since members can neither break nor bend excessively, they must be both stiff and tough. A very stiff material may resist bending, but unless it is sufficiently tough, it may have to be very large to support a load without breaking. On the other hand, a highly elastic material will bend under a load even if its high toughness prevents fracture.
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920:, collapsed as a consequence of an error in exchanging the guy-wires on the highest stock. The mast first bent and then snapped at roughly half its height. It destroyed at its collapse a small mobile crane of Mostostal Zabrze. As all workers had left the mast before the exchange procedures, there were no fatalities, in contrast to the similar collapse of the
304:, caused by failures in pressurized boiler tanks, were another common problem during this era, and caused severe damage. The growing sizes of bridges and buildings led to even greater catastrophes and loss of life. This need to build constructions with structural integrity led to great advances in the fields of material sciences and fracture mechanics.
451:, a leading contributor to the understanding of bridge aerodynamics, wrote an article about this misunderstanding. This collapse, and the research that followed, led to an increased understanding of wind/structure interactions. Several bridges were altered following the collapse to prevent a similar event occurring again. The only fatality was a dog.
819:
underground parking garage, due to water penetration and corrosion of the reinforcing steel, has been considered as a factor in—or the cause of—the collapse. The issues had been reported in 2018 and noted as "much worse" in April 2021. A $ 15 million program of remedial works had been approved at the time of the collapse.
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concrete, and the failure of the single panel caused one entire corner of the building to collapse. The panel was able to be blown out because there was insufficient reinforcement steel passing between the panels. This also meant that the loads carried by the panel could not be redistributed to other
671:
Five hours before the collapse, the first of several loud bangs was heard emanating from the top floors, as the vibration of the air conditioning caused the cracks in the slabs to widen further. Amid customer reports of vibration in the building, the air conditioning was turned off but, the cracks in
291:
Starting in the 1940s, the infamous failures of several new technologies made a more scientific method for analyzing structural failures necessary. During World War II, over 200 welded-steel ships broke in half due to brittle fracture, caused by stresses created from the welding process, temperature
592:
began a campaign to demolish illegal buildings in the area, focusing on "dangerous" buildings, and set up a call center to accept and track the resolutions of complaints about illegal buildings. The forest department, meanwhile, promised to address encroachment of forest land in the Thane
District.
328:
The second type of failure is from fatigue or corrosion, caused by instability in the structure's geometry, design or material properties. These failures usually begin when cracks form at stress points, such as squared corners or bolt holes too close to the material's edge. These cracks grow as the
275:
The need to build structures with integrity goes back as far as recorded history. Houses needed to be able to support their own weight, plus the weight of the inhabitants. Castles needed to be fortified to withstand assaults from invaders. Tools needed to be strong and tough enough to do their jobs.
818:
partially collapsed, causing dozens of injuries and 98 deaths. The collapse was captured on video. One person was rescued from the rubble, and about 35 people were rescued on 24 June from the uncollapsed portion of the building. Long-term degradation of reinforced concrete-support structures in the
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under the weight of higher floors. The heat of the fires also weakened the perimeter columns and floors, causing the floors to sag and exerting an inward force on exterior walls of the building. WTC Building 7 also collapsed later that day; the 47-story skyscraper collapsed within seconds due to a
396:
girders reinforced with wrought iron struts. On 24 May 1847, it collapsed as a train passed over it, killing five people. Its collapse was the subject of one of the first formal inquiries into a structural failure. This inquiry concluded that the design of the structure was fundamentally flawed,
790:
in New York City. The impact, explosion and resulting fires caused both towers to collapse within less than two hours. The impacts severed exterior columns and damaged core columns, redistributing the loads that these columns had carried. This redistribution of loads was greatly influenced by the
423:
on 28 December 1879. Like the Dee bridge, the Tay collapsed when a train passed over it, killing 75 people. The bridge failed because it was constructed from poorly made cast iron, and because designer Thomas Bouch failed to consider wind loading on it. Its collapse resulted in cast iron being
167:
Structural integrity is the ability of an item—either a structural component or a structure consisting of many components—to hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively. It assures that the construction will perform its designed function during
633:
The building contained clothing factories, a bank, apartments, and several other shops. The shops and the bank on the lower floors immediately closed after cracks were discovered in the building. Warnings to avoid using the building after cracks appeared the day before had been ignored. Garment
