2367:
1085:
2753:
976:
3022:. For many keepers there must also be a provision for an adequate heat source this has resulted in the marketing of heat and light "combination" products. Keepers should be careful of these "combination" light/ heat and UVa/b generators, they typically emit high levels of UVa with lower levels of UVb that are set and difficult to control so that animals can have their needs met. A better strategy is to use individual sources of these elements and so they can be placed and controlled by the keepers for the max benefit of the animals.
2714:, aldehyde, and other VOC's en route to a final stage. Thus, the use of titanium dioxide and UVC requires very specific parameters for a successful outcome. The cleansing mechanism of UV is a photochemical process. Contaminants in the indoor environment are almost entirely organic carbon-based compounds, which break down when exposed to high-intensity UV at 240 to 280 nm. Short-wave ultraviolet radiation can destroy DNA in living microorganisms. UVC's effectiveness is directly related to intensity and exposure time.
3010:(vitamin D3), which is needed for basic cellular / neural functioning as well as the utilization of calcium for bone and egg production. The UVA wavelength is also visible to many reptiles and might play a significant role in their ability survive in the wild as well as in visual communication between individuals. Therefore, in a typical reptile enclosure, a fluorescent UV a/b source (at the proper strength / spectrum for the species), must be available for many captive species to survive. Simple supplementation with
2883:
1213:(LEDs) can be manufactured to emit radiation in the ultraviolet range. In 2019, following significant advances over the preceding five years, UVA LEDs of 365 nm and longer wavelength were available, with efficiencies of 50% at 1.0 W output. Currently, the most common types of UV LEDs are in 395 nm and 365 nm wavelengths, both of which are in the UVA spectrum. The rated wavelength is the peak wavelength that the LEDs put out, but light at both higher and lower wavelengths are present.
1778:(ROS) was measured in untreated and in sunscreen treated skin. In the first 20 minutes, the film of sunscreen had a protective effect and the number of ROS species was smaller. After 60 minutes, however, the amount of absorbed sunscreen was so high that the amount of ROS was higher in the sunscreen-treated skin than in the untreated skin. The study indicates that sunscreen must be reapplied within 2 hours in order to prevent UV light from penetrating to sunscreen-infused live skin cells.
7860:
1508:
1114:
of a regular fluorescent lamp tube. These low-pressure lamps have a typical efficiency of approximately 30–40%, meaning that for every 100 watts of electricity consumed by the lamp, they will produce approximately 30–40 watts of total UV output. They also emit bluish-white visible light, due to mercury's other spectral lines. These "germicidal" lamps are used extensively for disinfection of surfaces in laboratories and food-processing industries, and for disinfecting water supplies.
2593:
765:
66:
7771:
2446:
987:
2167:
1715:
1203:
1071:
800:
reaches the Earth's surface, more than 95% is the longer wavelengths of UVA, with the small remainder UVB. Almost no UVC reaches the Earth's surface. The fraction of UVA and UVB which remains in UV radiation after passing through the atmosphere is heavily dependent on cloud cover and atmospheric conditions. On "partly cloudy" days, patches of blue sky showing between clouds are also sources of (scattered) UVA and UVB, which are produced by
1570:
54:
2855:
illumination, thus assisting in the control of these arachnids. Many birds have patterns in their plumage that are invisible at usual wavelengths but observable in ultraviolet, and the urine and other secretions of some animals, including dogs, cats, and human beings, are much easier to spot with ultraviolet. Urine trails of rodents can be detected by pest control technicians for proper treatment of infested dwellings.
1622:, is mostly caused by DNA damage independent from UVA radiation. This can be seen from the absence of a direct UV signature mutation in 92% of all melanoma. Occasional overexposure and sunburn are probably greater risk factors for melanoma than long-term moderate exposure. UVC is the highest-energy, most-dangerous type of ultraviolet radiation, and causes adverse effects that can variously be mutagenic or carcinogenic.
7759:
2244:
1902:
2146:
1827:
2561:, a procedure wherein a chemical called a photoresist is exposed to UV radiation that has passed through a mask. The exposure causes chemical reactions to occur in the photoresist. After removal of unwanted photoresist, a pattern determined by the mask remains on the sample. Steps may then be taken to "etch" away, deposit on or otherwise modify areas of the sample where no photoresist remains.
3014:(Vitamin D3) will not be enough as there's a complete biosynthetic pathway that is "leapfrogged" (risks of possible overdoses), the intermediate molecules and metabolites also play important functions in the animals health. Natural sunlight in the right levels is always going to be superior to artificial sources, but this might not be possible for keepers in different parts of the world.
772:) and blocking of different bands of ultraviolet radiation: In essence, all UVC is blocked by diatomic oxygen (100–200 nm) or by ozone (triatomic oxygen) (200–280 nm) in the atmosphere. The ozone layer then blocks most UVB. Meanwhile, UVA is hardly affected by ozone, and most of it reaches the ground. UVA makes up almost all UV light that penetrates the Earth's atmosphere.
1928:
2846:(222 nm) light on a range of pathogens, including bacteria and fungi showed inhibition of pathogen growth, and since it has lesser harmful effects, it provides essential insights for reliable disinfection in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and long-term care homes. UVC has also been shown to be effective at degrading SARS-CoV-2 virus.
1629:(free radicals such as reactive oxygen species). UVA can generate highly reactive chemical intermediates, such as hydroxyl and oxygen radicals, which in turn can damage DNA. The DNA damage caused indirectly to skin by UVA consists mostly of single-strand breaks in DNA, while the damage caused by UVB includes direct formation of
2442:
identify contaminants based on their flourense properties. EEM could be used to discriminate different groups of NOM based on the difference in light emission and excitation of fluorophores. NOMs with certain molecular structures are reported to have fluorescent properties in a wide range of excitation/emission wavelengths.
2854:
Some animals, including birds, reptiles, and insects such as bees, can see near-ultraviolet wavelengths. Many fruits, flowers, and seeds stand out more strongly from the background in ultraviolet wavelengths as compared to human color vision. Scorpions glow or take on a yellow to green color under UV
2441:
in water. UV absorbance can also be uesd to quantify contaminants in wastewater. Most commonly used 254 nm UV absorbance is genrally used as a surrogate parameters to quantify NOM. Another form of light-based detection method uses a wide spectrum of excitation emission matrix (EEM) to detect and
2322:
Other applications include the authentication of various collectibles and art, and detecting counterfeit currency. Even materials not specially marked with UV sensitive dyes may have distinctive fluorescence under UV exposure or may fluoresce differently under short-wave versus long-wave ultraviolet.
1739:
indicates how effectively this radiation is blocked. SPF is, therefore, also called UVB-PF, for "UVB protection factor". This rating, however, offers no data about important protection against UVA, which does not primarily cause sunburn but is still harmful, since it causes indirect DNA damage and is
1349:
in gases by sum or difference frequency mixing of 2 or more longer wavelength lasers. The generation is generally done in gasses (e.g. krypton, hydrogen which are two-photon resonant near 193 nm) or metal vapors (e.g. magnesium). By making one of the lasers tunable, the V‑UV can be tuned. If one
1113:
within the lamp, as well as some visible light. From 85% to 90% of the UV produced by these lamps is at 253.7 nm, whereas only 5–10% is at 185 nm. The fused quartz tube passes the 253.7 nm radiation but blocks the 185 nm wavelength. Such tubes have two or three times the UVC power
2162:
Photography by reflected ultraviolet radiation is useful for medical, scientific, and forensic investigations, in applications as widespread as detecting bruising of skin, alterations of documents, or restoration work on paintings. Photography of the fluorescence produced by ultraviolet illumination
1551:
and skin redness (with lighter skinned individuals being more sensitive) at wavelengths starting near the beginning of the UVB band at 315 nm, and rapidly increasing to 300 nm. The skin and eyes are most sensitive to damage by UV at 265–275 nm, which is in the lower UVC band. At still
1024:
optical filter that blocks almost all visible light with wavelengths longer than 400 nanometers. The purple glow given off by these tubes is not the ultraviolet itself, but visible purple light from mercury's 404 nm spectral line which escapes being filtered out by the coating. Other black
995:
Two black light fluorescent tubes, showing use. The longer tube is a F15T8/BLB 18 inch, 15 watt tube, shown in the bottom image in a standard plug-in fluorescent fixture. The shorter is an F8T5/BLB 12 inch, 8 watt tube, used in a portable battery-powered black light sold as a pet
3092:
Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of non-ionizing radiation in living organisms, conventionally demarcated around 10 eV, the first ionization energy of oxygen. UV ranges roughly from 3 to 30 eV in energy. Hence photobiology entertains some, but not all,
2874:
butterflies it was shown that females in northern
Finland with less UV-radiation present in the environment possessed stronger UV signals to attract their males than those occurring further south. This suggested that it was evolutionarily more difficult to increase the UV-sensitivity of the eyes of
2733:
if the air is recycled between the room and the lamp chamber. This arrangement prevents the introduction of ozone into the treated air. Likewise, air may be treated by passing by a single UV source operating at 184 nm and passed over iron pentaoxide to remove the ozone produced by the UV lamp.
1515:) is the product of the sunlight spectrum (radiation intensity) and the erythemal action spectrum (skin sensitivity) across the range of UV wavelengths. Sunburn production per milliwatt of radiation intensity is increased by nearly a factor of 100 between the near UVB wavelengths of 315–295 nm.
1221:
applications, charging glow-in-the-dark objects such as paintings or toys, and lights for detecting counterfeit money and bodily fluids. UV LEDs are also used in digital print applications and inert UV curing environments. Power densities approaching 3 W/cm (30 kW/m) are now possible, and
799:
The atmosphere blocks about 77% of the Sun's UV, when the Sun is highest in the sky (at zenith), with absorption increasing at shorter UV wavelengths. At ground level with the sun at zenith, sunlight is 44% visible light, 3% ultraviolet, and the remainder infrared. Of the ultraviolet radiation that
952:
to block visible light for covert communications. It allows both infrared daylight and ultraviolet night-time communications by being transparent between 320 nm and 400 nm and also the longer infrared and just-barely-visible red wavelengths. Its maximum UV transmission is at 365 nm,
804:
in the same way as the visible blue light from those parts of the sky. UVB also plays a major role in plant development, as it affects most of the plant hormones. During total overcast, the amount of absorption due to clouds is heavily dependent on the thickness of the clouds and latitude, with no
2548:
used in nondestructive metal testing equipment (though this is highly unlikely), and radioactive materials can produce levels that will activate a UV detection system. The presence of UV-absorbing gases and vapors will attenuate the UV radiation from a fire, adversely affecting the ability of the
2314:
UV is an investigative tool at the crime scene helpful in locating and identifying bodily fluids such as semen, blood, and saliva. For example, ejaculated fluids or saliva can be detected by high-power UV sources, irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface the fluid is deposited upon.
2153:
Photographic film responds to ultraviolet radiation but the glass lenses of cameras usually block radiation shorter than 350 nm. Slightly yellow UV-blocking filters are often used for outdoor photography to prevent unwanted bluing and overexposure by UV rays. For photography in the near UV,
1560:
is a widely publicized measurement of total strength of UV wavelengths that cause sunburn on human skin, by weighting UV exposure for action spectrum effects at a given time and location. This standard shows that most sunburn happens due to UV at wavelengths near the boundary of the UVA and UVB
7334:
Devitt, George; Johnson, Peter B.; Hanrahan, Niall; Lane, Simon I. R.; Vidale, Magdalena C.; Sheth, Bhavwanti; Allen, Joel D.; Humbert, Maria V.; Spalluto, Cosma M.; Hervé, Rodolphe C.; Staples, Karl; West, Jonathan J.; Forster, Robert; Divecha, Nullin; McCormick, Christopher J.; Crispin, Max;
1877:
is beneficial to those exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Since light can reach the eyes from the sides, full-coverage eye protection is usually warranted if there is an increased risk of exposure, as in high-altitude mountaineering. Mountaineers are exposed to higher-than-ordinary levels of UV
650:
Several solid-state and vacuum devices have been explored for use in different parts of the UV spectrum. Many approaches seek to adapt visible light-sensing devices, but these can suffer from unwanted response to visible light and various instabilities. Ultraviolet can be detected by suitable
2783:
UVC LEDs are relatively new to the commercial market and are gaining in popularity. Due to their monochromatic nature (±5 nm) these LEDs can target a specific wavelength needed for disinfection. This is especially important knowing that pathogens vary in their sensitivity to specific UV
2779:
emit about 86% of their radiation at 254 nanometers (nm), with 265 nm being the peak germicidal effectiveness curve. UV at these germicidal wavelengths damage a microorganism's DNA/RNA so that it cannot reproduce, making it harmless, (even though the organism may not be killed). Since
917:
to shorter wavelengths, passing about 90% of the light above 350 nm, but blocking over 90% of the light below 300 nm. A study found that car windows allow 3–4% of ambient UV to pass through, especially if the UV was greater than 380 nm. Other types of car windows can reduce
2347:. The technique involves taking pictures of the illegible document using different filters in the infrared or ultraviolet range, finely tuned to capture certain wavelengths of light. Thus, the optimum spectral portion can be found for distinguishing ink from paper on the papyrus surface.
2643:(iron, doped)-based bulbs are used, energized with electric arcs or microwaves. Lower-power fluorescent lamps and LEDs can be used for static applications. Small high-pressure lamps can have light focused and transmitted to the work area via liquid-filled or fiber-optic light guides.
2185:, measurements are used to discern the chemical composition of the interstellar medium, and the temperature and composition of stars. Because the ozone layer blocks many UV frequencies from reaching telescopes on the surface of the Earth, most UV observations are made from space.
1350:
of the lasers is resonant with a transition in the gas or vapor then the V‑UV production is intensified. However, resonances also generate wavelength dispersion, and thus the phase matching can limit the tunable range of the 4 wave mixing. Difference frequency mixing (i.e.,
2158:
may have internal filters that block UV to improve color rendition accuracy. Sometimes these internal filters can be removed, or they may be absent, and an external visible-light filter prepares the camera for near-UV photography. A few cameras are designed for use in the UV.
701:
Technology for VUV instrumentation was largely driven by solar astronomy for many decades. While optics can be used to remove unwanted visible light that contaminates the VUV, in general; detectors can be limited by their response to non-VUV radiation, and the development of
2982:
UVB phototherapy does not require additional medications or topical preparations for the therapeutic benefit; only the exposure is needed. However, phototherapy can be effective when used in conjunction with certain topical treatments such as anthralin, coal tar, and
315:", discovered the previous year at the other end of the visible spectrum. The simpler term "chemical rays" was adopted soon afterwards, and remained popular throughout the 19th century, although some said that this radiation was entirely different from light (notably
1385:(193 nm) excimer laser with a tunable visible or near IR laser in hydrogen or krypton provides resonantly enhanced tunable V‑UV covering from 100 nm to 200 nm. Practically, the lack of suitable gas / vapor cell window materials above the
713:
of atoms, while wavelengths shorter than that interact mainly with inner-shell electrons and nuclei. The long end of the EUV spectrum is set by a prominent He spectral line at 30.4 nm. EUV is strongly absorbed by most known materials, but synthesizing
326:, respectively. In 1878, the sterilizing effect of short-wavelength light by killing bacteria was discovered. By 1903, the most effective wavelengths were known to be around 250 nm. In 1960, the effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA was established.
