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1507:
90:
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31:
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1531:
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bring sufficient activation energy including electricity, radiation, and pressure, all of which will lead to a temperature rise. In most cases, heat production enables self-sustainability of the reaction, and enables a chain reaction to grow. The temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapor to get a flammable mix with self-sustainable combustion is called its flash-point.
343:
for aiding fire spread especially by preheating upslope fuels, and ignitions sources are important to help explain recurrence on longer time scales. Similarly, while oxygen is relevant to sustain a flame, weather and associated winds feed oxygen into a spreading fire, and the longer-term pattern of weather is summarized as climate. Lastly,
359:
concept. Global climate change drives many of the factors involved in the 'wildfire' and the 'fire regime' triangles. For example, with respect to the fire regime, a particular vegetation type will support a characteristic fire in terms of recurrence, intensity, seasonality and biological effects; a
354:
At the smallest scale, the combustion fire triangle, individual fuel particles are ignited once at a critical temperature, and fire transfers energy to the nearest surroundings. Combustion events range on the scale of several seconds to a couple of days and their effects are monitored at the quadrant
342:
In the context of wildland fire, the fire triangle can be scaled up to apply to fire spread over landscapes (scales of days and several kilometres) and recurrence of fire over time (scales of decades and hundreds of kilometres). Thus, while heat is important to ignite a flame, topography is important
249:
The water can have two different roles. In the case of a solid combustible, the solid fuel produces pyrolyzing products under the influence of heat, commonly radiation. This process is halted by the application of water, since water is more easily evaporated than the fuel is pyrolyzed. Thereby energy
201:
The reaction is initiated by an activating energy — in most cases, it is heat. Several examples include friction, as in the case of matches, heating an electrical wire, a flame (propagation of fire), or a spark (from a lighter or from any starting electrical device). There are also many other ways to
261:
can not be separated from the oxidizer, and the only possible action consists of cooling down. In this case, water droplets are evaporated in the gas phase, thereby lowering the temperature and adding water vapour making the gas mixture non combustible. This requires droplets of a size less than
195:, act as oxidizers, sometimes more powerful ones than oxygen itself. A fire based on a reaction with these oxidizers can be very difficult to put out until the oxidizer is exhausted; that leg of the fire triangle cannot be broken by normal means (i.e., depriving it of air will not smother it).
265:
Cases also exist where the ignition factor is not the activation energy. For example, a smoke explosion is a very violent combustion of unburned gases contained in the smoke created by a sudden fresh air input (oxidizer input). The interval in which an air/gas mix can burn is limited by the
213:
Without sufficient heat, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. Heat can be removed by the application of a substance which reduces the amount of heat available to the fire reaction. This is often water, which absorbs heat for phase change from water to steam. Introducing sufficient
337:
Multi-scale fire triangles describing the elements of wildland fire at the scale of the flame, a wildfire, and a fire regime. Adapted from Moritz et al. (2005) Wildfire, complexity, and highly optimized tolerance. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 102,
221:
Without fuel, a fire will stop. Fuel can be removed naturally, as where the fire has consumed all the burnable fuel, or manually, by mechanically or chemically removing the fuel from the fire. Fuel separation is an important factor in
157:), it becomes even more important to consider the energy release. Because the metals react faster with water than with oxygen and thereby more energy is released, putting water on such a fire results in the fire getting hotter or even
69:). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a
73:
blocks oxygen and can extinguish a fire. In large fires where firefighters are called in, decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an option because there is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area.
324:
or even class A + class B + class F ), meaning a better global performance and usability of a single extinguisher on many different types of fires (or fires that involve several different classes of materials).
198:
In certain cases such as some explosives, the oxidizer and combustible are the same (e.g., nitroglycerin, an unstable molecule that has oxidizing parts in the same molecule as the oxidizeable parts).
233:
Without sufficient oxygen, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. With a decreased oxygen concentration, the combustion process slows. Oxygen can be denied to a fire using a carbon dioxide
161:. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are ineffective against certain metals such as titanium. Therefore, inert agents (e.g. dry sand) must be used to break the chain reaction of metallic combustion.