667:
In April 1995, cracks began to appear in the ceiling of the fifth floor of the store's south wing due to the presence of an air-conditioning unit on the weakened roof of the poorly built structure. On the morning of 29 June, as the number of cracks in the ceiling increased dramatically, store
442:
The 1940 collapse of the original Tacoma
Narrows Bridge is sometimes characterized in physics textbooks as a classic example of resonance, although this description is misleading. The catastrophic vibrations that destroyed the bridge were not due to simple mechanical resonance, but to a more
342:
The fifth cause of failure is from lack of consideration of unexpected problems. This type of failure can be caused by events such as vandalism, sabotage, or natural disasters. It can also occur if those who use and maintain the construction are not properly trained and overstress the
324:
The first is that the structure is not strong and tough enough to support the load, due to either its size, shape, or choice of material. If the structure or component is not strong enough, catastrophic failure can occur when the structure is stressed beyond its critical stress
211:
Structural integrity is the ability of a structure to withstand an intended load without failing due to fracture, deformation, or fatigue. It is a concept often used in engineering to produce items that will serve their designed purposes and remain functional for a desired
908:
270:
was the second built by the
Egyptians around 2600 BC. It suffered from many structural defects, causing it to collapse during construction and leaving the inner core standing in a pile of rubble, which provided one of the earliest known lessons in large-scale
672:
the floors had already grown to 10 cm wide. At about 5:00 p.m. local time, the fifth-floor ceiling began to sink, and at 5:57 p.m., the roof gave way, sending the air conditioning unit crashing through into the already-overloaded fifth floor.
725:
causing partial collapse, resulting in the deaths of 168 people. The bomb, though large, caused a significantly disproportionate collapse of the structure. The bomb blew all the glass off the front of the building and completely shattered a ground floor
1240:
By
National Research Council (U.S.). National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Assurance of Structural Integrity – 1985 Page
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together in the truss structure. Officials expressed concern about many other bridges in the United States sharing the same design and raised questions as to why such a flaw would not have been discovered in over 40 years of inspections.
1956:
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hat trusses at the top of each building. The impacts dislodged some of the fireproofing from the steel, increasing its exposure to the heat of the fires. Temperatures became high enough to weaken the core columns to the point of
768:'s history. At 22:43 on Thursday night, 24 May 2001 during the wedding of Keren and Asaf Dror, a large portion of the third floor of the four-story building collapsed, killing 23 people. The bride and the groom survived.
577:, engineers, municipal officials, and other responsible parties. Governmental records indicate that there were two orders to manage the number of illegal buildings in the area: a 2005 Maharashtra state order to use
848:
202:
that must be accounted for in structural design is ultimate failure strength. In a well designed system, a localized failure should not cause immediate or even progressive collapse of the entire structure.
668:
managers closed the top floor and shut off the air conditioning, but failed to shut the building down or issue formal evacuation orders as the executives themselves left the premises as a precaution.
250:
tooling needs high rigidity. In addition, the entire structure must be able to support its load without its weakest links failing, as this can put more stress on other structural elements and lead to
2104:
1462:
339:
The fourth type of failure is from the use of defective materials. This type of failure is also unpredictable, since the material may have been improperly manufactured or damaged from prior use.
1966:. 22 June 2007. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, US. Structural Engineering Report No. 07-05/C605c (page 12). Archived from
1967:
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Structural failure can occur from many types of problems, most of which are unique to different industries and structural types. However, most can be traced to one of five main causes.
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material is repeatedly stressed and unloaded (cyclic loading), eventually reaching a critical length and causing the structure to suddenly fail under normal loading conditions.
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for its 100 to 150 low- to middle-income residents ; its only occupants were the site construction workers and their families. The building was reported to have been
505:
advised states to inspect the 700 U.S. bridges of similar construction after a possible design flaw in the bridge was discovered, related to large steel sheets called
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1848:
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collapsed when a relatively small gas explosion on the 18th floor caused a structural wall panel to be blown away from the building. The tower was constructed of
300:
exploded in mid-flight due to stress concentrations at the corners of their squared windows, which caused cracks to form and the pressurized cabins to explode.
