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79:
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20:
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bring sufficient activation energy including electricity, radiation, and pressure, all of which will lead to a temperature rise. In most cases, heat production enables self-sustainability of the reaction, and enables a chain reaction to grow. The temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapor to get a flammable mix with self-sustainable combustion is called its flash-point.
332:
for aiding fire spread especially by preheating upslope fuels, and ignitions sources are important to help explain recurrence on longer time scales. Similarly, while oxygen is relevant to sustain a flame, weather and associated winds feed oxygen into a spreading fire, and the longer-term pattern of weather is summarized as climate. Lastly,
348:
concept. Global climate change drives many of the factors involved in the 'wildfire' and the 'fire regime' triangles. For example, with respect to the fire regime, a particular vegetation type will support a characteristic fire in terms of recurrence, intensity, seasonality and biological effects; a
343:
At the smallest scale, the combustion fire triangle, individual fuel particles are ignited once at a critical temperature, and fire transfers energy to the nearest surroundings. Combustion events range on the scale of several seconds to a couple of days and their effects are monitored at the quadrant
331:
In the context of wildland fire, the fire triangle can be scaled up to apply to fire spread over landscapes (scales of days and several kilometres) and recurrence of fire over time (scales of decades and hundreds of kilometres). Thus, while heat is important to ignite a flame, topography is important
238:
The water can have two different roles. In the case of a solid combustible, the solid fuel produces pyrolyzing products under the influence of heat, commonly radiation. This process is halted by the application of water, since water is more easily evaporated than the fuel is pyrolyzed. Thereby energy
190:
The reaction is initiated by an activating energy — in most cases, it is heat. Several examples include friction, as in the case of matches, heating an electrical wire, a flame (propagation of fire), or a spark (from a lighter or from any starting electrical device). There are also many other ways to
250:
can not be separated from the oxidizer, and the only possible action consists of cooling down. In this case, water droplets are evaporated in the gas phase, thereby lowering the temperature and adding water vapour making the gas mixture non combustible. This requires droplets of a size less than
184:, act as oxidizers, sometimes more powerful ones than oxygen itself. A fire based on a reaction with these oxidizers can be very difficult to put out until the oxidizer is exhausted; that leg of the fire triangle cannot be broken by normal means (i.e., depriving it of air will not smother it).
254:
Cases also exist where the ignition factor is not the activation energy. For example, a smoke explosion is a very violent combustion of unburned gases contained in the smoke created by a sudden fresh air input (oxidizer input). The interval in which an air/gas mix can burn is limited by the
202:
Without sufficient heat, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. Heat can be removed by the application of a substance which reduces the amount of heat available to the fire reaction. This is often water, which absorbs heat for phase change from water to steam. Introducing sufficient
326:
Multi-scale fire triangles describing the elements of wildland fire at the scale of the flame, a wildfire, and a fire regime. Adapted from Moritz et al. (2005) Wildfire, complexity, and highly optimized tolerance. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 102,
210:
Without fuel, a fire will stop. Fuel can be removed naturally, as where the fire has consumed all the burnable fuel, or manually, by mechanically or chemically removing the fuel from the fire. Fuel separation is an important factor in
146:), it becomes even more important to consider the energy release. Because the metals react faster with water than with oxygen and thereby more energy is released, putting water on such a fire results in the fire getting hotter or even
58:). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a
62:
blocks oxygen and can extinguish a fire. In large fires where firefighters are called in, decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an option because there is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area.
313:
or even class A + class B + class F ), meaning a better global performance and usability of a single extinguisher on many different types of fires (or fires that involve several different classes of materials).
187:
In certain cases such as some explosives, the oxidizer and combustible are the same (e.g., nitroglycerin, an unstable molecule that has oxidizing parts in the same molecule as the oxidizeable parts).
222:
Without sufficient oxygen, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. With a decreased oxygen concentration, the combustion process slows. Oxygen can be denied to a fire using a carbon dioxide
150:. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are ineffective against certain metals such as titanium. Therefore, inert agents (e.g. dry sand) must be used to break the chain reaction of metallic combustion.
