Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

739:, but rather, a "question" that "demanded 'quick and efficient' resolution without a minimum of delay." He believed that economic component of the problem of Greek and Turkish refugees deserved the most attention: "Such an exchange will provide Turkey immediately and in the best conditions with the population necessary to continue the exploitation of the cultivated lands which the departed Greek populations have abandoned. The departure from Greece of its Muslim citizens would create the possibility of rendering self-supporting a great proportion of the refugees now concentrated in the towns and in different parts of Greece". Nansen recognized that the difficulties were truly "immense", acknowledging that the population-exchange would require "the displacement of populations of many more than 1,000,000 people". He advocated: "uprooting these people from their homes, transferring them to a strange new country, ... registering, valuing and liquidating their individual property which they abandon, and ... securing to them the payment of their just claims to the value of this property". 817:, which contributed to the perception in the 1920s that the Venizelist side of the National Schism was much friendlier to refugees from Anatolia than the royalist side. For their political stance and their "Anatolian customs" (cuisine, music, etc.), the refugees often faced discrimination by part of the local Greek population. The fact that the refugees spoke dialects of Greek that sounded exotic and strange in Greece marked them out, and they were often seen as rivals by the locals for land and jobs. The arrival of so many people in so short a period of time imposed significant costs on the Greek economy such as building housing and schools, importing enough food, providing health care, etc. Greece needed a 12,000,000 franc loan from the Refugee Settlement Commission of the League of Nations as there was not enough money in the Greek treasury to handle these costs. Increasing the problems was the 2130:

In 1920, as the Greek army advanced, many were deported to the Mesopotamian desert as had been the Armenians before them. Nevertheless, approximately 1,200,000 Ottoman Greek refugees arrived in Greece at the end of the war. When one adds to the total the Greeks of Constantinople who, by agreement, were not forced to flee, then the total number comes closer to the 1,500,000 Greeks in Anatolia and Thrace. Here, a strong distinction between intention and action is found. According to the Austrian consul at Amisos, Kwiatkowski, in his November 30, 1916, report to foreign minister Baron Burian: 'on 26 November Rafet Bey told me: "we must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians..." on 28 November Rafet Bey told me: "today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight." I fear for the elimination of the entire Greek population and a repeat of what occurred last year.'

1545:"Yussuf Kemal Bey had remarked at the previous meeting (16 March 1922), where speaking of the fundamental principles of peace, that Lord Curzon had dwelt upon the safeguarding of minorities". He also noted that "the Ankara Government was strongly in favour of a solution that would satisfy world opinion and ensure tranquillity in its own country. It was ready to accept the idea of an exchange of populations between the Greeks in Asia Minor and the Muslims in Greece". In reply to this proposal, Lord Curzon noted that "no doubt something was possible in this direction but it was not a complete solution. The population in Asia Minor was somewhere near half a million. For physical reasons such a large number could not be entirely transported and for agricultural and commercial reasons many of them would be unwilling to go". 731:, the "amelioration of the lot of the minorities in Turkey' depended 'above all on the exclusion of every kind of foreign intervention and of the possibility of provocation coming from outside'. This could be achieved most effectively with an exchange, and 'the best guarantees for the security and development of the minorities remaining' after the exchange 'would be those supplied both by the laws of the country and by the liberal policy of Turkey with regard to all communities whose members have not deviated from their duty as Turkish citizens'. An exchange would also be useful as a response to violence in the Balkans; 'there were', in any event, 'over a million Turks without food or shelter in countries in which neither Europe nor America took nor was willing to take any interest'. 1360:, leaders of Greece and Turkey, and some circles in the international community, saw the resulting ethnic homogenization of their respective states as positive and stabilizing since it helped strengthen the nation-state natures of these two states. Nevertheless, the deportations brought significant challenges: social, such as forcibly being removed from one's place of living, and more practical such as abandoning a well-developed family business. Countries also faced other practical challenges: for example, even decades after, one could notice certain hastily developed parts of Athens, residential areas that had been quickly erected on a budget while receiving the fleeing Asia Minor population. To this day, Greece and Turkey still have properties, and ghost villages such as 1231: 292: 1315: 748:

belongings (houses, cars, land, etc.) It was also promised that in their new settlement, the refugees would be provided with new possessions totaling the ones they had left behind. Greece and Turkey would calculate the total value of a refugee's belongings and the country with a surplus would pay the difference to the other country. All possessions left in Greece belonged to the Greek state and all the possessions left in Turkey belonged to the Turkish state. Because of the difference in nature and numbers of the populations, the possessions left behind by the Greek elite of the economic classes in Anatolia was greater than the possessions of the Muslim farmers in Greece.

757: 719:. As the first official high commissioner for refugees, Nansen proposed and supervised the exchange, taking into account the interests of Greece, Turkey, and West European powers. As an experienced diplomat with experience resettling Russian and other refugees after the First World War, Nansen had also created a new travel document for displaced persons of the World War in the process. He was chosen to be in charge of the peaceful resolution of the Greek-Turkish war of 1919–22. Although a compulsory exchange on this scale had never been attempted in modern history, Balkan precedents, such as the 765: 33: 1250: 1258: 4498: 1089: 3161: 1311:

real property of many Greeks was declared "unclaimed" and ownership was subsequently assumed by the state. Consequently, the greater part of the Greeks' real property was sold at nominal value by the Turkish government. Sub-committees that operated under the framework of the Committee for Abandoned properties had undertaken the verification of persons to be exchanged in order to continue the task of selling abandoned property.

1873:

Assyrian and Greek peoples, and the movements now stirring for recognition and restitution among Greek and Assyrian diasporas. It also brings to light the quite staggering cumulative death toll among the various Christian groups targeted ... of the 1.5 million Greeks of Asia minor – Ionians, Pontians, and Cappadocians – approximately 750,000 were massacred and 750,000 exiled. Pontian deaths alone totaled 353,000."

4527: 3149: 799:

Christians had stayed in Turkey after the formation of the nation-state, then there would have been a faction of society ready to challenge the emergence of single-party rule in Turkey. Although it is very unlikely that an opposition based on an economic elite made up of an ethnic and religious minority would have been accepted as a legitimate political party by the majority population.

846:, used a force of refugees as strike-breakers. In rural areas, there were demands that the land that once belonged to the Muslims that had been expelled should go to veterans instead of the refugees. Demagogic politicians quite consciously stoked tensions, portraying refugees as a parasitical class who by their very existence were overwhelming public services, as a way to gain votes. 1222:

migrants took away their memories; the memories that ought to have been recorded without delay. Eighty years have passed, and the memories are warring with another, ripe for distortion. But the core of every migrant's statement remains the same. Birth in one place, growing old in another place. And feeling a stranger in the two places".

501: 345:

Hatzidimitriou writes that "loss of life among Anatolian Greeks during the WWI period and its aftermath was approximately 735,370". The pre-war Greek population may have been closer to 2.4 million. The number of Armenians killed varies from a low of 300,000 to 1.5 million. The estimate for Assyrians is 275–300,000.

615:. During the deliberations held at Lausanne, the question of exactly who was Greek, Turkish or Albanian was routinely brought up. Greek and Albanian representatives determined that the Albanians in Greece, who mostly lived in the northwestern part of the state, were not all mixed, and were distinguishable from the 1334:(1955) directed primarily against the ethnic Greek community, and against the Armenian and Jewish minorities, greatly accelerated emigration of Greeks, reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just over 2,500 in 2006. The 1955 Istanbul Pogrom caused most of the Greek inhabitants remaining in Istanbul 887:

production, having only brought with them agricultural skills in tobacco production. This created considerable economic loss in Anatolia for the new Turkish Republic. On the other hand, the Greek populations that left were skilled workers who engaged in transnational trade and business, as per previous

849:

As the largest number of refugees were settled in Macedonia, which was part of the "new Greece" (i.e. the areas gained after the Balkan Wars of 1912–13), they shared in the resentment against the way that men from "old Greece" (i.e. the area that was Greece before 1912) dominated politics, the civil

2129:

Many (Greeks), however, were massacred by the Turks, especially at Smyrna (today's İzmir) as the Greek army withdrew at the end of their headlong retreat from central Anatolia at the end of the Greco-Turkish War. Especially poorly treated were the Pontic Greeks in eastern Anatolia on the Black Sea.