1190:
It has also been called the worst building collapse disaster in the past 10 years within the state of
Maharashtra, and the worst in the country in 20 years.
630:
It is considered to be the deadliest garment-factory accident in history, as well as the deadliest accidental structural failure in modern human history.
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and the understanding of precast concrete detailing was greatly advanced. Many similar buildings were altered or demolished as a result of the collapse.
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adjacent panels, because there was no route for the forces to follow. As a result of the collapse, building regulations were overhauled to prevent
1730:
627:. The search for the dead ended on 13 May with the death toll of 1,134. Approximately 2,515 injured people were rescued from the building alive.
234:
Furthermore, each component's integrity must correspond to its individual application in any load-bearing structure. Bridge supports need a high
1523:
501:
on 1 August 2007, collapsing to the river and riverbanks beneath. Thirteen people were killed and 145 were injured. Following the collapse, the
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1491:
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On 24 January, 2024, the spire of this Gothic-revival stone church collapsed, bringing down the roof and irretrievably damaging the structure.
102:
1926:
74:
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164:(weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs.
1613:
527:
81:
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1339:
Index map for Mn/DOT's 2006 traffic volumes; relevant maps showing the highest river bridge traffic volumes are Maps 2E, 3E, and 3F.
353:
336:, failing to adhere to the design, or shoddy workmanship. This type of failure can occur at any time and is usually unpredictable.
332:
The third type of failure is caused by manufacturing errors, including improper selection of materials, incorrect sizing, improper
88:
1825:
2071:
1683:
1075:
490:
70:
219:
To construct an item with structural integrity, an engineer must first consider a material's mechanical properties, such as
842:
2035:
1388:
This map shows average daily traffic volumes for downtown
Minneapolis. Trunk highway and Interstate volumes are from 2006.
1758:
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17:
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2036:"97 victims in Surfside condo collapse have been identified. Officials believe there is one more unidentified victim"
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1399:"U.S. Secretary of Transportation Mary E. Peters Calls on States to Immediately Inspect All Steel Arch Truss Bridges"
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because standard practices were not followed for safe, lawful construction, land acquisition and resident occupancy.
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2001:
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combination of a large fire inside the building and heavy structural damage from the collapse of the North Tower.
168:
reasonable use, for as long as its intended life span. Items are constructed with structural integrity to prevent
2257:
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866:
933:
916:
On 8 August 1991 at 16:00 UTC Warsaw radio mast, the tallest man-made object ever built before the erection of
874:
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in the area: 74 people died, including 18 children, 23 women, and 33 men, while more than 100 people survived.
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workers were ordered to return the following day and the building collapsed during the morning rush-hour.
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2014:
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489:, Minnesota, United States. The bridge was completed in 1967, and its maintenance was performed by the
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1993:
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195:
1930:
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The I-35W Mississippi River bridge (officially known simply as Bridge 9340) was an eight-lane steel
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1684:"Bangladeshi factory deaths spark action among high-street clothing chains | The Observer"
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did not reinforce the cast iron, and that the casting had failed due to repeated flexing.
8:
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493:. The bridge was Minnesota's fifth–busiest, carrying 140,000 vehicles daily. The bridge
1952:
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1211:
Introduction to
Engineering Design: Modelling, Synthesis and Problem Solving Strategies
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2010:
1759:"Bangladesh Building Collapse Death Toll Tops 500; Engineer Whistleblower Arrested"
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Repeat structural failures on the same type of aircraft occurred in 1954, when two
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collapsed resulting in the deaths of 502 people, with another 1,445 being trapped.
301:
243:
1951:
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complicated oscillation between the bridge and winds passing through it, known as
2204:
In the Wake of Tacoma: Suspension
Bridges and the Quest for Aerodynamic Stability
1784:
1660:
1498:
1280:
In the Wake of Tacoma: Suspension
Bridges and the Quest for Aerodynamic Stability
786:, two commercial airliners were deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of the
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Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure
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172:, which can result in injuries, severe damage, death, and/or monetary losses.