165:). By depriving a fire of air the fire can be extinguished, such as when covering the flame of a small candle with an empty glass. To the contrary, if air is blown over a wood fire (as with
219:. The fire stops because a lower concentration of fuel vapor in the flame leads to a decrease in energy release and a lower temperature. Removing the fuel thereby decreases the heat.
436:
336:
is the term to describe what burns in a single flame to the range of materials burnt in a spreading wildfire, but fuels vary over larger space and time scales in what is called
2289:
1423:
2084:
161:
The oxidizer is the other reactant of the chemical reaction. In most cases, it is the ambient air, and in particular one of its components, oxygen (O
585:
444:
203:
quantities and types of powder or gas in the flame reduces the amount of heat available for the fire reaction in the same manner. Scraping
2277:
1341:
1892:
1173:
207:
from a burning structure also removes the heat source. Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the ignition source.
385:
1582:
1610:
280:) and water can also create violent chemical reactions with burning metal (possibly even serving as an additional oxidizing agent).
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496:
103:
chain reaction sustains the fire and allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the elements of the fire is blocked:
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Since these reactions are well understood, it has been possible to create specific water-additives which will allow:
99:
is a chemical reaction that feeds a fire more heat and allows it to continue. Once a fire has started, the resulting
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1933:
1621:
1138:
153:
In the same way, as soon as one of the four elements of the tetrahedron is (entirely) removed, combustion stops.
1535:
1418:
689:
358:
243:
is stopped, removing the fuel supply to the flames. In fire fighting, this is referred to as surface cooling.
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2240:
1912:
1575:
1511:
1228:
795:
116:
can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below the ignition point, or to remove or disperse the fuel.
2401:
262:
Fires where live electricity is present – as water conducts electricity it presents an electrocution hazard.
2354:
2192:
1433:
1428:
1408:
269:. For example, adding water to a fire with an oil source will cause the oil to spread, since oil and water
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2157:
1974:
1807:
1203:
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and create a barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction responsible for the fire.
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Water-additives are generally designed to be effective on several categories of fires (class A +
516:
Moritz, Max A.; Morais, Marco E.; Summerell, Lora A.; Carlson, J. M.; Doyle, John (2005-12-13).
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1306:
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To stop a combustion reaction, one of the three elements of the fire triangle must be removed.
255:
explosive limits of the air. This interval can be very small (kerosene) or large (acetylene).
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Carrying specific reactives which will react and change the nature of the burning material.
181:
177:
493:
251:
about 0.2 mm. In fire fighting, this is referred to as gas cooling or smoke cooling.
8:
2162:
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1107:
1097:
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Metal fires – as these fires produce huge amounts of energy (up to 7.550 calories/kg for
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Hydrocarbon fires – as it will only spread the fire because of the difference in density/
123:
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1989:
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1148:
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1102:
898:
780:
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659:
639:
500:
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273:. However, using a foam/water mix in a specific application method is acceptable.
216:
143:
51:
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to enable water to stay on the surface of a liquid fire and prevent gas release.
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2182:
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1954:
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1336:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
90:
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1712:
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1326:
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1027:
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543:
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change in vegetation type will have implications for a changing fire regime.
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59:
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2009:
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35:
is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for most
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2014:
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135:
42:
The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite:
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2004:
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785:
684:
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139:
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131:
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19:
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55:
470:
Information about the Fire
Triangle/Tetrahedron and Combustion
215:
suppression, and is the basis for most major tactics, such as
2380:
2334:
944:
204:
113:
89:
The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of the chemical
515:
2329:
2290:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
504:
107:
47:
43:
36:
581:
Essentials of Fire
Fighting and Fire Department Operations
288:
A better heat absorption with a higher density than water.
246:
In the gas phase, i.e. in the flames or in the smoke, the
239:
is removed from the fuel surface and it is cooled and the
169:), the fire is activated by the introduction of more air.
518:"Wildfires, complexity, and highly optimized tolerance"
494:
http://www.titanium.com/titanium/tech_manual/tech16.cfm
93:, to the three already present in the fire triangle.
