Prehistoric Europe

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non-arithmetical record of day-by-day lunar and solar observations undertaken over a time period of as much as 3½ years. The markings appear to record the changing appearance of the moon, and in particular its crescent phases and times of invisibility, and the shape of the overall pattern suggests that the sequence was kept in step with the seasons by observations of the solstices. The latter implies that people in the Azilian period were not only aware of the changing appearance of the moon but also of the changing position of the sun, and capable of synchronizing the two. The markings on the Thaïs bone represent the most complex and elaborate time-factored sequence currently known within the corpus of Palaeolithic mobile art. The artefact demonstrates the existence, within Upper Palaeolithic (Azilian) cultures c. 12,000 years ago, of a system of time reckoning based upon observations of the phase cycle of the moon, with the inclusion of a seasonal time factor provided by observations of the solar solstices.

2778: 3256: 3472: 2867: 2332: 2665: 2110: 3491: 1696: 3271: 1080: 2007:, the lowlands of Romania, and regions of France, Belgium and the Netherlands, all in less than 1000 years. With this expansion came diversification and a number of local Danubian cultures started forming at the end of the 5th millennium. In the Mediterranean, the Cardium pottery fishermen showed no less dynamism and colonised or assimilated all of Italy and the Mediterranean regions of France and Spain. Even in the Atlantic, some groups among the native hunter-gatherers started the slow incorporation of the new technologies. Among them, the most noticeable regions seem to be southwestern Iberia, which was influenced by the Mediterranean but especially by the Andalusian Neolithic, which soon developed the first 2699: 2125: 1439: 1726: 3688: 2080: 1771: 3547: 3320: 2280: 3723: 3506: 3630: 2227: 2808: 3562: 2729: 2620: 1530: 3668: 2208: 248: 3457: 1741: 206: 3290: 3611: 1492: 2763: 3335: 2317: 3128: 2242: 2684: 1666: 1756: 1608: 3596: 1511: 2793: 2095: 1821: 3196: 2495: 2650: 3226: 1545: 2635: 1790: 1711: 3211: 3305: 3528: 3752: 3162: 2261: 2605: 1477: 2159: 2842: 3581: 3649: 2714: 2140: 1560: 2189: 3143: 2363: 1681: 3113: 2174: 3094: 1327: 2827: 3181: 2744: 3446:) and the forming of the Roman Empire during the 1st century BC was also that of the end of prehistory, properly speaking; though many regions of Europe remained illiterate and therefore out of reach of written history for many centuries, the boundary must be placed somewhere, and that date, near the start of the calendar, seems to be quite convenient. The remaining is regional prehistory, or, in most cases, 2298: 6750: 2901:, which seemed to be of a mercantile character and to have preferred being buried according to a very specific, almost invariable, ritual. Nevertheless, out of their original area of western Central Europe, they appeared only within local cultures and so they never invaded and assimilated but went to live among those peoples and kept their way of life, which is why they are believed to be merchants. 2929: 6298:Översti, Sanni; Majander, Kerttu; Salmela, Elina; Salo, Kati; Arppe, Laura; Belskiy, Stanislav; Etu-Sihvola, Heli; Laakso, Ville; Mikkola, Esa; Pfrengle, Saskia; Putkonen, Mikko; Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka; Vuoristo, Katja; Wessman, Anna; Sajantila, Antti; Oinonen, Markku; Haak, Wolfgang; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Krause, Johannes; Palo, Jukka U.; Onkamo, Päivi (15 November 2019). 273:. As history progresses, considerable regional unevenness in cultural development emerges and grows. The region of the eastern Mediterranean is, due to its geographic proximity, greatly influenced and inspired by the classical Middle Eastern civilizations, and adopts and develops the earliest systems of communal organization and writing. The 1643:

well on rich food supplies from the marshlands, which had been created by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviours that are preserved in the material record, such as the Maglemosian and Azilian cultures. Such conditions delayed the coming of the Neolithic to as late as 5,500 years ago in Northern Europe.

