947:
1337:
first responders, such as anxiousness, irritability, nervousness, memory and concentration problems can occur overtime which can lead to anxiety and depression. Mental stress can have long lasting affects on the brain. A 2014 report from the
National Fallen Firefighters Foundation found that a fire department is three times more likely to experience a suicide in a given year than a line-of-duty death. Mental stress of the job can lead to substance abuse and alcohol abuse as ways of coping with the stress. The mental stress of fire fighting has many different causes. There are those they see on duty and also what they miss by being on duty. Firefighters schedules fluctuate by district. There are stations where fire fighters work 48 hours on and 48 hours off, whereas some allow 24 hours on and 72 hours off. The mental impact of missing a child's first steps or a ballet recital can take a heavy impact on first responders. There is also the stress of being on opposite shifts as a spouse or being away from family.
1157:
1779:
678:
211:
1381:
103 and 114dBA of sound. According to OSHA, exposure at this level is acceptable for between 17 and 78 minutes and according to NIOSH is acceptable for between 35 seconds and 7.5 minutes over a 24-hour day before permanent hearing loss can occur. This time period considers that no other high level sound exposure occurs in that 24-hour time frame. Sirens often output about 120 dBA, which according to OSHA, 7.5 minutes of exposure is needed and according to NIOSH, 9 seconds of exposure is needed in a 24-hour time period before permanent hearing loss can occur. In addition to high sound levels, another risk factor for hearing disorders is the co-exposure to chemicals that are
1440:" are paid for responding to incidents, along with a small salary for spending long periods of time on call. The combined fire services of the United Kingdom retain around 18,000 retained firefighters alongside their wholetime colleagues. In both the UK and Ireland retained firefighters make up the majority of active firefighting personnel. Their training, qualifications, and range of possible deployments, are all comparable to wholetime firefighters. Retained firefighters are required to live or work within a set radius of their assigned fire station - in the United Kingdom this is usually 1 mile (1.6 km), and in Ireland 2 miles (3.2 km).
767:
1490:
830:. The ropes are generally 30 feet (9.1 m) long and can provide a firefighter (that has enough time to deploy the rope) a partially controlled exit out of an elevated window. Lack of a personal rescue rope is cited in the deaths of two New York City Firefighters, Lt. John Bellew and Lt. Curtis Meyran, who died after they jumped from the fourth floor of a burning apartment building in the Bronx. Of the four firefighters who jumped and survived, only one of them had a self-rescue rope. Since the incident, the Fire Department of New York City has issued self-rescue ropes to their firefighters.
1934:
1741:
908:
selves or the patient. Workplace violence consists of the mental and physical abuse sustained during on-duty activities. First
Responders are the most likely to experience this type of violence and EMS even has a percentage range of 53-90% of calls that had an instance of Workplace violence. This type of violence is a major reason for burnout and depression in First Responders, while EMS deal more with people on a daily basis, ~18% Firefighters experience PTSD due to WPV and 60% had at least one call where they had feared for their life or questioned their safety.
1791:
526:, firefighters are forced to either open holes in the roof or floors of a structure (called vertical ventilation), or open windows and walls (called horizontal ventilation) to remove smoke and heated gases from the interior of the structure. Such ventilation methods are also used to improve interior visibility to locate victims more quickly. Ventilation helps to preserve the life of trapped or unconscious individuals as it releases the poisonous gases from inside the structure. Vertical ventilation is vital to firefighter safety in the event of a
1459:
2007:. The primary difference between municipality departments and city departments is the funding source. Municipal fire departments do not share their budget with any other service and are considered to be private entities within a jurisdiction. This means that they have their own taxes that feed into their budgeting needs. City fire departments report to the mayor, whereas municipal departments are accountable to elected board officials who help maintain and run the department along with the chief officer staff.
1299:. They frequently create fire lines, which are swathes of cut-down trees and dug-up grass placed in the path of the fire. This is designed to deprive the fire of fuel. Wildland firefighting is a physically demanding job with many acute hazards. Wildland firefighters may hike several miles while carrying heavy equipment during the wildfire season, which has increased in duration over time, especially in the western United States. Unlike structural firefighters, wildland firefighters typically do not wear
591:
1764:
781:
1401:
Association) is responsible for occupational health programs and standards in firefighters which discusses what hearing sensitivity is required to work as a firefighter, but also enforces baseline (initial) and annual hearing tests (based on OSHA hearing maintenance regulations). While NIHL can be a risk that occurs from working as a firefighter, NIHL can also be a safety concern for communicating while doing the job as communicating with coworkers and victims is essential for safety.
219:
45:
8285:
7623:
701:
8307:
7671:
306:
1926:
7659:
7647:
265:
1479:
1097:, occupational exposures can significantly increase a firefighter's risk. Historically, the fire service blamed poor firefighter physical condition for being the primary cause of cardiovascular related deaths. However, over the last 20 years, studies and research has indicated the toxic gasses put fire service personnel at significantly higher risk for cardiovascular related conditions and death. For instance,
8296:
7635:
372:
1429:, with some providing cover each night. On the other hand, it may not be practical to employ full-time firefighters in villages and isolated small towns, where their services may not be required for days at a time. For this reason, many fire departments have firefighters who spend long periods on call to respond to infrequent emergencies; they may have regular jobs outside of firefighting.
1609:
1364:. NIHL affects sound frequencies between 3,000 and 6,000 Hertz first, then with more frequent exposure, will spread to more frequencies. Many consonants will be more difficult to hear or inaudible with NIHL because of the higher frequencies effected, which results in poorer communication. NIHL is caused by exposure to sound levels at or above 85dBA according to
519:*Customer stabilization refers to customer service that fire departments provide during an emergency. When a fire department responds to an emergency, two related priorities are life safety and stabilizing the incident. Part of this process is ensuring the customer's well-being from the time of dispatch until after the incident becomes stable.
1596:, and are often split between engine and ladder companies. In Europe, where the size and usefulness of aerial appliances are often limited by narrow streets, they are only used for rescues, and firefighters can rotate between working on an engine and an aerial appliance. A final point in variation is how involved firefighters are in
489:
incident's critical factors and the risk management plan indicate an offensive strategy, the incident commander will define the tactical objectives for entering the structure. Offensive incident action plans (tactics) are based on the standard offensive tactical priorities and their corresponding completion benchmarks.
1523:, volunteers play a substantial role even in the largest fire departments, including Berlin's, which serves a population of 3.6 million. Regardless of how this balance works, a common feature is that smaller urban areas have a mix of full-time and volunteer/on-call firefighters. This is known in the United States as a
858:. Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle tissue and has many causes including heat exposure, high core body temperature, and prolonged, intense exertion. Routine firefighter tasks, such as carrying extra weight of equipment and working in hot environments, can increase firefighters' risk for rhabdomyolysis.
455:
gain access into the structure. Specific procedures(NFPA 704) and equipment are needed at a property where hazardous materials are being used or stored. Additionally, fighting fires in some structures may require additional training and firefighting tactics that are specific to that structure. For example,
1312:
that wildland firefighters could have an increased risk of lung cancer mortality. The research on cancer for other subspecialty groups of firefighters is limited, but a recent study of fire instructors in
Australia found an exposure-response relationship between training exposures and cancer incidence.
1336:
and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Among women in the US, the occupations with the highest suicide rates are police and firefighters, with a rate of 14.1 per 100 000, according to the
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. Chronic stress over time attributes to symptoms that affect
898:
while responding to or returning from an incident. Other firefighters have been injured or killed by vehicles at the scene of a fire or emergency (Paulison 2005). A common measure fire departments have taken to prevent this is to require firefighters to wear a bright yellow reflective vest over their
538:
Whenever possible during a structure fire, property is moved into the middle of a room and covered with a salvage cover, a heavy cloth-like tarp. Various steps such as retrieving and protecting valuables found during suppression or overhaul, evacuating water, and boarding windows and roofs can divert
480:
Buildings that are made of flammable materials such as wood are different from building materials such as concrete. Generally, a "fire-resistant" building is designed to limit fire to a small area or floor. Other floors can be safe by preventing smoke inhalation and damage. All buildings suspected or
1380:
The time of exposure required to potentially cause damage depends on the level of sound exposed to. The most common causes of excessive sound exposure are sirens, transportation to and from fires, fire alarms, and work tools. Traveling in an emergency vehicle has shown to expose a person to between
1376:
represents A-weighted decibels. dBA is used for measuring sound levels relating to occupational sound exposure since it attempts to mimic the sensitivity of the human ear to different frequencies of sound. OSHA uses a 5-dBA exchange rate, which means that for every 5dBA increase in sound from 90dBA,
1062:
include assuming all power lines are energized until confirmation they are de-energized, and grounding power lines to guard against electrical feedback, and using appropriate personal protective equipment. Proper respiratory protection can protect against hazardous substances. Proper ventilation of
747:
Fire investigators, who are experienced firefighters trained in fire cause determinism, are dispatched to fire scenes, in order to investigate and determine whether the fire was a result of an accident or intentional. Some fire investigators have full law enforcement powers to investigate and arrest
1405:
have been used by firefighters in the United States. Earmuffs are the most commonly used hearing protection device (HPD) as they are the most easy to put on correctly in a quick manner. Multiple fire departments have used HPDs that have communication devices built in, allowing firefighters to speak
1400:
have been implemented in multiple stations and have shown to help lower the rate of firefighters with NIHL. Other attempts have been made to lower sound exposures for firefighters, such as enclosing the cabs of the firetrucks to lower the siren exposure while driving. NFPA (National Fire
Protection
1311:
to burn potential fire fuel under controlled conditions. To examine cancer risk for wildland firefighters, a risk assessment was conducted using an exposure-response relationship for risk of lung cancer mortality and measured particulate matter exposure from smoke at wildfires. This study concluded
1164:
Cancer risk in the U.S. fire service is a topic of growing concern. Recent studies suggest that due to their exposure on the fireground, firefighters may be at an increased risk for certain types of cancer and other chronic diseases. Additionally, large international studies generally support the
907:
Firefighters have occasionally been assaulted by members of the public while responding to calls. These kinds of attacks can cause firefighters to fear for their safety when responding to specific areas and may cause them to not have full focus on the situation which could result in injury to their
581:
employ specialist firefighters to deal with potential ground emergencies. Due to the mass casualty potential of an aviation emergency, the speed with which emergency response equipment and personnel arrive at the scene of the emergency is of paramount importance. When dealing with an emergency, the
488:
When the first fire department arrives on-scene at a structure fire, scene size-up must occur to develop the appropriate strategy (offensive or defensive) and tactics. With scene size-up, a risk assessment must also occur to determine the risks of making an interior fire attack. When an
454:
While sometimes fires can be limited to small areas of a structure, wider collateral damage due to smoke, water and burning embers is common. Utility shutoff (such as gas and electricity) is typically an early priority for arriving fire crews. In addition, forcible entry may be required in order to
165:
The skills required for safe operations are regularly practiced during training evaluations throughout a firefighter's career. Initial firefighting skills are normally taught through local, regional or state-approved fire academies or training courses. Depending on the requirements of a department,
846:
and give a measure of exertion and fatigue. They also tell the people outside a building when they have stopped moving or fallen. This allows a supervisor to call in additional engines before the crew get exhausted and also gives an early warning to firefighters before they run out of air, as they
246:
if a fourth element is added: a chemical chain reaction which can help sustain certain types of fire. The aim of firefighting is to deprive the fire of at least one of those elements. Most commonly this is done by dousing the fire with water, though some fires require other methods such as foam or
931:
While many hazardous chemicals sued in fire-fighting materials, such as penta-bromdiphenyl ether have already been banned by the government, they are almost immediately replaced by a new substance with similar harmful effects. After banning penta-bromodiphenyl ether, chlorinated tris, chloroalkyl
484:
When fire departments respond to structure fires, the priorities are life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation. Some tactics used to achieve positive results at a structure fire include scene size-up, door control, coordinated ventilation, and exterior attack prior to entry.
1719:
The nomenclature of firefighting varies from country to country. The basic unit of firefighters is known as a "company" in many countries, including the United States, with its members typically working on the same engine. A "crew" or "platoon" is a subdivision of a company who work on the same
841:
alert 10–20 seconds after a firefighter has stopped moving in a structure. Physiological status monitors measure a firefighter's vital sign status, fatigue and exertion levels and transmit this information over their voice radio. This technology allows a degree of early warning to physiological
1631:
in
Australia) has a role different from but just as important as other emergency personnel. The telecommunicator must process calls from unknown and unseen individuals, usually calling under stressful conditions. He/she must be able to obtain complete, reliable information from the caller and
731:
Other methods of fire prevention are by directing efforts to reduce known hazardous conditions or by preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. This is normally accomplished in many innovative ways such as conducting presentations, distributing safety brochures, providing news articles,
5323:
Demers, Paul A; DeMarini, David M; Fent, Kenneth W; Glass, Deborah C; Hansen, Johnni; Adetona, Olorunfemi; Andersen, Maria HG; Freeman, Laura E Beane; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J; Daniels, Robert D; Driscoll, Timothy R (July 1, 2022). "Carcinogenicity of occupational exposure as a firefighter".
836:
is a major issue for firefighters as they wear insulated clothing and cannot shed the heat generated from physical exertion. Early detection of heat issues is critical to stop dehydration and heat stress becoming fatal. Early onset of heat stress affects cognitive function which combined with
1619:
The expedient and accurate handling of fire alarms or calls are significant factors in the successful outcome of any incident. Fire department communications play a critical role in that successful outcome. Fire department communications include the methods by which the public can notify the
534:
scenario. Releasing the flammable gases through the roof eliminates the possibility of a backdraft, and the removal of heat can reduce the possibility of a flashover. Flashovers, due to their intense heat (900–1,200 °F (480–650 °C)) and explosive temperaments, are commonly fatal to
5441:
Navarro, Kathleen M.; Kleinman, Michael T.; Mackay, Chris E.; Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Balmes, John R.; Broyles, George A.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Naher, Luke P.; Domitrovich, Joseph W. (June 2019). "Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality".
1643:
equipment to receive alarms, give and receive commands, request assistance, and report on conditions. Since firefighters from different agencies routinely provide mutual aid to each other, and routinely operate at incidents where other emergency services are present, it is essential to have
4807:
Marques, M Matilde; Berrington de
Gonzalez, Amy; Beland, Frederick A.; Browne, Patience; Demers, Paul A; Lachenmeier, Dirk W; Bahadori, Tina; Barupal, Dinesh K.; Belpoggi, Fiorella; Comba, Pietro; Dai, Min (June 2019). "Advisory Group recommendations on priorities for the IARC Monographs".