1401:. The E‑UV is not emitted by the laser, but rather by electron transitions in an extremely hot tin or xenon plasma, which is excited by an excimer laser. This technique does not require a synchrotron, yet can produce UV at the edge of the X‑ray spectrum.
3017:
It is a known problem that high levels of output of the UVa part of the spectrum can both cause cellular and DNA damage to sensitive parts of their bodies – especially the eyes where blindness is the result of an improper UVa/b source use and placement
2432:
In pollution control applications, ultraviolet analyzers are used to detect emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, mercury, and ammonia, for example in the flue gas of fossil-fired power plants. Ultraviolet radiation can detect thin sheens of
2382:
Ultraviolet helps detect organic material deposits that remain on surfaces where periodic cleaning and sanitizing may have failed. It is used in the hotel industry, manufacturing, and other industries where levels of cleanliness or contamination are
2500:
region, whereas a coal fire emits very weakly in the UV band yet very strongly at IR wavelengths; thus, a fire detector that operates using both UV and IR detectors is more reliable than one with a UV detector alone. Virtually all fires emit some
1718:
Demonstration of the effect of sunscreen. The left image is a regular photograph of his face; the right image is of reflected UV light. The man's face has sunscreen on his right side only. It appears darker because the sunscreen absorbs the UV
2917:
are used to eliminate various small flying insects. They are attracted to the UV and are killed using an electric shock, or trapped once they come into contact with the device. Different designs of ultraviolet radiation traps are also used by
756:, etc. The numerical values of the boundary between hard/soft, even within similar scientific fields, do not necessarily coincide; for example, one applied-physics publication used a boundary of 190 nm between hard and soft UV regions.
1546:
The differential effects of various wavelengths of light on the human cornea and skin are sometimes called the "erythemal action spectrum". The action spectrum shows that UVA does not cause immediate reaction, but rather UV begins to cause
1965:
and textiles may need extra protection both from sunlight and fluorescent lamps, two common sources of UV radiation. Window glass absorbs some harmful UV, but valuable artifacts need extra shielding. Many museums place black curtains over
2588:
Electronic components that require clear transparency for light to exit or enter (photovoltaic panels and sensors) can be potted using acrylic resins that are cured using UV energy. The advantages are low VOC emissions and rapid curing.
2878:
Many insects use the ultraviolet wavelength emissions from celestial objects as references for flight navigation. A local ultraviolet emitter will normally disrupt the navigation process and will eventually attract the flying insect.
1882:
give some protection. Most plastic lenses give more protection than glass lenses, because, as noted above, glass is transparent to UVA and the common acrylic plastic used for lenses is less so. Some plastic lens materials, such as
1216:
The cheaper and more common 395 nm UV LEDs are much closer to the visible spectrum, and give off a purple color. Other UV LEDs deeper into the spectrum do not emit as much visible light. LEDs are used for applications such as
210:. More energetic, shorter-wavelength "extreme" UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground. However, ultraviolet light (specifically, UVB) is also responsible for the formation of
5864:
Stephens TJ, Herndon JH, Colón LE, Gottschalk RW (February 2011). "The impact of natural sunlight exposure on the UV‑B – sun protection factor (UVB-SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) of a UV‑A / UV‑B SPF 50 sunscreen".
2909:
as a marker. Many substances, such as proteins, have significant light absorption bands in the ultraviolet that are of interest in biochemistry and related fields. UV-capable spectrophotometers are common in such laboratories.
261:) perceive near-UV as whitish-blue or whitish-violet. Under some conditions, children and young adults can see ultraviolet down to wavelengths around 310 nm. Near-UV radiation is visible to insects, some mammals, and some
5227:
Herzinger, T.; Funk, J.O.; Hillmer, K.; Eick, D.; Wolf, D.A.; Kind, P. (1995). "Ultraviolet B irradiation-induced G2 cell cycle arrest in human keratinocytes by inhibitory phosphorylation of the cdc2 cell cycle kinase".
2709:
into harmless inert byproducts. However, the reaction of titanium dioxide and UVC is not a straight path. Several hundreds of reactions occur prior to the inert byproducts stage and can hinder the resulting reaction creating
1194:, a UV source developed in the early 2000s, is seeing increasing use in scientific fields. It has the advantages of high-intensity, high efficiency, and operation at a variety of wavelength bands into the vacuum ultraviolet.
1443:
There is no doubt that a little sunlight is good for you! But 5–15 minutes of casual sun exposure of hands, face and arms two to three times a week during the summer months is sufficient to keep your vitamin D levels
7605:
1834:
The eye is most sensitive to damage by UV in the lower UVC band at 265–275 nm. Radiation of this wavelength is almost absent from sunlight at the surface of the Earth but is emitted by artificial sources such as the
1924:. The problem appears as discoloration or fading, cracking, loss of strength or disintegration. The effects of attack increase with exposure time and sunlight intensity. The addition of UV absorbers inhibits the effect.
1740:
also considered carcinogenic. Several studies suggest that the absence of UVA filters may be the cause of the higher incidence of melanoma found in sunscreen users compared to non-users. Some sunscreen lotions contain
1637:
and double-strand DNA breakage. UVA is immunosuppressive for the entire body (accounting for a large part of the immunosuppressive effects of sunlight exposure), and is mutagenic for basal cell keratinocytes in skin.
6635:
1266:
uses electronic excitation of nitrogen molecules to emit a beam that is mostly UV. The strongest ultraviolet lines are at 337.1 nm and 357.6 nm in wavelength. Another type of high-power gas lasers are
1731:
produce potentially harmful substances if they are illuminated while in contact with living cells. The amount of sunscreen that penetrates into the lower layers of the skin may be large enough to cause damage.
3710:
1759:. However, sunscreen chemicals cannot dissipate the energy of the excited state as efficiently as melanin and therefore, if sunscreen ingredients penetrate into the lower layers of the skin, the amount of
1455:. The production of serotonin is in direct proportion to the degree of bright sunlight the body receives. Serotonin is thought to provide sensations of happiness, well-being and serenity to human beings.
897:
in stained-glass prevent UV rays from causing chemical reactions that change image colors. A set of stained-glass color-reference chips is planned to be used to calibrate the color cameras for the 2019
2390:
Perennial news features for many television news organizations involve an investigative reporter using a similar device to reveal unsanitary conditions in hotels, public toilets, hand rails, and such.
1950:. UV absorption leads to chain degradation and loss of strength at sensitive points in the chain structure. Aramid rope must be shielded with a sheath of thermoplastic if it is to retain its strength.
7384:
Silberglied, Robert E.; Taylor, Orley R. (1978). "Ultraviolet
Reflection and Its Behavioral Role in the Courtship of the Sulfur Butterflies Colias eurytheme and C. philodice (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)".
6200:
Damiani, E.; Greci, L.; Parsons, R.; Knowland, J. (1999). "Nitroxide radicals protect DNA from damage when illuminated in vitro in the presence of dibenzoylmethane and a common sunscreen ingredient".
2868:
butterfly, males rely on visual cues to locate and identify females. Instead of using chemical stimuli to find mates, males are attracted to the ultraviolet-reflecting color of female hind wings. In
2233:
UV fluorescent dyes that glow in the primary colors are used in paints, papers, and textiles either to enhance color under daylight illumination or to provide special effects when lit with UV lamps.
1597:. However, the degree of redness and eye irritation (which are largely not caused by UVA) do not predict the long-term effects of UV, although they do mirror the direct damage of DNA by ultraviolet.
229:, although people can sometimes perceive light at shorter wavelengths than this. Insects, birds, and some mammals can see near-UV (NUV), i.e., slightly shorter wavelengths than what humans can see.
6826:
329:
The discovery of the ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths below 200 nm, named "vacuum ultraviolet" because it is strongly absorbed by the oxygen in air, was made in 1893 by German physicist
5210:
5576:
5349:
6604:
5708:
Xu, C.; Green, Adele; Parisi, Alfio; Parsons, Peter G (2001). "Photosensitization of the sunscreen octyl p‑dimethylaminobenzoate b UV‑A in human melanocytes but not in keratinocytes".
748:(wavelength 91.2 nm, the energy needed to ionise a hydrogen atom from its ground state), with "hard UV" being more energetic; the same terms may also be used in other fields, such as
5441:
Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Garewal H (June 2002). "DNA repair / pro-apoptotic dual-role proteins in five major DNA repair pathways: Fail-safe protection against carcinogenesis".
179:. Many practical applications, including chemical and biological effects, are derived from the way that UV radiation can interact with organic molecules. These interactions can involve
3379:
3998:
Bark, Yu B.; Barkhudarov, E.M.; Kozlov, Yu N.; Kossyi, I.A.; Silakov, V.P.; Taktakishvili, M.I.; Temchin, S.M. (2000). "Slipping surface discharge as a source of hard UV radiation".
2230:
to paper and fabrics. The blue light emitted by these agents counteracts yellow tints that may be present and causes the colors and whites to appear whiter or more brightly colored.
709:
Extreme UV (EUV or sometimes XUV) is characterized by a transition in the physics of interaction with matter. Wavelengths longer than about 30 nm interact mainly with the outer
4769:
2513:. The result is that the UV detector is "solar blind", meaning it will not cause an alarm in response to radiation from the Sun, so it can easily be used both indoors and outdoors.
6476:
Springer, E.; Almog, J.; Frank, A.; Ziv, Z.; Bergman, P.; Gui Quang, W. (1994). "Detection of dry bodily fluids by inherent short wavelength UV luminescence: Preliminary results".
4536:
5389:
816:
of dioxygen react with more dioxygen. The ozone layer is especially important in blocking most UVB and the remaining part of UVC not already blocked by ordinary oxygen in air.
2780:
microorganisms can be shielded from ultraviolet rays in small cracks and other shaded areas, these lamps are used only as a supplement to other sterilization techniques.
7000:
6627:
1389:
cut-off wavelength limit the tuning range to longer than about 110 nm. Tunable V‑UV wavelengths down to 75 nm was achieved using window-free configurations.
5096:
4648:
3547:
2240:
Amusement parks often use UV lighting to fluoresce ride artwork and backdrops. This often has the side effect of causing rider's white clothing to glow light-purple.
2635:
flash lamps. Fast processes such as flexo or offset printing require high-intensity light focused via reflectors onto a moving substrate and medium so high-pressure
1225:
UVC LEDs are developing rapidly, but may require testing to verify effective disinfection. Citations for large-area disinfection are for non-LED UV sources known as
706:
has been an important area of research. Wide-gap solid-state devices or vacuum devices with high-cutoff photocathodes can be attractive compared to silicon diodes.
4048:
206:. The amount of UV light produced by the Sun means that the Earth would not be able to sustain life on dry land if most of that light were not filtered out by the
3062:
approached the surface of the ocean, they almost invariably died out. The few that survived had developed enzymes that monitored the genetic material and removed
6893:
5613:
Svobodová AR, Galandáková A, Sianská J, et al. (January 2012). "DNA damage after acute exposure of mice skin to physiological doses of UVB and UVA light".
2293:
UV stimulates fluorescent dyes to highlight defects in a broad range of materials. These dyes may be carried into surface-breaking defects by capillary action (
6323:
4073:
6351:
2576:. Photolithography processes used to fabricate electronic integrated circuits presently use 193 nm UV and are experimentally using 13.5 nm UV for
7209:
7114:
3108:
2286:
will leave an invisible chemical (UV dye) that is not easily washed off on a pepper-sprayed attacker, which would help police identify the attacker later.
6818:
265:. Birds have a fourth color receptor for ultraviolet rays; this, coupled with eye structures that transmit more UV gives smaller birds "true" UV vision.
6684:
5207:
4119:
7805:
7427:
Meyer-Rochow, V.B.; Järvilehto, M. (1997). "Ultraviolet colours in Pieris napi from northern and southern
Finland: Arctic females are the brightest!".
5691:
5304:
Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2000). "Risks, especially for the eye, emanating from the rise of solar UV-radiation in the Arctic and
Antarctic regions".
4612:
1986:
in materials, ultraviolet radiation has a number of applications. The following table gives some uses of specific wavelength bands in the UV spectrum.
836:(photo-oxidation) of a material. The absorbers can themselves degrade over time, so monitoring of absorber levels in weathered materials is necessary.
5565:
5356:
2154:
special filters may be used. Photography with wavelengths shorter than 350 nm requires special quartz lenses which do not absorb the radiation.
1439:, which is essential for life. Humans need some UV radiation to maintain adequate vitamin D levels. According to the World Health Organization:
6566:
6512:
5754:
Knowland, John; McKenzie, Edward A.; McHugh, Peter J.; Cridland, Nigel A. (1993). "Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient".
3300:
6017:
Autier P, Dore JF, Schifflers E, et al. (1995). "Melanoma and use of sunscreens: An EORTC case control study in
Germany, Belgium and France".
3927:
1661:
that employs about 30 different proteins. Those pyrimidine dimers that escape this repair process can induce a form of programmed cell death (
6706:
6592:
6081:
1109:, since ordinary glass absorbs UVC. These lamps emit ultraviolet light with two peaks in the UVC band at 253.7 nm and 185 nm due to the
3526:
Normally the human eye responds to light rays from 390 to 760 nm. This can be extended to a range of 310 to 1,050 nm under artificial conditions.
3103:
3078:
are similar to repair enzymes, and are believed to be evolved modifications of the enzymes originally used to overcome DNA damages caused by UV.
5411:
Torma, H.; Berne, B.; Vahlquist, A. (1988). "UV irradiation and topical vitamin A modulate retinol esterification in hairless mouse epidermis".
808:
The shorter bands of UVC, as well as even more-energetic UV radiation produced by the Sun, are absorbed by oxygen and generate the ozone in the
7470:
4507:
2824:
4334:
4091:
3323:
2549:
detector to detect flames. Likewise, the presence of an oil mist in the air or an oil film on the detector window will have the same effect.
2437:
on water, either by the high reflectivity of oil films at UV wavelengths, fluorescence of compounds in oil, or by absorbing of UV created by
1970:
and ancient textiles, for example. Since watercolours can have very low pigment levels, they need extra protection from UV. Various forms of
1552:
shorter wavelengths of UV, damage continues to happen, but the overt effects are not as great with so little penetrating the atmosphere. The
1134:
envelopes are used as inexpensive UV light sources in the near UV range, from 400 to 300 nm, in some scientific instruments. Due to its
345:
of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), defined most broadly as 10–400 nanometers, can be subdivided into a number of ranges recommended by the
4304:
796:) is composed of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light, for a total intensity of about 1400 W/m in vacuum.
784:
emits ultraviolet radiation at all wavelengths, including the extreme ultraviolet where it crosses into X-rays at 10 nm. Extremely hot
7022:
Scott, K.J.; Wills, R.R.H.; Patterson, B.D. (1971). "Removal by ultra-violet lamp of ethylene and other hydrocarbons produced by bananas".