176:). By depriving a fire of air the fire can be extinguished, such as when covering the flame of a small candle with an empty glass. To the contrary, if air is blown over a wood fire (as with
230:. The fire stops because a lower concentration of fuel vapor in the flame leads to a decrease in energy release and a lower temperature. Removing the fuel thereby decreases the heat.
447:
347:
is the term to describe what burns in a single flame to the range of materials burnt in a spreading wildfire, but fuels vary over larger space and time scales in what is called
2300:
1434:
2095:
172:
The oxidizer is the other reactant of the chemical reaction. In most cases, it is the ambient air, and in particular one of its components, oxygen (O
596:
455:
214:
quantities and types of powder or gas in the flame reduces the amount of heat available for the fire reaction in the same manner. Scraping
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1352:
1903:
1184:
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from a burning structure also removes the heat source. Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the ignition source.
396:
1593:
1621:
291:) and water can also create violent chemical reactions with burning metal (possibly even serving as an additional oxidizing agent).
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507:
114:
chain reaction sustains the fire and allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the elements of the fire is blocked:
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Since these reactions are well understood, it has been possible to create specific water-additives which will allow:
110:
is a chemical reaction that feeds a fire more heat and allows it to continue. Once a fire has started, the resulting
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17:
1944:
1632:
1149:
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In the same way, as soon as one of the four elements of the tetrahedron is (entirely) removed, combustion stops.
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1429:
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is stopped, removing the fuel supply to the flames. In fire fighting, this is referred to as surface cooling.
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1923:
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1522:
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806:
127:
can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below the ignition point, or to remove or disperse the fuel.
2412:
273:
Fires where live electricity is present – as water conducts electricity it presents an electrocution hazard.
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2203:
1444:
1439:
1419:
280:. For example, adding water to a fire with an oil source will cause the oil to spread, since oil and water
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2168:
1985:
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and create a barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction responsible for the fire.
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Water-additives are generally designed to be effective on several categories of fires (class A +
527:
Moritz, Max A.; Morais, Marco E.; Summerell, Lora A.; Carlson, J. M.; Doyle, John (2005-12-13).
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1005:
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To stop a combustion reaction, one of the three elements of the fire triangle must be removed.
266:
explosive limits of the air. This interval can be very small (kerosene) or large (acetylene).
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2433:
2407:
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1975:
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1990:
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Carrying specific reactives which will react and change the nature of the burning material.
192:
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about 0.2 mm. In fire fighting, this is referred to as gas cooling or smoke cooling.
8:
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1118:
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Metal fires – as these fires produce huge amounts of energy (up to 7.550 calories/kg for
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Hydrocarbon fires – as it will only spread the fire because of the difference in density/
134:
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1602:
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1159:
1128:
1113:
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736:
670:
650:
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284:. However, using a foam/water mix in a specific application method is acceptable.
227:
154:
62:
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to enable water to stay on the surface of a liquid fire and prevent gas release.
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2208:
2193:
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1995:
1965:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
101:
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2115:
1733:
1723:
1637:
1487:
1337:
1204:
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1038:
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934:
554:
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change in vegetation type will have implications for a changing fire regime.
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545:
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2120:
2110:
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2010:
1970:
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849:
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572:
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321:
303:
238:
70:
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2030:
2020:
1913:
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1058:
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184:
130:
94:
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107:
46:
is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for most
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2005:
1980:
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288:
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158:
146:
53:
The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite:
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2015:
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30:
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481:
Information about the Fire
Triangle/Tetrahedron and Combustion
226:
suppression, and is the basis for most major tactics, such as
2391:
2345:
955:
215:
124:
100:
The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of the chemical
526:
2340:
2301:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
515:
118:
58:
54:
47:
592:
Essentials of Fire
Fighting and Fire Department Operations
299:
A better heat absorption with a higher density than water.
257:
In the gas phase, i.e. in the flames or in the smoke, the
250:
is removed from the fuel surface and it is cooled and the
180:), the fire is activated by the introduction of more air.
