190:, and official appointments. In 1361, Fang sent a saddle ornamented with gold and jade to Zhu; he refused the gift, saying: "At present there is trouble everywhere. The times call for able men and there is need of grain and cloth. Such precious playthings are worth-less." Zhu condemned Fang's collaboration with
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and organizational skills—into status that transcended his bandit-pirate origins. He became a regional leader and an independent factor in the wars and rivalries out of which the new dynasty emerged. While squandered his large assets, may be said to have realized full return on his markedly
198:, and the Yuan Dynasty. Accordingly, his lavish gifts and well-written diplomatic communications did not completely win Zhu's favor; reacting to Fang's evasiveness, Zhu said in 1360 that "We shall leave alone for the time. After I have conquered
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regime only nominally obtained his surrender after promising him multiple official titles, the Yuan government appointed him as the Duke of Qu after 1356. By 1349, Fang
Guozhen had not stopped intercepting grain shipments, so
84:. After killing a man who accused him of piracy, Fang created a pirate band in 1348 that operated off offshore islands. His success disturbed the Yuan government, which relied on grain shipments from the south to the capital,
174:, his rather passive stance on regional politics, and because Zhu needed Fang’s fleet to conquer the southern Chinese coast; Fang and his family were given offices, military titles, and incomes. He died of natural causes in
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to circumvent Fang. The project ultimately succeeded, but many of the workers mobilized for the effort would join the Red Turban
Rebellion. By 1356, Fang permanently controlled three coastal prefectures in
122:, enhanced his naval supremacy; his fleet was said to be over 1000 ships strong. From 1357 onward, despite prior hostile relations Fang's fleet would help fellow rebel leader
114:—that a 1393 census revealed to have a combined population of 2.5 million. These prefectures were governed by Fang's male relatives and, alongside his de facto control over
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89:
201:, even though he then wants to acknowledge us, it will be too late." Zhu treated Fang well when the latter was taken to Nanjing in 1368.
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Fang
Guozhen and Zhu Yuanzhang held frequent diplomatic exchanges. The two often refused gifts from each other such as cities,
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365:
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Fang
Guozhen failed to surrender to Zhu Yuanzhang after the latter captured Hangzhou in December 1366. Zhu launched an
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has a positive evaluation of Fang
Guozhen. After noting his administrative and diplomatic acumen, Mote writes:
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23:
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The
History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople
420:
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fleet drove Fang out of Ningbo, securing his surrender in
December shortly before the founding of the
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170:. The terms of surrender were quite favorable due to Fang's early recognition of Zhu Yuanzhang's
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of grain to Dadu until Zhang declared independence from the Yuan
Dynasty in 1363. After the
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army captured
Taizhou and Wenzhou from Fang in October and November respectively, while
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district in
Zhejiang. He was illiterate and his family was probably involved in
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The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part I
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356:Mote, Frederick; Twitchett, Denis (1988).
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56:of China. He dominated the coast of
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375:Bauer, Susan (23 September 2013).
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182:Relationship with Zhu Yuanzhang
379:. W. W. Norton & Company.
360:. Cambridge University Press.
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396:Basic Annals of Ming T'ai-tsu
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426:14th-century Chinese people
158:against Fang in late 1367.
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325:Mote & Twitchett 1988
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301:Mote & Twitchett 1988
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142:) if they first captured
72:Fang Guozhen was born in
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394:Taylor, Romeyn (1975).
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223:
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156:amphibious expedition
146:from Zhang Shicheng.
132:Battle of Lake Poyang
97:tried to repair the
60:and surrendered to
48:; 1319－1374) was a
32:traditional Chinese
126:transport 110,000
24:simplified Chinese
16:Yuan Dynasty rebel
421:Red Turban rebels
386:978-0-393-05976-2
367:978-0-521-24332-2
259:, pp. 36–37.
210:Frederick W. Mote
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54:Yuan dynasty
52:in the late
50:rebel leader
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20:Fang Guozhen
19:
18:
436:1374 deaths
431:1319 births
340:Taylor 1975
99:Grand Canal
45:Fāngguózhēn
415:Categories
404:B076VFSKS1
269:Bauer 2013
226:References
205:Assessment
192:Köke Temür
172:legitimacy
138:(then the
231:Citations
218:seafaring
178:in 1374.
164:Tang He's
102:Zhejiang—
78:smuggling
64:in 1367.
188:hostages
150:Downfall
144:Hangzhou
120:Shaoxing
104:Qingyuan
74:Huangyan
58:Zhejiang
176:Nanjing
112:Wenzhou
108:Taizhou
95:Toqto'a
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116:Ningbo
110:, and
82:piracy
42::
40:pinyin
34::
26::
350:Books
400:ASIN
381:ISBN
362:ISBN
118:and
86:Dadu
80:and
68:Life
128:tan
36:方國珍
28:方国珍
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332:^
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239:^
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38:;
30:;
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22:(
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