6850:"Fluorescence fingerprint of fulvic and humic acids from varied origins as viewed by single-scan and excitation/emission matrix techniques"
2488:, or a gas-filled tube as the sensing element. UV detectors that are sensitive to UV in any part of the spectrum respond to irradiation by
6978:
6915:
4875:
4670:
3164:
2196:
on electrical apparatus can be detected by its ultraviolet emissions. Corona causes degradation of electrical insulation and emission of
6266:
3513:
3471:
1084:
1028:
Incandescent black lights are also produced, using a filter coating on the envelope of an incandescent bulb that absorbs visible light (
4528:
1222:
this, coupled with recent developments by photo-initiator and resin formulators, makes the expansion of LED cured UV materials likely.
7499:
Diehl, J. J. E.; Baines, F. M.; Heijboer, A. C.; van
Leeuwen, J. P.; Kik, M.; Hendriks, W. H.; Oonincx, D. G. A. B. (February 2018).
5381:
4443:
4140:
2827:(PL) is a technique of killing microorganisms on surfaces using pulses of an intense broad spectrum, rich in UVC between 200 and 280
1692:
from the UV. UVA gives a quick tan that lasts for days by oxidizing melanin that was already present and triggers the release of the
5656:
Halliday GM, Byrne SN, Damian DL (December 2011). "Ultraviolet A radiation: Its role in immunosuppression and carcinogenesis".
1495:, the most common type of skin cell. As such, sunlight therapy can be a candidate for treatment of conditions such as psoriasis and
5538:
2859:
2669:
of the polymer. Once the surface energy of the polymer has been raised, the bond between the adhesive and the polymer is stronger.
7714:
Strauss, CEM; Funk, DJ (1991). "Broadly tunable difference-frequency generation of VUV using two-photon resonances in H2 and Kr".
2817:
fruit juices by flowing the juice over a high-intensity ultraviolet source. The effectiveness of such a process depends on the UV
6287:
5104:
5028:
4511:
4270:
319:, who named them "tithonic rays"). The terms "chemical rays" and "heat rays" were eventually dropped in favor of ultraviolet and
6327:
4889:
2378:
is checked with ultraviolet to find invisible drops of fluids. These fluids could contain deadly viruses or other contamination.
7798:
6305:
4697:
2007:
1684:. The purpose of melanin is to absorb UV radiation and dissipate the energy as harmless heat, protecting the skin against both
1519:
In humans, excessive exposure to UV radiation can result in acute and chronic harmful effects on the eye's dioptric system and
1299:
180:
6992:
6388:
5994:
5977:
2366:
1859:
formation. To a lesser extent, UVB in sunlight from 310 to 280 nm also causes photokeratitis ("snow blindness"), and the
1290:
Direct UV-emitting laser diodes are available at 375 nm. UV diode-pumped solid state lasers have been demonstrated using
682:. Scientific instruments can, therefore, use this spectral range by operating in an oxygen-free atmosphere (pure nitrogen, or
7599:
6802:
6777:
6235:
4471:
3825:
3756:
3507:
3465:
1878:
radiation, both because there is less atmospheric filtering and because of reflection from snow and ice. Ordinary, untreated
1625:
In the past, UVA was considered not harmful or less harmful than UVB, but today it is known to contribute to skin cancer via
7275:
Lorenzo-Leal, Ana C.; Tam, Wenxi; Kheyrandish, Ata; Mohseni, Madjid; Bach, Horacio (31 October 2023). Barbosa, Joana (ed.).
4477:
3539:
6178:
4640:
3890:
2608:
occurs, and so the adhesives harden or cure, usually within a few seconds. Applications include glass and plastic bonding,
2496:. A burning hydrogen flame, for instance, radiates strongly in the 185- to 260-nanometer range and only very weakly in the
1138:
a filament light bulb is a very inefficient ultraviolet source, emitting only a fraction of a percent of its energy as UV.
5842:
1974:, including acrylics (plexiglass), laminates, and coatings, offer different degrees of UV (and visible light) protection.
1604:
fibers and accelerate aging of the skin. Both UVA and UVB destroy vitamin A in skin, which may cause further damage.
6548:
5591:
4414:
4160:
Calbó, Josep; Pagès, David; González, Josep-Abel (2005). "Empirical studies of cloud effects on UV radiation: A review".
1728:
1414:
7586:
5892:
Couteau C, Couteau O, Alami-El Boury S, Coiffard LJ (August 2011). "Sunscreen products: what do they protect us from?".
4041:
1025:
lights use plain glass instead of the more expensive Wood's glass, so they appear light-blue to the eye when operating.
8306:
7763:
3772:
Hockberger, Philip E. (December 2002). "A history of ultraviolet photobiology for humans, animals and microorganisms".
2743:
455:
7775:
7556:
7084:
Shorter, AJ; Scott, KJ (1986). "Removal of ethylene from air and low oxygen atmospheres with ultra violet radiation".
6432:
6373:
8311:
7791:
6729:"Emerging Contaminants: An Overview of Recent Trends for Their Treatment and Management Using Light-Driven Processes"
6660:
1700:. UVB yields a tan that takes roughly 2 days to develop because it stimulates the body to produce more melanin.
1448:
Vitamin D can also be obtained from food and supplementation. Excess sun exposure produces harmful effects, however.
4693:
2449:
A collection of mineral samples fluorescing brilliantly at various wavelengths as seen while being irradiated by UV
2426:
2210:(Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) are erased by exposure to UV radiation. These modules have a transparent (
1405:
can also produce all wavelengths of UV, including those at the boundary of the UV and X‑ray spectra at 10 nm.
1012:
lamp emits long-wave UVA radiation and little visible light. Fluorescent black light lamps work similarly to other
183:
or adjusting energy states in molecules, but do not necessarily involve heating. Short-wave ultraviolet light is
4065:
1020:
on the inner tube surface which emits UVA radiation instead of visible light. Some lamps use a deep-bluish-purple
6342:
2577:
2418:
2319:
is also used to analyze trace evidence, such as textile fibers and paint chips, as well as questioned documents.
1994:
1398:
17:
7201:
7105:
5721:
8316:
7249:
4729:
1397:
Lasers have been used to indirectly generate non-coherent extreme UV (E‑UV) radiation at 13.5 nm for
1303:
125:, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by
7642:
Hockberger, Philip E. (2002). "A History of
Ultraviolet Photobiology for Humans, Animals and Microorganisms".
5331:
3708:(1842). "On a new Imponderable Substance and on a Class of Chemical Rays analogous to the rays of Dark Heat".
3624:
2775:
workspaces and tools used in biology laboratories and medical facilities. Commercially available low-pressure
2267:
with a phosphor that glows under UV rays to permit automatic detection of the stamp and facing of the letter.
1271:. They are widely used lasers emitting in ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet wavelength ranges. Presently, UV
295:-soaked paper more quickly than violet light itself. He announced the discovery in a very brief letter to the
6676:
6414:
4113:
2375:
1043:
Black lights are used in applications in which extraneous visible light must be minimized; mainly to observe
1032:). These are cheaper but very inefficient, emitting only a small fraction of a percent of their power as UV.
910:
4623:
636:
Strongly absorbed by atmospheric oxygen, though 150–200 nm wavelengths can propagate through nitrogen.
6061:
2772:
2298:
1787:
1424:
1262:
can be manufactured to emit ultraviolet rays, and lasers are available that cover the entire UV range. The
902:
Mars rover mission, since they will remain unfaded by the high level of UV present at the surface of Mars.
731:
686:
for shorter wavelengths), without the need for costly vacuum chambers. Significant examples include 193-nm
32:
7223:
3292:
1283:. The current wavelength limit of production of coherent UV is about 126 nm, characteristic of the Ar
7906:
6570:
6523:
6513:"Detection of semen (human and boar) and saliva on fabrics by a very high-powered UV- / VIS-light source"
3143:
691:
241:
blocks most radiation in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm; shorter wavelengths are blocked by the
7501:"A comparison of UVb compact lamps in enabling cutaneous vitamin D synthesis in growing bearded dragons"
3958:
2413:. UV radiation is often used to excite a given sample where the fluorescent emission is measured with a
7901:
6698:
6462:
3457:
3138:
3067:
1811:
1658:
730:
sounding rockets in the 1990s, and it has been used to make telescopes for solar imaging. See also the
4921:"The benefits and risks of ultraviolet tanning and its alternatives: The role of prudent sun exposure"
1156:
containing different gases produce UV radiation at particular spectral lines for scientific purposes.
1126:
are also made from an incandescent light bulb with a filter coating which absorbs most visible light.
2942:
2902:
2722:
2655:
1423:
has implications for the risks and benefits of sun exposure and is also implicated in issues such as
238:
106:
7655:
7474:
4560:"Modern technologies for improving cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in hospitals"
3786:
2297:) or they may be bound to ferrite particles caught in magnetic leakage fields in ferrous materials (
1463:
UV rays also treat certain skin conditions. Modern phototherapy has been used to successfully treat
1373:) has an advantage over sum frequency mixing because the phase matching can provide greater tuning.
152:
of ultraviolet have greater energy than those of visible light, from about 3.1 to 12
8201:
7814:
6727:
Lee, Brandon Chuan Yee; Lim, Fang Yee; Loh, Wei Hao; Ong, Say Leong; Hu, Jiangyong (January 2021).
5753:
4326:
2799:
2784:
wavelengths. LEDs are mercury free, instant on/off, and have unlimited cycling throughout the day.
1402:
342:
3928:"Stable silicon photodiodes for absolute intensity measurements in the VUV and soft X-ray regions"
1791:
1607:
UVB radiation can cause direct DNA damage. This cancer connection is one reason for concern about
890:. Standard summer fabrics have UPFs around 6, which means that about 20% of UV will pass through.
8251:
6935:"Vacuum ultraviolet smoothing of nanometer-scale asperities of poly(methyl methacrylate) surface"
4619:
3667:
3123:
2140:
1775:
1760:
875:
4296:
218:, including humans. The UV spectrum, thus, has effects both beneficial and detrimental to life.
6934:
6919:
5355:. Environmental Health Center (Report). Norfolk, Virginia: U.S.Navy. April 1992. Archived from
4792:
4662:
2290:
2175:
1427:. Getting too much sun exposure can be harmful, but in moderation, sun exposure is beneficial.
859:
or "blockers". They are contrasted with inorganic absorbers/"blockers" of UV radiation such as
852:
703:
308:
7057:
Scott, KJ; Wills, RBH (1973). "Atmospheric pollutants destroyed in an ultra violet scrubber".
3497:
3451:
3168:
2263:
or fluorescent multicolor fibers that are visible under ultraviolet light. Postage stamps are
6650:
6263:
5685:
3774:
3118:
2573:
2510:
2344:
2264:
2237:
that contain dyes that glow under UV are used in a number of art and aesthetic applications.
2182:
1971:
1795:
1736:
1496:
1298:
lithium strontium aluminum fluoride crystals (Ce:LiSAF), a process developed in the 1990s at
1210:
1180:
883:
674:
Vacuum UV, or VUV, wavelengths (shorter than 200 nm) are strongly absorbed by molecular
462:
at shorter wavelengths, completely absorbed by the ozone layer and atmosphere: hard UV.
288:
3642:
1735:
Sunscreen reduces the direct DNA damage that causes sunburn, by blocking UVB, and the usual
1723:
Medical organizations recommend that patients protect themselves from UV radiation by using
659:, which can be tailored to be sensitive to different parts of the UV spectrum. Sensitive UV
8211:
8206:
7723:
7436:
7393:
7149:
7031:
6946:
6861:
5763:
5504:
5450:
5257:"Excimer laser therapy and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy for exfoliative cheilitis"
4851:
4745:
4169:
4007:
3942:
3862:
3747:
Beeson, Steven; Mayer, James W (23 October 2007). "12.2.2 Discoveries beyond the visible".
3203:
3192:"The Sun and the Earth's Climate: Absorption of solar spectral radiation by the atmosphere"
1967:
1727:. Five sunscreen ingredients have been shown to protect mice against skin tumors. However,
1272:
1168:. These are often the emitting sources in UV spectroscopy equipment for chemical analysis.
777:
4436:
4146:
3484:
Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1050 nanometers
3403:"Violet and blue light blocking intraocular lenses: photoprotection versus photoreception"
740:
Some sources use the distinction of "hard UV" and "soft UV". For instance, in the case of
671:
are made for measurement of UV radiation. Silicon detectors are used across the spectrum.
202:
are familiar effects of exposure of the skin to UV light, along with an increased risk of
8:
8246:
8241:
8216:
8196:
7947:
7138:"Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases"
3729:
3705:
3039:
2776:
2398:
2336:
2316:
1917:
1807:
1689:
1626:
1135:
906:
801:
571:
316:
291:
observed that invisible rays just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum darkened
130:
39:
7727:
7440:
7397:
7361:
7336:
7311:
7276:
7153:
7035:
6950:
6865:
6158:
5767:
5508:
5485:
5454:
4855:
4749:
4730:"Broadly tunable difference-frequency generation of VUV using two-photon resonances in H
4173:
4011:
3946:
3866:
3207:
3058:, usually killing the cell. Before formation of the UV-blocking ozone layer, when early
2798:. Many bottlers of spring water use UV disinfection equipment to sterilize their water.
2480:
In general, ultraviolet detectors use either a solid-state device, such as one based on
614:
Germicidal but strongly absorbed by outer skin layers, so does not reach living tissue.
8236:
8084:
8057:
7967:
7952:
7667:
7530:
7452:
7409:
7277:"Antimicrobial Activity of Filtered Far-UVC Light (222 nm) against Different Pathogens"
7178:
7137:
6970:
6932:
6849:
6283:
6170:
6042:
5953:
5928:
5834:
5787:
5733:
5638:
5528:
5281:
5256:
5185:
5160:
5136:
5119:
5032:
5002:
4969:
4945:
4920:
4586:
4559:
4500:
4392:
4252:
4203:
4023:
3798:
3647:
3597:
3562:
3427:
3402:
3371:
3265:
3232:
2836:
2569:
2414:
2406:
2227:
2110:
2011:
1874:
1276:
1263:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1033:
695:
678:
in the air, though the longer wavelengths around 150–200 nm can propagate through
584:
528:
459:
296:
250:
184:
164:
134:
6873:
6213:
6140:
5807:"Skin penetration and sun protection factor of five UV filters: Effect of the vehicle"
5462:
4274:
2149:
A portrait taken using only UV light between the wavelengths of 335 and 365 nanometers
1577:
molecules of living organisms in different ways. In one common damage event, adjacent
8092:
8088:
8069:
8065:
8061:
7739:
7702:
7671:
7659:
7595:
7522:
7366:
7316:
7298:
7183:
7165:
7066:
6962:
6933:
R. V. Lapshin; A. P. Alekhin; A. G. Kirilenko; S. L. Odintsov; V. A. Krotkov (2010).
6885:
6877:
6798:
6773:
6750:
6656:
6493:
6489:
6408:
6319:
6301:
6217:
6162:
6073:
6034:
5999:
5958:
5909:
5874:
5826:
5779:
5775:
5725:
5673:
5630:
5520:
5466:
5420:
5313:
5286:
5237:
5190:
5141:
5077:
5069:
5064:
5047:
5007:
4989:
4950:
4897:
4867:
4793:"Quantum-state-selected integral cross sections for the charge transfer collision of
4761:
4591:
4467:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4244:
4239:
4222:
4195:
4027:
4019:
3954:
3846:
3821:
3802:
3790:
3752:
3687:
3602:
3584:
3503:
3461:
3432:
3363:
3355:
3270:
3252:
3128:
3055:
2752:
2647:
2636:
2502:
2485:
2410:
2060:
1685:
1654:
1557:
1531:
areas where snow covers the ground right into early summer and sun positions even at
1480:
1330:
1259:
1184:
1123:
1110:
1036:
black lights in ratings up to 1 kW with UV-emitting phosphor and an envelope of
1013:
715:
172:
7534:
7456:
7413:
6974:
6552:
6174:
6046:
5838:
5791:
5737:
5642:
4396:
4256:
4207:
3375:
3006:
need UVB for biosynthesis of vitamin D, and other metabolic processes. Specifically
2247:
A bird appears on many Visa credit cards when they are held under a UV light source.