344:
scale. The largest scale, in contrast, describes the
16:
Model for understanding the 3 ingredients for fires
2085:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2472:
233:
110:can be used to deny the fire the oxygen it needs
586:International Fire Service Training Association
258:Water cannot be used on certain type of fires:
403:"Wildland Fire Facts: There Must Be All Three"
1576:
608:
318:Multi-scale fire triangles for wildland fires
194:
1342:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
437:"What is a fire illuminate shape? triangle"
130:When the fire involves burning metals like
1893:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1583:
1569:
1174:International Association of Fire Fighters
615:
601:
2278:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
551:
533:
1611:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
489:
487:
392:, Hants Fire brigade, accessed June 2009
321:
77:
18:
2257:Listing and approval use and compliance
2473:
172:Some chemicals, such as fluorine gas,
2302:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1564:
596:
484:
2453:
2296:National Fire Protection Association
1507:
1332:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
1590:
66:
13:
1798:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
980:Self-contained breathing apparatus
680:Firefighter assist and search team
466:"The Fire Tetrahedron (A pyramid)"
14:
2497:
2173:Fire alarm notification appliance
2452:
2441:
2440:
1771:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1495:
1494:
705:Fire department ranks by country
622:
1934:Vehicle fire suppression system
1622:Combustibility and flammability
1543:
1179:International Firefighters' Day
1139:Candidate Physical Ability Test
75:, also called the fire diamond.
690:Special operations firefighter
509:
458:
429:
420:
395:
376:
359:Glossary of firefighting terms
1:
2284:Institution of Fire Engineers
2241:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1913:Personal protective equipment
1229:Wildfire emergency management
796:Hazardous materials apparatus
572:
234:Role of water in firefighting
2355:GHS precautionary statements
2193:Manual fire alarm activation
7:
2226:Fire protection engineering
2158:Explosive gas leak detector
1975:Electromagnetic door holder
1808:External water spray system
1204:World Police and Fire Games
1159:Fire protection engineering
352:
156:
10:
2502:
2402:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1793:Automatic fire suppression
1733:K-factor (fire protection)
1452:Glossary of wildfire terms
1184:List of firefighting films
632:Personnel and organization
195:Extinguishment of the fire
70:
2436:
2410:
2389:
2317:
2308:Underwriters Laboratories
2270:
2206:
2143:Aspirating smoke detector
2133:
1942:
1803:Detonation flame arrester
1780:
1769:
1598:
1490:
1469:
1444:
1401:
1360:
1242:
1221:
1212:
1164:Geography of firefighting
1131:
1003:
824:
756:
713:
695:Volunteer fire department
630:
2252:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2168:Fire alarm control panel
2148:Carbon monoxide detector
2125:Standpipe (firefighting)
1888:Gaseous fire suppression
1653:Enthalpy of vaporization
1482:Template:Fire protection
1199:World Firefighters Games
1093:Gaseous fire suppression
369:
71:Not to be confused with
2095:Pressurisation ductwork
2060:Firewall (construction)
1908:Passive fire protection
1858:Fire suppression system
1169:History of firefighting
535:10.1073/pnas.0508985102
2271:Industry organizations
2236:Fire-resistance rating
2115:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2090:Penetration (firestop)
2080:Packing (firestopping)
1788:Active fire protection
1748:Spontaneous combustion
1307:Firefighting apparatus
995:Thermal imaging camera
975:Secure information box
791:Firefighting apparatus
328:
122:can be used to remove
86:
24:
2423:Template:Firefighting
2397:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2350:GHS hazard statements
1853:Fire sprinkler system
1833:Fire-retardant fabric
1352:Wildland water tender
934:Hydraulic rescue tool
700:Women in firefighting
407:National Park Service
325:
295:catchers on the fire.
81:
22:
2207:Professions, trades,
2120:Smokeproof enclosure
1980:Electromagnetic lock
1688:Flammability diagram
1599:Fundamental concepts
1393:Wildland fire module
1347:Wildland fire engine
1234:Wildfire suppression
771:Fire command vehicle
766:Airport crash tender
665:Retained firefighter
182:chlorine trifluoride
178:ammonium perchlorate
2163:Fire alarm call box
2070:Heat and smoke vent
1252:Aerial firefighting
1108:Stop, drop and roll
1098:Multiple-alarm fire
965:Portable water tank
874:Fire proximity suit
528:(50): 17912–17917.