529:"Wildfires, complexity, and highly optimized tolerance"
505:
http://www.titanium.com/titanium/tech_manual/tech16.cfm
104:, to the three already present in the fire triangle.
355:
scale. The largest scale, in contrast, describes the
27:
Model for understanding the 3 ingredients for fires
2096:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2483:
244:
121:can be used to deny the fire the oxygen it needs
597:International Fire Service Training Association
269:Water cannot be used on certain type of fires:
414:"Wildland Fire Facts: There Must Be All Three"
1587:
619:
329:Multi-scale fire triangles for wildland fires
205:
1353:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
448:"What is a fire illuminate shape? triangle"
141:When the fire involves burning metals like
1904:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1594:
1580:
1185:International Association of Fire Fighters
626:
612:
2289:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
562:
544:
1622:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
500:
498:
403:, Hants Fire brigade, accessed June 2009
332:
88:
29:
2268:Listing and approval use and compliance
14:
2484:
183:Some chemicals, such as fluorine gas,
2313:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1575:
607:
495:
2464:
2307:National Fire Protection Association
1518:
1343:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
1601:
77:
24:
1809:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
991:Self-contained breathing apparatus
691:Firefighter assist and search team
477:"The Fire Tetrahedron (A pyramid)"
25:
2508:
2184:Fire alarm notification appliance
2463:
2452:
2451:
1782:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1506:
1505:
716:Fire department ranks by country
633:
1945:Vehicle fire suppression system
1633:Combustibility and flammability
1554:
1190:International Firefighters' Day
1150:Candidate Physical Ability Test
86:, also called the fire diamond.
701:Special operations firefighter
520:
469:
440:
431:
406:
387:
370:Glossary of firefighting terms
13:
1:
2295:Institution of Fire Engineers
2252:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1924:Personal protective equipment
1240:Wildfire emergency management
807:Hazardous materials apparatus
583:
245:Role of water in firefighting
2366:GHS precautionary statements
2204:Manual fire alarm activation
7:
2237:Fire protection engineering
2169:Explosive gas leak detector
1986:Electromagnetic door holder
1819:External water spray system
1215:World Police and Fire Games
1170:Fire protection engineering
363:
167:
10:
2513:
2413:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1804:Automatic fire suppression
1744:K-factor (fire protection)
1463:Glossary of wildfire terms
1195:List of firefighting films
643:Personnel and organization
206:Extinguishment of the fire
81:
2447:
2421:
2400:
2328:
2319:Underwriters Laboratories
2281:
2217:
2154:Aspirating smoke detector
2144:
1953:
1814:Detonation flame arrester
1791:
1780:
1609:
1501:
1480:
1455:
1412:
1371:
1253:
1232:
1223:
1175:Geography of firefighting
1142:
1014:
835:
767:
724:
706:Volunteer fire department
641:
2263:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2179:Fire alarm control panel
2159:Carbon monoxide detector
2136:Standpipe (firefighting)
1899:Gaseous fire suppression
1664:Enthalpy of vaporization
1493:Template:Fire protection
1210:World Firefighters Games
1104:Gaseous fire suppression
380:
82:Not to be confused with
2106:Pressurisation ductwork
2071:Firewall (construction)
1919:Passive fire protection
1869:Fire suppression system
1180:History of firefighting
546:10.1073/pnas.0508985102
2282:Industry organizations
2247:Fire-resistance rating
2126:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2101:Penetration (firestop)
2091:Packing (firestopping)
1799:Active fire protection
1759:Spontaneous combustion
1318:Firefighting apparatus
1006:Thermal imaging camera
986:Secure information box
802:Firefighting apparatus
339:
133:can be used to remove
97:
35:
2434:Template:Firefighting
2408:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2361:GHS hazard statements
1864:Fire sprinkler system
1844:Fire-retardant fabric
1363:Wildland water tender
945:Hydraulic rescue tool
711:Women in firefighting
418:National Park Service
336:
306:catchers on the fire.