1786:
Ultraviolet radiation can aggravate several skin conditions and diseases, including
1164:
are often used as stable sources, either windowless or with various windows such as
1127:
975:
284:. Ultraviolet has a higher frequency (thus a shorter wavelength) than violet light.
8226:
7997:
7972:
7840:
7731:
7692:
7651:
7512:
7444:
7401:
7356:
7348:
7306:
7288:
7173:
7157:
7039:
6954:
6869:
6848:
Sierra, M.M.D.; Giovanela, M.; Parlanti, E.; Soriano-Sierra, E.J. (February 2005).
6740:
6569:. Integrated cleaning and measurement. Healthy Facilities Institute. Archived from
6485:
6209:
6154:
6116:
6026:
5989:
5948:
5940:
5901:
5818:
5771:
5717:
5665:
5622:
5533:
5512:
5458:
5276:
5268:
5180:
5172:
5131:
5059:
4997:
4981:
4940:
4932:
4859:
4753:
4581:
4571:
4368:
4234:
4185:
4177:
4015:
3950:
3870:
3782:
3679:
3592:
3574:
3422:
3414:
3345:
3335:
3260:
3244:
3211:
2891:
2864:
2832:
2806:. The UVA irradiation and increased water temperature kill organisms in the water.
2768:
2687:
2558:
2493:
2438:
2294:
2279:
2234:
2193:
2015:
1741:
1677:
1386:
1346:
1307:
1280:
1172:
1098:
914:
864:
856:
719:
710:
687:
548:
222:
5905:
3050:, a disruption in the strand that reproductive enzymes cannot copy. This leads to
8275:
8188:
8030:
7962:
7632:
7352:
6270:
5214:
4461:
4359:
Moehrle, Matthias; Soballa, Martin; Korn, Manfred (2003). "UV exposure in cars".
3011:
3007:
2948:
2795:
2747:
2730:
2718:
2481:
2087:
2051:
2003:
1843:. Unprotected exposure to these sources can cause "welder's flash" or "arc eye" (
1803:
1764:
1756:
1608:
1334:
1314:
1226:
1049:, the colored glow that many substances give off when exposed to UV light. UVA /
1037:
1021:
941:
805:
clear measurements correlating specific thickness and absorption of UVA and UVB.
660:
330:
300:
292:
5806:
5029:
The known health effects of UV: Ultraviolet radiation and the INTERSUN Programme
3901:
3683:
2882:
8221:
8005:
7697:
7680:
7161:
6600:
6142:
6062:"Do sunscreens increase or decrease melanoma risk: An epidemiologic evaluation"
5707:
5669:
5335:
5272:
3711:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
3668:"Reception and discovery: the nature of Johann Wilhelm Ritter's invisible rays"
3047:
3019:
2814:
2810:
2794:
treatment applications and is finding an increased usage in municipal drinking
2683:
2666:
2651:
2605:
2475:
2252:
2201:
2091:
2078:
2074:
1913:
1896:
1864:
1844:
1657:. Most UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA are removed by the process known as
1634:
1548:
1487:. In addition, UV light, in particular UVB radiation, has been shown to induce
1230:
833:
793:
753:
429:
Medium-wave UV, mostly absorbed by the ozone layer: intermediate UV;
366:
84:
80:
6958:
5626:
5599:
4936:
4576:
4410:
1499:, conditions in which skin cells divide more rapidly than usual or necessary.
8300:
8231:
8168:
8149:
8053:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7582:
7578:
7302:
7169:
6966:
6881:
6754:
5571:
5161:"Beneficial effects of UV radiation other than via vitamin D production"
5073:
4993:
4380:
4199:
4087:
3691:
3588:
3359:
3256:
3063:
3051:
2919:
2725:. UV lamps radiating at 184 and 254 nm can remove low concentrations of
2703:
2609:
2592:
2565:
2255:
of currency, or forgery of important documents such as driver's licenses and
2100:
1943:
1906:
1884:
1815:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1582:
1540:
1492:
1268:
1246:
358:
153:
114:
7859:
7106:"Scientists Consider Indoor Ultraviolet Light to Zap Coronavirus in the Air"
7043:
3418:
1507:
788:(such as O- and B-type) emit proportionally more UV radiation than the Sun.
8107:
8102:
8080:
8075:
7783:
7743:
7706:
7663:
7548:
7526:
7370:
7320:
7293:
7187:
6939:
Journal of
Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques
6889:
6429:"Ultraviolet Light, UV Rays, What is Ultraviolet, UV Light Bulbs, Fly Trap"
6428:
6365:
6221:
6199:
6166:
6077:
6030:
6003:
5913:
5878:
5830:
5729:
5677:
5634:
5524:
5470:
5317:
5290:
5194:
5145:
5081:
5011:
4954:
4871:
4765:
4595:
4529:"What is the difference between 365 nm and 395 nm UV LED lights?"
4388:
4248:
3794:
3606:
3579:
3436:
3367:
3274:
3087:
2988:
2976:
2787:
2726:
2711:
2283:
2275:
2155:
2043:
1983:
1936:
1836:
1585:" makes a bulge, and the distorted DNA molecule does not function properly.
1420:
1191:
1131:
1102:
1054:
1045:
954:
945:
919:
894:
860:
741:
664:
656:
362:
346:
226:
176:
138:
126:
72:
7448:
7070:
6497:
6038:
5962:
5944:
5783:
5424:
5241:
2802:
has been researched for cheaply treating contaminated water using natural
2604:
are formulated with photoinitiators and resins. When exposed to UV light,
2445:
764:
257:
are sensitive to near-UV, and people lacking a lens (a condition known as
65:
8280:
7957:
7735:
6143:"Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin"
4757:
4701:
4181:
3841:
3216:
3191:
3046:
base pairs next to each other in genetic sequences to bond together into
2870:
2809:
Ultraviolet radiation is used in several food processes to kill unwanted
2537:
2517:
2371:
2340:
2223:
2118:
1840:
1615:
1594:
1484:
1345:
The vacuum ultraviolet (V‑UV) band (100–200 nm) can be generated by
1322:
1318:
1255:
949:
809:
769:
749:
745:
405:
262:
203:
195:
142:
7770:
5516:
2425:. In environmental chemistry, UV radiation could also be used to detect
2166:
1206:
A 380 nanometer UV LED makes some common household items fluoresce.
986:
8261:
7929:
7924:
7878:
7855:
7405:
5176:
4985:
4863:
3563:"Evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals"
3350:
3340:
3248:
3059:
2923:
2914:
2818:
2791:
2613:
2384:
2127:
1879:
1856:
1749:
1745:
1714:
1697:
1650:
1488:
1076:
9 watt germicidal UV bulb, in compact fluorescent (CF) form factor
1050:
1003:
868:
848:
844:
813:
668:
652:
430:
401:
380:
287:
UV radiation was discovered in
February 1801 when the German physicist
215:
207:
157:
110:
76:
7517:
7500:
6745:
6728:
6677:"New investigation finds some hotels don't wash sheets between guests"
6121:
6104:
5822:
4190:
3567:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2979:
may be used only a limited number of times over a patient's lifetime.
1763:
may be increased. The amount of sunscreen that penetrates through the
882:-causing UV without and with the protection of the fabric, similar to
8270:
8117:
7893:
7871:
7850:
7825:
6847:
5995:
10.1002/1097-0215(20000701)87:1<145::AID-IJC22>3.0.CO;2-3
3620:
3133:
2992:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2959:. Exposure to UVA, while the skin is hyper-photosensitive, by taking
2952:
2926:
2828:
2757:
2695:
2691:
2665:
for adhesives. Polymers exposed to UV will oxidize, thus raising the
2541:
2529:
2434:
2402:
2260:
2256:
1962:
1852:
1724:
1709:
1662:
1536:
1464:
1452:
1436:
1302:. Wavelengths shorter than 325 nm are commercially generated in
1251:
1218:
1202:
887:
840:
734:
323:
246:
211:
7253:
5891:
1070:
225:
is conventionally taken as 400 nm, so ultraviolet rays are not
8285:
8045:
7845:
6141:
Hanson, Kerry M.; Gratton, Enrico; Bardeen, Christopher J. (2006).
6105:"Commentary: Cancer-preventive effects of sunscreens are uncertain"
4506:. NBS Measurement Services (Report). NBS Special Publication. U.S.
3875:
3850:
3561:
Hunt, D. M.; Carvalho, L. S.; Cowing, J. A.; Davies, W. L. (2009).
3113:
3031:
2960:
2956:
2906:
2895:
2803:
2756:
A low-pressure mercury vapor discharge tube floods the inside of a
2624:
2617:
2601:
2525:
2497:
2489:
2458:
1954:
1932:
1921:
1848:
1672:
As a defense against UV radiation, the amount of the brown pigment
1666:
1619:
1601:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1476:
1472:
1381:
1017:
825:
789:
679:
320:
312:
122:
7420:
4499:
Klose, Jules Z.; Bridges, J. Mervin; Ott, William R. (June 1987).
4460:
Rodrigues, Sueli; Fernandes, Fabiano Andre Narciso (18 May 2012).
2875:
the males than to increase the UV-signals emitted by the females.
1581:
bases bond with each other, instead of across the "ladder". This "
1569:
280:, "beyond"), violet being the color of the highest frequencies of
8154:
8140:
7681:"UV radiation, latitude, and melanoma in US Hispanics and blacks"
7337:"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation Using UVC Laser Radiation"
7274:
6320:
What is UV radiation and how much does it increase with altitude?
5566:"Shunning the sun may be killing you in more ways than you think"
3075:
3071:
3043:
3035:
3003:
2887:
2843:
2761:
2699:
2662:
2632:
2533:
2454:
2422:
2332:
2214:) window on the top of the chip that allows the UV radiation in.
2171:
2114:
2070:
2024:
1799:
1693:
1681:
1673:
1590:
1578:
944:
is a deep violet-blue barium-sodium silicate glass with about 9%
879:
604:
258:
199:
88:
53:
6454:
3666:
Frercks, Jan; Weber, Heiko; Wiesenfeldt, Gerhard (1 June 2009).
2453:
Ultraviolet lamps are also used as part of the analysis of some
1830:
Signs are often used to warn of the hazard of strong UV sources.
8178:
8173:
8163:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8096:
8025:
7758:
7227:
3926:
Gullikson, E.M.; Korde, R.; Canfield, L.R.; Vest, R.E. (1996).
3891:"ISO 21348 Definitions of Solar Irradiance Spectral Categories"
2706:
2521:
2355:
2211:
2033:
1947:
1868:
1860:
1532:
1520:
1468:
1392:
1295:
1291:
1171:
Other UV sources with more continuous emission spectra include
927:
829:
824:
Ultraviolet absorbers are molecules used in organic materials (
675:
254:
242:
168:
149:
7498:
7335:
Hempler, Nils; Malcolm, Graeme P. A.; Mahajan, Sumeet (2023).
5863:
5483:
5440:
5255:
Bhatia, Bhavnit K.; Bahr, Brooks A.; Murase, Jenny E. (2015).
3749:
Patterns of light: chasing the spectrum from Aristotle to LEDs
2717:
UV has also been shown to reduce gaseous contaminants such as
2646:
The impact of UV on polymers is used for modification of the (
2331:
Using multi-spectral imaging it is possible to read illegible
2243:
2145:
1982:
Because of its ability to cause chemical reactions and excite
1901:
1275:
excimer lasers operating at 193 nm are routinely used in
938:
transmit well down to 150 nm or 160 nm wavelengths.
8020:
7916:
7830:
6628:"Oxygen cleaning: A validated process is critical for safety"
5975:
2972:
2930:
2862:
for sex recognition and mating behavior. For example, in the
2545:
2350:
Simple NUV sources can be used to highlight faded iron-based
2207:
2197:
1890:
1826:
1755:
The photochemical properties of melanin make it an excellent
1676:
in the skin increases when exposed to moderate (depending on
1378:
1376:
In particular, difference frequency mixing two photons of an
1326:
1157:
1106:
727:
683:
281:
274:
163:. Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an
118:
7588:
Origins of Sex: Three Billion Years of Genetic Recombination
5120:"How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs"
4919:
Sivamani, R.K.; Crane, L.A.; Dellavalle, R.P. (April 2009).
3540:"Want ultraviolet vision? You're going to need smaller eyes"
587:
by some definitions; completely absorbed by the atmosphere.
8015:
8010:
7679:
Hu, S; Ma, F; Collado-Mesa, F; Kirsner, R. S. (July 2004).
7577:
5722:
10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0600:POTSOP>2.0.CO;2
5612:
4840:
at center-of-mass collision energies of 0.05–10.00 eV"
3997:
2640:
1958:
1234:
785:
723:
237:
Ultraviolet rays are usually invisible to most humans. The
160:
6993:"The Importance of UV Light for Plants Cultivated Indoors"
6066:
Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings
3925:
1927:
191:
and sterilizes surfaces with which it comes into contact.
8035:
7333:
2628:
2506:
2351:
2271:
2047:
1781:
1574:
1553:
899:
781:
188:
7549:"Vitamin D and Ultraviolet Light – a remarkable process"
6648:
5226:
3560:
3322:
Cronin, Thomas W.; Bok, Michael J. (15 September 2016).
2596:
Effects of UV on finished surfaces in 0, 20 and 43 hours
1435:
UV light (specifically, UVB) causes the body to produce
7678:
6102:
4968:
Wacker, Matthias; Holick, Michael F. (1 January 2013).
4918:
4133:
3665:
3231:
Wacker, Matthias; Holick, Michael F. (1 January 2013).
2661:
UV radiation is useful in preparing low-surface-energy
2557:
Ultraviolet radiation is used for very fine resolution
1641:
UVB photons can cause direct DNA damage. UVB radiation
7426:
6510:
6109:
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
5804:
4354:
4352:
4106:
3935:
Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena
3070:
enzymes. Many enzymes and proteins involved in modern
2764:
microbiological contaminants from irradiated surfaces.
2188:
6649:
Raj, Baldev; Jayakumar, T.; Thavasimuthu, M. (2002).
6593:"Non-destructive inspection: Seeing through the B‑52"
6475:
6324:
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
4361:
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine
4227:
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine
3450:
Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001).
2947:
Ultraviolet radiation is helpful in the treatment of
2620:, dental fillings, and decorative fingernail "gels".
918:
transmission of UV that is greater than 335 nm.
7473:. National Psoriasis Foundation, USA. Archived from
6016:
5976:
Westerdahl J, Ingvar C, Masback A, Olsson H (2000).