142:, etc. (known as a
33:combustion triangle
2135:Fire alarm systems
1950:Annulus (firestop)
1878:Flashback arrestor
1843:Fire-safe polymers
1838:Fire retardant gel
1693:Flammability limit
1292:Fire retardant gel
1277:Fire lookout tower
950:New York roof hook
801:Light and air unit
738:Fire lookout tower
645:Chief fire officer
584:(fifth ed.).
499:2009-01-26 at the
426:IFSTA, 2008 p. 88.
388:2012-04-06 at the
329:
87:
25:
2468:
2467:
2376:Safety data sheet
2371:List of S-phrases
2366:List of R-phrases
2262:Sprinkler fitting
2153:Circuit integrity
2025:Fire extinguisher
1863:Firefighting foam
1758:Thermal radiation
1558:
1557:
1465:
1464:
1457:List of wildfires
1317:Helicopter bucket
1312:Firefighting foam
914:Hard suction hose
859:Fire extinguisher
849:Fire brigade keys
383:The Fire Triangle
224:fire extinguisher
23:The fire triangle
2493:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2443:
2360:Life Safety Code
1965:Compartmentation
1775:
1698:Flammable liquid
1585:
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1534:
1533:
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1218:
1154:Fire photography
936:("Jaws of life")
894:Fireman's switch
617:
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603:
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443:. Archived from
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217:controlled burns
67:Fire tetrahedron
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2385:
2313:
2266:
2208:
2202:
2129:
2055:Firestop pillow
1990:Emergency light
1943:Building design
1938:
1929:Tank blanketing
1898:Inerting system
1873:Flame retardant
1823:Fire protection
1818:Fire prevention
1776:
1767:
1632:Dangerous goods
1594:
1592:Fire protection
1589:
1559:
1554:
1531:
1519:
1486:
1461:
1440:
1397:
1356:
1257:Controlled burn
1244:
1238:
1208:
1149:Fire engine red
1127:
1118:Two-in, two-out
1073:Fireman's carry
999:
899:Flame retardant
820:
781:Fire motorcycle
752:
726:Fire department
709:
660:Station officer
640:Battalion chief
626:
621:
578:
575:
570:
569:
514:
510:
501:Wayback Machine
492:
485:
475:
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472:. Safelincs Ltd
464:
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435:
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390:Wayback Machine
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76:
69:
52:oxidizing agent
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2221:Fire insurance
2218:
2212:
2210:
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2201:
2200:
2198:Smoke detector
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Flame detector
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2045:Fire sprinkler
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2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Emergency exit
1982:
1977:
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1962:
1957:
1955:Area of refuge
1952:
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1939:
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1931:
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1924:Spark arrestor
1921:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1900:
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1875:
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1868:Flame arrester
1865:
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1828:Fire retardant
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1763:Water pressure
1760:
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1753:Structure fire
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176:salts such as
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91:chain reaction
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2428:Template:HVAC
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2418:Template:Fire
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447:on 2017-02-14
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213:wildland fire
208:
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188:
185:
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179:
175:
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168:
154:
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149:
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141:
137:
133:
125:
124:free radicals
121:
118:
115:
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106:
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102:
98:
94:
92:
85:
80:
74:
64:
61:
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53:
49:
45:
40:
38:
34:
30:
29:fire triangle
21:
2481:Firefighting
2458:
2446:
2345:Flame spread
2231:Fireproofing
2209:and services
2110:Smoke damper
2100:Safety glass
2035:Fire hydrant
2000:Fire curtain
1960:Booster pump
1919:Relief valve
1883:Fusible link
1682:
1673:Fire loading
1668:Fire control
1638:Deflagration
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1409:Ancient Rome
1383:Hotshot crew
1368:Fire lookout
1267:Fire flapper
1067:
1058:Fire control
1023:Chimney fire
909:Halligan bar
884:Fire shelter
869:Fire hydrant
844:Fire blanket
839:Escape chair
816:Water tender
743:Fire station
670:Fire marshal
650:Fire captain
624:Firefighting
579:
525:
521:
511:
474:. Retrieved
469:
460:
449:. Retrieved
445:the original
440:
431:
422:
410:. Retrieved
406:
397:
378:
364:Fire classes
342:
333:
330:
327:17912-17917.