139:
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1304:
Resonance, Tacoma
Narrows Bridge Failure, and Undergraduate Physics Textbooks
1146:
1046:
878:
333:
312:
27:
Ability of a structure to support a designed structural load without breaking
1731:"Advertise on NYTimes.com Bangladesh Factory Collapse Death Toll Hits 1,021"
814:
On 24 June 2021, Champlain Towers South, a 12-story condominium building in
2066:
1492:"Is Municipality as much to blame as builders for Thane building collapse?"
917:
506:
469:
Security camera images show the I-35W collapse in animation, looking north.
398:
285:
213:
1927:"NIST's Responsibilities Under the National Construction Safety Team Act"
1636:"Thane building collapse: Two more arrested, TMC begins demolition drive"
681:
661:
552:
486:
157:
1413:"Update on NTSB Investigation of Collapse of I-35W Bride in Minneapolis"
1957:"Collapse of World Trade Center Towers: What Did and Did Not Cause It?"
1463:"Two top Thane municipal corporation engineers held for killer cave-in"
921:
822:
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replaced by steel construction, and a complete redesign in 1890 of the
380:
182:-carrying structural capacity in either a structural component or the
2189:
Design Paradigms: Case Histories of Error and Judgment in Engineering
2105:"Historic church collapses in New London, Conn; no injuries reported"
2086:"Residents Rescued After Surfside Condo Building Partially Collapsed"
1485:
981:
761:
498:
428:, which became the first bridge in the world entirely made of steel.
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393:
220:
1903:
Abnormal Loading on Structures: Experimental and Numerical Modelling
1415:(Press release). National Transportation Safety Board. 8 August 2007
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order. Complaints were also made to state and municipal officials.
228:
1955:; Jia-Liang Le; Frank R. Greening; David B. Benson (27 May 2007).
686:
On 16 May 1968, the 22-story residential tower Ronan Point in the
2062:"Building collapses on Collins Avenue in Surfside | Miami Herald"
1001:
946:
On 17 July 1981, two suspended walkways through the lobby of the
757:
691:
160:
that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed
143:
1546:"Thane: Four-year-old girl recovered from debris opens her eyes"
1507:
765:
544:
510:
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at the square corners of the bulkheads. In the 1950s, several
267:
147:
1875:
1610:"Thane building collapse: 9 arrested, sent to police custody"
947:
657:
612:
548:
247:
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By 11 April, a total of 15 suspects were arrested including
262:
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280:
as it exists today was not developed until the 1920s, when
178:
refers to the loss of structural integrity, or the loss of
1994:"Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse?—Simple Analysis"
1588:"Thane building collapse: 74 dead, both builders arrested"
1516:"Thane building collapse toll rises to 72, rescue ops end"
1849:"Bangladesh building collapse kills at least 82 in Dhaka"
771:
562:
The building was under construction and did not have an
543:
On 4 April 2013, a building collapsed on tribal land in
1213:
By Andrew E. Samuel, John Weir – Elsevier 1999 Page 3—5
1572:"Indian police arrest 9 in Mumbai building collapse ."
419:
bridge collapses, including the collapse of the first
1455:
637:
1661:"Bangladesh building collapse death toll passes 500"
823:
First Congregational Church, New London, Connecticut
611:, an eight-storey commercial building, collapsed in
415:
The Dee bridge disaster was followed by a number of
2128:
1869:
1785:"Bangladesh Dhaka building collapse leaves 80 dead"
1709:"Bangladesh collapse search over; death toll 1,127"
861:test demonstrated the same failure that caused the
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1440:Potential Flaw Is Found in Design of Fallen Bridge
1256:By R.A. Collacott – Chapman and Hall 1985 Page 1—5
1513:
1437:Davey, Monica; Wald, Matthew L. (8 August 2007).
713:On 19 April 1995, the nine-story concrete framed
2219:
2102:
1826:"Bangladesh building collapse kills at least 80"
829:First Church of Christ (New London, Connecticut)
1992:Bažant, Zdeněk P.; Yong Zhou (1 January 2002).