5926:
4223:"Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review"
2516:
UV detectors are sensitive to most fires, including
1774:. that was published in 2006, the amount of harmful
249:
adaptations for ultraviolet rays. Nevertheless, the
7634:
Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth
7021:
5655:
5436:
5434:
5410:
5031:(Report). World Health Organization. Archived from
4791:Xiong, Bo; Chang, Yih-Chung; Ng, Cheuk-Yiu (2017).
4349:
4088:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5"
3732:(January 1844). "Description of the Tithonometer".
3672:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
3165:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5"
2835:that can produce flashes several times per second.
2417:. In biological research, UV radiation is used for
1680:) levels of radiation; this is commonly known as a
1340:
922:, depending on quality, can be transparent even to
819:
7104:
6341:
5564:
4694:A simple, reliable ultraviolet laser: The Ce:LiSAF
4607:
4605:
4459:
4358:
4159:
3820:. American Water Works Association. pp. 3–4.
3496:Dash, Madhab Chandra; Dash, Satya Prakash (2009).
3443:
2987:and D derivatives, or systemic treatments such as
2174:'s north pole as seen in ultraviolet light by the
2130:(flies are most attracted to light at 365 nm)
1313:Ultraviolet lasers have applications in industry (
1306:. Ultraviolet lasers can also be made by applying
1053:are also sold for other special purposes, such as
722:is possible. This technology was pioneered by the
7505:Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
7383:
6770:The Condensed Handbook of Measurement and Control
6245:(Report). European guidelines for photodermatoses
5589:
5297:
3537:
2737:
1665:) or can cause DNA replication errors leading to
1589:Overexposure to UVB radiation not only can cause
1229:. Also, they are used as line sources to replace
718:that reflect up to about 50% of EUV radiation at
8298:
5484:Davies, H.; Bignell, G.R.; Cox, C. (June 2002).
5431:
5254:
5159:Juzeniene, Asta; Moan, Johan (27 October 2014).
3554:
1767:may or may not be large enough to cause damage.
843:, ingredients that absorb UVA/UVB rays, such as
5805:Chatelaine, E.; Gabard, B.; Surber, C. (2003).
5749:
5747:
5045:
4663:"UV laser diode: 375 nm center wavelength"
4641:"UV‑C LEDs Enhance Chromatography Applications"
4602:
4498:
3449:
3104:Biological effects of high-energy visible light
2658:surface can be smoothed by vacuum ultraviolet.
2564:Photolithography is used in the manufacture of
1408:
1060:
792:in space at the top of Earth's atmosphere (see
558:Spectral line at 121.6 nm, 10.20 eV.
7024:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
6819:"What is an Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM)?"
6395:. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008
5969:
5690:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
5046:Lamberg-Allardt, Christel (1 September 2006).
4723:
4721:
4719:
4564:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
4508:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3734:The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine
3538:Bennington-Castro, Joseph (22 November 2013).
3324:"Photoreception and vision in the ultraviolet"
3290:
2623:UV sources for UV curing applications include
1645:DNA molecules in skin cells, causing aberrant
1040:are used for theatrical and concert displays.
7799:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
5158:
3982:
2509:'s radiation at this band is absorbed by the
1535:are low, are particularly at risk. Skin, the
832:, etc.) to absorb UV radiation to reduce the
299:and later called them "(de-)oxidizing rays" (
7813:
7135:
7083:
6726:
5744:
5303:
5261:International Journal of Women's Dermatology
5052:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
5048:"Vitamin D in foods and as supplements"
4967:
4790:
4685:
4669:. Product Catalog. United States / Germany.
3815:
3645:[From Misters Ritter and Böckmann].
3400:
3230:
3025:
2886:Entomologist using a UV lamp for collecting
2842:The antimicrobial effectiveness of filtered
2326:
2274:are used in many applications (for example,
1393:Plasma and synchrotron sources of extreme UV
7713:
7656:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760561AHOUPF2.0.CO2
6193:
5334:. World Health Organization. Archived from
5306:International Journal of Circumpolar Health
4727:
4716:
4220:
4142:Hormone-controlled UV-B responses in plants
3787:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760561AHOUPF2.0.CO2
3746:
3659:
3502:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 213.
2226:that emit blue light under UV are added as
1337:), and manufacture of integrated circuits.
1101:tube with no phosphor coating, composed of
965:
113:of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of
7875:
7806:
7792:
7641:
7202:"Coming of Age UV-C LED Technology Update"
7136:Welch, David; et al. (January 2018).
7056:
6713:
6511:Fiedler, Anja; Benecke, Mark; et al.
5929:"Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?"
5703:
5701:
5094:
5023:
5021:
3987:. Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
3771:
3765:
3286:
3284:
1891:Degradation of polymers, pigments and dyes
1703:
1090:Commercial germicidal lamp in butcher shop
273:"Ultraviolet" means "beyond violet" (from
7696:
7516:
7360:
7310:
7292:
7177:
6744:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6120:
6059:
6053:
5993:
5952:
5532:
5280:
5208:"Health effects of ultraviolet radiation"
5184:
5135:
5063:
5001:
4944:
4585:
4575:
4463:Advances in Fruit Processing Technologies
4327:"Selected Float Glass Transmission Curve"
4297:"B270-Superwite Glass Transmission Curve"
4238:
4189:
3874:
3816:Bolton, James; Colton, Christine (2008).
3596:
3578:
3426:
3349:
3339:
3321:
3264:
3215:
2760:with shortwave UV light when not in use,
2370:After a training exercise involving fake
2046:, decontamination of surfaces and water (
38:"UV" redirects here. For other uses, see
7226:. Sodis.ch. 2 April 2011. Archived from
6767:
6551:. wells-genealogy.org.uk. Archived from
6257:
6228:
5594:. In Saundry, P.; Cleveland, C. (eds.).
4912:
4691:
3495:
2881:
2751:
2591:
2464:
2444:
2365:
2242:
2165:
2144:
1926:
1900:
1825:
1713:
1568:
1506:
1201:
1175:(commonly used as sunlight simulators),
812:when single oxygen atoms produced by UV
776:Very hot objects emit UV radiation (see
763:
268:
156:, around the minimum energy required to
6625:
5927:Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E (1992).
5920:
5698:
5018:
3844:also protects living beings from this.
3489:
3281:
2790:using UV radiation is commonly used in
2672:
2217:
2050:absorption has a peak at 260 nm),
1752:, which help protect against UVA rays.
1419:The impact of ultraviolet radiation on
27:Energetic, invisible light energy range
14:
8299:
6981:from the original on 9 September 2013.
6792:
6638:from the original on 15 November 2017.
6343:"Optical properties of lens materials"
6129:
6096:
6010:
5978:"Sunscreen use and malignant melanoma"
5562:
5477:
5124:Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
4878:from the original on 15 November 2017.
4698:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
4094:from the original on 28 September 2013
3728:
3704:
2654:) of polymer surfaces. For example, a
2361:
2008:ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
1782:Aggravation of certain skin conditions
1300:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
1141:
768:Levels of ozone at various altitudes (
187:. Consequently, short-wave UV damages
171:lack sufficient energy, it can induce
7787:
7630:
7102:
6772:(3rd ed.). ISA. pp. 65–66.
6607:from the original on 16 November 2017
6354:from the original on 26 October 2016.
6308:from the original on 25 October 2016.
6290:from the original on 24 October 2016.
6286:(Report). World Health Organization.
5845:from the original on 27 December 2013
5382:"What is ultraviolet (UV) radiation?"
5117:
4673:from the original on 15 December 2014
4651:from the original on 4 November 2016.
4557:
4076:from the original on 29 October 2013.
4054:from the original on 1 November 2012.
4000:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
3845:
3834:
3818:The Ultraviolet Disinfection Handbook
3516:from the original on 31 December 2013
3474:from the original on 31 December 2013
3303:from the original on 23 November 2014
3189:
3042:to ultraviolet radiation. UVB causes
1430:
1240:
1117:
960:
909:, such as window glass, is partially
487:Visible to birds, insects, and fish.
175:and cause many substances to glow or
6455:"The daytime UV inspection magazine"
6376:from the original on 1 December 2019
6330:from the original on 3 January 2017.
6084:from the original on 5 December 2022
4784:
4728:Strauss, C.E.M.; Funk, D.J. (1991).
4613:"Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation"
4337:from the original on 19 October 2015
4271:"Soda Lime Glass Transmission Curve"
4221:Burnett, M. E.; Wang, S. Q. (2011).
3643:"Von den Herren Ritter und Böckmann"
3625:"The discovery of ultraviolet light"
3619:
3030:The evolution of early reproductive
1935:absorption due to UV degradation of
1097:Shortwave UV lamps are made using a
759:
7631:Allen, Jeannie (6 September 2001).
7386:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
7212:from the original on 20 April 2017.
6699:"What's hiding in your hotel room?"
6655:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 10.
6465:from the original on 1 August 2004.
6435:from the original on 8 October 2011
6159:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.011
3751:. New York: Springer. p. 149.
2677:
2612:coatings, the coating of flooring,
2552:
2335:, such as the burned papyri of the
2189:Electrical and electronics industry
2163:uses visible wavelengths of light.
1511:Sunburn effect (as measured by the
1451:Vitamin D promotes the creation of
1415:Health effects of sunlight exposure
1197:
24:
7858:
7624:
6709:from the original on 22 July 2016.
6549:"Digital photography of documents"
6181:from the original on 6 August 2020
6103:Vainio, H.; Bianchini, F. (2000).
5811:Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol
5590:Hogan, C. Michael (25 May 2012) .
5556:
5544:from the original on 5 August 2020
5097:"Boosting your serotonin activity"
4517:from the original on 11 June 2016.
3983:Bally, John; Reipurth, Bo (2006).
3038:is attributed in modern models of
2744:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
1502:
1458:
221:The lower wavelength limit of the
133:, and specialized lights, such as
25:
8328:
7751:
7003:from the original on 30 July 2018
6874:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.038
6829:from the original on 10 July 2023
6687:from the original on 3 July 2017.
6652:Practical Non-destructive Testing
6147:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
5579:from the original on 9 June 2017.
5392:from the original on 3 April 2017
4501:Radiometric standards in the V‑UV
4480:from the original on 5 March 2023
4449:from the original on 4 June 2013.
4417:from the original on 11 June 2020
4066:"Introduction to Solar Radiation"
3382:from the original on 24 June 2022
2858:Butterflies use ultraviolet as a
2469:
2401:is widely used as a technique in
1920:that affects plastics exposed to
1600:All bands of UV radiation damage
71:UV radiation is also produced by
7769:
7757:
7608:from the original on 29 May 2024
7571:
7559:from the original on 31 May 2016
7541:
7492:
7463:
7377:
7327:
7268:
7242:
7216:
7194:
7129:
7096:
7077:
7050:
7015:
6985:
6926:
6908:
6896:from the original on 29 May 2024
6841:
6811:
6795:Oil Spill Science and Technology
6786:
6626:Escobar, David (20 April 2015).
5563:Weller, Richard (10 June 2015).
5332:"Health effects of UV radiation"
5065:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017
4772:from the original on 29 May 2024
4539:from the original on 22 May 2021
4373:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00031.x
4307:from the original on 9 July 2017
4240:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x
3550:from the original on 7 May 2016.
3407:British Journal of Ophthalmology
2427:Contaminants of emerging concern
2304:
1961:absorb UV and change colour, so
1909:rope (left) and new rope (right)
1341:Tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)
1083:
1069:
985:
974:
820:Blockers, absorbers, and windows
83:and cover their skin to prevent
64:
52:
7644:Photochemistry and Photobiology
7637:. Earth Observatory. NASA, USA.
7117:from the original on 7 May 2020
6761:
6691:
6669:
6642:
6619:
6585:
6559:
6541:
6504:
6469:
6447:
6421:
6358:
6334:
6312:
6294:
6276:
5982:International Journal of Cancer
5885:
5857:
5798:
5710:Photochemistry and Photobiology
5649:
5606:
5583:
5404:
5374:
5342:
5324:
5248:
5220:
5201:
5152:
5111:
5095:Korb, Alex (17 November 2011).
5088:
5039:
4961:
4890:"E‑UV nudges toward 10 nm"
4882:
4655:
4633:
4551:
4521:
4492:
4453:
4429:
4403:
4319:
4289:
4263:
4214:
4153:
4122:from the original on 1 May 2012
4080:
4058:
4034:
3991:
3976:
3919:
3883:
3809:
3740:
3722:
3698:
3613:
3328:Journal of Experimental Biology
3196:Living Reviews in Solar Physics
3081:
3054:during genetic replication and
2578:extreme ultraviolet lithography
2419:quantification of nucleic acids
1995:Extreme ultraviolet lithography
1977:
1523:. The risk is elevated at high
1399:extreme ultraviolet lithography
1304:diode-pumped solid-state lasers
6797:. Elsevier. pp. 123–124.
6284:The known health effects of UV
3985:The Birth of Stars and Planets
3531:
3394:
3315:
3291:David Hambling (29 May 2002).
3224:
3183:
3157:
2998:
2963:is an effective treatment for
2738:Sterilization and disinfection
2134:
1564:
1331:free-air secure communications
878:(UPF) represents the ratio of
311:and to distinguish them from "
13:
1:
7774:The dictionary definition of
7281:BioMed Research International
7103:Chang, Kenneth (7 May 2020).
6304:. World Health Organization.
6214:10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00292-5
5906:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.071
5463:10.1016/S1383-5742(02)00009-1
3150:
2849:
2616:and paper finishes in offset
2505:in the UVC band, whereas the
2409:, the most notable one being
2376:personal protective equipment
2259:, the paper may include a UV
1821:
1573:Ultraviolet photons harm the
1347:non-linear 4 wave mixing
930:and some crystals such as CaF
876:ultraviolet protection factor
744:, the boundary may be at the
232:
121:. UV radiation is present in
7594:. 1. Yale University Press.
7353:10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00828
6793:Fingas, Mervin, ed. (2011).
6768:Battikha, N.E., ed. (2007).
6490:10.1016/0379-0738(94)90332-8
6236:§2 Photoaggravated disorders
5776:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80141-G
3955:10.1016/0368-2048(96)02983-0
2600:Certain inks, coatings, and
2393:
2309:
2299:magnetic particle inspection
1887:, inherently block most UV.
1788:systemic lupus erythematosus
1425:fluorescent lamps and health
1409:Human health-related effects
1061:Short-wave ultraviolet lamps
732:Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
33:Ultraviolet (disambiguation)
7:
7907:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
6567:"Defining "What is clean?""
5672:(inactive 21 August 2024).
5350:Ultraviolet Radiation Guide
4622:. p. 3. Archived from
4331:Präzisions Glas & Optik
4301:Präzisions Glas & Optik
3898:Space Weather (spacewx.com)
3684:10.1016/j.shpsa.2009.03.014
3456:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
3144:Weather testing of polymers
3096:
2694:of organic matter converts
2684:catalytic chemical reaction
2583:
2295:liquid penetrant inspection
1946:and speciality fibers like
1942:Sensitive polymers include
1770:In an experiment by Hanson
1310:to lower-frequency lasers.