1310:

Most property abandoned by Greeks who were subject to the population exchange was confiscated by the Turkish government by declaring them "abandoned" and therefore state owned. Properties were confiscated arbitrarily by labeling the former owners as "fugitives" under the court of law. Additionally,

1221:

For both communities, the population exchange had traumatic psychological effects. Professor Ayse Lahur Kirtunc, a Cretan Muslim expelled to Turkey stated in an interview: "It's late for us to be preserving our recollections; The essence of them, the first essence, has vanished already. Those first

841:

on the outskirts of the cities in order to subject them to police control. The refugee communities in the cities were seen by the authorities as centers of poverty and crime that might also become centers of social unrest. About 50% of the refugees were settled in urban areas. Regardless of whether

473:

as both armies sought to secure their rule by eliminating any inhabitants whose existence could justify unfavorable borders. This continued, now in both directions, a process of ethnic cleansing in Asia Minor that had been conducted initially by the Ottoman state against its minorities during World

204:

peoples while initiating a new exodus of a smaller number (400,000) of Muslims from Greece as a way to provide settlers for the newly depopulated Orthodox villages of Turkey; Greece meanwhile saw it as a way to provide propertyless Greek Orthodox refugees from Turkey with lands of expelled Muslims.

991:

The heterogeneous nature of the groups under the nation-state of Greece and Turkey is not reflected in the establishment of criteria formed in the Lausanne negotiations. This is evident in the first article of the Convention which states: "As from 1st May, 1923, there shall take place a compulsory

842:

they settled in urban or rural areas, the vast majority of the refugees arrived in Greece impoverished and often sickly, placing enormous demands on the Greek health care system. Tensions between locals and the refugees for jobs sometimes turned violent, and in 1924, the Interior Minister, General

793:

in Turkey and Greece. In Turkey, the departure of the independent and strong economic elites, i.e. the Greek Orthodox populations, left the dominant state elites unchallenged. In fact, Caglar Keyder noted that "what this drastic measure indicates is that during the war years Turkey lost ...

1845:

The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of 1.2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention. According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements, the "Greeks" who were transferred after

798:

in 1930 could not prolong the rule of a single-party without an opposition. Transition to multiparty politics depended on the creation of stronger economic groups in the mid-1940s, which was stifled due to the exodus of the Greek middle and upper economic classes. Hence, if the groups of Orthodox

780:

In Turkey, the property abandoned by the Greeks was often looted by arriving immigrants before the influx of immigrants of the population exchange. As a result, it was quite difficult to settle refugees in Anatolia, since many of these homes had been occupied by people displaced by war before the

874:

in the Great Depression together with the rural areas of Macedonia where tobacco farming was the main industry. In May 1936, a strike of the tobacco farmers in Macedonia organized by the Communists led to a rebellion that saw the government lose control of Thessaloniki for a time. Prime Minister

821:

passed by the U.S. Congress, which sharply limited the number of immigrants the United States was willing to take annually, which removed one of the traditional "safety valves" that Greece had in periods of high unemployment. In the 1920s, the refugees, most of whom went to Greek Macedonia, were

772:

The Refugee Commission had no useful plan to follow to resettle the refugees. Having arrived in Greece for the purpose of settling the refugees on land, the commission had no statistical data either about the number of the refugees or the number of available acres. When the Commission arrived in

747:

be recorded in lists; these lists were to be submitted to both governments for reimbursement. After a commission was established to deal with the particular issue of belongings (mobile and immobile) of the populations, this commission would decide the total sum to pay persons for their immovable

707:

According to some sources, the population exchange, albeit messy and dangerous for many, was executed fairly quickly by respected supervisors. If the goal of the exchange was to achieve ethnic-national homogeneity, then this was achieved by both Turkey and Greece. For example, in 1906, nearly 20

430:

By 1924, the Christian population of Turkey proper had been reduced from 4.4 million in 1912 to 700,000 (50% of the pre-war Christians had been killed), 350,000 Armenians, 50,000 Assyrians and the rest Greeks, 70% in Constantinople; and by 1927 to 350,000, mostly in Istanbul. In modern times the

482:

The indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger, and

335:

The most common estimates for Ottoman Greeks killed from 1914 to 1923 range from 300,000 to 900,000. For the whole of the period between 1914 and 1922 and for the whole of Anatolia, there are academic estimates of death toll ranging from 289,000 to 750,000. The figure of 750,000 is suggested by

1060:

The Ankara Government, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, moved swiftly to implement its nationalist programme, which did not allow for the presence of significant non-Turkish minorities in Western Anatolia. In one of his first diplomatic acts as the sole governing representative of Turkey, Atatürk

886:

Many immigrants died of epidemic illnesses during the voyage and brutal waiting for boats for transportation. The death rate during the immigration was four times higher than the birth rate. In the first years after their arrival, the Turkish immigrants from Greece were inefficient in economic

1872:

of Anatolia and Mesopotamia ... The major populations of 'Anatolian Greeks' include those along the Aegean coast and in Cappadocia (central Anatolia), but not the Greeks of the Thrace region west of the Bosphorus ... A 'Christian genocide' framing acknowledges the historic claims of

919:

population of Anatolia, Turkey and the Muslim population of Greece. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of these former Ottoman lands, many other ethnic groups posed social and legal challenges to the terms of the agreement for years after its signing. Among these were the Protestant and

899:

While current scholarship defines the Greek-Turkish population exchange in terms of religious identity, the population exchange was much more complex than this. Indeed, the population exchange, embodied in the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations at the Lausanne

344:

compiled various figures from several studies to estimate lower and higher bounds for the death toll between 1914 and 1923. He estimates that 384,000 Greeks were exterminated from 1914 to 1918, and 264,000 from 1920 to 1922, with the total number reaching 648,000. Historian Constantine G.

584:. The end of the War of Independence brought new administration to the region, but also brought new problems considering the demographic reconstruction of cities and towns, many of which had been abandoned by fleeing minority Christians. The Greco-Turkish War left many of the settlements 2790:

At the time of the Lausanne Conference, there were still about 200,000 Greeks remaining in Anatolia; the Moslem population of Greece, not having been subjected to the turmoil of the Asia Minor campaign, was naturally almost intact. These were the people who, properly speaking, had to be

869:

However, increasing grievances of the refugees caused some of the immigrants to shift their allegiance to the Communist Party and contributed to its increasing strength. The impoverished slum districts of Thessaloniki where the refugees were concentrated became strongholds of the

431:

percentage of Christians in Turkey has declined from 20 to 25 percent in 1914 to 3–5.5 percent in 1927, to 0.3–0.4% today roughly translating to 200,000–320,000 devotees. This was due to events that had a significant impact on the country's demographic structure, such as the

1189:

On the other hand, the Muslim population in Greece not having been affected by the recent Greek–Turkish conflict was almost intact. Thus c. 354,647 Muslims moved to Turkey after the agreement. Those Muslims were predominantly Turkish, but a large percentage belonged to

850:

service, judiciary, etc., and tended to treat "new Greece" like it was a conquered country. In general, people from "old Greece" tended to be more royalist in their sympathies while people from "new Greece" tended to be more Venizelist. The fact that in 1916 King

595:, Greece had almost doubled its territory, and the population of the state had risen from approximately 3.7 million to 4.8 million. With this newly annexed population, the proportion of non-Greek minority groups in Greece rose to 13%, and following the end of the 879:, with the support of the King, responded to the communists by establishing an authoritarian regime in 1936, the 4th of August Regime. In these ways, the population exchange indirectly facilitated changes in the political regimes of Greece and Turkey during the 976:. Because the refugees tended to vote for the Venizelist Liberals, the Jews and remaining Muslims in Thrace and Macedonia tended to vote for the anti-Venizelist parties. A group of refugee merchants in Thessaloniki founded the republican and anti-Semitic EEE ( 2725: 723:

of 1919, were available. Because of the unanimous decision by the Greek and Turkish governments that minority protection would not suffice to ameliorate ethnic tensions after the First World War, population exchange was promoted as the only viable option.