1991:
1799:"80 dead, 800 hurt in Savar high-rise collapse"
186:itself. Structural failure is initiated when a
1602:
1378:. Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2006
1365:
1351:"I-35W Bridge Collapse Myths And Conspiracies"
1277:
431:
1801:. bdnews24.com. 24 April 2013. Archived from
1238:Assuring structural integrity in army systems
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764:, is the site of the worst civil disaster in
238:, whereas the bolts that hold them need good
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1316:
1249:
1247:
1233:
1231:
942:Design change on the Hyatt Regency walkways.
528:Category: Collapsed buildings and structures
1900:
1564:
1391:
1373:"2006 Downtown Minneapolis Traffic Volumes"
1223:Structural Integrity of Fasteners, Volume 2
1701:
1324:"2006 Metro Area Traffic Volume Index Map"
1083:
1069:
737:
596:
532:
524:Category: Building and structure collapses
1985:
1945:
1894:
1840:
1436:
1244:
1228:
1167:List of structural failures and collapses
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2165:Feld, Jacob; Carper, Kenneth L. (1997).
2103:Associated Press, AP (26 January 2024).
1876:Feld, Jacob; Carper, Kenneth L. (1997).
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354:List of building and structure collapses
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133:
1577:. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
1504:. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
877:crashed due to decompression caused by
14:
2220:
1846:
1823:
1655:
1653:
555:, India. It has been called the worst
491:Minnesota Department of Transportation
2015:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:1(2)
1964:Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE
1905:. Taylor & Francis. p. 108.
1427:
1348:
1268:
772:World Trade Center Towers 1, 2, and 7
194:limit, causing fracture or excessive
1919:
1880:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 8.
912:The Warsaw radio mast after collapse
897:
843:List of aircraft structural failures
316:Building collapse due to snow weight
246:. Springs need good elasticity, but
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
2143:Feld, J.; Carper, K.L. (1997) p.214
1817:
1777:
1650:
1628:
1612:. IBN. 7 April 2013. Archived from
1580:
1548:. IBN. 7 April 2013. Archived from
1342:
875:de Havilland Comet C1 jet airliners
803:
753:
347:
307:
24:
1791:
1514:Nitin Yeshwantrao (6 April 2013).
1282:. ASCE Publications. p. 139.
778:Collapse of the World Trade Center
644:Sampoong Department Store collapse
638:Sampoong Department Store collapse
71:"Structural integrity and failure"
25:
2274:
2042:from the original on 21 July 2021
1302:K. Billah and R. Scanlan (1991),
1225:Edited by Pir M. Toor – ASTM 2000
715:Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building
384:The Dee bridge after its collapse
2002:Journal of Engineering Mechanics
1824:Mullen, Jethro (24 April 2013).
744:Versailles wedding hall disaster
648:On 29 June 1995, the five-story
154:Structural integrity and failure
36:
2146:
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1469:. 10 April 2013. Archived from
1254:Structural Integrity Monitoring
1184:
454:
388:The Dee Bridge was designed by
206:
47:needs additional citations for
2191:. Cambridge University Press.
2129:M. Levy; M. Salvadori (1992).
1847:Nelson, Dean (24 April 2013).
1296:
1259:
1216:
1204:
934:Hyatt Regency walkway collapse
675:
503:Federal Highway Administration
461:I-35W Mississippi River bridge
13:
1:
1682:Sarah Butler (22 June 2013).
1172:
1142:Structural fracture mechanics
810:Surfside condominium collapse
748:The Versailles wedding hall (
369:
867:1964 Savage Mountain crashes
539:2013 Thane building collapse
517:
438:Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)
7:
1349:Weeks, John A. III (2007).
1308:American Journal of Physics
1032:Metal-induced embrittlement
961:
881:, and in 1963–64, when the
836:
590:Thane Municipal Corporation
509:which were used to connect
432:First Tacoma Narrows Bridge
10:
2279:
1787:. BBC News. 24 April 2013.
1022:Liquid metal embrittlement
931:
901:
846:
840:
826:
807:
775:
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728:reinforced concrete column
706:
679:
641:
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2169:. John Wiley & Sons.
2152:Whitbeck, C. (1998) p.115
1037:Stress corrosion cracking
697:disproportionate collapse
650:Sampoong Department Store
2187:Petroski, Henry (1994).