727:
reduce the risk of death from a fire. With the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms. In the United States, the housing industry trade groups have lobbied at the State level to prevent the requirement for Fire
Sprinklers in one or two family homes.
582:
airport firefighters are tasked with rapidly securing the aircraft, its crew and its passengers from all hazards, particularly fire. Airport firefighters have advanced training in the application of firefighting foams, dry chemical and clean agents used to extinguish burning aviation fuel.
4435:
Abreu, Ana; Costa, Carla; Pinho e Silva, Susana; Morais, Simone; do Carmo
Pereira, Maria; Fernandes, Adília; Moraes de Andrade, Vanessa; Teixeira, João Paulo; Costa, Solange (August 3, 2017). "Wood smoke exposure of Portuguese wildland firefighters: DNA and oxidative damage evaluation".
3746:
Lee, David J.; Koru-Sengul, Tulay; Hernandez, Monique N.; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J.; McClure, Laura A.; Mackinnon, Jill A.; Kobetz, Erin N. (April 2020). "Cancer risk among career male and female
Florida firefighters: Evidence from the Florida Firefighter Cancer Registry (1981-2014)".
920:
are chemical products that are utilized to slow down or stop the spread of a fire by reducing its intensity. While there are numerous benefits to flame retardant products in terms of the reduction of major fires, the components that make up these substances are extremely harmful.
1720:
shift. In British and Commonwealth fire services the firefighters of each station are more typically organised around a "watch" pattern, with several watches (usually four) working on a shift basis, as a separate "crew" for each engine or specialist appliance at that station.
932:
phospahtes, halogenated aryl esters, and tetrabromophthalate dio diester were used instead. While these chemicals are constantly changing with attempts to make it safer for the public, firefighters have constant, up-close exposure that can put them at increased risk.
837:
operating in dangerous environment makes heat stress and dehydration a critical issue to monitor. Firefighter physiological status monitoring is showing promise in alerting EMS and commanders to the status of their people on the fire ground. Devices such as
1424:
In a country with a comprehensive fire service, fire departments must be able to send firefighters to emergencies at any hour of day or night, to arrive on the scene within minutes. In urban areas, this means that full-time paid firefighters usually have
1088:
outcomes. In the United States, the most common cause of on-duty fatalities for firefighters is sudden cardiac death, accounting for approximately 45% of on duty US firefighter deaths. In addition to personal factors that may predispose an individual to
3912:
Amadeo, Brice; Marchand, Jean-Luc; Moisan, Frédéric; Donnadieu, Stéphane; Coureau, Gaëlle; Mathoulin-Pélissier, Simone; Lembeye, Christian; Imbernon, Ellen; Brochard, Patrick (2015). "French firefighter mortality: Analysis over a 30-year period".
622:, have specialist teams for advanced technical rescue. As structure fires have been in decline for many years in developed countries such as the United States, rescues other than fires make up an increasing proportion of their firefighters' work.
815:(PASS) is commonly worn independently or as a part of the SCBA to alert others when a firefighter stops moving for a specified period of time or manually operates the device. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter (
1712:) do possess extensive police powers in connection with their work of enforcement and control in regulatory and emergency situations. In some countries fire fighters carry, or have access to, firearms, including some US fire marshals, and the
4562:
Andersen, Maria Helena Guerra; Saber, Anne Thoustrup; Clausen, Per Axel; Pedersen, Julie Elbæk; Løhr, Mille; Kermanizadeh, Ali; Loft, Steffen; Ebbehøj, Niels; Hansen, Åse Marie; Pedersen, Peter Bøgh; Koponen, Ismo Kalevi (February 24, 2018).
984:. Sources of metals exposure include burnt or melted electronics, cars, refrigerators, stoves, etc. Fire debris cleanup workers may be exposed to these metals or their combustion products in the air or on their skin. These metals may include
1981:. Fire companies were composed of citizens who volunteered their time to help protect the community. As time progressed and new towns were established throughout the region, there was a sharp increase in the number of volunteer departments.
1377:
the acceptable exposure time before a risk of permanent hearing loss occurs decreases by half (starting with 8 hours acceptable exposure time at 90dBA). NIOSH uses a 3-dBA exchange rate starting at 8 hours acceptable exposure time at 85dBA.
4121:
Harris, M. Anne; Kirkham, Tracy L.; MacLeod, Jill S.; Tjepkema, Michael; Peters, Paul A.; Demers, Paul A. (October 2018). "Surveillance of cancer risks for firefighters, police, and armed forces among men in a Canadian census cohort".
1669:
were popular in the early days of radio equipment because of poor transmission and reception. Advances in modern radio technology have reduced the need for ten-codes and many departments have converted to simple English (clear text).
708:
Fire departments frequently provide advice to the public on how to prevent fires in the home and work-place environments. Fire inspectors or fire marshals will directly inspect businesses to ensure they are up to the current building
535:
firefighter personnel. Precautionary methods, such as smashing a window, reveal backdraft situations before the firefighter enters the structure and is met with the circumstance head-on. Firefighter safety is the number one priority.
564:. Wildfires have some ecological role in allowing new plants to grow, therefore in some cases they will be left to burn. Priorities in fighting wildfires include preventing the loss of life and property as well as ecological damage.
1388:
The average day of work for a firefighter can often be under the sound exposure limit for both OSHA and NIOSH. While the average day of sound exposure as a firefighter is often under the limit, firefighters can be exposed to
4774:
Oliveira, M.; Delerue-Matos, C.; Morais, S.; Slezakova, K.; Pereira, M.C.; Fernandes, A.; Costa, S.; Teixeira, J.P. (March 14, 2018), "Levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure and potential genotoxic risks in firefighters",
609:
Complex, infrequent situations requiring specialized training and equipment include rescues from collapsed buildings and confined spaces. Many fire departments, including most in the United Kingdom, refer to themselves as a
5767:
1315:
Due to the lack of central and comprehensive sources of data, research on cancer rates amongst firefighters has been challenging. On July 7, 2018, Congress passed the Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 requiring the
1242:(IARC) as known or probable carcinogens have been identified on the fireground. Several studies have documented airborne and/or dermal exposures to carcinogenic compounds during firefighting, as well as contamination on
1957:
revolutionized firefighting by calling for the creation of a fire guard that was trained, paid, and equipped by the state, thereby commissioning the first truly public and professional firefighting service. Known as the
5240:
Fent, Kenneth W.; Toennis, Christine; Sammons, Deborah; Robertson, Shirley; Bertke, Stephen; Calafat, Antonia M.; Pleil, Joachim D.; Wallace, M. Ariel Geer; Kerber, Steve; Smith, Denise; Horn, Gavin P. (March 2020).
2256:
4935:
Bolstad-Johnson, Dawn M.; Burgess, Jefferey L.; Crutchfield, Clifton D.; Storment, Steve; Gerkin, Richard; Wilson, Jeffrey R. (September 2000). "Characterization of Firefighter Exposures During Fire Overhaul".
1635:
While some fire departments are large enough to utilize their own telecommunication dispatcher, most rural and small areas rely on a central dispatcher to provide handling of fire, rescue, and police services.
874:). Structural collapse, which often occurs without warning, may crush or trap firefighters inside the structure. To avoid loss of life, all on-duty firefighters should maintain two-way communication with the
4716:
Jeong, Kyoung Sook; Zhou, Jin; Griffin, Stephanie C.; Jacobs, Elizabeth T.; Dearmon-Moore, Devi; Zhai, Jing; Littau, Sally R.; Gulotta, John; Moore, Paul; Peate, Wayne F.; Richt, Crystal M. (May 2018).
1620:
communications center of an emergency, the methods by which the center can notify the proper fire fighting forces, and the methods by which information is exchanged at the scene. One method is to use a
713:, which are enforced so that a building can sufficiently resist fire spread, potential hazards are located, and to ensure that occupants can be safely evacuated, commensurate with the risks involved.
1023:
from downed or exposed electrical lines or in instances where water has come into contact with electrical equipment. Structures that have been burned may be unstable and at risk of sudden collapse.
1550:
have a single national fire service. Others like Australia, the United Kingdom and France organize fire services based on regions or sub-national states. In the United States, Austria, Germany and
6684:
5041:
Fent, Kenneth W.; Alexander, Barbara; Roberts, Jennifer; Robertson, Shirley; Toennis, Christine; Sammons, Deborah; Bertke, Stephen; Kerber, Steve; Smith, Denise; Horn, Gavin (October 3, 2017).
1200:, but research is inconclusive as of 2014. Preliminary research from 2015 on a large cohort of US firefighters showed a direct relationship between the number of hours spent fighting fires and
1740:
642:(EMS) agency. Elsewhere, it is common for firefighters to respond to medical calls. The impetus for this is the growing demand in medical emergencies and the significant decline in fires.
5817:
Berger, William; Coutinho, Evandro Silva Freire; Figueira, Ivan; Marques-Portella, Carla; Luz, Mariana Pires; Neylan, Thomas C.; Marmar, Charles R.; Mendlowicz, Mauro Vitor (2012-06-01).
3287:
Daniels, Robert D; Kubale, Travis L; Yiin, James H; Dahm, Matthew M; Hales, Thomas R; Baris, Dalsu; Zahm, Shelia H; Beaumont, James J; Waters, Kathleen M; Pinkerton, Lynne E (June 2014).
5165:
Beitel, Shawn C.; Flahr, Leanne M.; Hoppe-Jones, Christiane; Burgess, Jefferey L.; Littau, Sally R.; Gulotta, John; Moore, Paul; Wallentine, Darin; Snyder, Shane A. (February 1, 2020).
2950:"Associations between polyfluoroalkyl substance and organophosphate flame retardant exposures and telomere length in a cohort of women firefighters and office workers in San Francisco"
1332:
As with other emergency workers, firefighters may witness traumatic scenes during their careers. They are thus more vulnerable than most people to certain mental health issues such as
7850:
5759:
3211:
Kales, Stefanos N.; Soteriades, Elpidoforos S.; Christophi, Costas A.; Christiani, David C. (2007). "The New England Journal of Medicine", March 22, 2007, Accessed:July 17, 2011".
2948:
Clarity, Cassidy; Trowbridge, Jessica; Gerona, Roy; Ona, Katherine; McMaster, Michael; Bessonneau, Vincent; Rudel, Ruthann; Buren, Heather; Morello-Frosch, Rachel (December 2021).
2125:
1778:
1592:
Another way in which a firefighter's work varies around the world is the nature of firefighting equipment and tactics. For example, American fire departments make heavier use of
7900:
2634:
386:
5915:
Stanley, Ian H.; Hom, Melanie A.; Hagan, Christopher R.; Joiner, Thomas E. (2015). "Career prevalence and correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among firefighters".
6017:
2818:
Young, Anna S.; Hauser, Russ; James-Todd, Tamarra M.; Coull, Brent A.; Zhu, Hongkai; Kannan, Kurunthachalam; Specht, Aaron J.; Bliss, Maya S.; Allen, Joseph G. (May 2021).
2248:
1067:
that can be used to avoid or minimize exposure to hazardous substances. When ventilation is insufficient or dust cannot be avoided, personal protective equipment such as
5789:
4388:"Exposure-response relationships for select cancer and non-cancer health outcomes in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950-2009)"
7744:
2820:"Impact of "healthier" materials interventions on dust concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organophosphate esters"
1790:
946:
928:
chemicals. Studies linked PFAS exposure with health effects including major neurological defects and cancer. Long term exposure to these chemicals is a notable concern.
1941:
Although people have fought fires since there have been valuable things to burn, the first instance of organized professionals combating structural fires occurred in
4612:
Keir, Jennifer L. A.; Akhtar, Umme S.; Matschke, David M. J.; Kirkham, Tracy L.; Chan, Hing Man; Ayotte, Pierre; White, Paul A.; Blais, Jules M. (November 7, 2017).
4565:"Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA damage in human volunteers during fire extinction exercises"
692:
incidents. Specialized firefighters, known as hazardous materials technicians, are trained in chemical identification, leak and spill control, and decontamination.
7870:
1016:(PAHs), some of which are carcinogenic, come from the incomplete combustion of organic materials and are often found as a result of structural and wildland fires.
6461:
4979:
Austin, C. C.; Wang, D.; Ecobichon, D. J.; Dussault, G. (July 15, 2001). "Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Smoke at Municipal Structural Fires".
3798:
Pinkerton, Lynne; Bertke, Stephen J; Yiin, James; Dahm, Matthew; Kubale, Travis; Hales, Thomas; Purdue, Mark; Beaumont, James J; Daniels, Robert (February 2020).
4286:
Pukkala, Eero; Martinsen, Jan Ivar; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Kjaerheim, Kristina; Lynge, Elsebeth; Tryggvadottir, Laufey; Sparén, Pär; Demers, Paul A (June 2014).
2453:
247:
dry agents. Firefighters are equipped with a wide variety of equipment for this purpose that include ladder trucks, pumper trucks, tanker trucks, fire hose, and
4614:"Elevated Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Mutagens in Ottawa Firefighters Participating in Emergency, On-Shift Fire Suppression"
1265:. As firefighters combat a fire and clean up hazardous materials, there is a risk of harmful chemicals coming in contact with their skin if it penetrates their
6705:
6541:
4667:
Hoppe-Jones, C.; Beitel, S.; Burgess, J. L.; Snyder, S.; Flahr, L.; Griffin, S.; Littau, S.; Jeong, K. S.; Zhou, J.; Gulotta, J.; Moore, P. (April 1, 2018).
3344:
LeMasters, Grace K.; Genaidy, Ash M.; Succop, Paul; Deddens, James; Sobeih, Tarek; Barriera-Viruet, Heriberto; Dunning, Kari; Lockey, James (November 2006).
3255:
3051:
3028:
2608:
2592:
2379:
1365:
916:
While firefighters are generally responsible for managing hazardous materials in the environment, there is a great deal of risks that they face by doing so.
477:
exposed to the initial fire. Hose streams directed into the interior through exterior wall apertures may conflict and jeopardize interior fire attack crews.
7550:
6234:"Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment. The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. 44 (4): 177"
5599:
Lee, David J.; Koru-Sengul, Tulay; Hernandez, Monique N.; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J.; McClure, Laura A.; Mackinnon, Jill A.; Kobetz, Erin N. (April 2020).