308:
293:free radical
283:
257:
253:
245:
237:
228:fire blanket
221:
209:
201:
198:
189:
186:
171:
160:
152:
144:class-D fire
129:
95:
88:
60:fire blanket
41:
32:
28:
26:
2065:Grease duct
2020:Fire escape
2010:Fire damper
1903:Intumescent
1848:Fire safety
1813:Fire bucket
1708:Flash point
1402:By location
1388:Smokejumper
1245:and tactics
1123:Ventilation
1063:Fire safety
1048:False alarm
1005:Terminology
955:PASS device
929:Hose bridge
919:Hazmat suit
854:Fire bucket
834:Bunker gear
776:Fire engine
721:Drill tower
675:Fire police
441:FireRescue1
346:fire regime
248:combustible
174:perchlorate
84:tetrahedron
2475:Categories
2362:(NFPA 101)
2325:CE marking
2178:Fire drill
1781:Technology
1678:Fire point
1663:Fire class
1643:Detonation
1434:Washington
1429:California
1297:Fire trail
1243:Equipment
1083:Flash fire
1053:Fire class
1033:Deluge gun
970:Rotary saw
940:Kelly tool
904:Fog nozzle
748:Hose tower
714:Facilities
655:Fire chief
573:References
451:2017-02-14
338:vegetation
271:do not mix
230:or water.
101:exothermic
97:Combustion
2318:Standards
2247:Fire test
2075:Occupancy
2040:Fire pump
2030:Fire hose
2015:Fire door
1995:Exit sign
1970:Crash bar
1743:Pyrolysis
1738:Pool fire
1703:Flashover
1658:Explosive
1606:Backdraft
1414:Australia
1361:Personnel
1322:Hose pack
1302:Firebreak
1282:Fire rake
1272:Fire hose
1262:Driptorch
1214:Wildfires
1144:Fire camp
1088:Flashover
1018:Barn fire
1013:Backdraft
864:Fire hose
826:Equipment
758:Apparatus
544:0027-8424
503:Titanium
476:30 August
412:30 August
298:Carrying
291:Carrying
278:aluminium
241:pyrolysis
148:exploding
136:magnesium
82:The fire
54:(usually
50:, and an
2447:Category
2411:See also
2340:EN 16034
2050:Firestop
2005:Fire cut
1728:Jet fire
1718:Gas leak
1634:(HAZMAT)
1617:Boilover
1525:Glossary
1501:Category
1470:See also
1378:Helitack
1373:Handcrew
1103:Rollover
1078:Firewall
786:Fireboat
685:Handcrew
562:16332964
497:Archived
386:Archived
353:See also
157:Oxidizer
140:titanium
73:NFPA 704
2459:Commons
2292:(NCEES)
1613:(BLEVE)
1549:Outline
1513:Commons
1424:History
1337:Pulaski
1222:General
960:The pig
588:. 2008.
553:1312407
311:class B
167:bellows
132:lithium
2390:Awards
2304:(SFPE)
2298:(NFPA)
2280:(FEMA)
2243:(FSES)
1327:McLeod
1189:Muster
560:
550:
542:
205:embers
56:oxygen
2381:UL 94
2335:EN 54
2286:(IFE)
1915:(PPE)
1537:Index
1445:Lists
1043:Draft
985:Siren
945:Nomex
806:Quint
370:Notes
334:fuels
180:, or
120:halon
114:water
37:fires
2486:Fire
2330:EN 3
2310:(UL)
731:list
558:PMID
540:ISSN
505:MSDS
478:2012
414:2018
226:, a
108:foam
48:fuel
44:heat
27:The
548:PMC
530:doi
526:102
31:or
2477::
556:.
546:.
538:.
524:.
520:.
486:^
468:.
439:.
405:.
340:.
138:,
134:,
46:,
39:.
1584:e
1577:t
1570:v
616:e
609:t
602:v
564:.
532::
480:.
454:.
416:.
163:2
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