692:semiconductor manufacturing
336:
10:
8333:
7902:Very-high-energy gamma ray
7698:10.1001/archderm.140.7.819
7224:"Solar Water Disinfection"
7162:10.1038/s41598-018-21058-w
6243:European Dermatology Forum
5670:10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.002
5273:10.1016/j.ijwd.2015.01.006
4020:10.1088/0022-3727/33/7/317
3499:Fundamentals of Ecology 3E
3458:Cambridge University Press
3139:UV stabilizers in plastics
3085:
3068:nucleotide excision repair
2967:. Due to the potential of
2940:
2936:
2831:. Pulsed light works with
2741:
2473:
2138:
1894:
1707:
1659:nucleotide excision repair
1527:and people living in high
1412:
1244:
1145:
1001:
953:one of the wavelengths of
857:organic chemical absorbers
29:
8307:Electromagnetic radiation
8260:
8187:
8116:
8044:
7996:
7938:
7915:
7892:
7821:
7086:Lebensm-Wiss U Technology
6997:Best LED Grow Lights Info
6959:10.1134/S1027451010010015
6413:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6060:Weinstock, M. A. (1999).
5627:10.1007/s00403-012-1212-x
4937:10.1016/j.det.2008.11.008
4577:10.1186/s13756-016-0111-x
4115:Understanding UVA and UVB
3855:The Astrophysical Journal
3453:Color and Light in Nature
3190:Haigh, Joanna D. (2007).
3026:Evolutionary significance
2943:Ultraviolet light therapy
2913:Ultraviolet traps called
2903:green fluorescent protein
2656:poly(methyl methacrylate)
2327:Enhancing contrast of ink
2036:, various instrumentation
2023:: UV-ID, label tracking,
1649:to form between adjacent
1403:Synchrotron light sources
926:wavelengths. Crystalline
635:
628:
625:
613:
608:
603:
599:
582:
575:
570:
557:
552:
545:
527:
522:
519:
507:
502:
499:
486:
481:
478:
474:
453:
448:
445:
428:
423:
420:
399:
394:
391:
387:
371:
357:
354:
107:electromagnetic radiation
59:Portable ultraviolet lamp
8312:Electromagnetic spectrum
7815:Electromagnetic spectrum
4970:"Sunlight and Vitamin D"
4692:Marshall, Chris (1996).
4466:. CRC Press. p. 5.
3293:"Let the light shine in"
3233:"Sunlight and Vitamin D"
2800:Solar water disinfection
2374:, a healthcare worker's
2317:UV–vis microspectroscopy
1729:some sunscreen chemicals
1614:The most deadly form of
923:
531:at shorter wavelengths.
372:Notes/alternative names
343:electromagnetic spectrum
7044:10.1002/jsfa.2740220916
6264:Medscape: Porokeratosis
5658:Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg
5217:. Government of Canada.
4620:University of Liverpool
4413:. Newport Corporation.
3419:10.1136/bjo.2005.086553
3124:Ultraviolet catastrophe
2971:to cause damage to the
2905:(GFP) is often used in
2156:Digital cameras sensors
2141:Ultraviolet photography
1776:reactive oxygen species
1761:reactive oxygen species
1704:Sunscreen safety debate
1593:but also some forms of
1181:mercury-xenon arc lamps
1057:and reptile-husbandry.
305:de-oxidierende Strahlen
7863:
6916:"Deep UV Photoresists"
6366:"Classification of UV"
6031:10.1002/ijc.2910610602
5213:8 October 2016 at the
4844:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys
4837:v=22–23; J) ] + Ar
3580:10.1098/rstb.2009.0044
2898:
2765:
2597:
2574:printed circuit boards
2450:
2379:
2291:nondestructive testing
2248:
2178:
2176:Hubble Space Telescope
2150:
1939:
1910:
1831:
1812:Kindler–Weary syndrome
1720:
1586:
1543:can also be affected.
1516:
1446:
1207:
1185:metal-halide arc lamps
853:octyl methoxycinnamate
773:
404:, not absorbed by the
304:
8317:Ultraviolet radiation
7862:
7449:10.1007/s001140050373
6683:. 15 September 2016.
6555:on 19 September 2012.
6202:Free Radic. Biol. Med
5945:10.2105/AJPH.82.4.614
5596:Encyclopedia of Earth
5490:gene in human cancer"
5165:Dermato-Endocrinology
4974:Dermato-endocrinology
4162:Reviews of Geophysics
3775:Photochem. Photobiol.
3401:M A Mainster (2006).
3237:Dermato-endocrinology
3119:Ultraviolet astronomy
2885:
2755:
2595:
2465:Material science uses
2448:
2369:
2345:Archimedes palimpsest
2246:
2183:ultraviolet astronomy
2169:
2148:
1972:picture framing glass
1968:watercolour paintings
1930:
1904:
1829:
1796:Sinear Usher syndrome
1717:
1572:
1510:
1497:exfoliative cheilitis
1441:
1413:Further information:
1235:liquid chromatography
1211:Light-emitting diodes
1205:
884:sun protection factor
767:
289:Johann Wilhelm Ritter
269:History and discovery
239:lens of the human eye
7766:at Wikimedia Commons
7736:10.1364/ol.16.001192
7294:10.1155/2023/2085140
6705:. 17 November 2010.
6573:on 21 September 2017
6431:. Pestproducts.com.
6269:24 June 2021 at the
5933:Am. J. Public Health
5118:Young, S.N. (2007).
4925:Dermatologic Clinics
4758:10.1364/ol.16.001192
4704:on 20 September 2008
4558:Boyce, J.M. (2016).
4533:waveformlighting.com
4182:10.1029/2004RG000155
3217:10.12942/lrsp-2007-2
3093:of the UV spectrum.
2860:communication system
2813:. UV can be used to
2673:Biology-related uses
2218:Fluorescent dye uses
1931:IR spectrum showing
1611:and the ozone hole.
1308:frequency conversion
778:black-body radiation
454:Short-wave UV,
31:For other uses, see
7948:Extreme ultraviolet
7728:1991OptL...16.1192S
7441:1997NW.....84..165M
7429:Naturwissenschaften
7398:1978BEcoS...3..203S
7256:on 19 December 2014
7154:2018NatSR...8.2752W
7059:Laboratory Practice
7036:1971JSFA...22..496S
6951:2010JSIXS...4....1L
6866:2005Chmsp..58..715S
6529:on 30 November 2012
5768:1993FEBSL.324..309K
5615:Arch. Dermatol. Res
5602:on 19 October 2013.
5517:10.1038/nature00766
5509:2002Natur.417..949D
5455:2002MRRMR.511..145B
5413:Acta Derm. Venereol
5362:on 21 December 2019
5035:on 16 October 2016.
4856:2017PCCP...1929057X
4850:(43): 29057–29067.
4750:1991OptL...16.1192S
4411:"Optical Materials"
4174:2005RvGeo..43.2002C
4012:2000JPhD...33..859B
3947:1996JESRP..80..313G
3867:1914ApJ....39....1L
3629:Skulls in the Stars
3573:(1531): 2941–2955.
3208:2007LRSP....4....2H
3040:evolutionary theory
2837:Disinfection robots
2777:mercury-vapor lamps
2540:, electrical arcs,
2399:UV/Vis spectroscopy
2362:Sanitary compliance
2337:Villa of the Papyri
2228:optical brighteners
1918:polymer degradation
1690:indirect DNA damage
1653:bases, producing a
1627:indirect DNA damage
1177:deuterium arc lamps
1162:deuterium arc lamps
1154:gas-discharge lamps
1142:Gas-discharge lamps
1136:black-body spectrum
802:Rayleigh scattering
704:solar-blind devices
626:Vacuum ultraviolet
572:Extreme ultraviolet
500:Middle ultraviolet
400:Long-wave UV,
317:John William Draper
309:chemical reactivity
245:. Humans also lack
135:mercury-vapor lamps
131:Cherenkov radiation
40:UV (disambiguation)
7953:Vacuum ultraviolet
7864:
7471:"UVB Phototherapy"
7406:10.1007/bf00296311
7142:Scientific Reports
7111:The New York Times
5486:"Mutations of the
5177:10.4161/derm.20013
4986:10.4161/derm.24494
4900:on 15 October 2014
4864:10.1039/C7CP04886F
4807:u 5/2,3/2,1/2,−1/2
3907:on 29 October 2013
3648:Annalen der Physik
3341:10.1242/jeb.128769
3249:10.4161/derm.24494
3171:on 27 January 2011
3109:Bowen fluorescence
2899:
2766:
2690:and UVC exposure,
2598:
2570:integrated circuit
2511:Earth's atmosphere
2451:
2429:in water samples.
2415:spectrofluorometer
2411:conjugated systems
2407:chemical structure
2380:
2282:). Some brands of
2249:
2179:
2151:
2012:integrated circuit
1940:
1911:
1875:Protective eyewear
1847:) and can lead to
1832:
1792:Sjögren's syndrome
1721:
1587:
1517:
1431:Beneficial effects
1277:integrated circuit
1264:nitrogen gas laser
1260:solid-state lasers
1241:Ultraviolet lasers
1208:
1166:magnesium fluoride
1148:Gas-discharge lamp
1124:incandescent lamps
1118:Incandescent lamps
1051:UVB emitting bulbs
961:Artificial sources
886:(SPF) ratings for
874:For clothing, the
774:
696:circular dichroism
585:ionizing radiation
529:Ionizing radiation
460:ionizing radiation
297:Annalen der Physik
185:ionizing radiation
173:chemical reactions
165:ionizing radiation
117:, but longer than
8294:
8293:
7998:Visible (optical)
7764:Ultraviolet light
7762:Media related to
7601:978-0-300-04619-9
7518:10.1111/jpn.12728
7230:on 31 August 2012
6922:on 12 March 2006.
6804:978-1-85617-943-0
6779:978-1-55617-995-2
6746:10.3390/w13172340
6478:Forensic Sci. Int
6122:10.5271/sjweh.578
5867:J. Drugs Dermatol
5823:10.1159/000068291
5503:(6892): 949–954.
5338:on 17 March 2015.
5236:(10): 2151–2156.
5107:on 1 August 2017.
4629:on 6 August 2016.
4473:978-1-4398-5153-1
4042:"Solar radiation"
3964:on 9 January 2009
3851:"Victor Schumann"
3827:978-1 58321-584-5
3758:978-0-387-75107-8
3509:978-1-259-08109-5
3467:978-0-521-77504-5
3334:(18): 2790–2801.
3129:Ultraviolet index
3056:protein synthesis
2833:xenon flash lamps
2769:Ultraviolet lamps
2486:aluminium nitride
2289:In some types of
2235:Blacklight paints
2061:Forensic analysis
1558:ultraviolet index
1481:atopic dermatitis
1287:* excimer laser.
1030:see section below
1014:fluorescent lamps
948:developed during
760:Solar ultraviolet
716:multilayer optics
711:valence electrons
648:
647:
479:Near ultraviolet
227:visible to humans
16:(Redirected from
8324:
7885:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7773:
7761:
7747:
7710:
7700:
7675:
7638:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7593:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7520:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7364:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7314:
7296:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7252:. Archived from
7246:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7181:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7108:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
6999:. 11 June 2017.
6989:
6983:
6982:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6918:. Archived from
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6748:
6724:
6711:
6710:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6528:
6522:. Archived from
6517:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6412:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6345:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6280:
6274:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6240:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6208:(7–8): 809–816.
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6153:(8): 1205–1212.
6138:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5997:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5956:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5900:(1–2): 181–184.
5889:
5883:
5882:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5751:
5742:
5741:
5705:
5696:
5695:
5689:
5681:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5598:. Archived from
5587:
5581:
5580:
5568:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5543:
5536:
5494:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5438:
5429:
5428:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5224:
5218:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5188:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5103:. Archived from
5101:Psychology Today
5092:
5086:
5085:
5067:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5025:
5016:
5015:
5005:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4896:. Archived from
4886:
4880:
4879:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4725:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4700:. Archived from
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4617:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4589:
4579:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4505:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4441:
4437:"Insect-O-Cutor"
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:on 27 March 2012
4273:. Archived from
4267:
4261:
4260:
4242:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4193:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4145:, archived from
4137:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4032:
4031:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3957:. Archived from
3932:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3900:. Archived from
3895:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3623:(25 July 2024).
3617:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3582:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3353:
3343:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3167:. Archived from
3161:
2933:survey studies.
2865:Colias eurytheme
2688:titanium dioxide
2678:Air purification
2572:components, and
2559:photolithography
2553:Photolithography
2494:artificial light
2439:Raman scattering
2251:To help prevent
2224:fluorescent dyes
2194:Corona discharge
2063:, drug detection
2052:germicidal lamps
2016:photolithography
1871:can be damaged.
1808:Darier's disease
1742:titanium dioxide
1539:system, and the
1483:, and localized
1387:lithium fluoride
1384:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1281:photolithography
1227:germicidal lamps
1198:Ultraviolet LEDs
1099:fluorescent lamp
1087:
1073:
989:
978:
865:titanium dioxide
720:normal incidence
688:photolithography
661:photomultipliers
633:
580:
520:Far ultraviolet
408:: soft UV.
352:
351:
223:visible spectrum
68:
56:
43:
36:
21:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8297:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8256:
8183:
8158:
8144:
8112:
8040:
7992:
7934:
7911:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7867:
7865:
7817:
7812:
7754:
7627:
7625:Further reading
7622:
7621:
7611:
7609:
7602:
7591:
7576:
7572:
7562:
7560:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7497:
7493:
7483:
7481:
7480:on 22 June 2007
7477:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7425:
7421:
7382:
7378:
7332:
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7273:
7269:
7259:
7257:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7233:
7231:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7206:wateronline.com
7200:
7199:
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6805:
6791:
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6762:
6725:
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6697:
6696:
6692:
6681:House Beautiful
6675:
6674:
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6663:
6647:
6643:
6624:
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6608:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6520:Bentham Science
6515:
6509:
6505:
6474:
6470:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6438:
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6427:
6426:
6422:
6406:
6405:
6398:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6350:. 6 June 2005.
6348:Optician Online
6340:
6339:
6335:
6322:(Report). U.S.
6318:
6317:
6313:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6271:Wayback Machine
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5409:
5405:
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5380:
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5363:
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5352:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5302:
5298:
5253:
5249:
5225:
5221:
5215:Wayback Machine
5206:
5202:
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4483:
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4338:
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4320:
4310:
4308:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4269:
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4264:
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4134:
4125:
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4111:
4107:
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4051:
4044:
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4035:
3996:
3992:
3981:
3977:
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3965:
3961:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3847:Lyman, Theodore
3839:
3835:
3828:
3814:
3810:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3745:
3741:
3727:
3723:
3703:
3699:
3664:
3660:
3655:(4): 527. 1801.
3641:
3633:
3631:
3618:
3614:
3559:
3555:
3536:
3532:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3477:
3475:
3468:
3460:. p. 231.
3448:
3444:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3282:
3229:
3225:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3099:
3090:
3084:
3028:
3012:cholecalciferol
3008:cholecalciferol
3001:
2949:skin conditions
2945:
2939:
2929:insects during
2852:
2839:use pulsed UV.