92:
33:
2218:Professions, trades,
2131:Smokeproof enclosure
1991:Electromagnetic lock
1699:Flammability diagram
1610:Fundamental concepts
1404:Wildland fire module
1358:Wildland fire engine
1245:Wildfire suppression
782:Fire command vehicle
777:Airport crash tender
676:Retained firefighter
193:chlorine trifluoride
189:ammonium perchlorate
2174:Fire alarm call box
2081:Heat and smoke vent
1263:Aerial firefighting
1119:Stop, drop and roll
1109:Multiple-alarm fire
976:Portable water tank
885:Fire proximity suit
539:(50): 17912–17917.
153:, etc. (known as a
44:combustion triangle
2146:Fire alarm systems
1961:Annulus (firestop)
1889:Flashback arrestor
1854:Fire-safe polymers
1849:Fire retardant gel
1704:Flammability limit
1303:Fire retardant gel
1288:Fire lookout tower
961:New York roof hook
812:Light and air unit
749:Fire lookout tower
656:Chief fire officer
595:(fifth ed.).
510:2009-01-26 at the
437:IFSTA, 2008 p. 88.
399:2012-04-06 at the
340:
98:
36:
2479:
2478:
2387:Safety data sheet
2382:List of S-phrases
2377:List of R-phrases
2273:Sprinkler fitting
2164:Circuit integrity
2036:Fire extinguisher
1874:Firefighting foam
1769:Thermal radiation
1569:
1568:
1476:
1475:
1468:List of wildfires
1328:Helicopter bucket
1323:Firefighting foam
925:Hard suction hose
870:Fire extinguisher
860:Fire brigade keys
394:The Fire Triangle
235:fire extinguisher
34:The fire triangle
16:(Redirected from
2504:
2467:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2371:Life Safety Code
1976:Compartmentation
1786:
1709:Flammable liquid
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1165:Fire photography
947:("Jaws of life")
905:Fireman's switch
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454:. Archived from
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228:controlled burns
78:Fire tetrahedron
21:
18:Fire tetrahedron
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2140:
2066:Firestop pillow
2001:Emergency light
1954:Building design
1949:
1940:Tank blanketing
1909:Inerting system
1884:Flame retardant
1834:Fire protection
1829:Fire prevention
1787:
1778:
1643:Dangerous goods
1605:
1603:Fire protection
1600:
1570:
1565:
1542:
1530:
1497:
1472:
1451:
1408:
1367:
1268:Controlled burn
1255:
1249:
1219:
1160:Fire engine red
1138:
1129:Two-in, two-out
1084:Fireman's carry
1010:
910:Flame retardant
831:
792:Fire motorcycle
763:
737:Fire department
720:
671:Station officer
651:Battalion chief
637:
632:
589:
586:
581:
580:
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521:
512:Wayback Machine
503:
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483:. Safelincs Ltd
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401:Wayback Machine
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63:oxidizing agent
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2209:Smoke detector
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2194:Flame detector
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2056:Fire sprinkler
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2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
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1998:
1996:Emergency exit
1993:
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1966:Area of refuge
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1935:Spark arrestor
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1879:Flame arrester
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1839:Fire retardant
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1764:Structure fire
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187:salts such as
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458:on 2017-02-14
457:
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224:wildland fire
219:
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199:
196:
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186:
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165:
162:
160:
156:
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148:
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136:
135:free radicals
132:
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126:
123:
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117:
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109:
105:
103:
96:
91:
85:
75:
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68:
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60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
40:fire triangle
32:
19:
2492:Firefighting
2469:
2457:
2356:Flame spread
2242:Fireproofing
2220:and services
2121:Smoke damper
2111:Safety glass
2046:Fire hydrant
2011:Fire curtain
1971:Booster pump
1930:Relief valve
1894:Fusible link
1693:
1684:Fire loading
1679:Fire control
1649:Deflagration
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1420:Ancient Rome
1394:Hotshot crew
1379:Fire lookout
1278:Fire flapper
1078:
1069:Fire control
1034:Chimney fire
920:Halligan bar
895:Fire shelter
880:Fire hydrant
855:Fire blanket
850:Escape chair
827:Water tender
754:Fire station
681:Fire marshal
661:Fire captain
635:Firefighting
590:
536:
532:
522:
485:. Retrieved
480:
471:
460:. Retrieved
456:the original
451:
442:
433:
421:. Retrieved
417:
408:
389:
375:Fire classes
353:
344:
341:
338:17912-17917.