400:. Arrivals in Greece from the exchange numbered 1,310,000 according to the map (in this article) with figures below: 260,000 from Eastern Thrace (100,000 had already left between 1912 and 1914 after the Balkan Wars), 20,000 from the southern shore of the 1957:

Estimates on the overall death toll have varied. Providing detailed statistics of the various estimates of the Churches' population after the genocide, David Gaunt accepts the figure of 275,000 deaths as reported by the Assyrian delegation at the

1080:

However, by the time the agreement was to take effect on 1 May 1923, most of the pre-war Greek population of Aegean Turkey had already fled. The exchange involved the remaining Greeks of central Anatolia (both Greek- and Turkish-speaking),

984:) party in 1927 to press for the removal of the Jews from the city, whom they saw as economic competitors. However, the EEE never became a major party, though its members did collaborate with the Germans in World War II, serving in the 2695: 565:

on July 24, 1923. Two weeks after the treaty, the Allied Powers turned over Istanbul to the Nationalists, marking the final departure of occupation armies from Anatolia and provoking another flight of Christian minorities to Greece.

383:

based on the number of Greeks who left for Greece just before World War I and the 1.3 million who arrived in the population exchanges of 1923, and the 300–900,000 estimated to have been massacred. A revised count suggests 620,000 in

167:

stated that "he Ankara Government was strongly in favour of a solution that would satisfy world opinion and ensure tranquillity in its own country", and that "t was ready to accept the idea of an exchange of populations between the

992:

exchange of Turkish nationals of the Greek Orthodox religion established in Turkish territory, and of Greek nationals of the Moslem religion established in Greek territory." The agreement defined the groups subject to exchange as

915:. Nonetheless, religion was utilized as a legitimizing factor or a "safe criterion" in marking ethnic groups as Turkish or as Greek in the population exchange. As a result, the Greek-Turkish population exchange did exchange the 866:, the Greek High Commissioner in Smyrna remarked in August 1922 as the Turkish Army advanced upon the city: "Better that they stay here and be slain by Kemal , because if they go to Athens they will overthrow everything". 1846:

1923 numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 ; but using the same source Eddy states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece.

1510:

Actually, Kemal had stated previously (16 March 1922) that "the Ankara Government was strongly in favour of the idea of that an exchange of populations take place between the Greeks in Asia Minor and the Muslims in

1004:

of the Ottoman Empire. In the absence of rigid national definitions, there was no readily available criteria to yield to an official ordering of identities after centuries long coexistence in a non-national order.

1928:

The foremost expert on genocide statistics, Rudolph Rummel, has estimated that from 1914 to 1918 the Ottomans exterminated up to 384,000, Greeks, while from 1920 to 1922 another 264,000 Greeks were killed by the

742:

The agreement promised that the possessions of the refugees would be protected and allowed migrants to carry "portable" belongings freely with themselves. It was required that possessions not carried across the

529:. The surviving Christian minorities within Turkey, particularly the Armenians and the Greeks, had sought protection from the Allies and thus continued to be seen as an internal problem, and as an enemy, by the 1289:(Bozcaada). In the event, those Greeks who had temporarily fled these regions, particularly Istanbul, before the entrance of the Turkish army were not permitted to return to their homes by Turkey afterwards. 3790: 3523: 802:

In Greece, contrary to Turkey, the arrival of the refugees broke the dominance of the monarchy and old politicians relative to the Republicans. In the elections of the 1920s most of the newcomers supported

1526:

British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part II: From the First to the Second World War, Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939

734:

The population exchange was seen as the best form of minority protection as well as "the most radical and humane remedy" of all. Nansen believed that what was on the negotiating table at Lausanne was not

268:. Each group comprised native peoples, citizens, and in cases even veterans of the state which expelled them, and none had representation in the state purporting to speak for them in the exchange treaty. 3165: 1037:. By the fall of 1922, the Ankara Government had secured most of Turkey's contemporary borders and replaced the Ottoman Sultanate as the dominant governing entity in Anatolia. Following these events, 457:

in the defeated Ottoman Empire. This Greek occupation was designed to protect remaining Christian minorities, who had been massacred repeatedly in the Ottoman Empire before and during World War I:

1330:

capital gains tax imposed in 1942 on wealthy non-Muslims in Turkey also served to reduce the economic potential of ethnic Greek business people in Turkey. Furthermore, violent incidents as the

3175: 720: 695:. Between 1923 and 1930, the infusion of these refugees into Turkey would dramatically alter Anatolian society. By 1927, Turkish officials had settled 32,315 individuals from Greece in the 1399: 2040:, Presented at the "Conference on Human Rights Issues in the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor" Hellenic-Canadian Federation of Ontario, Toronto, 21 May 2000. Retrieved 16 April 2018. 213:

campaign to create an ethnically pure homeland for the Turks. Historian Dinah Shelton similarly wrote that "the Lausanne Treaty completed the forcible transfer of the country's Greeks."

1062: 105: 449:

The Greek–Turkish population exchange came out of the Turkish and Greek militaries' treatment of the Christian minorities and Muslim majorities, respectively, in Asia Minor during the

275:, while others have defended it, stating that despite its negative aspects, the exchange had an overall positive outcome since it successfully prevented another potential genocide of 1100:. The vast majority of the population of Notia was sent to Turkey following the population exchange. Today, the population of this community is approximately 5,000 people in Turkey. 17: 3464: 2677:"Greece and Turkey – Convention concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations and Protocol, signed at Lausanne, January 30, 1923 [1925] LNTSer 14; 32 LNTS 75" 3153: 1864:(the only remaining Ottoman territory in Europe, abutting the Greek border), and along the Aegean and Black Sea coasts. They would be targeted both prior to and alongside the 3816: 3811: 1253:

Greek population in Istanbul and percentages of the city population (1844–1997). Pogroms and policies in Turkey led virtually to the exodus of the remaining Greek community.

862:(modern İzmir, Turkey) towards rescuing the threatened Greek communities of Anatolia in the last stages of the war cemented the hatred of the refugees towards the monarchy. 858:. Furthermore, the fact that it was under King Constantine's leadership that Greece had been defeated in 1922 together with the indifference shown by Greek authorities in 3486: 367:

The estimate for the Greeks living within the present day borders of Turkey in 1914 could be as high as 2.130 million, a figure higher than the 1.8 million Greeks in the

1057:

by the Ankara Government on 1 November 1922 and the subsequent departure of Mehmet VI from Turkey left the Ankara Government as the sole governing entity in Anatolia.