214:
Firefighters had to focus their efforts on saving the adjacent church instead of this burning building, an abandoned convent in Massueville, Quebec, Canada
560:) require a unique set of strategies and tactics. In many countries such as Australia and the United States, these duties are mostly carried out by local
2221:
473:
lines inside the building, find the fire and cool it with water. Exterior crews may direct water into windows and other openings, or against any nearby
7709:
2753:
Murray, Regan M.; Davis, Andrea L.; Shepler, Lauren J.; Moore-Merrell, Lori; Troup, William J.; Allen, Joseph A.; Taylor, Jennifer A. (February 2020).
1208:
mortality in firefighters. This link is a topic of continuing research in the medical community, as is cancer mortality in general among firefighters.
131:
that threaten life and property, as well as to rescue persons from confinement or dangerous situations. Male firefighters are sometimes referred to as
1140:
During fire suppression activities a firefighter can reach peak or near peak heart rates which can act as a trigger for a cardiac event. For example,
1219:
to investigate exposures' effects on biological changes that could be related to cancer development. Several of these studies have found evidence of
719:
have a proven record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have
2661:
Murray, Regan M.; Davis, Andrea L.; Shepler, Lauren J.; Moore-Merrell, Lori; Troup, William J.; Allen, Joseph A.; Taylor, Jennifer A. (2019-12-16).
6492:
6258:
7915:
7829:
6641:
6396:
5819:"Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers"
5108:
Mayer, Alexander C.; Fent, Kenneth W.; Bertke, Stephen; Horn, Gavin P.; Smith, Denise L.; Kerber, Steve; La Guardia, Mark J. (February 1, 2019).
2015:
Funds for firefighting equipment may be raised by the firefighters themselves, especially in the case of volunteer organizations. Events such as
2328:
1507:
A key difference between many countries' fire services is what the balance is between full-time and volunteer (or on-call) firefighters. In the
799:
To allow protection from the inherent risks of fighting fires, firefighters wear and carry protective and self-rescue equipment at all times. A
5993:
1396:
There are also high rates of hearing loss, often NIHL, in firefighters, which increases with age and number of years working as a firefighter.
6334:
5969:
1949:
existed solely as privately organized and funded groups that operated more similarly to a business than a public service; however, during the
2888:"Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure"
1369:
1156:
1113:. The substances inside of materials change during combustion, and their by-products can interfere with the transport of oxygen in the body.
848:
7468:
1291:
There are many types of firefighters. Most research on firefighters' cancer risk has involved structural or municipal career firefighters.
1039:
5381:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans / World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer
1569:. In Germany, conscription can also be used if a village does not have a functioning fire service. Other unusual arrangements are seen in
6520:
6418:
3557:
Jalilian, Hamed; Ziaei, Mansour; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Rueegg, Corina Silvia; Khosravi, Yahya; Kjaerheim, Kristina (November 15, 2019).
3102:
2106:
1239:
941:
390:
1393:, which has a very low acceptable time exposure before permanent hearing damage can occur due to the high intensity and short duration.
7300:
6713:
3140:
1317:
851:
tables exist for heat injury and the allowable amount of work in a given environment based on temperature, humidity and solar loading.
6041:
2479:
7992:
968:
can be found in concrete, roofing tiles, or it may be a naturally occurring element. Occupational exposures to silica dust can cause
2405:
2168:
1148:, also known as a heart attack. This along with unhealthy habits and lack of exercise can be very hazardous to firefighter health.
6621:
6365:
5601:"Cancer risk among career male and female Florida firefighters: Evidence from the Florida Firefighter Cancer Registry (1981-2014)"
5542:
Tsai, Rebecca J.; Luckhaupt, Sara E.; Schumacher, Pam; Cress, Rosemary D.; Deapen, Dennis M.; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (May 6, 2015).
3508:"Health Risks of Structural Firefighters from Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1249:
In addition to chemical exposures, firefighters often work 24-hr shifts or longer, and may respond to emergencies at night. Night
8341:
8336:
8201:
4505:
Adetona, Olorunfemi; Simpson, Christopher D; Li, Zheng; Sjodin, Andreas; Calafat, Antonia M; Naeher, Luke P (November 11, 2015).
2502:
2052:
4165:
Kirstine Ugelvig Petersen, Kajsa; Pedersen, Julie Elbaek; Bonde, Jens Peter; Ebbehoej, Niels Erik; Hansen, Johnni (April 2018).
1436:
provide most of the cover in rural areas. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, by contrast, actual volunteers are rare. Instead, "
7840:
7794:
7702:
6831:
6741:
3289:"Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950–2009)"
2278:
1937:
Vancouver firemen responding to a fire alarm, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Photograph taken by W.J. Carpenter in 1910.
1238:
and hazardous contaminants, which is thought to contribute to their excess cancer risk. Dozens of chemicals classified by the
4792:
4669:"515 Use of urinary biomarkers and bioassays to evaluate chemical exposure and activation of cancer pathways in firefighters"
1902:
1246:
and other equipment worn by firefighters. Some of these compounds have been shown to absorb into firefighters' bodies.
4386:
Daniels RD, Bertke S, Dahm MM, Yiin JH, Kubale TL, Hales TR, Baris D, Zahm SH, Beaumont JJ, Waters KM, Pinkerton LE (2015).
7458:
2304:
2192:
1999:
City fire departments draw their funding directly from city taxes and share the same budget as other public works like the
1184:
exposure, at twice the rate of the non-firefighting working population. Younger firefighters (under age 65) also developed
1763:
740:, is educated in the proper techniques of fire safety, has an evacuation route and rendezvous point is of top priority in
7905:
7754:
7729:
6187:
5043:"Contamination of firefighter personal protective equipment and skin and the effectiveness of decontamination procedures"
3046:
1985:
1645:
925:
5243:"Firefighters' absorption of PAHs and VOCs during controlled residential fires by job assignment and fire attack tactic"
2566:
2539:
665:
has been introduced more recently. Another point of variation is whether the firefighters respond in a fire engine or a
7890:
7804:
7305:
7106:
6952:
6806:
6468:
4066:
Glass, Deborah Catherine; Del Monaco, Anthony; Pircher, Sabine; Vander Hoorn, Stephen; Sim, Malcolm Ross (April 2019).
3683:"Cancer risks of firefighters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of secular trends and region-specific differences"
2068:
1729:
816:
800:
677:
6655:
5951:
4220:
Petersen, Kajsa Ugelvig; Pedersen, Julie Elbæk; Bonde, Jens Peter; Ebbehøj, Niels Erik; Hansen, Johnni (August 2018).
1573:, where most fire services are run by private companies, and in France, where two of the country's fire services (the
7910:
7695:
3409:
3163:
1660:
972:, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, airway diseases, and some additional non-respiratory diseases. Inhalation of
430:
412:
353:
292:
5298:
335:
1679:
1628:
1515:, large metropolitan fire departments are almost entirely made up of full-time firefighters. On the other hand, in
1453:
573:
5876:"A systematic review of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among police officers, firefighters, EMTs, and paramedics"
3020:"Evaluation of fire debris cleanup employees' exposure to silica, asbestos, metals, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons"
210:
7982:
7814:
7265:
6597:
1013:
638:
is the only medical training that firefighters have, and medical calls are the sole responsibility of a separate
394:
4507:"Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as biomarkers of exposure to wood smoke in wildland firefighters"
4011:
Glass, Deborah C; Del Monaco, Anthony; Pircher, Sabine; Vander Hoorn, Stephen; Sim, Malcolm R (September 2017).
7957:
7855:
7809:
7662:
7545:
6816:
2063:
1578:
1333:
1165:
finding from U.S. studies that firefighters have elevated rates of cancer, with some variation by cancer site.
1118:
770:
331:
1644:
structures in place to establish a unified chain of command, and share information between agencies. The U.S.
7880:
7844:
7638:
7355:
6922:
1859:
1321:
1266:
1027:
785:
615:
522:
Some firefighting tactics may appear to be destructive, but often serve specific needs. For example, during
7560:
7555:
7535:
6562:
2428:
1996:. Large cities began establishing paid, full-time staff in order to try to facilitate greater call volume.
1397:
646:
327:
278:
20:
1963:
1406:
with each other at safe, but audible sound levels, while lowering the hazardous sound levels around them.
736:(PSA) or establishing meaningful displays in well-visited areas. Ensuring that each household has working
7330:
7285:
1524:
1269:(PPE). In June 2022, IARC classified occupational exposure as a firefighter as "carcinogenic to humans."
666:
6496:
7885:
7875:
7769:
7578:
7310:
7249:
6734:
6233:
3433:
1713:
1597:
1357:
733:
639:
523:
31:
6392:
3624:
Soteriades, Elpidoforos S; Kim, Jaeyoung; Christophi, Costas A; Kales, Stefanos N (November 1, 2019).
499:
The incident commander should consider these priorities and firefighting tactics at a structure fire:
8105:
7865:
7718:
7290:
6821:
5654:
Ma, Fangchao; Fleming, Lora E.; Lee, David J.; Trapido, Edward; Gerace, Terence A. (September 2006).
2353:
1993:
1663:(FCC); as such, fire departments that operate radio equipment must have radio licenses from the FCC.
1489:
1433:
1415:
1356:
Another long-term risk factor from firefighting is exposure to high levels of sound, which can cause
1345:
1047:
774:
766:
662:
561:
446:
194:
174:
5416:
5374:
4850:
3449:"Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Firefighters: An Overview of Epidemiologic Systematic Reviews"
3225:
2126:"London Fire Brigade accuses BBC of sexism over use of term 'fireman' in children's show Hey Duggee"
465:
may be attacked with either "interior" or "exterior" resources, or both. Interior crews, using the "
8206:
7926:
7779:
7650:
7608:
7325:
7219:
7131:
6857:
6709:
6330:
1632:
prioritize requests for assistance. It is the dispatcher's responsibility to bring order to chaos.
899:
turnout coats if they have to work on a public road, to make them more visible to passing drivers.
316:
27:
3800:"Mortality in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia: an update"
1648:(FEMA) has established a National Incident Management System. One component of this system is the
7974:
7784:
7749:
7674:
7295:
7204:
4900:
Jankovic, J.; Jones, W.; Burkhart, J.; Noonan, G. (1991). "Environmental study of firefighters".
4342:
2057:
1919:
1876:
1649:
1566:
1090:
951:
820:
320:
3019:
1973:
The earliest American fire departments were volunteers, including the volunteer fire company in
381:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
8110:
8100:
8048:
7734:
7540:
7433:
7121:
7101:
6932:
6917:
6884:
3260:
Preventing Fire Fighter Fatalities Due to Heart Attacks and Other Sudden Cardiovascular Events.
3220:
2040:
1933:
1851:
1747:
1449:
1094:
557:
3626:"Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Firefighters: A State-of-the-Art Review and Meta-َAnalysis"
3134:
2886:
Sim, Wonjin; Choi, Sol; Choo, Gyojin; Yang, Mihee; Park, Ju-Hyun; Oh, Jeong-Eun (2021-03-05).
1581:) are part of the armed forces; similarly, the national fire service of Monaco is part of the
1144:
can cause plaque buildup to break loose and lodge itself is a small part of the heart causing
8331:
8299:
7799:
7774:
7759:
7626:
7478:
7060:
6826:
6727:
6252:
3041:
3039:
2086:
1800:
1769:
1709:
1390:
1253:
has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by IARC. Some firefighters also work with
1197:
1145:
658:
456:
193:, their work will overlap with law enforcement. Firefighters may also provide some degree of
6188:"Noise exposure computation - 1910.95 App A | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
4364:
3956:
Glass, D. C.; Pircher, S.; Monaco, A. Del; Hoorn, S. Vander; Sim, M. R. (November 1, 2016).
3506:
Hwang, Jooyeon; Xu, Chao; Agnew, Robert J.; Clifton, Shari; Malone, Tara R. (January 2021).
7895:
7834:
7824:
7789:
7519:
7473:
7360:
6897:
6892:
6791:
5451:
5417:"Firefighters : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
5178:
4988:
4625:
4564:
4445:
4287:
4233:
4166:
4012:
3694:
2961:
2831:
2766:
2674:
2518:
1538:
Another point of variation is how the fire services are organized. Some countries like the
1437:
1419:
1292:
1105:, formed during the combustion of paper, cotton, plastics, and other substances containing
1064:
955:
843:
789:
548:
8306:
6436:
4685:
3105:
3036:
1593:
961:
Once extinguished, fire debris cleanup poses several safety and health risks for workers.
8:
7764:
7378:
7234:
7224:
7091:
7020:
7000:
4221:
2755:"A Systematic Review of Workplace Violence Against Emergency Medical Services Responders"
2663:"A Systematic Review of Workplace Violence Against Emergency Medical Services Responders"
2279:"Surrey firefighters called to almost 300 medical emergencies during co-responding trial"
2060: – Standardized approach to command, control, and coordination of emergency response
1656:
1612:
1129:
and possibly ischemic heart disease. Other factors associated with firefighting, such as
867:
619:
595:
5493:
Glass, D. C.; Del Monaco, A.; Pircher, S.; Vander Hoorn, S.; Sim, M. R. (October 2016).