319:
304:free radical
294:
268:
264:
256:
248:
239:fire blanket
232:
220:
212:
209:
200:
197:
182:
171:
163:
155:class-D fire
140:
106:
99:
71:fire blanket
52:
43:
39:
37:
2076:Grease duct
2031:Fire escape
2021:Fire damper
1914:Intumescent
1859:Fire safety
1824:Fire bucket
1719:Flash point
1413:By location
1399:Smokejumper
1256:and tactics
1134:Ventilation
1074:Fire safety
1059:False alarm
1016:Terminology
966:PASS device
940:Hose bridge
930:Hazmat suit
865:Fire bucket
845:Bunker gear
787:Fire engine
732:Drill tower
686:Fire police
452:FireRescue1
357:fire regime
259:combustible
185:perchlorate
95:tetrahedron
2486:Categories
2373:(NFPA 101)
2336:CE marking
2189:Fire drill
1792:Technology
1689:Fire point
1674:Fire class
1654:Detonation
1445:Washington
1440:California
1308:Fire trail
1254:Equipment
1094:Flash fire
1064:Fire class
1044:Deluge gun
981:Rotary saw
951:Kelly tool
915:Fog nozzle
759:Hose tower
725:Facilities
666:Fire chief
584:References
462:2017-02-14
349:vegetation
282:do not mix
241:or water.
112:exothermic
108:Combustion
2329:Standards
2258:Fire test
2086:Occupancy
2051:Fire pump
2041:Fire hose
2026:Fire door
2006:Exit sign
1981:Crash bar
1754:Pyrolysis
1749:Pool fire
1714:Flashover
1669:Explosive
1617:Backdraft
1425:Australia
1372:Personnel
1333:Hose pack
1313:Firebreak
1293:Fire rake
1283:Fire hose
1273:Driptorch
1225:Wildfires
1155:Fire camp
1099:Flashover
1029:Barn fire
1024:Backdraft
875:Fire hose
837:Equipment
769:Apparatus
555:0027-8424
514:Titanium
487:30 August
423:30 August
309:Carrying
302:Carrying
289:aluminium
252:pyrolysis
159:exploding
147:magnesium
93:The fire
65:(usually
61:, and an
2458:Category
2422:See also
2351:EN 16034
2061:Firestop
2016:Fire cut
1739:Jet fire
1729:Gas leak
1645:(HAZMAT)
1628:Boilover
1536:Glossary
1512:Category
1481:See also
1389:Helitack
1384:Handcrew
1114:Rollover
1089:Firewall
797:Fireboat
696:Handcrew
573:16332964
508:Archived
397:Archived
364:See also
168:Oxidizer
151:titanium
84:NFPA 704
2470:Commons
2303:(NCEES)
1624:(BLEVE)
1560:Outline
1524:Commons
1435:History
1348:Pulaski
1233:General
971:The pig
599:. 2008.
564:1312407
322:class B
178:bellows
143:lithium
2401:Awards
2315:(SFPE)
2309:(NFPA)
2291:(FEMA)
2254:(FSES)
1338:McLeod
1200:Muster
571:
561:
553:
216:embers
67:oxygen
2392:UL 94
2346:EN 54
2297:(IFE)
1926:(PPE)
1548:Index
1456:Lists
1054:Draft
996:Siren
956:Nomex
817:Quint
381:Notes
345:fuels
191:, or
131:halon
125:water
48:fires
2497:Fire
2341:EN 3
2321:(UL)
742:list
569:PMID
551:ISSN
516:MSDS
489:2012
425:2018
237:, a
119:foam
59:fuel
55:heat
38:The
559:PMC
541:doi
537:102
42:or
2488::
567:.
557:.
549:.
535:.
531:.
497:^
479:.
450:.
416:.
351:.
149:,
145:,
57:,
50:.
1595:e
1588:t
1581:v
627:e
620:t
613:v
575:.
543::
491:.
465:.
427:.
174:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