854:

had contemplated giving up "new "Greece" to Bulgaria as a way of weakening the Venizelist movement had greatly increased the hostility felt in "new Greece" towards the

3476: 470: 200:

to make the necessary arrangements. The new state of Turkey also envisioned the population exchange as a way to formalize and make permanent the flight of its native

408:, 280,000 Pontic Greeks, 40,000 left Constantinople (the Greeks there were permitted to stay, but those who had fled during the war were not allowed to return). 3283: 789:

The more than 1,250,000 refugees who left Turkey for Greece after the war in 1922, through different mechanisms, contributed to the unification of elites under

3481: 3441: 3207: 3777: 3394: 3350: 1775: 1974:

gives the number of Christian deaths in Assyrian-populated regions of Turkey as 102,000 and adds to this the killing of around 47,000 Assyrians in Persia.

537:) with a large surviving Greek population in 1919 and by an Allied proposal to protect the remaining Armenians by creating an independent state for them ( 3454: 2005: 2803: 3657: 794:

commercial class, such that when the Republic was formed, the bureaucracy found itself unchallenged". The emerging business groups that supported the

3171: 3116:

The Impact of Forced Top-Down Nation Building on Conflict Resolution: Lessons from the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey.

2487:

Suphi Erden, Mustafa (April 2004). "The exchange of Greek and Turkish populations in 1920s and its socio-economic impacts on the life in Anatolia".

1668: 1130:. The convention affected the populations as follows: almost all Greek Orthodox Christians (Greek- or Turkish-speaking) of Asia Minor including the 956:, and the Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox. In Thessaloniki, which had the largest Jewish population in the Balkans, competition emerged between the 4102: 2993: 1860:, pp. 150–51: "By the beginning of the First World War, a majority of the region’s ethnic Greeks still lived in present-day Turkey, mostly in 4598: 2924:

Tsouloufis, Angelos (1989). "The exchange of Greek and Turkish populations and the financial estimation of abandoned properties on either side".

4112: 3533: 3996: 3324: 585: 4341: 4216: 2992:

Metin Herer, "Turkey: The Political System Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow," in Contemporary Turkey: Society, Economy, External Policy, ed.

830:, and 18% in the islands of the Aegean Sea; overall, the census showed that 1,221,849 people or 20% of the Greek population were refugees. 557:

in September 1922, over a million Greek orthodox Ottoman subjects had fled their homes in Turkey. A formal peace agreement was signed with

483:

illness. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. Whatever was done to the Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks.

1638: 220:, or agreed mutual expulsion, was based not on language or ethnicity, but upon religious identity, and involved nearly all the indigenous 3964: 1739: 1712: 777:, where the houses abandoned by the exchanged Muslims and the fertility of the land made their establishment practicable and auspicious. 2037: 1685: 1353:. Conversely, Greeks from Asia Minor, principally Smyrna, arrived in Crete bringing in their distinctive dialects, customs and cuisine. 4578: 4573: 4568: 2950:

Lekka, Anastasia (Winter 2007). "Legislative Provisions of the Ottoman/Turkish Governments Regarding Minorities and Their Properties".

1307:

to medicine, law, and real estate, correlated with a reduction in the Greek population of Istanbul, and of that of Imbros and Tenedos.

435:, the genocide of Syriacs, Assyrian, Greeks, Armenians, and Chaldeans, and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. 4107: 3893: 3200: 1026: 644: 221: 2766: 4177: 3377: 2726:"The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey" 2038:"The Great Powers, Greece and Turkey and the armistice of Mudanya, October 1922. The Fate of the Greek Majority in Eastern Thrace" 826:. According to the 1928 census 45% of the population in Macedonia were refugees, while the figure was 35% in Greek Thrace, 19% in 4197: 4182: 2468:

Gursoy, Yaprak (Summer 2008). "The Effects of the Population Exchange on the Greek and Turkish Political Regimes in the 1930s".

4127: 3860: 2900:

The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul

1505: 3933: 3131: 3099: 3070: 3021: 2908: 2815: 2776: 2705: 2660: 2636: 2605: 2122: 2103:

1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2085: 1838: 1800: 1749: 1722: 1695: 1538: 1230: 1050: 4593: 4034: 3974: 3943: 3740: 3193: 1299:, such as the 1932 parliamentary law which barred Greek citizens in Turkey from a series of 30 trades and professions from 1038: 291: 161: 3044: 4558: 4261: 1618:

Naimark, Norman M (2002), Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Harvard University Press. p. 47.

888: 1073:. The convention had a retroactive effect for all the population exchanges that took place since the declaration of the 964:

and the refugees for jobs and businesses. Owing to an increase in antisemitism, many of the Jews of Thessaloniki became

1054: 368: 4553: 3989: 3667: 3459: 3405: 3303: 2164: 1962:

and ventures that the death toll would be around 300,000 because of uncounted Assyrian-inhabited areas. David Gaunt,

1921: 1458: 1431: 973: 880: 542: 450: 329: 181: 1581: 1049:. Invitations to participate in the conference were extended to both the Ankara Government and the Istanbul-based 172:

in Asia Minor and the Muslims in Greece". Eventually, the initial request for an exchange of population came from

4251: 4024: 3230: 2653:

Crossing the Aegean: The Consequences of the 1923 Greek-Turkish Population Exchange (Studies in Forced Migration)

1085:

and the Caucasus (Kars region). Thus, of the 1,200,000 only about 189,916 still remained in Turkey by that time.

348:

According to some calculations, during the autumn of 1922, around 900,000 Greeks arrived in Greece. According to

86: 4241: 4087: 1557:

Shields, Sarah (2013). "The Greek-Turkish Population Exchange: Internationally Administered Ethnic Cleansing".

196:

to Greece by that time. Venizelos proposed a "compulsory exchange of Greek and Turkish populations," and asked

3735: 2012: 3329: 3319: 2230:

The exchange of Greek and Turkish populations in the 1920s and its socio-economic impacts on life in Anatolia

1741:

Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: Nation-state Building and Provision of In/security in Twentieth-century Balkans

1475: 813:, refugees from an earlier wave of persecution in the Ottoman Empire had been attacked by royalist troops as 492: 337: 3730: 3124:

The Dowry of the State?: The Politics of Abandoned Property and the Population Exchange in Turkey, 1921–1945

1314: 1017:

imposed harsh terms upon Turkey and placed most of Anatolia under de facto Allied and Greek control. Sultan

4531: 4256: 4236: 3982: 2100: 1335: 1319: 1292:

Greece, with a population of just over 5,000,000 people, had to absorb 1,221,489 new citizens from Turkey.

773:

Greece, the Greek government had already settled provisionally 72,581 farming families, almost entirely in

581: 4054: 541:) within the former Ottoman realm. The Turkish Nationalists' reaction to these events led directly to the 4518: 4386: 4203: 3913: 3850: 3589: 3216: 1664: 1530: 1127: 1034: 526: 756: 4097: 4044: 3647: 3424: 3268: 764: 3760: 2808:

Crossing the Aegean: an Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey

1942:

American Accounts Documenting the Destruction of Smyrna by the Kemalist Turkish Forces: September 1922

4069: 4064: 3765: 3258: 3240: 1378: 1022: 871: 530: 577:

that would encompass most of the territories claimed by Mustafa Kemal in his National Pact of 1920.

423:, almost 1.42 million from all regions. About 340,000 Greeks remained in Turkey, 220,000 of them in 4513: 3642: 3576: 2859:

George Kritikos (2000). "State policy and urban employment of refugees: The Greek case (1923–30)".

1476:"Motives for compulsory population exchange in the aftermath of the Greek-Turkish War: (1922-1923)" 1357: 981: 708:

percent of the population of present-day Turkey was non-Muslim, but by 1927, only 2.6 percent was.