5455:
5182:
4992:
4629:
4449:
4237:
3866:
3834:
3799:
3698:
3187:
2965:
2835:
2770:
2678:
7950:
7860:
7418:
7403:
7199:
7076:
6927:
6864:
6771:
6669:
6580:
6361:
6298:
6273:
6214:
6108:
5851:
5818:
5734:
5691:
5671:
5636:
5576:
5543:
5475:
5393:
5376:
5357:
5275:
5242:
5222:
5142:
5109:
5090:
5020:
4877:
4852:
4833:
4751:
4698:
4539:
4506:
4487:
4412:
4387:
4323:
4265:
4202:
4147:
4103:
4048:
3993:
3894:
3847:
3780:
3723:
3682:
3658:
3606:
3534:
3507:
3483:
3448:
3427:
3381:
3361:
3321:
3288:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3074:
2992:
2949:
2922:
2887:
2860:
2819:
2795:
2754:
2703:
2662:
2484:
2023:
are common in the United States. Social events are used to raise money include dances,
1582:
1574:
1463:
1402:
1272:
Firefighters are in addition to carcinogenic chemicals, firefighters can be exposed to
1169:
875:
650:
631:
178:
6152:
5760:"The National Firefighter Registry: An update on the plan to track firefighter cancer"
5337:
4821:
2499:
8227:
7583:
7443:
7438:
7040:
7015:
6985:
6635:
6303:
6164:
6100:
5932:
5897:
5856:
5838:
5683:
5675:
5640:
5628:
5620:
5581:
5563:
5524:
5516:
5479:
5467:
5398:
5361:
5349:
5341:
5280:
5262:
5226:
5214:
5206:
5147:
5129:
5082:
5074:
5012:
5004:
4961:
4953:
4917:
4882:
4864:
4837:
4825:
4788:
4756:
4738:
4690:
4649:
4641:
4594:
4586:
4544:
4526:
4491:
4479:
4471:
4417:
4315:
4307:
4288:"Cancer incidence among firefighters: 45 years of follow-up in five Nordic countries"
4257:
4249:
4194:
4186:
4139:
4095:
4087:
4040:
4032:
3985:
3977:
3938:
3930:
3886:
3851:
3839:
3821:
3784:
3772:
3764:
3728:
3710:
3663:
3645:
3598:
3590:
3539:
3488:
3470:
3415:
3405:
3373:
3365:
3326:
3308:
3238:
2997:
2979:
2927:
2909:
2865:
2847:
2800:
2782:
2708:
2690:
2282:
2046:
2016:
2000:
1751:
1640:
1262:
1130:
1114:
1059:
895:
883:
606:
248:
151:
6289:
6112:
5695:
5094:
5024:
4718:
4702:
4327:
4269:
4151:
4107:
4052:
3997:
3898:
3610:
3120:
2077: – Operations for life saving, removal from danger and liberation from restrain
1019:
Safety hazards of fire cleanup include the risk of reignition of smoldering debris,
8152:
8131:
7819:
7280:
6975:
6293:
6285:
6090:
5924:
5887:
5846:
5830:
5709:
5667:
5612:
5571:
5555:
5506:
5459:
5388:
5333:
5270:
5254:
5196:
5186:
5137:
5121:
5064:
5054:
4996:
4945:
4909:
4872:
4817:
4780:
4746:
4730:
4680:
4633:
4613:
4576:
4534:
4518:
4461:
4453:
4407:
4399:
4299:
4241:
4206:
4178:
4131:
4079:
4024:
3969:
3922:
3878:
3829:
3811:
3756:
3718:
3702:
3653:
3641:
3637:
3580:
3570:
3529:
3519:
3478:
3460:
3385:
3357:
3345:
3316:
3300:
3230:
3082:
2987:
2969:
2917:
2899:
2855:
2839:
2790:
2774:
2735:
2698:
2682:
2573:
2546:
2226:
2004:
1989:
1978:
1586:
1497:
1483:
1224:
1102:
808:
741:
284:
242:
5167:"Assessment of the toxicity of firefighter exposures using the PAH CALUX bioassay"
5125:
5059:
5042:
4457:
1432:
Whether they are paid or not varies by country. In the United States and Germany,
704:
Firefighters frequently give fire prevention talks at schools and community events
8038:
7383:
7275:
7244:
7229:
7025:
6907:
6852:
6786:
6766:
5463:
5191:
5166:
5110:"Firefighter hood contamination: Efficiency of laundering to remove PAHs and FRs"
4734:
3958:"Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of male paid Australian firefighters"
2843:
2506:
2020:
1458:
1308:
1285:
1277:
1254:
1189:
1122:
1098:
1055:
965:
917:
689:
681:
466:
147:
143:
120:
91:
5952:"Why are suicide rates higher for farmers and firefighters than for librarians?"
4668:
2198:
1137:, and heavy physical exertion, also increase the risk of cardiovascular events.
886:
was the founder and greatest contributor to this element of firefighter safety.
507:· Life safety – primary and secondary "All Clear(s)" (A/C)
8264:
8018:
8008:
7463:
7413:
7315:
7239:
7164:
7116:
7086:
7005:
6937:
6422:
6095:
6078:
5000:
3706:
2974:
1946:
1843:
1539:
1512:
1281:
1193:
1185:
1085:
1068:
1051:
855:
804:
793:
720:
716:
602:
462:
99:
7739:
6215:"NIOSH/Criteria for a Recommended Standard--Occupational Noise Exposure, 1998"
5928:
5892:
5875:
5834:
5258:
4949:
4913:
4403:
4303:
4245:
4182:
4164:
4083:
4028:
3973:
3816:
3625:
3419:
3304:
2107:"BBC in sexism row over cartoon hippo in Hey Duggee who wants to be a fireman"
1344:, where they eat, sleep, and perform other duties during their shifts. Hence,
459:
are a type of structure fire that require specific tactics to decrease risks.
8325:
8288:
7987:
7943:
7603:
7453:
7320:
7194:
7169:
7154:
7111:
7050:
5842:
5679:
5624:
5567:
5520:
5375:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010).
5345:
5266:
5210:
5133:
5078:
5008:
4957:
4868:
4851:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010).
4784:
4742:
4694:
4645:
4590:
4530:
4475:
4311:
4253:
4190:
4167:"Long-term follow-up for cancer incidence in a cohort of Danish firefighters"
4091:
4036:
4013:"Mortality and cancer incidence among male volunteer Australian firefighters"
3981:
3934:
3825:
3768:
3714:
3649:
3594:
3474:
3369:
3312:
3087:
2983:
2913:
2851:
2786:
2778:
2694:
2686:
2578:
2551:
2143:
1974:
1942:
1697:
1508:
1020:
882:(PASS) on all fire scenes and maintain radio communication on all incidents.
780:
601:
Firefighters rescue persons from confinement or dangerous situations such as
513:· Post fire control firefighter decontamination (Decon)
236:
169:
Firefighters work closely with other emergency response agencies such as the
103:
95:
7687:
5511:
5494:
4637:
4581:
2613:
Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters Due to Truss System Failures
393:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
8239:
8180:
8023:
7509:
7494:
7393:
7184:
7149:
7035:
7010:
6995:
6970:
6965:
6942:
6869:
6796:
6776:
6750:
6307:
6104:
5936:
5901:
5860:
5794:
5687:
5655:
5632:
5600:
5585:
5528:
5471:
5402:
5353:
5284:
5218:
5151:
5086:
5016:
4965:
4886:
4829:
4760:
4653:
4598:
4548:
4483:
4421:
4343:"Is There a Link Between Firefighting and Cancer? – Epidemiology in Action"
4319:
4261:
4198:
4143:
4099:
4067:
4044:
3989:
3942:
3890:
3843:
3776:
3732:
3667:
3602:
3543:
3524:
3492:
3465:
3399:
3377:
3330:
3242:
3001:
2931:
2904:
2869:
2804:
2712:
1907:
1882:
1833:
1705:
1684:
Many firefighters are sworn members with command structures similar to the
1341:
1304:
1212:
1177:
1126:
981:
833:
590:
218:
182:
124:
6168:
4921:
3346:"Cancer Risk Among Firefighters: A Review and Meta-analysis of 32 Studies"
3259:
3075:"Health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica"
2597:
Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters due to Structural Collapse
44:
8269:
8185:
8033:
8028:
7514:
7189:
7174:
7081:
7055:
7045:
6980:
6960:
6902:
6847:
6801:
6685:"Longtime Deadwood firefighter to be honored at annual chili feed Sunday"
4934:
4806:
3271:
3234:
2080:
1892:
1865:
1701:
1615:
station officer (red helmet) and firefighters (yellow helmets), Australia
1562:
1547:
1467:
1382:
1373:
1243:
1228:
1201:
1141:
1134:
879:
838:
812:
744:
for most fire prevention teams in almost all fire department localities.
737:
661:. In the United Kingdom, where fire services and EMS are run separately,
5201:
4522:
4466:
3957:
2759:
NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
2667:
NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
2612:
2596:
166:
additional skills and certifications may also be acquired at this time.
8249:
8013:
7423:
7209:
7179:
7159:
7096:
7066:
7030:
6874:
6781:
5616:
5559:
5069:
4135:
3926:
3882:
3760:
3585:
2404:
Pollack, Keshia; Frattaroli, Shannon; Somers, Scott (August 24, 2015).
1950:
1838:
1796:
1426:
1300:
1257:
and trained to control and clean up these dangerous materials, such as
1250:
1235:
1220:
977:
654:
190:
155:
5816:
3575:
3558:
2739:
1340:
When not on the scene of an emergency, firefighters remain on call at
894:
In the United States, 25% of fatalities of firefighters are caused by
8254:
8244:
8234:
8175:
8147:
8043:
7448:
7428:
7408:
7398:
7388:
7270:
7214:
7144:
7139:
6990:
5656:"Cancer incidence in Florida professional firefighters, 1981 to 1999"
5598:
4367:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 25 July 2014
4068:"Mortality and cancer incidence among female Australian firefighters"
3865:
Ahn, Yeon-Soon; Jeong, Kyoung-Sook; Kim, Kyoo-Sang (September 2012).
3745:
2728:"Workplace violence and mental health of paramedics and firefighters"
2635:"Rapid Response: Firefighters describe alarming moments during riots"
1828:
1804:
1666:
1621:
1558:
1493:
1348:
is another occupational hazard that they may encounter at their job.
1273:
1258:
1216:
1005:
985:
969:
710:
700:
635:
531:
527:
470:
8310:
4773:
2519:"OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) - Section III: Chapter IV: Heat Stress"
510:· Property conservation – "Loss Stopped" (L/S)
305:
8222:
7504:
7499:
7340:
6912:
6811:
4285:
3210:
2727:
2028:
1954:
1925:
1862:("PPE") designed to withstand water and high temperatures, such as
1685:
1361:
1296:
1205:
1181:
1110:
1031:
993:
973:
553:
5492:
4065:
4010:
1716:
of Monaco which is a military unit providing civilian fire cover.
1324:
designed to collect data on cancer rates among U.S. firefighters.
4857:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
3681:
Casjens, Swaantje; Brüning, Thomas; Taeger, Dirk (October 2020).
3512:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3453:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2892:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2540:"What structural fire fighters need to know about rhabdomyolysis"
1959:
1815:
A partial list of some equipment typically used by firefighters:
1570:
1520:
1516:
1501:
1172:
showed that firefighters are at higher risk for certain types of
1043:
1035:
989:
811:, toxic fumes, and super heated gases. A special device called a
578:
6656:"Volunteer Voices: Fundraising Ideas for Local Fire Departments"
6566:
6364:. Bristol, England: JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee).
5790:"Fire fighters' battle with PTSD: "Every day is an anxious day""
3867:"Cancer morbidity of professional emergency responders in Korea"
1478:
1117:
can then lead to heart injury. In addition, chronic exposure to
8069:
6719:
4226:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
3687:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
2752:
2660:
2567:"What wildland fire fighters need to know about rhabdomyolysis"
2074:
1967:
1755:
1693:
1689:
1551:
1543:
1173:
1106:
1009:
997:
231:
170:
87:
6622:"The Difference Between a Fire Department and a Fire District"
6018:"Special report: Firefighter behavioral health - NFPA Journal"
5440:
4666:
3164:"Personal Protective Equipment During Fire Cleanup Operations"
964:
Many hazardous substances are commonly found in fire debris.
924:
The most concerning materials that make up these products are
847:
may not be able to make voice calls over their radio. Current
842:
stress. These devices are similar to technology developed for
688:
Fire departments are usually the lead agency that responds to
8126:
8084:
8079:
7071:
5164:
5040:
4434:
3911:
3556:
3343:
2624:
Federal Highway Administration DOT 23CFR634 Worker Visibility
1886:
1784:
A firefighter using a hydraulic cutter during a demonstration
1528:
1471:
871:
870:
of a burning building (e.g. a wall, floor, ceiling, roof, or
186:
26:"Fireman" and "Firewoman" redirect here. For other uses, see
6683:
Pioneer, Jaci Conrad Pearson Black Hills (2 November 2018).
5874:
Stanley, Ian H.; Hom, Melanie A.; Joiner, Thomas E. (2016).
5544:"Risk of cancer among firefighters in California, 1988-2007"
5541:
5247:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
4561:
4511:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
4219:
4120:
3623:
1704:
departments), though certain fire safety officials (such as
1307:
and other compounds emitted by the wildfires. They also use
516:· Customer Stabilization* – Short term
8074:
8064:
7966:
5970:"Health & Wellness: How Firefighters Can Manage Stress"
5710:"Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 (2018 - H.R. 931)"
5495:"Mortality and cancer incidence at a fire training college"
5239:
4978:
4899:
2024:
1871:
1608:
1532:
1295:
are specially trained firefighters tasked with controlling
1001:
827:
474:
227:
185:
investigate the cause of a fire. If the fire was caused by
159:
128:
6437:"Chile's firefighters in spotlight after Valparaiso blaze"
5739:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3079:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2947:
2817:
2408:. No. Fire and Worker Health and Safety. SAGE Journal
8259:
4611:
4222:"Mortality in a cohort of Danish firefighters; 1970–2014"
1823:
1589:
for use by firefighters during civil defence operations.
1192:
at higher rates than the general population. The risk of
1160:
Smoke can expose firefighters to a variety of carcinogens
645:
In such departments, firefighters are often certified as
162:, firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world.
49:
Firefighter team work together to contain a blazing barn
7935:
6563:"Emergency Management in Australia - Triple Zero (000)"
5322:
4800:
4345:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3955:
3797:
3274:/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf
2403:
6586:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. December 2008.
5994:"Stress takes heavy toll on firefighters, experts say"
4981:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
4715:
4504:
4438:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
3447:
Laroche, Elena; L'Espérance, Sylvain (March 3, 2021).
3446:
3018:
Beaucham, Catherine; Eisenberg, Judith (August 2019).
2197:, Natural Resources Canada, 2008-06-05, archived from
2043: – Vehicle for use during firefighting operations
1603:
866:
Another leading cause of death during firefighting is
481:
on fire must be evacuated, regardless of fire rating.
146:, also known in some countries as the fire brigade or
5914:
5299:"IARC Monographs Volume 124: Night Shift Work – IARC"
4385:
3404:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2010.