2552:, which extended from southern Sweden to southern Spain, including large parts of southern Germany as well. However, the Mediterranean and Danubian groupings of the previous period appear to have fragmented into many smaller pieces, some of them apparently backward in technological matters. From 2800 BC, the Danubian 1461: 6287:

p.55: "In addition, uniparental markers changed suddenly as mtDNA N1a and Y haplogroup G2a, which had been very common in the EEF agricultural population, were replaced by Y haplogroups R1a and R1b and by a variety of mtDNA haplogroups typical of the Steppe Yamnaya population. The uniparental markers

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Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Wacker, Lukas; Kromer, Bernd; Tuna, Thibaut; Fagault, Yoann; Bard, Edouard; McPherron, Shannon P.; Aldeias, Vera; Maria, Raquel; Martisius, Naomi L.; Paskulin, Lindsay; Rezek, Zeljko; Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Sirakova, Svoboda; Smith, Geoffrey M.; Spasov, Rosen; Welker,

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In areas with limited glacial impact, the term "Epipaleolithic" is sometimes preferred for the period. Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the Last Glacial Period ended had a much more apparent Mesolithic era that lasted millennia. In Northern Europe, societies were able to live

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Glacial Age ended. Slowly, through the following millennia, temperatures and sea levels rose, changing the environment of prehistoric people. Ireland and Great Britain became islands, and Scandinavia became separated from the main part of the European Peninsula. (They had all once been connected by a

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culture in Ukraine experienced a massive expansion, building the largest settlements in the world at the time, described as the first cities in the world by some scholars. The earliest known evidence for wheeled vehicles, in the form of wheeled models, also comes from Cucuteni-Trypillia sites, dated

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culture may have come from Thessaly (some of the pre-Sesklo settlements show related traits) or even from Lebanon (Byblos). They were sailors, fishermen and sheep and goat herders, and the archaeological findings show that they mixed with natives in most places. Other early Neolithic cultures can be

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During the Iron Age, Central, Western and most of Eastern Europe gradually entered the actual historical period. Greek maritime colonization and Roman terrestrial conquest form the basis for the diffusion of literacy in large areas to this day. This tradition continued in an altered form and context

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community of Europe with permanent buildings, as well as monumental art, precedes by many centuries sites previously considered to be the oldest known. The community's year-round access to a food surplus prior to the introduction of agriculture was the basis for the sedentary lifestyle. However, the

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The rest of Europe remained mostly unchanged and apparently peaceful. In 2300 BC, the first Beaker Pottery appeared in Bohemia and expanded in many directions but particularly westward, along the Rhone and the seas, reaching the culture of Vila Nova (Portugal) and Catalonia (Spain) as their limits.

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in the South. Unlike its predecessors, they were biologically and culturally adapted to survival in cold environments and successfully extended their range to the glacial environments of Central Europe and the Russian plains. The great number and, in some cases, exceptional state of preservation of

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The genetic history of Europe has been inferred by observing the patterns of genetic diversity across the continent and in the surrounding areas. Use has been made of both classical genetics and molecular genetics. Analysis of the DNA of the modern population of Europe has mainly been used but use

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and Gravettian cultures were present in Southwestern Europe. Gravettian technology and culture have been theorised to have come with migrations of people from the Middle East, Anatolia and the Balkans, and might be linked with the transitional cultures mentioned earlier since their techniques have

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Achilli, Alessandro; Rengo, Chaira; Magri, Chiara; Battaglia, Vincenza; Olivieri, Anna; Scozari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio; Zeviani, Massimo; Briem, Egill; Carelli, Valerio; Moral, Pedro; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Roostalu, Urmas; Loogväli, Eva-Liss; Kivisild, Toomas; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Richards,

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The introduction of metallurgy, which initiated unprecedented technological progress, has also been linked with the establishment of social stratification, the distinction between rich and poor, and use of precious metals as the means to fundamentally control the dynamics of culture and society.