2180:Lewis, Peter R. (2007).
1590:. Zee News. 7 April 2013
1265:Petroski, H. (1994) p.81
969:Mechanical failure modes
892:
688:London Borough of Newham
276:However, the science of
2202:Scott, Richard (2001).
2131:Why Buildings Fall Down
1278:Scott, Richard (2001).
1162:Urban search and rescue
1042:Sulfide stress cracking
738:Versailles wedding hall
597:Savar building collapse
533:Thane building collapse
495:catastrophically failed
365:List of bridge failures
190:is stressed beyond its
2258:Structural engineering
2243:Mechanical engineering
1663:. BBC News. 3 May 2013
1137:Serviceability failure
1112:Earthquake engineering
1012:Hydrogen embrittlement
943:
913:
889:broke off in mid-air.
870:
863:1963 Elephant Mountain
470:
385:
317:
272:
150:
2206:. ASCE Publications.
2038:. CNN. 21 July 2021.
1152:Engineering disasters
1102:Structural robustness
956:ethics in engineering
952:Kansas City, Missouri
941:
928:Hyatt Regency walkway
911:
856:
841:Further information:
709:Oklahoma City bombing
703:Oklahoma City bombing
568:illegally constructed
564:occupancy certificate
468:
405:First Tay Rail Bridge
383:
352:Further information:
315:
294:stress concentrations
265:
137:
2263:Engineering failures
2238:Building engineering
2182:Disaster on the Dee.
2167:Construction Failure
1901:Virdi, K.S. (2000).
1878:Construction Failure
1497:7 April 2013 at the
1443:. The New York Times
1127:Progressive collapse
1122:Forensic engineering
1107:Catastrophic failure
784:September 11 attacks
426:Forth Railway Bridge
292:changes, and by the
282:Alan Arnold Griffith
170:catastrophic failure
56:improve this article
1854:The Daily Telegraph
1638:. DNA. 9 April 2013
1353:. John A. Weeks III
1132:Seismic performance
1097:Structural analysis
1027:Mechanical overload
887:Boeing B-52 bombers
883:vertical stabilizer
859:B-52 Stratofortress
797:plastic deformation
603:Rana Plaza collapse
497:during the evening
445:aeroelastic flutter
411:Tay Bridge disaster
376:Dee Bridge disaster
298:De Havilland Comets
18:Structural collapse
2253:Mechanical failure
2133:. Norton & Co.
1736:The New York Times
1570:Associated Press.
1520:The Times of India
1467:The Times of India
944:
914:
871:
788:World Trade Center
621:Greater Dhaka Area
607:On 24 April 2013,
471:
386:
318:
278:fracture mechanics
273:
252:cascading failures
176:Structural failure
151:
138:Collapsed barn at
2233:Materials science
1953:Bažant, Zdeněk P.
1310:, 59(2), 118—124
1157:Tofu-dreg project
1093:
1092:
987:Corrosion fatigue
904:Warsaw radio mast
898:Warsaw Radio Mast
816:Surfside, Florida
623:, the capital of
583:Bombay High Court
557:building collapse
483:Mississippi River
475:truss arch bridge
449:Robert H. Scanlan
390:Robert Stephenson
302:Boiler explosions
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2270:
2248:Building defects
2153:
2150:
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2141:
2135:
2134:
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2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2092:on 24 June 2021.
2088:. Archived from
2082:
2076:
2075:
2074:on 24 June 2021.
2070:. Archived from
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:on 9 August 2007
1972:
1961:
1949:
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1942:
1940:
1938:
1929:. Archived from
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1917:
1916:
1898:
1892:
1891:
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1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
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1838:
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1805:on 27 April 2013
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1552:on 10 April 2013
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1522:. Archived from
1511:
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1401:(Press release).