77: 3508: 3503: 2156: 522: 4588: 4583: 4381: 4246: 3923: 3908: 3675: 3566: 3561: 2262: 1768:

The 1923 Greco-Turkish Population Exchange: Successful Prevention of Genocide and Mass Atrocities

1266: 851: 818: 603:, but were not necessarily Turkish in ethnicity. This is particularly true in the case of ethnic 469:

1914–1922. But, instead, it unleashed further massacres both of these Christians and now also of

305: 4152: 3755: 1118:). Significant refugee displacement and population movements had already occurred following the 4472: 4391: 4092: 3903: 3720: 3599: 3513: 3449: 1106: 458: 444: 1911: 1830: 1824: 1790: 1643: 1448: 855: 4441: 4374: 4142: 4011: 3842: 3785: 3745: 3637: 3632: 3594: 3498: 3384: 3355: 2628: 2622: 1421: 1066: 863: 804: 795: 488: 276: 173: 66: 4122: 4004: 3013:

Diplomacy and Displacement: Reconsidering the Turco-Greek Exchange of Populations, 1922–1934

2830:

Kaloudis, George "Ethnic Cleansing in Asia Minor and the Treaty of Lausanne" pp. 59–89 from

1345:

was significantly altered as well. Greek- and Turkish-speaking Muslim inhabitants of Crete (

599:, it had increased to 20%. Most of the ethnic populations in these annexed territories were 4563: 4502: 4451: 4446: 4137: 3938: 3918: 3679: 2730: 1186:, and other regions were either expelled or formally denaturalized from Turkish territory. 790: 554: 534: 454: 185: 3541: 3288: 8: 4421: 4346: 4324: 4319: 4266: 3855: 3725: 3710: 3419: 2500: 985: 969: 580:

The state of Turkey was headed by Mustafa Kemal's People's Party, which later became the

217: 4132: 3883: 2676: 1963: 1046: 1014: 271:

Some scholars have criticized the exchange, describing it as a legalized form of mutual

265: 4209: 4192: 4187: 4162: 4147: 4079: 4059: 4049: 4019: 3948: 3878: 3609: 3551: 3037: 2975: 2876: 2747: 2527:

Kolluoğlu, Biray (2013). "Excesses of nationalism: Greco-Turkish population exchange".

2504: 1959: 1601: 1562: 1203: 1135: 774: 736: 570: 569:

On October 29, 1923, the Grand Turkish National Assembly announced the creation of the

474:

War I. On January 31, 1917, the Chancellor of Germany, allied with the Ottomans during

397: 376: 3715: 3652: 4416: 4297: 3695: 3471: 3372: 3235: 3127: 3095: 3066: 3017: 2979: 2967: 2904: 2880: 2811: 2772: 2751: 2701: 2656: 2632: 2601: 2508: 2160: 2118: 2081: 2050: 1917: 1834: 1796: 1745: 1718: 1691: 1534: 1497: 1454: 1427: 1238: 1211: 1093: 1070: 843: 716: 696: 546: 538: 514: 462: 206: 177: 117: 2182:

Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia 1870–1990

1897: 1327: 4467: 4351: 4292: 4282: 3821: 3806: 3617: 3399: 3278: 2959: 2868: 2739: 2536: 2496: 2152: 2149:

Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the end of the Ottoman Empire, 1912–1923

1945: 1593: 1487: 1393: 1074: 533:. This was exacerbated by the Allies authorizing Greece to occupy Ottoman regions ( 506: 318: 272: 229: 210: 154: 125: 97: 2598:

Population Dilemmas in the Middle East: Essays in Political Demography and Economy

1884: 4456: 4228: 4117: 3750: 3700: 3627: 3556: 3546: 3298: 3273: 3263: 3179: 3115: 3048: 3011: 2898: 1672: 1524: 1383: 1331: 1082: 1030: 876: 712: 612: 596: 432: 349: 197: 164: 2232:. Journal of Crime, Law & Social Change International Law. pp. 261–282. 1104:

In Greece, the population exchange was considered part of the events called the

655:. Ultimately, the Greek authorities decided to deport thousands of Muslims from 328:

Ottoman citizens had also fled due to the defeat of the Greek army in the later

4508: 4426: 4401: 4396: 4309: 3928: 3870: 3705: 3622: 3584: 3367: 3293: 3041: 2894: 1971: 1820: 1766: 1388: 1278: 1270: 1249: 1131: 1111: 1096:

live today. In Greece, near the border with North Macedonia, is the village of

997: 961: 957: 916: 672: 636: 616: 574: 550: 525:, continued the fight against the attempted Allied occupation of Turkey in the 466: 401: 389: 372: 357: 353: 341: 325: 314: 296: 201: 193: 133: 57: 3690: 3185: 3042:"From 'Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity' series of Human Rights Watch" 2963: 2743: 1792:

The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression

1627:

Dinah, Shelton. Encyclopaedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, p. 303.

4547: 4491: 4411: 4287: 4172: 4029: 3518: 3362: 3345: 2971: 1501: 1207: 1191: 1001: 949: 668: 393: 1910:

Hinton, Alexander Laban; Pointe, Thomas La; Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2013).

1349:) moved, principally to the Anatolian coast, but also to Syria, Lebanon and 1257: 500: 192:, since the majority of surviving Greek inhabitants of Turkey had fled from 32: 3685: 3389: 2997: 1492: 1346: 1242: 1179: 912: 834: 692: 623:

still expected a thousand "Turkish-speakers" from the Çamëria to arrive in

608: 510: 257: 249: 241: 4167: 1195: 1183: 1155: 1123: 1119: 592: 475: 385: 261: 137: 113: 4005:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

1605: 1566: 4477: 4334: 4329: 4314: 2721: 2540: 838: 823: 814: 809: 744: 656: 405: 361: 253: 233: 129: 37: 2872: 1885:"Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 1361: 1143: 1033:

with the aim of blocking the implementation of the treaty, waging the

632: 48:. The Greek village was abandoned during the 1923 population exchange. 41: 4369: 4302: 4157: 1869: 1865: 1597: 1304: 1175: 1167: 1088: 1018: 941: 937: 925: 604: 3063:

Twice A Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey

2522: 2520: 2518: 2215:

Formalizing Displacement: International Law and Population Transfers

2006:"The Settlement of Greek Refugees. Scheme for an International Loan" 1400:

Twice A Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey

1215: 4462: 3166:

Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations

2846:

Salonique au XXe siècle: De la cité ottomane à la métropole grecque

1639:"Roma people tell of ancestors' 1923 'population exchange' stories" 1274: 1163: 1063:

Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations

1042: 929: 664: 562: 424: 416: 412: 237: 141: 109: 106:

Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations

45: 3160: 1818: 1550: 1171: 1139: 859: 521:

At the end of World War I one of the Ottomans' foremost generals,

517:

speakers in green. Towns are shown as dots, and cities as squares.

453:

that followed the Allied Powers' authorization of a Greek zone of

4436: 4406: 2515: 1373: 1286: 1147: 965: 784: 680: 660: 640: 150: 145: 1450:

Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI

4431: 3148: 1861: 1714:

No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation

1300: 1296: 1282: 1199: 1151: 993: 953: 908: 904: 827: 728: 688: 684: 676: 648: 624: 620: 600: 558: 420: 380: 300: 280: 245: 169: 121: 3040:

the Greek population in Turkey is estimated at 2,500 in 2006.

2197:

State & Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development

2106: 1687:

When God Comes to Town: Religious Traditions in Urban Contexts

1420:

Mariana, Correia; Letizia, Dipasquale; Saverio, Mecca (2014).

900:

Conference of January 30, 1923, was based on ethnic identity.