3286:
3256:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3192:
California Division of Occupational Safety and Health
3168:
California Division of Occupational Safety and Health
3052:
California Division of Occupational Safety and Health
3029:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2609:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2593:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1899:
Handheld radio, pager, or other communication devices
1659:
in the United States is under authorization from the
723:
systems. Correctly working sprinklers in a residence
614:
for this reason. Large fire departments, such as the
6670:"Pancake Breakfast – Tracy Firefighters Association"
6598:"Humberside Fire and Rescue Service: Shift patterns"
6079:"Hazardous Decibels: Hearing Health of Firefighters"
4723:
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
3680:
2480:"3 Firefighters Die in Blazes in Brooklyn and Bronx"
226:
A fire burns due to the presence of three elements:
6521:"Fire Commentary: European Firefighting Operations"
6274:"Firefighters' noise exposure: A literature review"
5653:
5107:
3559:"Cancer incidence and mortality among firefighters"
3505:
1750:4 level protective gear during an exercise held at
1474:
and certain sites of national strategic importance.
567:
16:
Rescuer trained to extinguish fires and save people
5660:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
3350:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2406:"Research Shows Residential Sprinklers Save Lives"
2222:"Plenty of firefighters, but where are the fires?"
5114:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
5047:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
3017:
2329:"NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code"
1962:, they were organised into cohorts, serving as a
1554:, fire departments are run at a municipal level.
1409:
803:(SCBA) delivers air to the firefighter through a
751:
8323:
6272:Taxini, Carla; Guida, Heraldo (6 January 2014).
6232:Johnson, Ann-Christin and Morata, Thais (2010).
5873:
3013:
3011:
1970:force in addition to their firefighting duties.
1443:
1084:Firefighting has long been associated with poor
823:(RIT), in locating the firefighter in distress.
6619:
4938:AIHAJ - American Industrial Hygiene Association
4281:
4279:
3282:
3280:
2885:
1929:A picture of American firefighters in the 1770s
1101:, present in nearly all fire environments, and
630:Firefighters frequently provide some degree of
6395:. Dublin, Ireland: GradIreland (GTI Ireland).
5823:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
3047:"Worker Safety and Health During Fire Cleanup"
2656:
2654:
1848:Circular ("K-12"), Cutters Edge and chain saws
826:Firefighters often carry personal self-rescue
177:. A firefighter's role may overlap with both.
7951:
7717:
7703:
6735:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6278:International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology
3008:
2943:
2941:
2881:
2879:
854:Firefighters are also at risk for developing
625:
7469:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
6257:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5036:
5034:
4276:
3277:
3188:"Respiratory Protection During Fire Cleanup"
2477:
1351:
1231:changes related to firefighters' exposures.
135:(and, less commonly, female firefighters as
6640:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6515:
6513:
6271:
3864:
2651:
2458:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
2384:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
2333:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
2049: – Phenomenon of arsonist firefighters
1627:A telecommunicator (often referred to as a
1240:International Agency for Research on Cancer
942:Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup
334:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
293:Learn how and when to remove these messages
234:and heat. This is often referred to as the
7958:
7944:
7710:
7696:
7301:International Association of Fire Fighters
6742:
6728:
6714:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6349:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6146:
6144:
6142:
4365:"Study of Cancer among U.S. Fire Fighters"
3630:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
3141:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2938:
2876:
2305:"NFPA 1072 Hazardous Materials Technician"
1893:Personal alert safety system (PASS) device
1470:unit which serves as the fire service for
1318:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
788:tackle an aircraft fire during a drill at
254:
43:
7993:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
6297:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6094:
5891:
5850:
5575:
5510:
5392:
5274:
5200:
5190:
5141:
5068:
5058:
5031:
4876:
4750:
4684:
4580:
4538:
4465:
4411:
3833:
3815:
3722:
3657:
3584:
3574:
3533:
3523:
3482:
3464:
3320:
3224:
3086:
2991:
2973:
2921:
2903:
2859:
2794:
2702:
2577:
2550:
2426:
2354:"Overview of the International Fire Code"
1872:Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
1079:
976:can result in various diseases including
431:Learn how and when to remove this message
413:Learn how and when to remove this message
354:Learn how and when to remove this message
6510:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6153:"Noise and Hearing Loss in Firefighting"
6076:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6062:
2429:"The Fire Sprinkler War, State by State"
2216:
2214:
1988:in the United States was established in
1932:
1924:
1918:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1723:
1607:
1488:
1477:
1457:
1155:
945:
935:
779:
765:
699:
676:
589:
542:
217:
209:
8202:International Flame Research Foundation
6682:
6314:
6231:
5605:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
5548:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
5499:Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England)
5377:"Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork"
4853:"Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork"
4673:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4392:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4341:Daniels, Robert D. (17 December 2014).
4340:
4292:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4171:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4124:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
4072:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4017:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
3962:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
3915:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
3871:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
3804:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
3749:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
3293:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2725:
2123:
2104:
2083: – Skydiving wildland firefighters
1879:, face mask and visor; climbing helmets
1215:studies, mechanistic studies have used
861:
222:Firefighter carrying out a ladder slide
8324:
6198:
6119:
6077:Hong, O.; Samo, D.G. (1 August 2007).
4618:Environmental Science & Technology
3272:https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents
672:
127:, primarily to control and extinguish
7939:
7691:
6723:
6581:"National Incident Management System"
6380:
6175:
6150:
6059:
4686:10.1136/oemed-2018-ICOHabstracts.1178
3401:Painting, Firefighting, and Shiftwork
2211:
889:
8295:
7770:Denmark - Copenhagen Fire Department
7634:
7459:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
5368:
2169:"Hazardous Materials identification"
2166:
2105:Knowles, Michael (January 4, 2018).
1868:, including turnout jacket and pants
1854:such as spreaders, cutters, and rams
1125:. Noise exposures may contribute to
911:
494:Firefighting priorities and tactics:
365:
332:adding citations to reliable sources
299:
258:
6399:from the original on 12 August 2021
6368:from the original on 27 August 2021
6337:from the original on 12 August 2021
5949:
3135:"Worker Safety During Fire Cleanup"
2471:
2427:Faturechi, Robert (June 22, 2016).
2259:from the original on 13 August 2017
2124:Coulter, Martin (January 3, 2018).
1696:(although some firefighters in the
1692:. They do not usually have general
1646:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1604:Communication and command structure
1535:, all firefighters are volunteers.
1368:and at or above 90dBA according to
880:personal alert safety system device
205:
13:
7107:Self-contained breathing apparatus
6807:Firefighter assist and search team
6493:"SCDF Website - GENERAL: About Us"
5770:from the original on April 7, 2022
5672:10.1097/01.jom.0000235862.12518.04
4777:Occupational Safety and Hygiene VI
4719:"MicroRNA Changes in Firefighters"
3362:10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90
1730:Glossary of firefighting equipment
1074:
817:firefighter assist and search team
801:self-contained breathing apparatus
695:
14:
8353:
6698:
6333:. UK Fire Service Resources Ltd.
6042:"9 sources of firefighter stress"
2478:James Barron (January 24, 2005).
1945:. Likewise, fire fighters of the
1700:have limited police powers, like
1661:Federal Communications Commission
1482:Firefighters tackling a blaze in
1234:Firefighters regularly encounter
274:This section has multiple issues.
8305:
8294:
8284:
8283:
7669:
7657:
7645:
7633:
7622:
7621:
6832:Fire department ranks by country
6749:
6708:regarding risks for exposure to
6676:
6662:
6648:
6613:
6604:
6590:
6573:
6555:
6534:
6485:
6454:
6429:
6411:
6265:
6225:
6034:
2726:Setlack, Jennifer (2019-04-02).
2380:"NFPA Fire Sprinkler Initiative"
2358:International Code Council (ICC)
1789:
1777:
1762:
1739:
1680:Fire department ranks by country
1639:Firefighters are trained to use
1454:Fire department ranks by country
1398:Hearing loss prevention programs
1327:
574:Aircraft rescue and firefighting
568:Aircraft rescue and firefighting
370:
304:
263:
7983:Control of fire by early humans
7670:
7306:International Firefighters' Day
7266:Candidate Physical Ability Test
6565:. July 27, 2010. Archived from
6290:10.7162/S1809-97772013000100014
6010:
5986:
5962:
5943:
5908:
5867:
5810:
5782:
5752:
5735:"National Firefighter Registry"
5727:
5702:
5647:
5592:
5535:
5486:
5434:
5409:
5316:
5291:
5233:
5158:
5101:
4972:
4928:
4893:
4844:
4779:, CRC Press, pp. 267–271,
4767:
4709:
4660:
4605:
4555:
4498:
4428:
4379:
4357:
4334:
4213:
4158:
4114:
4059:
4004:
3949:
3905:
3858:
3791:
3739:
3674:
3617:
3563:International Journal of Cancer
3550:
3499:
3440:
3392:
3337:
3265:
3249:
3213:New England Journal of Medicine
3204:
3180:
3156:
3111:
3095:
3067:
2811:
2746:
2719:
2627:
2618:
2602:
2586:
2559:
2532:
2511:
2492:
2446:
2420:
2397:
2372:
2346:
2321:
2069:International Firefighters' Day
1992:, followed four years later by
807:and is worn to protect against
756:
282:or discuss these issues on the
240:. Sometimes it is known as the
8342:Protective service occupations
8337:Occupational safety and health
6817:Special operations firefighter
6706:Firefighters and EMS providers
6620:rogerwaters3320 (2021-04-16).
6523:. Fire Engineering. 2008-06-12
5917:Journal of Affective Disorders
4902:Annals of Occupational Hygiene
3642:10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3221
2297:
2271:
2241:
2185:
2160:
2136:
2117:
2098:
2064:Index of firefighting articles
2010:
1579:Marseille Naval Fire Battalion
1410:Types of coverage and workload
1334:post-traumatic stress disorder
752:Occupational health and safety
73:
65:
1:
7356:Wildfire emergency management
6923:Hazardous materials apparatus
6083:Workplace Health & Safety
5338:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00390-4
5126:10.1080/15459624.2018.1540877
5060:10.1080/15459624.2017.1334904
4822:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30246-3
4458:10.1080/15287394.2017.1286896
2167:Hart, Jonathan (2021-11-05).
2092:
1860:Personal protective equipment
1444:Firefighting around the world
1322:National Firefighter Registry
1267:personal protective equipment
1058:devices. Hazard controls for
1028:personal protective equipment
647:emergency medical technicians
616:New York City Fire Department
539:or prevent post-fire runoff.
6544:. Fire Apparatus. 2016-06-07
5464:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060
5192:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105207
4735:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001307
2844:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106151
2454:"Anti-sprinkler legislation"
1986:first career fire department
1613:New South Wales Fire Brigade
1585:and maintains an armoury of
1121:in smoke is associated with
813:Personal Alert Safety System
395:Knowledge's inclusion policy
21:Firefighter (disambiguation)
7:
7331:World Police and Fire Games
7286:Fire protection engineering
6462:"Die Schweizer Feuerwehren"
6362:"Job Profile - Firefighter"
2034:
1525:combination fire department
902:
771:Firemen's Memorial (Boston)
734:public safety announcements
150:, is one of the three main
10:
8358:
7579:Glossary of wildfire terms
7311:List of firefighting films
6759:Personnel and organization
6610:Essentials of Firefighting
6542:"United States vs. Europe"
6096:10.1177/216507990705500803
5880:Clinical Psychology Review
5001:10.1080/152873901300343470
3707:10.1007/s00420-020-01539-0
2975:10.1186/s12940-021-00778-z
2071: – Observance (May 4)
1917:
1913:
1727:
1714:Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers
1677:
1598:emergency medical services
1447:
1434:volunteer fire departments
1413:
1403:Hearing protection devices
1358:noise-induced hearing loss
939:
663:fire service co-responding
640:emergency medical services
626:Emergency medical services
571:
546:
32:Firewoman (disambiguation)
25:
18:
8278:
8215:
8194:
8168:
8140:
8119:
8093:
8057:
8001:
7973:
7924:
7760:China (People's Republic)
7725:
7719:Geography of firefighting
7617:
7596:
7571:
7528:
7487:
7369:
7348:
7339:
7291:Geography of firefighting
7258:
7130:
6951:
6883:
6840:
6822:Volunteer fire department
6757:
5929:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.007
5893:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002
5835:10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2
5259:10.1038/s41370-019-0145-2
5171:Environment International
4950:10.1080/15298660008984572
4404:10.1136/oemed-2014-102671
4304:10.1136/oemed-2013-101803
4246:10.1007/s00420-018-1323-6
4183:10.1136/oemed-2017-104660
4084:10.1136/oemed-2018-105336
4029:10.1136/oemed-2016-104088
3974:10.1136/oemed-2015-103467
3817:10.1136/oemed-2019-105962
3305:10.1136/oemed-2013-101662
2824:Environment International
1994:St. Louis Fire Department
1567:fire service conscription
1496:fire fighters handling a
1416:Volunteer fire department
1352:Occupational hearing loss
1151:
1038:or safety glasses, heavy
1030:for fire cleanup include
1014:Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
585:
200:
195:emergency medical service
175:emergency medical service
81:
59:
54:
42:
8207:The Combustion Institute
7965:
7927:List of fire departments
7609:Template:Fire protection
7326:World Firefighters Games
7220:Gaseous fire suppression
4785:10.1201/9781351008884-47
3088:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2002129
2779:10.1177/1048291119893388
2687:10.1177/1048291119893388
2579:10.26616/nioshpub2018131
2552:10.26616/nioshpub2018133
1822:Flat-head and pick-head
1799:in firefighting gear on
1746:Turkish firefighters in
1673:
761:
717:Fire suppression systems
634:. In some jurisdictions
28:Fireman (disambiguation)
7296:History of firefighting
6331:"Retained Firefighters"
4914:10.1093/annhyg/35.6.581
4638:10.1021/acs.est.7b02850
2058:Incident Command System
1920:History of firefighting
1772:prepare their equipment
1650:Incident Command System
1095:cardiovascular diseases
1091:coronary artery disease
878:and be equipped with a
821:rapid intervention team
612:fire and rescue service
556:(known in Australia as
255:Structural firefighting
8049:Spontaneous combustion
7434:Firefighting apparatus
7122:Thermal imaging camera
7102:Secure information box
6918:Firefighting apparatus
5444:Environmental Research
4679:(Suppl 2): A412–A413.