2796:water treatment
2750:
2748:Germicidal lamp
2742:Main articles:
2740:
2731:carbon monoxide
2719:carbon monoxide
2680:
2675:
2586:
2555:
2482:silicon carbide
2478:
2472:
2467:
2396:
2364:
2329:
2312:
2307:
2270:UV fluorescent
2220:
2191:
2143:
2137:
2124:350–370 nm
2107:300–365 nm
2097:300–320 nm
2088:Medical imaging
2084:280–400 nm
2067:270–360 nm
2057:200–400 nm
2040:240–280 nm
2030:230–400 nm
2021:230–365 nm
2014:manufacture by
2004:Photoionization
1980:
1916:is one form of
1899:
1893:
1837:electrical arcs
1824:
1804:dermatomyositis
1784:
1765:stratum corneum
1757:photoprotectant
1712:
1706:
1635:cytosine dimers
1609:ozone depletion
1567:
1505:
1503:Harmful effects
1461:
1459:Skin conditions
1433:
1417:
1411:
1395:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1335:optical storage
1315:laser engraving
1286:
1249:
1243:
1231:deuterium lamps
1200:
1173:xenon arc lamps
1152:Specialized UV
1150:
1144:
1120:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1063:
1006:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
996:urine detector.
992:
991:
990:
981:
980:
979:
968:
963:
937:
933:
913:to UVA, but is
907:soda–lime glass
822:
762:
698:spectrometers.
690:equipment (for
663:are available.
631:
629:
610:
578:
576:
563:H Lyman‑α
554:
547:
524:
504:
483:
450:
425:
396:
339:
331:Victor Schumann
307:) to emphasize
293:silver chloride
271:
235:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
69:
61:
60:
57:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
18:Far ultraviolet
15:
12:
11:
5:
8330:
8320:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8267:
8265:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8193:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8078:
8073:
8050:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8002:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7944:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7921:
7919:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7811:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7767:
7753:
7752:External links
7750:
7749:
7748:
7722:(15): 1192–4.
7716:Optics Letters
7711:
7691:(7): 819–824.
7685:Arch. Dermatol
7676:
7650:(6): 561–569.
7639:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7600:
7579:Margulis, Lynn
7570:
7540:
7511:(1): 308–316.
7491:
7462:
7435:(4): 165–168.
7419:
7376:
7326:
7267:
7241:
7215:
7193:
7128:
7095:
7076:
7049:
7014:
6984:
6925:
6907:
6860:(6): 715–733.
6840:
6810:
6803:
6785:
6778:
6760:
6712:
6690:
6668:
6661:
6641:
6632:Valve Magazine
6618:
6601:U.S. Air Force
6584:
6558:
6540:
6503:
6468:
6446:
6420:
6389:"Applications"
6357:
6333:
6311:
6302:"UV radiation"
6293:
6275:
6256:
6227:
6192:
6128:
6115:(6): 529–531.
6095:
6052:
6025:(6): 749–755.
6019:Int. J. Cancer
6009:
5988:(1): 145–150.
5968:
5939:(4): 614–615.
5919:
5884:
5873:(2): 150–155.
5856:
5797:
5762:(3): 309–313.
5743:
5716:(6): 600–604.
5697:
5648:
5621:(5): 407–412.
5605:
5582:
5555:
5476:
5430:
5419:(4): 291–299.
5403:
5373:
5341:
5323:
5296:
5247:
5219:
5200:
5171:(2): 109–117.
5151:
5130:(6): 394–399.
5110:
5087:
5038:
5017:
4960:
4931:(2): 149–154.
4911:
4881:
4829:
4823:
4806:
4800:
4783:
4744:(15): 1192–4.
4738:Optics Letters
4731:
4715:
4684:
4654:
4632:
4601:
4550:
4520:
4491:
4472:
4452:
4428:
4402:
4367:(4): 175–181.
4348:
4318:
4288:
4262:
4213:
4152:
4149:on 8 July 2016
4132:
4105:
4079:
4057:
4033:
4006:(7): 859–863.
3990:
3975:
3918:
3882:
3876:10.1086/142050
3833:
3826:
3808:
3764:
3757:
3739:
3721:
3697:
3678:(2): 143–156.
3658:
3612:
3553:
3530:
3508:
3488:
3466:
3442:
3413:(6): 784–792.
3393:
3314:
3280:
3223:
3182:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3086:Main article:
3083:
3080:
3064:thymine dimers
3048:thymine dimers
3027:
3024:
3020:photokeratitis
3000:
2997:
2941:Main article:
2938:
2935:
2851:
2848:
2821:of the juice.
2811:microorganisms
2739:
2736:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:surface energy
2652:hydrophobicity
2606:polymerization
2585:
2582:
2566:semiconductors
2554:
2551:
2476:Flame detector
2471:
2470:Fire detection
2468:
2466:
2463:
2395:
2392:
2363:
2360:
2328:
2325:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2253:counterfeiting
2219:
2216:
2202:nitrogen oxide
2190:
2187:
2139:Main article:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2104:
2094:
2081:
2079:drug discovery
2075:DNA sequencing
2064:
2054:
2037:
2027:
2018:
2000:30–200 nm
1997:
1979:
1976:
1944:thermoplastics
1914:UV degradation
1897:UV degradation
1895:Main article:
1892:
1889:
1845:photokeratitis
1823:
1820:
1783:
1780:
1708:Main article:
1705:
1702:
1647:covalent bonds
1631:thymine dimers
1566:
1563:
1549:photokeratitis
1504:
1501:
1460:
1457:
1432:
1429:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1391:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1342:
1339:
1325:), chemistry (
1284:
1279:production by
1273:argon-fluoride
1269:excimer lasers
1245:Main article:
1242:
1239:
1199:
1196:
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1122:'Black light'
1119:
1116:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1002:Main article:
994:
993:
984:
983:
982:
973:
972:
971:
970:
969:
967:
966:"Black lights"
964:
962:
959:
935:
931:
834:UV degradation
821:
818:
794:solar constant
761:
758:
754:optoelectronic
646:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
627:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:
612:
607:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
589:
588:
581:
574:
568:
567:
564:
560:
559:
556:
551:
543:
542:
537:
533:
532:
526:
521:
517:
516:
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509:
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501:
497:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
480:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
452:
447:
446:Ultraviolet C
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
427:
422:
421:Ultraviolet B
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
398:
393:
392:Ultraviolet A
389:
388:
385:
384:
378:
374:
373:
370:
356:
338:
335:
270:
267:
251:photoreceptors
247:color receptor
234:
231:
154:electron volts
85:photokeratitis
81:eye protection
70:
63:
62:
58:
51:
50:
49:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8329:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7880:
7873:
7861:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7809:
7804:
7802:
7797:
7795:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7780:at Wiktionary
7779:
7778:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7590:
7589:
7584:
7583:Sagan, Dorion
7580:
7574:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7476:
7472:
7466:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7392:(3): 203–43.
7391:
7387:
7380:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7341:ACS Photonics
7338:
7330:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7271:
7255:
7251:
7250:"Video Demos"
7245:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7197:
7189:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7132:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7099:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7018:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6929:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6844:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6806:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6781:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6664:
6662:9781855736009
6658:
6654:
6653:
6645:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6622:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6472:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6416:
6410:
6394:
6390:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6260:
6244:
6237:
6231:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6072:(1): 97–100.
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5894:Int. J. Pharm
5888:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5748:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5702:
5693:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5664:(4): 214–21.
5663:
5659:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5572:New Scientist
5567:
5559:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5449:(2): 145–78.
5448:
5444:
5437:
5435:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5358:
5351:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5013:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4980:(1): 51–108.
4979:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4787:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4456:
4445:
4438:
4432:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4353:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4168:(2). RG2002.
4167:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4050:
4043:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3979:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3886:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:(6): 561–79.
3780:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3651:(in German).
3650:
3649:
3644:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:Gbur, Gregory
3616:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3485:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3243:(1): 51–108.
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:frameshifting
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:entomologists
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2639:(mercury) or
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:optical fiber
2607:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2305:Analytic uses
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:Light therapy
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1907:polypropylene
1903:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1885:polycarbonate
1881:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1816:Porokeratosis
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1583:thymine dimer
1580:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1541:immune system
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:keratinocytes
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1333:, computing (
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:), medicine (
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1247:Excimer laser
1238:
1237:instruments.
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Halogen lamps
1125:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1086:
1072:
1058:
1056:
1055:tanning lamps
1052:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:Mercury-vapor
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
988:
977:
958:
956:
955:mercury lamps
951:
947:
943:
939:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
896:
895:nanoparticles
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
806:
803:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
766:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
707:
705:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
665:Spectrometers
662:
658:
657:photocathodes
654:
643:
640:
639:
624:
620:
618:
617:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
590:
586:
573:
569:
565:
562:
561:
550:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
518:
514:
511:
510:
498:
494:
491:
490:
477:
473:
469:
466:
465:
461:
457:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
419:
415:
412:
411:
407:
403:
390:
386:
382:
379:
377:Abbreviation
376:
375:
368:
364:
360:
359:Photon energy
353:
350:
348:
344:
334:
332:
327:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
282:visible light
279:
276:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
219:
217:
214:in most land
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
139:tanning lamps
136:
132:
128:
127:electric arcs
124:
120:
116:
115:visible light
112:
108:
104:
100:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:electric arcs
67:
55:
46:
41:
34:
19:
7939:
7866:
7835:
7776:
7719:
7715:
7688:
7684:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7610:. Retrieved
7587:
7573:
7561:. Retrieved
7552:
7543:
7508:
7504:
7494:
7484:23 September
7482:. Retrieved
7475:the original
7465:
7432:
7428:
7422:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7347:(1): 42–52.
7344:
7340:
7329:
7284:
7280:
7270:
7258:. Retrieved
7254:the original
7244:
7232:. Retrieved
7228:the original
7218:
7205:
7196:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7119:. Retrieved
7110:
7098:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7065:(2): 103–6.
7062:
7058:
7052:
7030:(9): 496–7.
7027:
7023:
7017:
7005:. Retrieved
6996:
6987:
6942:
6938:
6928:
6920:the original
6910:
6898:. Retrieved
6857:
6853:
6843:
6831:. Retrieved
6822:
6813:
6794:
6788:
6769:
6763:
6739:(17): 2340.
6736:
6732:
6702:
6693:
6680:
6671:
6651:
6644:
6631:
6621:
6609:. Retrieved
6597:afgsc.af.mil
6596:
6587:
6575:. Retrieved
6571:the original
6561:
6553:the original
6543:
6531:. Retrieved
6524:the original
6519:
6506:
6484:(2): 89–94.
6481:
6477:
6471:
6458:
6449:
6437:. Retrieved
6423:
6399:26 September
6397:. Retrieved
6392:
6378:. Retrieved
6369:
6360:
6347:
6336:
6314:
6296:
6278:
6259:
6247:. Retrieved
6242:
6230:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6183:. Retrieved
6150:
6146:
6112:
6108:
6098:
6086:. Retrieved
6069:
6065:
6055:
6022:
6018:
6012:
5985:
5981:
5971:
5936:
5932:
5922:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5847:. Retrieved
5817:(1): 28–35.
5814:
5810:
5800:
5759:
5756:FEBS Letters
5755:
5713:
5709:
5686:cite journal
5661:
5657:
5651:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5600:the original
5595:
5585:
5570:
5558:
5546:. Retrieved
5500:
5496:
5487:
5479:
5446:
5442:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5394:. Retrieved
5385:
5376:
5364:. Retrieved
5357:the original
5344:
5336:the original
5326:
5312:(1): 38–51.
5309:
5305:
5299:
5267:(2): 95–98.
5264:
5260:
5250:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5203:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5105:the original
5100:
5090:
5058:(1): 33–38.
5055:
5051:
5041:
5033:the original
4977:
4973:
4963:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4904:26 September
4902:. Retrieved
4898:the original
4893:
4884:
4847:
4843:
4786:
4774:. Retrieved
4741:
4737:
4706:. Retrieved
4702:the original
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4666:
4657:
4645:GEN Eng News
4644:
4635:
4624:the original
4567:
4563:
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4532:
4523:
4494:
4482:. Retrieved
4462:
4455:
4431:
4419:. Retrieved
4405:
4364:
4360:
4339:. Retrieved
4330:
4321:
4309:. Retrieved
4300:
4291:
4279:. Retrieved
4275:the original
4265:
4233:(2): 58–67.
4230:
4226:
4216:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4147:the original
4141:
4135:
4124:, retrieved
4114:
4108:
4096:. Retrieved
4082:
4069:
4060:
4036:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3966:. Retrieved
3959:the original
3938:
3934:
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3902:the original
3897:
3885:
3858:
3854:
3836:
3817:
3811:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3748:
3742:
3733:
3730:Draper, J.W.
3724:
3715:
3709:
3706:Draper, J.W.
3700:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3652:
3646:
3634:17 September
3632:. Retrieved
3628:
3615:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3543:
3533:
3525:
3518:. Retrieved
3498:
3491:
3483:
3476:. Retrieved
3452:
3445:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3331:
3327:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3297:The Guardian
3296:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:the original
3159:
3091:
3088:Photobiology
3082:Photobiology
3029:
3016:
3002:
2989:methotrexate
2981:
2977:PUVA therapy
2946:
2912:
2900:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2841:
2825:Pulsed light
2823:
2808:
2788:Disinfection
2786:
2782:
2771:are used to
2767:
2727:hydrocarbons
2716:
2712:formaldehyde
2681:
2660:
2645:
2622:
2599:
2587:
2563:
2556:
2518:hydrocarbons
2515:
2479:
2452:
2431:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2349:
2330:
2321:
2313:
2288:
2284:pepper spray
2276:biochemistry
2269:
2250:
2239:
2232:
2221:
2206:
2192:
2180:
2161:
2152:
2123:
2119:printer inks
2106:
2096:
2083:
2066:
2056:
2044:Disinfection
2039:
2029:
2020:
1999:
1991:13.5 nm
1990:
1984:fluorescence
1981:
1978:Applications
1952:
1941:
1937:polyethylene
1912:
1873:
1839:employed in
1833:
1785:
1771:
1769:
1754:
1734:
1722:
1671:
1640:
1624:
1618:, malignant
1613:
1606:
1599:
1588:
1545:
1518:
1462:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1421:human health
1418:
1396:
1375:
1344:
1312:
1289:
1256:laser diodes
1250:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1192:excimer lamp
1189:
1170:
1151:
1132:fused quartz
1121:
1103:fused quartz
1096:
1046:fluorescence
1044:
1042:
1038:Wood's glass
1029:
1027:
1022:Wood's glass
1016:, but use a
1009:
1007:
946:nickel oxide
942:Wood's glass
940:
920:Fused quartz
904:
892:
873:
861:carbon black
838:
823:
807:
798:
775:
742:astrophysics
739:
708:
700:
673:
649:
632:0.993–19.867
611:0.846–0.993
579:1.642–19.867
555:1.628–1.642
539:
525:0.993–1.628
505:0.662–0.993
484:0.497–0.662
451:0.710–1.987
426:0.631–0.710
397:0.497–0.631
347:ISO standard
340:
328:
286:
277:
272:
236:
220:
194:For humans,
193:
167:because its
147:
143:black lights
102:
98:
97:
87:and serious
45:
8281:Medium wave
7958:Lyman-alpha
7940:Ultraviolet
7879:wavelengths
7872:frequencies
7836:Ultraviolet
7777:ultraviolet
7612:22 November
7553:UV Guide UK
7260:27 November
7148:(1): 2752.