225: 2693: 2416:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 pp. 273 & 277–278 1350: 1342: 1159: 1097: 1045:, Switzerland, in order to draft a new treaty to replace the 945: 933: 921: 652: 628: 392:(260,000, 30% of the city's population at the time), 550,000 322: 91: 2011:. Geneva: League of Nations. 30 October 1924. Archived from 1453:. Vol. 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 365. 911:

to cleanse their ethnic minorities in the formation of the

148:

from Greece), most of whom were forcibly made refugees and

2768:

The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece

2245:

The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and its Impact on Greece

1909: 1826:

Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present, Volume 3

903:

The population exchange made it legally possible for both

837:

and Athens were deliberately placed by the authorities in

2310:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 pp. 261 & 279 2179: 2552: 2550: 2450: 2448: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2289: 2287: 2273: 2271: 2057:. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. December 2012 1237:

during the Greek-Turkish population exchange from Yena (

833:

The majority of the refugees who settled in cities like

2861:

European Review of History: Revue Européenne d'Histoire

1851: 1269:

were exempted from this transfer as were the Greeks of

2142: 2140: 2138: 2547: 2445: 2375: 2344: 2313: 2284: 2268: 1419: 1000:. This classification follows the lines drawn by the 894: 495:, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century 180:

on 16 October 1922, following Greece's defeat in the

124:. It involved at least 1.6 million people (1,221,489 3351:

United States during the Turkish War of Independence

2620: 2242: 1776:

United States Army Command and General Staff College

1523:

Bourne, Kenneth; Cameron Watt, Donald, eds. (1985).

1364:, that have been left abandoned since the exchange. 2429:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 pp. 277–278 2403:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 pp. 261–262 2227: 2135: 2115:

The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century

2078:

The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century

2075: 1318:Monument to the exchange of populations located in 1261:

Demographics of Thessaloniki between 1500 and 1950.