3525:10.3390/ijerph18084209
3466:10.3390/ijerph18052519
3432:: CS1 maint: others (
2905:10.3390/ijerph18052645
2732:University of Manitoba
2253:www.london-fire.gov.uk
2041:Firefighting apparatus
1938:
1930:
1903:Thermal imaging camera
1889:and Carbon flash hoods
1852:Hydraulic rescue tools
1710:fire safety inspectors
1616:
1504:
1486:
1475:
1450:Firefighting worldwide
1301:respiratory protection
1236:carcinogenic materials
1161:
1080:Cardiovascular disease
958:
796:
777:
705:
685:
684:after a chemical spill
632:emergency medical care
598:
562:volunteer firefighters
223:
215:
7916:Vatican City/Holy See
7479:Wildland water tender
7061:Hydraulic rescue tool
6827:Women in firefighting
6425:on December 28, 2008.
6419:"Organisation – ÖBFV"
6157:Occupational Medicine
5956:Nordic Labour Journal
5512:10.1093/occmed/kqw079
4582:10.1093/mutage/gex021
3081:. NIOSH. 2017-05-13.
2545:. NIOSH. 2018-05-01.
2194:Forest Fire in Canada
2087:Women in firefighting
1936:
1928:
1801:HMS Illustrious (R06)
1724:Firefighter equipment
1611:
1492:
1481:
1461:
1448:Further information:
1438:retained firefighters
1293:Wildland firefighters
1180:, which is caused by
1168:A 2015 retrospective
1159:
1146:myocardial infarction
949:
936:During debris cleanup
784:Firefighters wearing
783:
769:
748:suspected arsonists.
703:
680:
659:advanced life support
653:, and more rarely as
594:A demonstration of a
593:
543:Wildland firefighting
449:for other techniques.
221:
213:
7520:Wildland fire module
7474:Wildland fire engine
7361:Wildfire suppression
6898:Fire command vehicle
6893:Airport crash tender
6792:Retained firefighter
6151:Tubbs, R.L. (1995).
3235:10.1056/NEJMoa060357
2954:Environmental Health
2498:Zephyr Technologies
1819:Hand tools, such as
1770:Toronto firefighters
1420:Retained firefighter
956:September 11 attacks
862:Structural collapses
844:Future Force Warrior
790:Dyess Air Force Base
649:in order to deliver
549:Wildfire suppression
328:improve this section
19:For other uses, see
7379:Aerial firefighting
7235:Stop, drop and roll
7225:Multiple-alarm fire
7092:Portable water tank
7001:Fire proximity suit
6689:Black Hills Pioneer
5456:2019ER....173..462N
5326:The Lancet Oncology
5183:2020EnInt.13505207B
4993:2001JTEHA..63..437A
4810:The Lancet Oncology
4630:2017EnST...5112745K
4624:(21): 12745–12755.
4523:10.1038/jes.2015.75
4450:2017JTEHA..80..596A
4238:2018IAOEH..91..759P
3699:2020IAOEH..93..839C
2966:2021EnvHe..20...97C
2836:2021EnInt.15006151Y
2771:2020NewSo..29..487M
2679:2020NewSo..29..487M
2148:Public Safety Elite
1657:radio communication
1255:hazardous materials
1198:female firefighters
1176:. Firefighters had
1065:engineering control
980:, lung cancer, and
868:structural collapse
690:hazardous materials
673:Hazardous materials
620:London Fire Brigade
596:vehicle extrication
503:Incident Priorities
469:" rule, may extend
39:
7419:Fire retardant gel
7404:Fire lookout tower
7077:New York roof hook
6928:Light and air unit
6865:Fire lookout tower
6772:Chief fire officer
6658:. October 7, 2019.
5617:10.1002/ajim.23086
5560:10.1002/ajim.22466
4444:(13–15): 596–604.
4136:10.1002/ajim.22891
3927:10.1002/ajim.22434
3883:10.1002/ajim.22068
3761:10.1002/ajim.23086
3144:. 27 December 2012
2505:2010-04-07 at the
2485:The New York Times
2130:www.standard.co.uk
2017:pancake breakfasts
1939:
1931:
1617:
1583:Military of Monaco
1575:Paris Fire Brigade
1561:and many parts of
1505:
1487:
1476:
1464:Paris Fire Brigade
1263:chemical accidents
1196:may be present in
1170:longitudinal study
1162:
1119:particulate matter
1048:hearing protection
959:
896:traffic collisions
890:Traffic collisions
876:incident commander
797:
778:
706:
686:
651:basic life support
599:
249:fire extinguishers
224:
216:
179:Fire investigators
152:emergency services
37:
8319:
8318:
8228:List of wildfires
7933:
7932:
7685:
7684:
7592:
7591:
7584:List of wildfires
7444:Helicopter bucket
7439:Firefighting foam
7041:Hard suction hose
6986:Fire extinguisher
6976:Fire brigade keys
6048:. 9 February 2015
5766:. 17 March 2022.
4794:978-1-351-00888-4
3636:(11): 3221–3231.
3576:10.1002/ijc.32199
3569:(10): 2639–2646.
3356:(11): 1189–1202.
3219:(12): 1207–1215.
2283:Surrey Advertiser
2053:USAF Firefighting
2047:Firefighter arson
2001:police department
1807:, 25 October 2009
1752:Incirlik Air Base
1594:aerial appliances
1303:, and may inhale
1060:electrical injury
1012:, and many more.
912:Chemical exposure
884:Francis Brannigan
607:crashed vehicles.
603:burning buildings
441:
440:
433:
423:
422:
415:
364:
363:
356:
297:
109:
108:
76:
68:
8349:
8309:
8298:
8297:
8287:
8286:
8132:Death by burning
8094:Individual fires
7960:
7953:
7946:
7937:
7936:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7689:
7688:
7673:
7672:
7661:
7660:
7649:
7648:
7637:
7636:
7625:
7624:
7346:
7345:
7281:Fire photography
7063:("Jaws of life")
7021:Fireman's switch
6744:
6737:
6730:
6721:
6720:
6693:
6692:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6639:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6517:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6495:. Archived from
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6467:. Archived from
6466:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6421:. Archived from
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6389:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6358:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6327:
6312:
6311:
6301:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6256:
6248:
6241:Arbete och Hälsa
6238:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6211:
6196:
6195:
6184:
6173:
6172:
6148:
6117:
6116:
6098:
6074:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5950:Lindahl, Björn.
5947:
5941:
5940:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5895:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5854:
5829:(6): 1001–1011.
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5798:. 23 August 2017
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5514:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5396:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5303:www.iarc.who.int
5295:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5204:
5194:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5072:
5062:
5038:
5029:
5028:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4688:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4584:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4542:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4469:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3837:
3819:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3588:
3578:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3527:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3468:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3284:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3228:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3131:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2977:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2907:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2227:The Boston Globe
2218:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2102:
1990:Cincinnati, Ohio
1793:
1781:
1766:
1743:
1624:to communicate.
1498:traffic accident
1484:Montreal, Canada
1346:sleep disruption
1309:prescribed fires
1225:oxidative stress
1103:hydrogen cyanide
950:Firefighters at
918:Flame retardants
809:smoke inhalation
742:public education
447:Fire suppression
436:
429:
418:
411:
407:
404:
398:
374:
373:
366:
359:
352:
348:
345:
339:
308:
300:
289:
267:
266:
259:
243:fire tetrahedron
206:Fire suppression
83:Activity sectors
75:
72:
67:
64:
47:
40:
36:
8357:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8274:
8211:
8190:
8164:
8136:
8115:
8089:
8053:
8039:Fire protection
7997:
7969:
7964:
7934:
7929:
7920:
7721:
7716:
7686:
7681:
7658:
7646:
7613:
7588:
7567:
7524:
7483:
7384:Controlled burn
7371:
7365:
7335:
7276:Fire engine red
7254:
7245:Two-in, two-out
7200:Fireman's carry
7126:
7026:Flame retardant
6947:
6908:Fire motorcycle
6879:
6853:Fire department
6836:
6787:Station officer
6767:Battalion chief
6753:
6748:
6704:Fact Sheet for
6701:
6696:
6681:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6633:
6632:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6547:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6526:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6511:
6502:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6446:
6444:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6417:
6416:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6391:
6390:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6360:
6359:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6329:
6328:
6315:
6270:
6266:
6250:
6249:
6236:
6230:
6226:
6219:www.nonoise.org
6213:
6212:
6199:
6186:
6185:
6176:
6149:
6120:
6075:
6060:
6051:
6049:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6026:
6024:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6002:
6000:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5978:
5976:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5948:
5944:
5913:
5909:
5872:
5868:
5815:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5744:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5652:
5648:
5597:
5593:
5540:
5536:
5491:
5487:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5373:
5369:
5321:
5317:
5307:
5305:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5238:
5234:
5163:
5159:
5106:
5102:
5053:(10): 801–814.
5039:
5032:
4977:
4973:
4933:
4929:
4898:
4894:
4849:
4845:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4772:
4768:
4714:
4710:
4665:
4661:
4610:
4606:
4560:
4556:
4503:
4499:
4433:
4429:
4398:(10): 699–706.
4384:
4380:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4284:
4277:
4218:
4214:
4163:
4159:
4130:(10): 815–823.
4119:
4115:
4064:
4060:
4009:
4005:
3968:(11): 761–771.
3954:
3950:
3910:
3906:
3863:
3859:
3796:
3792:
3744:
3740:
3679:
3675:
3622:
3618:
3555:
3551:
3504:
3500:
3445:
3441:
3425:
3424:
3412:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3342:
3338:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3254:
3250:
3226:10.1.1.495.4530
3209:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3022:
3016:
3009:
2946:
2939:
2884:
2877:
2816:
2812:
2751:
2747:
2724:
2720:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2591:
2587:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2507:Wayback Machine
2497:
2493:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2037:
2013:
1977:, now known as
1923:
1916:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1797:British sailors
1794:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1744:
1732:
1726:
1682:
1676:
1606:
1456:
1446:
1422:
1412:
1354:
1330:
1286:gamma radiation
1278:alpha radiation
1213:epidemiological
1211:In addition to
1190:prostate cancer
1154:
1123:atherosclerosis
1099:carbon monoxide
1082:
1077:
1075:Long-term risks
1069:N95 respirators
1056:fall protection
1052:steel-toe boots
944:
938:
914:
905:
892:
864:
764:
759:
754:
698:
696:Fire prevention
682:Decontamination
675:
628:
588:
576:
570:
551:
545:
495:
467:two in, two out
463:Structure fires
457:row house fires
437:
426:
425:
424:
419:
408:
402:
399:
385:Please help by
384:
375:
371:
360:
349:
343:
340:
325:
309:
268:
264:
257:
208:
203:
148:fire department
121:first responder
92:fire protection
84:
70:
50:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8355:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8302:
8291:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8265:Slash-and-burn
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8156:
8155:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8129:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8019:Dust explosion
8016:
8011:
8009:Chain reaction
8005:
8003:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7988:Historic fires
7985:
7979:
7977:
7971:
7970:
7963:
7962:
7955:
7948:
7940:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7906:United Kingdom
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7715:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7692:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7667:
7655:
7643:
7631:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7543:
7538:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7414:Fire retardant
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7375:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7240:Structure fire
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7165:Door breaching
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7136:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7117:Smoke detector
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7016:Fireman's pole
7013:
7008:
7006:Fire retardant
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6938:Rescue vehicle
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6889:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6763:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6747:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6700:
6699:External links
6697:
6695:
6694:
6675:
6661:
6647:
6612:
6603:
6589:
6572:
6569:on 2010-07-27.
6554:
6533:
6509:
6484:
6453:
6428:
6410:
6379:
6348:
6313:
6284:(1): 080–084.
6264:
6224:
6197:
6174:
6163:(4): 843–885.
6118:
6089:(8): 313–319.
6058:
6033:
6009:
5985:
5961:
5942:
5907:
5866:
5809:
5781:
5751:
5726:
5701:
5666:(9): 883–888.
5646:
5611:(4): 285–299.
5591:
5554:(7): 715–729.
5534:
5505:(7): 536–542.
5485:
5433:
5408:
5367:
5332:(8): 985–986.
5315:
5290:
5253:(2): 338–349.
5232:
5157:
5120:(2): 129–140.
5100:
5030:
4987:(6): 437–458.
4971:
4944:(5): 636–641.
4927:
4908:(6): 581–602.
4892:
4843:
4816:(6): 763–764.
4799:
4793:
4766:
4729:(5): 469–474.
4708:
4659:
4604:
4575:(1): 105–115.
4554:
4497:
4427:
4378:
4356:
4333:
4298:(6): 398–404.
4275:
4232:(6): 759–766.
4212:
4177:(4): 263–269.
4157:
4113:
4078:(4): 215–221.
4058:
4023:(9): 628–638.
4003:
3948:
3921:(4): 437–443.
3904:
3877:(9): 768–778.
3857:
3790:
3755:(4): 285–299.
3738:
3693:(7): 839–852.
3673:
3616:
3549:
3498:
3439:
3410:
3391:
3336:
3299:(6): 388–397.
3276:
3264:
3248:
3203:
3179:
3155:
3119:
3110:
3094:
3066:
3035:
3007:
2937:
2875:
2810:
2765:(4): 487–503.
2745:
2718:
2673:(4): 487–503.
2650:
2626:
2617:
2601:
2599:. August 1999.
2585:
2572:. 2018-05-01.