6945:(1): 1–11.
6854:Chemosphere
6533:10 December
6185:6 September
5849:26 December
5548:30 November
5366:21 December
4677:14 December
4098:12 November
4070:newport.com
3941:: 313–316.
3842:ozone layer
3351:11603/13303
3175:12 November
3060:prokaryotes
2999:Herpetology
2915:bug zappers
2871:Pieris napi
2762:sterilizing
2538:Arc welding
2435:spilled oil
2405:to analyze
2372:body fluids
2341:Oxyrhynchus
2135:Photography
2128:Bug zappers
2103:in medicine
2010:, standard
1905:UV damaged
1841:arc welding
1698:melanocytes
1616:skin cancer
1595:skin cancer
1565:Skin damage
1485:scleroderma
1323:keratectomy
1319:dermatology
1010:black light
950:World War I
911:transparent
810:ozone layer
750:cosmetology
746:Lyman limit
669:radiometers
653:photodiodes
553:10.16–10.25
549:Lyman-alpha
433:radiation.
406:ozone layer
349:ISO 21348:
216:vertebrates
204:skin cancer
111:wavelengths
105:) light is
99:Ultraviolet
77:Arc welders
8301:Categories
8262:Wavelength
8118:Microwaves
7930:Hard X-ray
7925:Soft X-ray
7894:Gamma rays
7826:Gamma rays
7563:13 January
7287:(1): 1–8.
7234:8 November
6823:horiba.com
6439:8 November
6380:1 December
6088:5 December
5592:"Sunlight"
5443:Mutat. Res
5386:cancer.org
4708:11 January
4696:(Report).
4543:27 October
4484:22 October
4341:13 January
4311:13 January
4281:20 January
4191:10256/8464
3968:8 November
3861:(1): 1–4.
3736:: 122–127.
3718:: 453–461.
3640:citing to
3520:18 October
3478:12 October
3151:References
2924:collecting
2850:Biological
2819:absorbance
2815:pasteurize
2792:wastewater
2614:UV coating
2520:, metals,
2474:See also:
2222:Colorless
2170:Aurora at
2073:analysis,
2032:: Optical
1880:eyeglasses
1867:, and the
1857:pinguecula
1822:Eye damage
1750:avobenzone
1746:zinc oxide
1737:SPF rating
1651:pyrimidine
1556:-standard
1491:arrest in
1489:cell cycle
1252:Gas lasers
1004:Blacklight
893:Suspended
869:zinc oxide
849:oxybenzone
845:avobenzone
814:photolysis
523:6.20–10.16
458: UV,
456:germicidal
402:blacklight
381:Wavelength
233:Visibility
208:atmosphere
181:absorption
79:must wear
8276:Shortwave
8271:Microwave
7851:Microwave
7672:222100404
7303:2314-6141
7170:2045-2322
6967:1027-4510
6882:0045-6535
6755:2073-4441
6249:1 January
5074:0079-6107
4994:1938-1972
4830:g 3/2,1/2
4814:v=1–2; J)
4570:(1): 10.
4510:. 250–3.
4381:1600-0781
4200:1944-9208
4028:250819933
3911:25 August
3803:222100404
3692:0039-3681
3589:0962-8436
3360:1477-9145
3307:2 January
3257:1938-1972
3134:UV marker
2993:Soriatane
2985:vitamin A
2969:psoralens
2965:psoriasis
2961:psoralens
2953:psoriasis
2931:faunistic
2927:nocturnal
2773:sterilize
2696:pathogens
2692:oxidation
2648:roughness
2602:adhesives
2542:lightning
2530:hydrazine
2503:radiation
2403:chemistry
2394:Chemistry
2385:inspected
2343:, or the
2310:Forensics
2280:forensics
2261:watermark
2257:passports
1963:paintings
1853:pterygium
1849:cataracts
1725:sunscreen
1710:Sunscreen
1678:skin type
1663:apoptosis
1537:circadian
1525:altitudes
1465:psoriasis
1453:serotonin
1437:vitamin D
1219:UV curing
924:vacuum UV
888:sunscreen
841:sunscreen
735:satellite
609:5.28–6.20
583:Entirely
577:10.25–124
503:4.13–6.20
482:3.10–4.13
449:4.43–12.4
424:3.94–4.43
395:3.10–3.94
324:radiation
313:heat rays
212:vitamin D
177:fluoresce
8286:Longwave
8046:Infrared
7846:Infrared
7744:19776917
7707:15262692
7664:12511035
7606:Archived
7585:(1986).
7557:Archived
7535:30124686
7527:28452197
7457:46142866
7414:38043008
7371:38249683
7362:10797618
7321:37942030
7312:10630020
7210:Archived
7188:29426899
7115:Archived
7092:: 176–9.
7001:Archived
6979:Archived
6975:97385151
6894:Archived
6890:15621185
6827:Archived
6707:Archived
6703:ABC News
6685:Archived
6636:Archived
6605:Archived
6463:Archived
6433:Archived
6409:cite web
6374:Archived
6352:Archived
6328:Archived
6306:Archived
6288:Archived
6267:Archived
6222:10232823
6179:Archived
6175:13999532
6167:17015167
6082:Archived
6078:10537017
6047:34941555
6004:10861466
5914:21669263
5879:21283919
5843:Archived
5839:13458955
5831:12566826
5792:23853321
5738:38706861
5730:11421064
5678:22123419
5643:20554266
5635:22271212
5577:Archived
5539:Archived
5525:12068308
5471:12052432
5390:Archived
5318:10850006
5291:28491966
5230:Oncogene
5211:Archived
5195:22928066
5146:18043762
5082:16618499
5012:24494042
4955:19254658
4894:EE Times
4876:Archived
4872:28920600
4776:11 April
4770:Archived
4766:19776917
4671:Archived
4667:Thorlabs
4649:Archived
4596:27069623
4537:Archived
4512:Archived
4478:Archived
4444:Archived
4415:Archived
4397:37208948
4389:12925188
4335:Archived
4305:Archived
4257:29173997
4249:21392107
4208:26285358
4126:30 April
4120:archived
4092:Archived
4074:Archived
4049:Archived
3849:(1914).
3795:12511035
3607:19720655
3548:Archived
3514:Archived
3472:Archived
3437:16714268
3380:Archived
3376:22365933
3368:27655820
3301:Archived
3275:24494042
3202:(2): 2.
3114:Infrared
3097:See also
3032:proteins
3004:Reptiles
2957:vitiligo
2951:such as
2907:genetics
2896:Paraguay
2804:sunlight
2682:Using a
2663:polymers
2625:UV lamps
2618:printing
2584:Polymers
2526:hydrogen
2490:sunlight
2455:minerals
2423:proteins
2115:polymers
2025:barcodes
1955:pigments
1933:carbonyl
1922:sunlight
1667:mutation
1620:melanoma
1602:collagen
1529:latitude
1513:UV index
1477:vitiligo
1473:jaundice
1018:phosphor
826:polymers
790:Sunlight
680:nitrogen
630:6.20–124
621:200–235
566:121–122
546:Hydrogen
515:200–300
495:300–400
470:100–280
441:280–315
416:315–400
337:Subtypes
321:infrared
123:sunlight
7877:longer
7870:higher
7841:Visible
7724:Bibcode
7437:Bibcode
7394:Bibcode
7179:5807439
7150:Bibcode
7071:4688707
7032:Bibcode
7007:24 June
6947:Bibcode
6900:10 July
6862:Bibcode
6833:10 July
6611:24 June
6577:24 June
6498:8063277
6039:7790106
5963:1546792
5954:1694089
5784:8405372
5764:Bibcode
5534:3071547
5505:Bibcode
5451:Bibcode
5425:2459873
5396:11 June
5282:5418752
5242:7478536
5186:3427189
5137:2077351
5003:3897598
4946:2692214
4852:Bibcode
4819:[ O
4746:Bibcode
4734:and Kr"
4587:4827199
4421:14 June
4170:Bibcode
4008:Bibcode
3943:Bibcode
3863:Bibcode
3598:2781856
3544:Gizmodo
3428:1860240
3386:23 June
3266:3897598
3204:Bibcode
3076:meiosis
3072:mitosis
3044:thymine
3036:enzymes
2937:Therapy
2888:beetles
2844:far-UVC
2700:pollens
2633:excimer
2534:ammonia
2333:papyrus
2172:Jupiter
2071:Protein
2034:sensors
1948:aramids
1800:rosacea
1694:melanin
1682:sun tan
1674:melanin
1643:excites
1591:sunburn
1579:thymine
1561:bands.
1111:mercury
934:and MgF
905:Common
880:sunburn
780:). The
644:10–200
605:Far-UVC
595:10–121
540:122–200
365:,
259:aphakia
253:of the
200:sunburn
169:photons
150:photons
89:sunburn
8179:L band
8174:S band
8169:C band
8164:X band
8150:K band
8136:Q band
8131:V band
8126:W band
8031:Orange
8026:Yellow
8006:Violet
7917:X-rays
7831:X-rays
7742:
7705:
7670:
7662:
7598:
7592:(book)
7581:&
7533:
7525:
7455:
7412:
7369:
7359:
7319:
7309:
7301:
7186:
7176:
7168:
7069:
6973:
6965:
6888:
6880:
6801:
6776:
6753:
6659:
6496:
6459:Corona
6220:
6173:
6165:
6076:
6045:
6037:
6002:
5961:
5951:
5912:
5877:
5837:
5829:
5790:
5782:
5736:
5728:
5676:
5641:
5633:
5531:
5523:
5497:Nature
5469:
5423:
5316:
5289:
5279:
5240:
5193:
5183:
5144:
5134:
5080:
5072:
5010:
5000:
4992:
4953:
4943:
4870:
4764:
4594:
4584:
4470:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4255:
4247:
4206:
4198:
4026:
3824:
3801:
3793:
3755:
3690:
3605:
3595:
3587:
3506:
3464:
3435:
3425:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3273:
3263:
3255:
2707:spores
2702:, and
2631:, and
2546:X-rays
2532:, and
2522:sulfur
2356:vellum
2339:or of
2265:tagged
2212:quartz
2208:EPROMs
2111:Curing
1869:retina
1863:, the
1861:cornea
1748:, and
1719:light.
1686:direct
1533:zenith
1521:retina
1469:eczema
1321:, and
1292:cerium
1258:, and
1183:, and
928:quartz
915:opaque
867:, and
855:, are
830:paints
694:) and
676:oxygen
301:German
255:retina
243:cornea
196:suntan
158:ionize
141:, and
119:X-rays
8264:types
8189:Radio
8085:Bands
8058:Bands
8021:Green
7856:Radio
7668:S2CID
7531:S2CID
7478:(php)
7453:S2CID
7410:S2CID
7121:9 May
6971:S2CID
6733:Water
6527:(PDF)
6516:(PDF)
6239:(PDF)
6171:S2CID
6043:S2CID
5835:S2CID
5788:S2CID
5734:S2CID
5639:S2CID
5542:(PDF)
5529:S2CID
5493:(PDF)
5360:(PDF)
5353:(PDF)
4828:(X Π
4805:(a Π
4627:(PDF)
4616:(PDF)
4515:(PDF)
4504:(PDF)
4447:(PDF)
4440:(PDF)
4393:S2CID
4253:S2CID
4204:S2CID
4052:(PDF)
4045:(PDF)
4024:S2CID
3962:(PDF)
3931:(PDF)
3905:(PDF)
3894:(PDF)
3799:S2CID
3372:S2CID
2973:liver
2892:Chaco
2686:from
2627:, UV
2198:ozone
2092:cells
1953:Many
1772:et al
1696:from
1655:dimer
1444:high.
1327:MALDI
1296:doped
1158:Argon
1130:with
1107:vycor
786:stars
770:DU/km
728:MSSTA
684:argon
431:Dorno
383:(nm)
355:Name
278:ultra
275:Latin
263:birds
161:atoms
8159:band
8145:band
8103:LWIR
8081:MWIR
8076:SWIR
8016:Cyan
8011:Blue
7740:PMID
7703:PMID
7660:PMID
7614:2020
7596:ISBN
7565:2017
7523:PMID
7486:2007
7367:PMID
7317:PMID
7299:ISSN
7285:2023
7262:2014
7236:2011
7184:PMID
7166:ISSN
7123:2020
7067:PMID
7009:2017
6963:ISSN
6902:2023
6886:PMID
6878:ISSN
6835:2023
6799:ISBN
6774:ISBN
6751:ISSN
6657:ISBN
6613:2017
6579:2017
6535:2009
6494:PMID
6441:2011
6415:link
6401:2009
6393:SETi
6382:2019
6370:SETi
6251:2016
6218:PMID
6187:2018
6163:PMID
6090:2022
6074:PMID
6035:PMID
6000:PMID
5959:PMID
5910:PMID
5875:PMID
5851:2013
5827:PMID
5780:PMID
5726:PMID
5692:link
5674:PMID
5631:PMID
5550:2019
5521:PMID
5488:BRAF
5467:PMID
5421:PMID
5398:2017
5368:2019
5314:PMID
5287:PMID
5238:PMID
5191:PMID
5142:PMID
5078:PMID
5070:ISSN
5008:PMID
4990:ISSN
4951:PMID
4906:2014
4868:PMID
4778:2021
4762:PMID
4710:2008
4679:2014
4592:PMID
4545:2020
4486:2022
4468:ISBN
4423:2020
4385:PMID
4377:ISSN
4343:2017
4313:2017
4283:2012
4245:PMID
4196:ISSN
4128:2012
4100:2009
3970:2011
3913:2013
3840:The
3822:ISBN
3791:PMID
3753:ISBN
3688:ISSN
3636:2024
3603:PMID
3585:ISSN
3522:2013
3504:ISBN
3480:2013
3462:ISBN
3433:PMID
3388:2022
3364:PMID
3356:ISSN
3309:2015
3271:PMID
3253:ISSN
3177:2009
3074:and
3034:and
2991:and
2955:and
2922:for
2901:The
2758:hood
2746:and
2729:and
2723:VOCs
2721:and
2704:mold
2650:and
2629:LEDs
2492:and
2459:gems
2457:and
2278:and
2272:dyes
2200:and
2117:and
1959:dyes
1957:and
1865:lens
1855:and
1814:and
1688:and
1190:The
1160:and
851:and
726:and
724:NIXT
667:and
655:and
641:VUV
592:EUV
536:FUV
512:MUV
492:NUV
467:UVC
438:UVB
413:UVA
341:The
198:and
148:The
8252:ELF
8247:SLF
8242:ULF
8237:VLF
8217:VHF
8212:UHF
8207:SHF
8202:EHF
8197:THF
8108:FIR
8054:NIR
8036:Red
7988:UVA
7983:UVB
7978:UVC
7973:NUV
7968:MUV
7963:FUV
7732:doi
7693:doi
7689:140
7652:doi
7513:doi
7509:102
7445:doi
7402:doi
7357:PMC
7349:doi
7307:PMC
7289:doi
7174:PMC
7158:doi
7040:doi
6955:doi
6870:doi
6741:doi
6486:doi
6210:doi
6155:doi
6117:doi
6027:doi
5990:doi
5949:PMC
5941:doi
5902:doi
5898:415
5819:doi
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