299:document giving the results of the 1914 population 71: 1522: 54:1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey 2700:. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 94. 2694:Koliopoulos, John S.; Veremis, Thanos M. (2010). 2208: 2206: 1154:), the former Russian Caucasus province of Kars ( 352:, before the final stage in 1922, of the 900,000 309:) was 20,975,345, of which 1,792,206 were Greeks. 244:groups, and on the other side most of the native 209:claimed that this treaty was the last part of an 4545: 2655:. Providence: Berghahn Books. 2003. p. 29. 2194: 2080:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–343. 2069: 1683: 313:By the end of 1922, the vast majority of native 18:Exchange of population between Greece and Turkey 3215: 2858: 2802: 2586:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993 p. 328 2117:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–43. 3172:The Exchange of Populations: Greece and Turkey 2595: 2560:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 274 2458:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 277 2390:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 262 2359:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 261 2341:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 275 2328:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 276 2297:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 279 2281:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p. 278 2203: 2146: 1529:. Vol. 3, The Turkish Revival 1921-1923. 1446: 785:Political and economic effects of the exchange 188:. The request intended to normalize relations 3990: 3201: 3154:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 2573:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p.275 2442:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p.278 2372:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p.261 1710: 1480:Bulletin of the Centre for Asia Minor Studies 760:Greek and Armenian refugee children in Athens 4342:Residential segregation in the United States 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2764: 1764: 116:, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of 2486: 1985:The refugees question in Greece (1821–1930) 1795:. Cambridge University Press. p. 348. 702: 3997: 3983: 3208: 3194: 2923: 1913:Hidden Genocides: Power, Knowledge, Memory 1684:Pinxten, Rik; Dikomitis, Lisa (May 2009). 1379:Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide 411:Additionally, 50,000 Greeks came from the 184:and two days after their accession of the 3000:(Athens: Papazisi/ELIAMEP, 2002), 17 – 9. 2936: 2771:(. ed.). London: Hurst. p. 68. 2627:. Grand Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans. pp. 2526: 2157:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561520.001.0001 2112: 1916:. Rutgers University Press. p. 180. 1814: 1812: 1717:. Columbia University Press. p. 33. 1491: 1295:The punitive measures carried out by the 1267:Turks and other Muslims of Western Thrace 553:. By the time of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's 504:Distribution of Anatolian Greeks in 1910: 3009: 2217:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. 1711:Adelman, Howard; Barkan, Elazar (2011). 1636: 1473: 1426:. Firenze University Press. p. 69. 1313: 1256: 1248: 1229: 1087: 763: 755: 499: 438: 290: 31: 2893: 2843: 2247:. Hurst & Company. pp. 51–110. 1579: 1556: 360:, with the other two thirds being from 14: 4599:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia 4546: 3121: 3118:" Nationalities Papers, 48(1), 144–157 3092:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction 2467: 1809: 396:, 900,000 Anatolian Greeks and 60,000 332:, which had led to reprisal killings. 3978: 3189: 3089: 3060: 3054: 3016:. Taylor & Francis. p. 317. 2949: 2614: 2212: 1857: 1788: 1737: 404:, 650,000 from Anatolia, 60,000 from 4526: 2887: 2834:, Volume 31, No. 1, March 2014 p. 83 2832:International Journal on World Peace 2720: 1983:Nikolaos Andriotis (2008). Chapter: 1021:'s acceptance of the treaty angered 940:of the Greek Orthodox religion; the 286: 81: 4347:Segregation academy (United States) 4262:Sex segregation in public restrooms 822:known for their staunch loyalty to 721:Greco-Bulgarian population exchange 317:had already fled Turkey due to the 303:. The total population (sum of all 162:Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs 27:Agreement between Greece and Turkey 24: 3108: 2697:Modern Greece a history since 1821 2501:10.1023/B:CRIS.0000024437.30463.84 2180:Karakasidou, Anastasia N. (1997). 2043: 1993:"Topics from Modern Greek History" 1882: 1637:Bilgehan, Zeynep (13 March 2019). 1531:University Publications of America 1134:populations from middle Anatolia ( 895:Effect on other ethnic populations 727:According to representatives from 711:The architect of the exchange was 321:against them (1914–1922), and the 25: 4610: 4569:History of the Republic of Turkey 3141: 2903:. New York: Greekworks.com, Inc. 1968:Assyrian Genocide Research Center 1092:Map of the settlements where the 4525: 4497: 4496: 3934:Conference of London (1921–1922) 3159: 3147: 3051:Human Rights Watch, 2 July 2006. 2051:"The Global Religious Landscape" 1940:Hatzidimitriou, Constantine G., 1077:on 18 October 1912 (article 3). 1008: 891:policies of the Ottoman Empire. 751: 561:after months of negotiations in 176:in a letter he submitted to the 3460:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah 3231:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 3126:. University of Bamberg Press. 3030: 3003: 2986: 2917: 2852: 2837: 2824: 2796: 2758: 2714: 2687: 2669: 2645: 2589: 2576: 2563: 2480: 2461: 2432: 2419: 2406: 2393: 2362: 2331: 2300: 2251: 2236: 2221: 2188: 2173: 2094: 2030: 1998: 1977: 1964:"The Assyrian Genocide of 1915" 1951: 1934: 1903: 1876: 1782: 1765:Faulkenberry, Jason B. (2012). 1758: 1744:. Lexington Books. p. 31. 1731: 1704: 1677: 1658: 807:. In December 1916, during the 3330:Grand National Assembly (1923) 3325:Grand National Assembly (1920) 2810:. Berghahn Books. p. 85. 2765:Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002). 2184:. University of Chicago Press. 1630: 1621: 1612: 1573: 1516: 1467: 1440: 1413: 13: 1: 4579:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 4574:History of Greece (1909–1924) 3411:Ankara Government and Georgia 2621:Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999). 2243:Dimitri Pentzopoulos (1962). 1690:. Berghahn Books. p. 3. 1423:VERSUS: Heritage for Tomorrow 1406: 781:government could seize them. 611:(Greek: Τσαμουριά) region of 543:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 493:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 451:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 330:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 3791:Liberation of Constantinople 3524:Liberation of Constantinople 2848:. CNRS Éditions. p. 53. 2489:Crime, Law and Social Change 2228:Mustafa Suphi Erden (2004). 2076:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). 1989:Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας 1580:Howland, Charles P. (1926). 1225: 545:and the continuation of the 92: 7: 4204:Brown v. Board of Education 3914:Conference of London (1920) 3217:Turkish War of Independence 2113:Midlarsky, Manus I (2005). 1367: 1146:), the Pontus region (e.g. 1128:Turkish War of Independence 1061:negotiated and signed the " 1035:Turkish War of Independence 527:Turkish War of Independence 72: 10: 4615: 4559:Ethnic cleansing in Europe 4113:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 3425:Yalova Peninsula massacres 3269:Sultanahmet demonstrations 3083: 2571:History's Spoiled Children 2558:History's Spoiled Children 2456:History's Spoiled Children 2440:History's Spoiled Children 2427:History's Spoiled Children 2414:History's Spoiled Children 2401:History's Spoiled Children 2388:History's Spoiled Children 2370:History's Spoiled Children 2357:History's Spoiled Children 2339:History's Spoiled Children 2326:History's Spoiled Children 2308:History's Spoiled Children 2295:History's Spoiled Children 2279:History's Spoiled Children 2259:History's Spoiled Children 1474:Kritikos, Giorgos (1999). 1341:The population profile of 1138:), the Ionia region (e.g. 1065:" on 30 January 1923 with 1055:abolition of the Sultanate 1031:reorganized Turkish forces 1027:rival government at Ankara 442: 248:of Greece, including even 4486: 4360: 4275: 4227: 4158:Apartheid in South Africa 4078: 4010: 3961: 3892: 3869: 3841: 3834: 3799: 3776: 3666: 3608: 3575: 3532: 3440: 3433: 3338: 3320:Ottoman Parliament (1919) 3312: 3259:Turkish National Movement 3249: 3223: 2964:10.1215/10474552-2006-038 2744:10.1080/00905990500504871 2195:Keyder, Caglar.. (1987). 1582:"Greece and Her Refugees" 1115: 582:Republican People's Party 531:Turkish National Movement 277:Greek Orthodox Christians 242:Turkish-speaking Orthodox 61: 44:(Livisi) in southwestern 4554:Ethnic cleansing in Asia 3721:Summer Offensive of 1920 3514:Summer Offensive of 1920 3122:Morack, Ellinor (2017). 3114:Filippidou, A. (2020). " 3094:, Taylor & Francis, 2026:– via scopeArchiv. 982:National Union of Greece 703:The road to the exchange 513:speakers in orange, and 4594:Greece–Turkey relations 4382:Anti-miscegenation laws 4217:Anti-miscegenation laws 3761:Liberation of Balıkesir 3562:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur 3304:Grand National Assembly 3010:Yildirim, Onur (2013). 2952:Mediterranean Quarterly 2844:Darques, Regis (2002). 2596:Gilbar, Gad G. (1997). 2529:Nations and Nationalism 2470:East European Quarterly 2263:Oxford University Press 2147:Ryan Gingeras. (2009). 1948:: Caratzas, 2005, p. 2. 1887:. University of Hawai'i 1789:Moses, A. Dirk (2021). 1447:Giuseppe Motta (2013). 1235:Declaration of Property 1116:Μικρασιατική καταστροφή 819:Immigration Act of 1924 224:peoples of Turkey (the 4473:White Australia policy 4392:Corporative federalism 3944:Conference of Lausanne 3904:Treaty of Alexandropol 3861:Paris Peace Conference 2584:Inside Hitler's Greece 2151:. Oxford Scholarship. 1738:Mulaj, Kledja (2008). 1493:10.12681/deltiokms.147 1323: 1262: 1254: 1246: 1107:Asia Minor Catastrophe 1101: 1069:and the government of 978:Ethniki Enosis Ellados 968:and immigrated to the 769: 761: 715:, commissioned by the 586:plundered and in ruins 518: 498: 478:, was reporting that: 459:Adana massacre of 1909 445:Late Ottoman genocides 369:Ottoman census of 1910 310: 216:This major compulsory 165:Yusuf Kemal Tengrişenk 157:from their homelands. 144:, and 355,000–400,000 101: 49: 4442:Religious intolerance 3786:Bombardment of Samsun 3356:Bombardment of Samsun 3241:King–Crane Commission 3090:Jones, Adam (2010) , 3061:Clark, Bruce (2006). 