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1071:
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804:Champlain Towers
755:
721:was struck by a
588:On 9 April, the
348:Notable failures
308:Types of failure
286:brittle fracture
244:tensile strength
156:is an aspect of
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
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2228:Solid mechanics
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2101:
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2029:
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2017:
1996:
1990:
1986:
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1974:
1970:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1933:on 16 June 2012
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1616:on 9 April 2013
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1526:on 9 April 2013
1512:
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1499:Wayback Machine
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413:
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266:The Pyramid at
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162:structural load
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1329:. Mn/DOT. 2006
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1119:
1117:Porch collapse
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579:remote sensing
547:, a suburb of
537:Main article:
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479:Interstate 35W
459:Main article:
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1473:on 2 May 2013
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1047:Thermal shock
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890:
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880:
879:metal fatigue
876:
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73: –
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67:Find sources:
61:
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45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
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2188:
2181:
2166:
2160:Bibliography
2148:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2109:Boston Globe
2108:
2098:
2090:the original
2080:
2072:the original
2067:Miami Herald
2065:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2006:
2000:
1987:
1977:17 September
1975:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1963:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1921:
1902:
1896:
1877:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1852:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:the original
1793:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1765:. 3 May 2013
1762:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1739:. 9 May 2013
1734:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1688:The Guardian
1687:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1582:
1574:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:the original
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1519:
1509:
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1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1466:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1439:
1417:. Retrieved
1407:
1393:
1380:. Retrieved
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1344:
1331:. Retrieved
1318:
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441:
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399:wrought iron
387:
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290:
284:studied the
274:
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214:service life
210:
207:Introduction
196:deformations
175:
174:
166:
153:
152:
118:
109:
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
754:אולמי ורסאי
682:Ronan Point
676:Ronan Point
662:South Korea
581:and a 2010
553:Maharashtra
487:Minneapolis
481:across the
200:limit state
158:engineering
2222:Categories
2114:2 February
2009:(1): 2–6.
1419:1 December
1173:References
922:WLBT Tower
847:See also:
723:truck bomb
625:Bangladesh
609:Rana Plaza
522:See also:
370:Dee bridge
363:See also:
343:structure.
288:of glass.
227:, weight,
82:newspapers
2020:23 August
1693:26 August
1575:The Times
1198:Citations
982:Corrosion
924:in 1997.
762:Jerusalem
518:Buildings
499:rush hour
417:cast iron
394:cast iron
271:building.
221:toughness
184:structure
112:July 2012
2040:Archived
1937:23 April
1861:24 April
1857:. London
1832:24 April
1809:24 April
1763:HuffPost
1495:Archived
1477:10 April
1447:9 August
1382:7 August
1357:6 August
1333:9 August
1057:Yielding
1007:Fracture
977:Buckling
962:See also
885:on four
837:Aircraft
732:brisance
719:Oklahoma
575:builders
392:, using
229:hardness
225:strength
192:strength
188:material
2184:Tempus.
2046:22 July
1642:9 April
1620:7 April
1594:9 April
1556:7 April
1530:7 April
1002:Fouling
997:Fatigue
857:A 1964
782:In the
758:Talpiot
692:precast
652:in the
619:in the
511:girders
397:as the
359:Bridges
258:History
144:Gotland
96:scholar
2210:
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2173:
1909:
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1743:10 May
1715:13 May
1286:
1017:Impact
865:&
766:Israel
750:Hebrew
545:Mumbra
325:level.
268:Meidum
198:; one
148:Sweden
140:Hörsne
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1997:(PDF)
1971:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1828:. CNN
1769:3 May
1667:3 May
1376:(PDF)
1327:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
1178:Notes
992:Creep
893:Other
793:creep
730:(see
658:Seoul
613:Savar
549:Thane
248:lathe
240:shear
103:JSTOR
89:books
2208:ISBN
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2116:2024
2048:2021
2022:2007
1979:2007
1939:2008
1907:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1863:2013
1834:2013
1811:2013
1771:2013
1745:2013
1717:2013
1695:2013
1669:2013
1644:2013
1622:2013
1596:2013
1558:2013
1532:2013
1479:2013
1449:2007
1421:2007
1384:2007
1359:2007
1335:2007
1284:ISBN
1241:1—19
1052:Wear
795:and
615:, a
526:and
242:and
180:load
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2011:doi
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1999:.
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1733:.
1686:.
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1981:.
1941:.
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1836:.
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1773:.
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869:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
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100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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