2558:
2531:
2510:
2491:
2470:
2445:
2419:
2396:
2371:
2345:
2320:
2296:
2270:
2240:
2210:
2184:
2159:
2144:"Fire Academy"
2135:
2116:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2012:
2009:
2005:trash services
1947:Roman Republic
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:, gloves, and
1880:
1874:
1869:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:Spanner wrench
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:Main article:
1725:
1722:
1678:Main article:
1675:
1672:
1641:communications
1605:
1602:
1540:Czech Republic
1513:United Kingdom
1445:
1442:
1411:
1408:
1353:
1350:
1329:
1326:
1320:to create the
1282:beta radiation
1194:bladder cancer
1186:bladder cancer
1153:
1150:
1086:cardiovascular
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1063:an area is an
940:Main article:
937:
934:
913:
910:
904:
901:
891:
888:
863:
860:
856:rhabdomyolysis
805:full face mask
794:Abilene, Texas
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
721:fire sprinkler
697:
694:
674:
671:
627:
624:
587:
584:
572:Main article:
569:
566:
547:Main article:
544:
541:
493:
452:
451:
439:
438:
421:
420:
378:
376:
369:
362:
361:
312:
310:
303:
298:
272:
271:
269:
262:
256:
253:
207:
204:
202:
199:
107:
106:
100:public service
85:
82:
79:
78:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8354:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8312:
8308:
8303:
8301:
8292:
8290:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8195:Organizations
8193:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8056:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7961:
7956:
7954:
7949:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7928:
7923:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7911:United States
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7805:Hong Kong SAR
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7720:
7713:
7708:
7706:
7701:
7699:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7678:
7677:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7604:Template:Fire
7602:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7546:United States
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7527:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7321:Saint Florian
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:Miscellaneous
7257:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7195:Fire triangle
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7155:Dead man zone
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7051:Heat detector
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6745:
6740:
6738:
6733:
6731:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6671:
6665:
6657:
6651:
6643:
6637:
6623:
6616:
6607:
6599:
6593:
6582:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6543:
6537:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6499:on 2016-12-28
6498:
6494:
6488:
6474:on 2018-01-28
6470:
6463:
6457:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6398:
6394:
6393:"Firefighter"
6388:
6386:
6384:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6023:
6019:
6013:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5774:September 30,
5769:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4366:
4360:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3411:9789283215981
3407:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:BioHarness BT
2495:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2407:
2400:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2201:on 2009-05-30
2200:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2111:Express.co.uk
2108:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:In 1853, the
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:New Amsterdam
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:ancient Egypt
1935:
1927:
1921:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:fire marshals
1703:
1699:
1698:United States
1695:
1694:police powers
1691:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:United States
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1391:impulse noise
1386:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:fire stations
1338:
1335:
1328:Mental stress
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1072:
1071:can be used.
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:electrocution
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
948:
943:
933:
929:
927:
922:
919:
909:
900:
897:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
840:
835:
831:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
791:
787:
782:
776:
772:
768:
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
702:
693:
691:
683:
679:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
597:
592:
583:
580:
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
540:
536:
533:
529:
525:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
496:
490:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
458:
450:
448:
443:
442:
435:
432:
417:
414:
406:
403:November 2023
396:
392:
388:
382:
379:This article
377:
368:
367:
358:
355:
347:
337:
333:
329:
323:
322:
318:
313:This section
311:
307:
302:
301:
296:
294:
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
270:
261:
260:
252:
250:
245:
244:
239:
238:
237:fire triangle
233:
229:
220:
212:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:fire marshals
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
104:public safety
101:
97:
96:civil service
93:
89:
86:
80:
62:
58:
53:
46:
41:
33:
29:
22:
8332:Firefighters
8240:Firefighting
8181:Fire worship
8159:
8024:Fire ecology
7675:
7663:
7651:
7639:
7627:
7536:Ancient Rome
7510:Hotshot crew
7495:Fire lookout
7394:Fire flapper
7185:Fire control
7150:Chimney fire
7036:Halligan bar
7011:Fire shelter
6996:Fire hydrant
6971:Fire blanket
6966:Escape chair
6943:Water tender
6870:Fire station
6797:Fire marshal
6777:Fire captain
6758:
6751:Firefighting
6688:
6678:
6664:
6650:
6625:. Retrieved
6615:
6606:
6592:
6575:
6567:the original
6557:
6546:. Retrieved
6536:
6525:. Retrieved
6501:. Retrieved
6497:the original
6487:
6476:. Retrieved
6469:the original
6456:
6445:. Retrieved
6443:. 2014-04-29
6440:
6431:
6423:the original
6413:
6401:. Retrieved
6370:. Retrieved
6339:. Retrieved
6281:
6277:
6267:
6253:cite journal
6244:
6240:
6227:
6218:
6192:www.osha.gov
6191:
6160:
6156:
6086:
6082:
6050:. Retrieved
6045:
6036:
6025:. Retrieved
6022:www.nfpa.org
6021:
6012:
6001:. Retrieved
5997:
5988:
5977:. Retrieved
5973:
5964:
5955:
5945:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5883:
5879:
5869:
5826:
5822:
5812:
5802:22 September
5800:. Retrieved
5795:The Guardian
5793:
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5763:
5754:
5743:. Retrieved
5741:. 2022-09-19
5738:
5729:
5717:. Retrieved
5713:
5704:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5420:
5411:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5308:September 1,
5306:. Retrieved
5302:
5293:
5250:
5246:
5235:
5202:10356/148860
5174:
5170:
5160:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5050:
5046:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4776:
4769:
4726:
4722:
4711:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4572:
4568:
4557:
4517:(1): 78–83.
4514:
4510:
4500:
4467:10216/111908
4441:
4437:
4430:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4369:. Retrieved
4359:
4347:. Retrieved
4336:
4295:
4291:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4020:
4016:
4006:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3810:(2): 84–93.
3807:
3803:
3793:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3400:
3394:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3296:
3292:
3267:
3251:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:
3182:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:
3158:
3146:. Retrieved
3138:
3113:
3097:
3078:
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3055:. April 2019
3050:
3026:
2957:
2953:
2895:
2891:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2731:
2721:
2670:
2666:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2620:
2604:
2588:
2561:
2534:
2523:. Retrieved
2513:
2494:
2483:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2432:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2360:. 2015-03-20
2357:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2285:. 9 May 2016
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2230:. 2013-09-07
2225:
2203:, retrieved
2199:the original
2193:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2173:www.nfpa.org
2172:
2162:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2100:
2014:
1998:
1983:
1972:
1940:
1908:Gas detector
1883:Safety boots
1834:Halligan bar
1814:
1718:
1683:
1665:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1629:000 Operator
1626:
1618:
1591:
1557:Atypically,
1556:
1537:
1506:
1431:
1423:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1355:
1339:
1331:
1314:
1297:forest fires
1290:
1271:
1248:
1244:turnout gear
1233:
1210:
1178:mesothelioma
1167:
1163:
1139:
1127:hypertension
1083:
1025:
1018:
982:mesothelioma
963:
960:
930:
923:
915:
906:
893:
872:truss system
865:
853:
832:
825:
798:
757:Direct risks
746:
738:smoke alarms
730:
724:
715:
707:
687:
667:response car
644:
629:
611:
600:
577:
552:
537:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
502:
501:
498:
492:
491:
487:
483:
479:
461:
453:
444:
427:
409:
400:
387:spinning off
380:
350:
341:
326:Please help
314:
290:
283:
277:
276:Please help
273:
241:
235:
225:
168:
164:
144:fire service
141:
136:
132:
125:firefighting
117:fire fighter
116:
112:
110:
8270:Fire making
8186:Terra preta
8160:Firefighter
8034:Flash point
8029:Fire piston
7891:South Korea
7866:Philippines
7856:New Zealand
7851:Netherlands
7529:By location
7515:Smokejumper
7372:and tactics
7250:Ventilation
7190:Fire safety
7175:False alarm
7132:Terminology
7082:PASS device
7056:Hose bridge
7046:Hazmat suit
6981:Fire bucket
6961:Bunker gear
6903:Fire engine
6848:Drill tower
6802:Fire police
6046:FireRescue1
5923:: 163–171.
5764:FireRescue1
5714:GovTrack.us
5450:: 462–468.
5426:February 1,
5421:www.bls.gov
5070:2142/101922
4569:Mutagenesis
3586:10037/17313
3518:(8): 4209.
3459:(5): 2519.
3103:29 CFR
2898:(5): 2645.
2639:FireRescue1
2615:. May 2005.
2289:3 September
2081:Smokejumper
2021:chili feeds
2011:Fundraisers
1964:night watch
1866:Bunker gear
1702:fire police
1563:Switzerland
1548:New Zealand
1468:French Army
1360:(NIHL) and
1305:particulate
1202:lung cancer
1142:tachycardia
1135:heat stress
1040:work gloves
954:during the
952:Ground Zero
839:PASS device
834:Heat injury
819:(FAST), or
775:John Wilson
657:to deliver
524:ventilation
344:August 2021
156:urban areas
123:trained in
113:firefighter
71:Firewoman (
38:Firefighter
8326:Categories
8311:Wiktionary
8250:Fire whirl
8148:Pyromanias
8106:By country
8058:Components
8014:Combustion
7839:Malaysia (
7830:Luxembourg
7561:Washington
7556:California
7424:Fire trail
7370:Equipment
7210:Flash fire
7180:Fire class
7160:Deluge gun
7097:Rotary saw
7067:Kelly tool
7031:Fog nozzle
6875:Hose tower
6841:Facilities
6782:Fire chief
6627:2023-12-13
6548:2019-07-17
6527:2019-07-17
6503:2018-08-28
6478:2016-08-23
6447:2019-07-17
6052:2019-11-26
6027:2018-09-11
6003:2018-09-11
5979:2018-09-11
5745:2022-11-08
5177:: 105207.
3420:1066415095
3262:July 2007.
3197:2020-03-28
3173:2020-03-28
2830:: 106151.
2740:1993/34347
2644:2020-12-05
2525:2012-12-10
2521:. Osha.gov
2433:Propublica
2314:2023-12-13
2234:2017-09-22
2205:2009-05-01
2178:2023-11-29
2153:2016-03-10
2093:References
2029:car washes
1951:Principate
1839:Flashlight
1494:Indonesian
1427:shift work
1414:See also:
1259:oil spills
1251:shift work
1229:epigenetic
1221:DNA damage
1217:biomarkers
978:asbestosis
711:fire codes
655:paramedics
391:relocating
279:improve it
191:negligence
158:to aboard
77:firewomen)
55:Occupation
8255:Blue lava
8245:Firestorm
8235:Backdraft
8223:Wildfires
8176:Cremation
8044:Pyrolysis
7886:Sri Lanka
7881:Singapore
7835:Macau SAR
7810:Indonesia
7745:Australia
7541:Australia
7488:Personnel
7449:Hose pack
7429:Firebreak
7409:Fire rake
7399:Fire hose
7389:Driptorch
7341:Wildfires
7271:Fire camp
7215:Flashover
7145:Barn fire
7140:Backdraft
6991:Fire hose
6953:Equipment
6885:Apparatus
6403:12 August
6372:12 August
6341:12 August
5998:USA TODAY
5974:Firehouse
5886:: 25–44.
5843:0933-7954
5680:1076-2752
5641:210191181
5625:1097-0274
5568:0271-3586
5521:1471-8405
5480:108987257
5387:: 9–764.
5362:250227232
5346:1470-2045
5267:1559-0631
5227:208870627
5211:0160-4120
5134:1545-9624
5079:1545-9624
5009:1528-7394
4958:1529-8663
4869:1017-1606
4863:: 9–764.
4838:128350881
4743:1076-2752
4695:1351-0711
4646:0013-936X
4591:0267-8357
4531:1559-0631
4492:205867973
4476:1528-7394
4371:6 January
4349:6 January
4312:1351-0711
4254:0340-0131
4191:1351-0711
4092:1470-7926
4037:1351-0711
3982:1351-0711
3935:1097-0274
3852:209677270
3826:1351-0711
3785:210191181
3769:0271-3586
3715:0340-0131
3650:2476-762X
3595:0020-7136
3475:1660-4601
3428:cite book
3370:1076-2752
3313:1351-0711
3221:CiteSeerX
3117:IARC 2002
3106:1910.1001
2984:1476-069X
2960:(1): 97.
2914:1660-4601
2852:0160-4120
2787:1048-2911
2695:1048-2911
1966:and city
1829:Pike pole
1805:Liverpool
1667:Ten codes
1622:megaphone
1559:Singapore
1274:radiation
1093:or other
1046:or other
1032:hard hats
1026:Standard
1006:manganese
986:beryllium
970:silicosis
636:first aid
558:bushfires
554:Wildfires
532:backdraft
528:flashover
471:fire hose
445:See also
315:does not
285:talk page
137:firewomen
63:Fireman (
8289:Category
7871:Romanian
7652:Glossary
7628:Category
7597:See also
7505:Helitack
7500:Handcrew
7230:Rollover
7205:Firewall
6913:Fireboat
6812:Handcrew
6710:COVID-19
6636:cite web
6441:BBC News
6397:Archived
6366:Archived
6335:Archived
6308:25991998
6113:36850759
6105:17847625
5937:26339926
5902:26719976
5861:21681455
5768:Archived
5696:45179842
5688:16966954
5633:31930542
5586:25943908
5529:27371948
5472:30981117
5403:21381544
5354:35780778
5285:31175324
5219:31812113
5152:30427284
5095:44916370
5087:28636458
5025:36263955
5017:11482799
4966:11071414
4887:21381544
4830:31005580
4761:29465512
4703:80490930
4654:29043785
4599:29045708
4549:26555473
4484:28524757
4422:25673342
4328:24392558
4320:24510539
4270:44168738
4262:29808435
4199:29055884
4152:51905238
4144:30073696
4108:59226066
4100:30674605
4053:32602571
4045:28391245
3998:43114491
3990:27456156
3943:25708859
3899:41791288
3891:22628010
3844:31896615
3835:10165610
3777:31930542
3733:32306177
3668:31759344
3611:73451966
3603:30737784
3544:33921138
3493:33802629
3378:17099456
3331:24142974
3243:17377158
3148:25 March
3059:27 March
3002:34454526
2932:33807996
2870:33092866
2805:31841060
2713:31841060
2503:Archived
2309:festi.ca
2257:Archived
2035:See also
1979:New York
1955:Augustus
1953:period,
1686:military
1587:sidearms
1577:and the
1383:ototoxic
1362:tinnitus
1206:leukemia
1182:asbestos
1111:nitrogen
1044:earplugs
994:chromium
974:asbestos
903:Violence
732:writing
579:Airports
69:firemen)
60:Synonyms
8300:Commons
8169:Culture
8111:By year
8101:By type
8002:Science
7975:History
7825:Jamaica
7790:Germany
7780:Finland
7775:Estonia
7750:Belgium
7740:Andorra
7735:Algeria
7730:Albania
7676:Outline
7640:Commons
7551:History
7464:Pulaski
7349:General
7087:The pig
6299:4423242
6169:8903753
5852:3974968
5577:4527530
5452:Bibcode
5394:4781497
5276:7323473
5179:Bibcode
5143:8647047
4989:Bibcode
4922:1768008
4878:4781497
4752:5959213
4626:Bibcode
4540:5140750
4446:Bibcode
4413:4558385
4234:Bibcode
4207:4395029
3724:7452930
3695:Bibcode
3659:7063017
3535:8071552
3484:7967542
3386:1659335
3322:4499779
3258:Alert:
2993:8403436
2962:Bibcode
2923:7967649
2861:7940547
2832:Bibcode
2796:8594050
2767:Bibcode
2704:8594050
2675:Bibcode
2611:Alert:
2595:Alert:
1960:Vigiles
1914:History
1571:Denmark
1521:Austria
1517:Germany
1502:Jakarta
1115:Hypoxia
1036:goggles
990:cadmium
725:greatly
336:removed
321:sources
154:. From
133:firemen
119:) is a
8304:
8293:
8282:
8141:People
8070:Oxygen
7901:Turkey
7896:Taiwan
7876:Russia
7861:Poland
7815:Israel
7800:Greece
7785:France
7765:Cyprus
7755:Brunei
7454:McLeod
7316:Muster
6306:
6296:
6247:: 177.