3047:July 7, 2006, at the 1317: 1260: 1252: 1233: 1091: 1067:Eleftherios Venizelos 920:Catholic Greeks, the 872:Greek Communist Party 864:Aristeidis Stergiadis 805:Eleftherios Venizelos 796:Free Republican Party 791:authoritarian regimes 767: 759: 591:Meanwhile, after the 523:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 503: 489:Chancellor of Germany 480: 439:Historical background 294: 250:Greek-speaking Muslim 174:Eleftherios Venizelos 35: 4452:Second-class citizen 4447:Reservation in India 4173:United Arab Emirates 4103:Bulgaria and Romania 3939:Armistice of Mudanya 3919:Cilicia Peace Treaty 3851:Conference of London 3156:at Wikimedia Commons 2731:Nationalities Papers 2036:Harry J. Psomiades, 1829:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1533:. pp. 657–660. 1218:Muslim communities. 1025:, who established a 1023:Turkish nationalists 619:. The government in 535:Occupation of Smyrna 509:speakers in yellow, 356:, a third were from 336:political scientist 186:Armistice of Mudanya 104:) stemmed from the " 4320:Exclusionary zoning 4267:Separatist feminism 4045:Partition of Bengal 3856:San Remo conference 3477:Battle of Babaçiçek 3420:Samsun deportations 3415:Population exchange 3406:Personae non gratae 2624:The rage of nations 2600:. London: F. Cass. 1819:Matthew J. Gibney, 1774:(Master's thesis). 1644:Hürriyet Daily News 986:Security Battalions 856:House of Glücksburg 218:population exchange 4210:Massive resistance 4198:School segregation 4193:Separate but equal 4118:Dominican Republic 4020:Partition of India 3949:Treaty of Lausanne 3552:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye 3284:Balıkesir Congress 3178:2019-09-21 at the 3038:Human Rights Watch 2541:10.1111/nana.12028 1960:Treaty of Lausanne 1671:2021-12-02 at the 1559:Middle East Report 1324: 1320:Küçükkuyu, Ayvacık 1297:Republic of Turkey 1263: 1255: 1247: 1245:(16 December 1927) 1136:Cappadocian Greeks 1102: 1051:Ottoman Government 1039:a peace conference 770: 762: 627:for settlement in 607:who inhabited the 571:Republic of Turkey 519: 398:Cappadocian Greeks 311: 252:citizens, such as 236:), including even 222:Orthodox Christian 160:On 16 March 1922, 50: 4541: 4540: 4417:Majority minority 4298:Ethnic federalism 4080:Ethnic and racial 4040:Greece and Turkey 3972: 3971: 3957: 3956: 3830: 3829: 3766:Capture of Smyrna 3542:Koçgiri rebellion 3482:Özdemir Operation 3472:Tal Afar uprising 3373:Burning of Smyrna 3289:Alaşehir Congress 3236:Khilafat Movement 3164:Works related to 3152:Media related to 3133:978-3-86309-463-8 3101:978-0-415-48618-7 3072:978-1-86207-752-2 3036:According to the 3023:978-1-136-60009-8 2910:978-0-9747660-3-4 2873:10.1080/713666751 2817:978-1-57181-562-0 2778:978-1-85065-702-6 2707:978-1-4443-1483-0 2662:978-1-57181-562-0 2638:978-0-8028-4455-2 2607:978-0-7146-4706-7 2124:978-0-521-81545-1 2087:978-0-521-81545-1 1840:978-1-57607-796-2 1802:978-1-107-10358-0 1751:978-0-7391-1782-8 1724:978-0-231-52690-6 1697:978-1-84545-920-8 1540:978-0-89093-603-0 1094:Megleno-Romanians 970:Palestine Mandate 844:Georgios Kondylis 737:ethno-nationalism 717:League of Nations 697:province of Bursa 555:capture of Smyrna 547:Armenian genocide 539:Wilsonian Armenia 515:Cappadocian Greek 463:Armenian genocide 287:Estimated numbers 207:Norman M. Naimark 182:Greco-Turkish War 178:League of Nations 90: 70: 16:(Redirected from 4606: 4529: 4528: 4500: 4499: 4468:Social apartheid 4352:Social exclusion 4325:Forced migration 4293:Ethnic cleansing 4283:Auto-segregation 4025:Northern Ireland 3999: 3992: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3924:Treaty of Ankara 3909:Treaty of Moscow 3884:Treaty of Sèvres 3839: 3838: 3658:Alemdar Incident 3504:Şehzadebaşı raid 3495:Eskişehir (1920) 3455:Al-Jazeera Front 3438: 3437: 3400:Menemen massacre 3385:Kaç Kaç incident 3279:Erzurum Congress 3210: 3203: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3163: 3151: 3137: 3104: 3077: 3076: 3058: 3052: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3007: 3001: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2593: 2587: 2580: 2574: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2524: 2513: 2512: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2443: 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from 273:ethnic cleansing 264:groups, such as 211:ethnic cleansing 194:recent massacres 95: 85: 83: 75: 65: 63: 21: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4482: 4457:Separate school 4362: 4356: 4271: 4223: 4074: 4006: 4003: 3973: 3968: 3953: 3895: 3888: 3865: 3826: 3795: 3772: 3751:Great Offensive 3662: 3604: 3571: 3557:Battle of Geyve 3547:Konya rebellion 3528: 3429: 3334: 3308: 3299:Amasya Protocol 3274:Amasya Circular 3264:Karakol society 3251: 3245: 3219: 3214: 3180:Wayback Machine 3144: 3134: 3111: 3109:Further reading 3102: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3059: 3055: 3049:Wayback Machine 3035: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3004: 2991: 2987: 2948: 2937: 2926:Enosi Smyrnaion 2922: 2918: 2911: 2895:Vryonis, Speros 2892: 2888: 2857: 2853: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2801: 2797: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2763: 2759: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2577: 2569:Kostis, Kostas 2568: 2564: 2556:Kostis, Kostas 2555: 2548: 2525: 2516: 2485: 2481: 2466: 2462: 2454:Kostis, Kostas 2453: 2446: 2438:Kostis, Kostas 2437: 2433: 2425:Kostis, Kostas 2424: 2420: 2412:Kostis, Kostas 2411: 2407: 2399:Kostis, Kostas 2398: 2394: 2386:Kostis, Kostas 2385: 2376: 2368:Kostis, Kostas 2367: 2363: 2355:Kostis, Kostas 2354: 2345: 2337:Kostis, Kostas 2336: 2332: 2324:Kostis, Kostas 2323: 2314: 2306:Kostis, Kostas 2305: 2301: 2293:Kostis, Kostas 2292: 2285: 2277:Kostis, Kostas 2276: 2269: 2257:Kostis, Kostas 2256: 2252: 2241: 2237: 2226: 2222: 2211: 2204: 2193: 2189: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2145: 2136: 2125: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2018:on 30 July 2017 2015: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1982: 1978: 1956: 1952: 1939: 1935: 1924: 1908: 1904: 1890: 1888: 1881: 1877: 1856: 1852: 1841: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1787: 1783: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1682: 1678: 1673:Wayback Machine 1663: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1586:Foreign Affairs 1578: 1574: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1521: 1517: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1384:Caucasus Greeks 1370: 1332:Istanbul Pogrom 1285:(Gökçeada) and 1228: 1011: 974:interwar period 897: 881:interwar period 877:Ioannis Metaxas 787: 768:Muslim refugees 754: 713:Fridtjof Nansen 705: 597:First World War 505: 497: 487: 447: 441: 433:First World War 371:which included 350:Fridtjof Nansen 289: 230:Roman/Byzantine 198:Fridtjof Nansen 78:Ottoman Turkish 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4612: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4589:1923 in Turkey 4586: 4584:1923 in Greece 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4427:Nuremberg Laws 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4402:Ghetto benches 4399: 4397:Discrimination 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4310:Ethnopluralism 4307: 4306: 4305: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4195: 4190: 4180: 4178:United Kingdom 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3929:Treaty of Kars 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3672: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3452: 3450:Constantinople 3446: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3378:Responsibility 3370: 3368:Fire of Manisa 3365: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3294:Sivas Congress 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3169: 3157: 3143: 3142:External links 3140: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3119: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3053: 3029: 3022: 3002: 2994:Thanos Veremis 2985: 2958:(1): 135–154. 2935: 2916: 2909: 2886: 2867:(2): 189–206. 2851: 2836: 2823: 2816: 2804:Renée Hirschon 2795: 2777: 2757: 2713: 2706: 2686: 2668: 2661: 2644: 2637: 2613: 2606: 2588: 2582:Mazower, Mark 2575: 2562: 2546: 2535:(3): 532–550. 2514: 2495:(3): 261–282. 2479: 2460: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2392: 2374: 2361: 2343: 2330: 2312: 2299: 2283: 2267: 2250: 2235: 2220: 2202: 2187: 2172: 2165: 2134: 2123: 2105: 2093: 2086: 2068: 2042: 2029: 1997: 1995:). 8th edition 1976: 1972:Rudolph Rummel 1950: 1933: 1922: 1902: 1875: 1850: 1839: 1821:Randall Hansen 1808: 1801: 1781: 1757: 1750: 1730: 1723: 1703: 1696: 1676: 1657: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1592:(4): 613–623. 1572: 1549: 1539: 1515: 1466: 1459: 1439: 1432: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1389:Fire of Manisa 1386: 1381: 1376: 1369: 1366: 1328:Varlık Vergisi 1279:Aegean Islands 1271:Constantinople 1227: 1224: 1166:region (e.g., 1132:Greek Orthodox 1010: 1007: 998:Greek Orthodox 958:Sephardic Jews 917:Greek Orthodox 896: 893: 786: 783: 753: 750: 704: 701: 551:Greek genocide 485: 467:Greek genocide 465:of 1914–1923, 440: 437: 415:, 50,000 from 402:Sea of Marmara 390:Constantinople 386:Eastern Thrace 373:Western Thrace 358:Eastern Thrace 354:Greek refugees 342:Rudolph Rummel 315:Pontian Greeks 288: 285: 202:Greek Orthodox 134:Eastern Thrace 126:Greek Orthodox 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4611: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4534: 4533: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4495: 4493: 4492:Pillarisation 4489: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412:Jim Crow laws 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Balkanization 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4183:United States 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3879:Misak-ı Millî 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812:Artvin (1921) 3810: 3808: 3807:Artvin (1919) 3805: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3519:Chanak crisis 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3461: 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1994: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1929:Nationalists. 1925: 1923:9780813561646 1919: 1915: 1914: 1906: 1899: 1886: 1883:Rummel, R.J. 1879: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1777: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1462: 1460:9781443854610 1456: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1435: 1433:9788866557418 1429: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1356:According to 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 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