6167:
6111:
6103:
5935:
5900:
5859:
5849:
5841:
5719:May 9,
5694:
5686:
5678:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5584:
5574:
5566:
5527:
5519:
5478:
5470:
5401:
5391:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5283:
5273:
5265:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5150:
5140:
5132:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4964:
4956:
4920:
4885:
4875:
4867:
4836:
4828:
4791:
4759:
4749:
4741:
4701:
4693:
4652:
4644:
4597:
4589:
4547:
4537:
4529:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4420:
4410:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4150:
4142:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4051:
4043:
4035:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3941:
3933:
3897:
3889:
3850:
3842:
3832:
3824:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3731:
3721:
3713:
3666:
3656:
3648:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3542:
3532:
3491:
3481:
3473:
3418:
3408:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3329:
3319:
3311:
3241:
3223:
3000:
2990:
2982:
2930:
2920:
2912:
2868:
2858:
2850:
2803:
2793:
2785:
2711:
2701:
2693:
2463:8 July
2438:8 July
2412:8 July
2389:8 July
2364:8 July
2338:8 July
2249:"News"
2075:Rescue
2027:, and
1968:police
1877:Helmet
1756:Turkey
1690:police
1552:Canada
1544:Israel
1284:, and
1227:, and
1174:cancer
1152:Cancer
1131:stress
1107:carbon
1054:, and
1010:nickel
998:cobalt
966:Silica
586:Rescue
232:oxygen
201:Duties
171:police
88:Rescue
8216:Other
8153:Child
8127:Arson
8120:Crime
8085:Smoke
8080:Flame
7820:Italy
7795:Ghana
7664:Index
7572:Lists
7170:Draft
7112:Siren
7072:Nomex
6933:Quint
6584:(PDF)
6472:(PDF)
6465:(PDF)
6237:(PDF)
6109:S2CID
5692:S2CID
5637:S2CID
5476:S2CID
5358:S2CID
5223:S2CID
5091:S2CID
5021:S2CID
4834:S2CID
4699:S2CID
4488:S2CID
4324:S2CID
4266:S2CID
4203:S2CID
4148:S2CID
4104:S2CID
4049:S2CID
3994:S2CID
3895:S2CID
3848:S2CID
3781:S2CID
3607:S2CID
3382:S2CID
3139:U.S.
3027:U.S.
3023:(PDF)
2570:(PDF)
2543:(PDF)
2263:5 May
2025:fairs
1887:Nomex
1674:Ranks
1565:have
1529:Chile
1527:. In
1472:Paris
1466:is a
1366:NIOSH
828:ropes
762:Fires
475:fuels
187:arson
160:ships
129:fires
8075:Heat
8065:Fuel
7967:Fire
7845:MCDF
7841:JBPM
6858:list
6642:link
6405:2021
6374:2021
6343:2021
6304:PMID
6259:link
6165:PMID
6101:PMID
5933:PMID
5898:PMID
5857:PMID
5839:ISSN
5804:2017
5776:2022
5721:2022
5684:PMID
5676:ISSN
5629:PMID
5621:ISSN
5582:PMID
5564:ISSN
5525:PMID
5517:ISSN
5468:PMID
5428:2022
5399:PMID
5350:PMID
5342:ISSN
5310:2022
5281:PMID
5263:ISSN
5215:PMID
5207:ISSN
5148:PMID
5130:ISSN
5083:PMID
5075:ISSN
5013:PMID
5005:ISSN
4962:PMID
4954:ISSN
4918:PMID
4883:PMID
4865:ISSN
4826:PMID
4789:ISBN
4757:PMID
4739:ISSN
4691:ISSN
4650:PMID
4642:ISSN
4595:PMID
4587:ISSN
4545:PMID
4527:ISSN
4480:PMID
4472:ISSN
4418:PMID
4373:2015
4351:2015
4316:PMID
4308:ISSN
4258:PMID
4250:ISSN
4195:PMID
4187:ISSN
4140:PMID
4096:PMID
4088:ISSN
4041:PMID
4033:ISSN
3986:PMID
3978:ISSN
3939:PMID
3931:ISSN
3887:PMID
3840:PMID
3822:ISSN
3773:PMID
3765:ISSN
3729:PMID
3711:ISSN
3664:PMID
3646:ISSN
3599:PMID
3591:ISSN
3540:PMID
3489:PMID
3471:ISSN
3434:link
3416:OCLC
3406:ISBN
3374:PMID
3366:ISSN
3327:PMID
3309:ISSN
3239:PMID
3150:2020
3061:2020
2998:PMID
2980:ISSN
2928:PMID
2910:ISSN
2866:PMID
2848:ISSN
2801:PMID
2783:ISSN
2709:PMID
2691:ISSN
2465:2018
2440:2018
2414:2018
2391:2018
2366:2018
2340:2018
2291:2018
2265:2018
2019:and
2003:and
1748:MOPP
1655:All
1546:and
1533:Peru
1531:and
1519:and
1511:and
1462:The
1452:and
1418:and
1370:OSHA
1261:and
1204:and
1188:and
1109:and
1002:lead
926:PFAS
849:OSHA
618:and
605:and
319:any
317:cite
228:fuel
173:and
142:The
115:(or
30:and
8260:Ash
6294:PMC
6286:doi
6091:doi
5925:doi
5921:187
5888:doi
5847:PMC
5831:doi
5668:doi
5613:doi
5572:PMC
5556:doi
5507:doi
5460:doi
5448:173
5389:PMC
5334:doi
5271:PMC
5255:doi
5197:hdl
5187:doi
5175:135
5138:PMC
5122:doi
5065:hdl
5055:doi
4997:doi
4946:doi
4910:doi
4873:PMC
4818:doi
4781:doi
4747:PMC
4731:doi
4681:doi
4634:doi
4577:doi
4535:PMC
4519:doi
4462:hdl
4454:doi
4408:PMC
4400:doi
4300:doi
4242:doi
4179:doi
4132:doi
4080:doi
4025:doi
3970:doi
3923:doi
3879:doi
3830:PMC
3812:doi
3757:doi
3719:PMC
3703:doi
3654:PMC
3638:doi
3581:hdl
3571:doi
3567:145
3530:PMC
3520:doi
3479:PMC
3461:doi
3358:doi
3317:PMC
3301:doi
3231:doi
3217:356
3083:doi
2988:PMC
2970:doi
2918:PMC
2900:doi
2856:PMC
2840:doi
2828:150
2791:PMC
2775:doi
2736:hdl
2699:PMC
2683:doi
2574:doi
2547:doi
1824:axe
1708:or
1688:or
1500:in
1374:dBA
1288:).
792:in
786:PPE
773:by
530:or
389:or
330:by
189:or
181:or
139:).
74:PL:
66:PL:
8328::
6712:,
6687:.
6638:}}
6634:{{
6512:^
6439:.
6382:^
6351:^
6316:^
6302:.
6292:.
6282:17
6280:.
6276:.
6255:}}
6251:{{
6245:44
6243:.
6239:.
6217:.
6200:^
6190:.
6177:^
6161:10
6159:.
6155:.
6121:^
6107:.
6099:.
6087:55
6085:.
6081:.
6061:^
6044:.
6020:.
5996:.
5972:.
5954:.
5931:.
5919:.
5896:.
5884:44
5882:.
5878:.
5855:.
5845:.
5837:.
5827:47
5825:.
5821:.
5792:.
5762:.
5737:.
5712:.
5690:.
5682:.
5674:.
5664:48
5662:.
5658:.
5635:.
5627:.
5619:.
5609:63
5607:.
5603:.
5580:.
5570:.
5562:.
5552:58
5550:.
5546:.
5523:.
5515:.
5503:66
5501:.
5497:.
5474:.
5466:.
5458:.
5446:.
5419:.
5397:.
5385:98
5383:.
5379:.
5356:.
5348:.
5340:.
5330:23
5328:.
5301:.
5279:.
5269:.
5261:.
5251:30
5249:.
5245:.
5221:.
5213:.
5205:.
5195:.
5185:.
5173:.
5169:.
5146:.
5136:.
5128:.
5118:16
5116:.
5112:.
5089:.
5081:.
5073:.
5063:.
5051:14
5049:.
5045:.
5033:^
5019:.
5011:.
5003:.
4995:.
4985:63
4983:.
4960:.
4952:.
4942:61
4940:.
4916:.
4906:35
4904:.
4881:.
4871:.
4861:98
4859:.
4855:.
4832:.
4824:.
4814:20
4812:.
4787:,
4755:.
4745:.
4737:.
4727:60
4725:.
4721:.
4697:.
4689:.
4677:75
4675:.
4671:.
4648:.
4640:.
4632:.
4622:51
4620:.
4616:.
4593:.
4585:.
4573:33
4571:.
4567:.
4543:.
4533:.
4525:.
4515:27
4513:.
4509:.
4486:.
4478:.
4470:.
4460:.
4452:.
4442:80
4440:.
4416:.
4406:.
4396:72
4394:.
4390:.
4322:.
4314:.
4306:.
4296:71
4294:.
4290:.
4278:^
4264:.
4256:.
4248:.
4240:.
4230:91
4228:.
4224:.
4201:.
4193:.
4185:.
4175:75
4173:.
4169:.
4146:.
4138:.
4128:61
4126:.
4102:.
4094:.
4086:.
4076:76
4074:.
4070:.
4047:.
4039:.
4031:.
4021:74
4019:.
4015:.
3992:.
3984:.
3976:.
3966:73
3964:.
3960:.
3937:.
3929:.
3919:58
3917:.
3893:.
3885:.
3875:55
3873:.
3869:.
3846:.
3838:.
3828:.
3820:.
3808:77
3806:.
3802:.
3779:.
3771:.
3763:.
3753:63
3751:.
3727:.
3717:.
3709:.
3701:.
3691:93
3689:.
3685:.
3662:.
3652:.
3644:.
3634:20
3632:.
3628:.
3605:.
3597:.
3589:.
3579:.
3565:.
3561:.
3538:.
3528:.
3516:18
3514:.
3510:.
3487:.
3477:.
3469:.
3457:18
3455:.
3451:.
3430:}}
3426:{{
3414:.
3380:.
3372:.
3364:.
3354:48
3352:.
3348:.
3325:.
3315:.
3307:.
3297:71
3295:.
3291:.
3279:^
3237:.
3229:.
3215:.
3190:.
3166:.
3137:.
3122:^
3077:.
3049:.
3038:^
3025:.
3010:^
2996:.
2986:.
2978:.
2968:.
2958:20
2956:.
2952:.
2940:^
2926:.
2916:.
2908:.
2896:18
2894:.
2890:.
2878:^
2864:.
2854:.
2846:.
2838:.
2826:.
2822:.
2799:.
2789:.
2781:.
2773:.
2763:29
2761:.
2757:.
2734:.
2730:.
2707:.
2697:.
2689:.
2681:.
2671:29
2669:.
2665:.
2653:^
2637:.
2482:.
2456:.
2431:.
2382:.
2356:.
2331:.
2307:.
2281:.
2255:.
2251:.
2224:.
2213:^
2171:.
2146:.
2128:.
2109:.
2031:.
1803:,
1754:,
1652:.
1600:.
1542:,
1385:.
1372:.
1280:,
1223:,
1133:,
1050:,
1042:,
1034:,
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
996:,
992:,
988:,
669:.
288:.
251:.
230:,
197:.
111:A
102:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
7959:e
7952:t
7945:v
7847:)
7843:•
7711:e
7704:t
7697:v
6743:e
6736:t
6729:v
6716:.
6691:.
6672:.
6644:)
6630:.
6600:.
6551:.
6530:.
6506:.
6481:.
6450:.
6407:.
6376:.
6345:.
6310:.
6288::
6261:)
6221:.
6194:.
6171:.
6115:.
6093::
6055:.
6030:.
6006:.
5982:.
5958:.
5939:.
5927::
5904:.
5890::
5863:.
5833::
5806:.
5778:.
5748:.
5723:.
5698:.
5670::
5643:.
5615::
5588:.
5558::
5531:.
5509::
5482:.
5462::
5454::
5430:.
5405:.
5364:.
5336::
5312:.
5287:.
5257::
5229:.
5199::
5189::
5181::
5154:.
5124::
5097:.
5067::
5057::
5027:.
4999::
4991::
4968:.
4948::
4924:.
4912::
4889:.
4840:.
4820::
4783::
4763:.
4733::
4705:.
4683::
4656:.
4636::
4628::
4601:.
4579::
4551:.
4521::
4494:.
4464::
4456::
4448::
4424:.
4402::
4375:.
4353:.
4330:.
4302::
4272:.
4244::
4236::
4209:.
4181::
4154:.
4134::
4110:.
4082::
4055:.
4027::
4000:.
3972::
3945:.
3925::
3901:.
3881::
3854:.
3814::
3787:.
3759::
3735:.
3705::
3697::
3670:.
3640::
3613:.
3583::
3573::
3546:.
3522::
3495:.
3463::
3436:)
3422:.
3388:.
3360::
3333:.
3303::
3245:.
3233::
3200:.
3176:.
3152:.
3091:.
3085::
3063:.
3032:.
3004:.
2972::
2964::
2934:.
2902::
2872:.
2842::
2834::
2807:.
2777::
2769::
2742:.
2738::
2715:.
2685::
2677::
2647:.
2582:.
2576::
2555:.
2549::
2528:.
2488:.
2467:.
2442:.
2416:.
2393:.
2368:.
2342:.
2317:.
2293:.
2267:.
2237:.
2181:.
2156:.
2132:.
2113:.
1922:.
1276:(
434:)
428:(
416:)
410:(
405:)
401:(
397:.
383:.
357:)
351:(
346:)
342:(
338:.
324:.
295:)
291:(
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