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culture soon takes control of western and even northern France and Belgium. In Poland and nearby regions, the putative Indo-Europeans reorganised and reconsolidated with the culture of the Globular Amphoras. Nevertheless, the influence of many centuries in direct contact with the still-powerful

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The second phase of Beaker Pottery, from 2100 BC onwards, is marked by the displacement of the centre of the phenomenon to Portugal, within the culture of Vila Nova. The new centre's influence reached to all of southern and western France but was absent in southern and western Iberia, with the

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are remarkably sophisticated from the outset, but they have a slow rate of variability, and general technological inertia is noticeable during the entire fossil period. Artifacts are of utilitarian nature, and symbolic behavioral traits are undocumented before the arrival of modern humans. The

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The process of smelting bronze is an imported technology with debated origins and history of geographic cultural profusion. It was established in Europe about 3200 BC in the Aegean and production was centered around Cyprus, the primary source of copper for the Mediterranean for many centuries.

1323:. However, the Neanderthal fossil record completely vanished after 40,000 years BC. Whether Neanderthals were also successful in diffusing their genetic heritage into Europe's future population or they simply went extinct and, if so, what caused the extinction cannot conclusively be answered. 6701:

Metspalu, Mait, Toomas Kivisild, Ene Metspalu, Jüri Parik, Georgi Hudjashov, Katrin Kaldma, Piia Serk, Monika Karmin, Doron M Behar, M Thomas P Gilbert, Phillip Endicott, Sarabjit Mastana, Surinder S Papiha, Karl Skorecki, Antonio Torroni and Richard Villems. 2004. "Most of the extant mtDNA

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Gilman, Antonio; Cazzella, Alberto; Cowgill, George L.; Crumley, Carole L.; Earle, Timothy; Gallay, Alain; Harding, A. F.; Harrison, R. J.; Hicks, Ronald; Kohl, Philip L.; Lewthwaite, James; Schwartz, Charles A.; Shennan, Stephen J.; Sherratt, Andrew; Tosi, Maurizio; Wells, Peter S. (1981).

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This analysis has shown that modern man entered Europe from the Near East before the Last Glacial Maximum but retreated to refuges in southern Europe in this cold period. Subsequently, people spread out over the whole continent, with subsequent limited migration from the Near East and Asia.

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pattern of cyclic warmer and colder periods, including eight major cycles and numerous shorter episodes. The northern maximum of human occupation fluctuated in response to the changing conditions, and successful settlement required constant adaption capabilities and problem solving. Most of

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The engraving on the Thaïs bone is a non-decorative notational system of considerable complexity. The cumulative nature of the markings together with their numerical arrangement and various other characteristics strongly suggest that the notational sequence on the main face represents a

2897:). Simultaneously, in the West, the Artenac peoples reached Belgium. With the partial exception of Vučedol, the Danubian cultures, which had been so buoyant just a few centuries ago, were wiped off the map of Europe. The rest of the period was the story of a mysterious phenomenon: the 4727:

Bermúdez; de Castro, JM; Martinón-Torres, M; Gómez-Robles, A; Prado-Simón, L; Martín-Francés, L; Lapresa, M; Olejniczak, A; Carbonell, E (2011). "Early Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): a comparative morphological study".

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termed the "Neolithic Package" (including agriculture, herding, polished stone axes, timber longhouses and pottery) spread into Europe, the Mesolithic way of life was marginalised and eventually disappeared. Controversy over the means of that dispersal is discussed below in the

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between 600,000 and 350,000 years ago as the earliest body of European people that left behind a substantial tradition, a set of evaluable historic data through a rich fossil record in Europe's limestone caves and a patchwork of occupation sites over large areas. These include

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between 45,000 and 43,000 years ago, and both species occupied a common habitat for several thousand years. Research has so far produced no universally accepted conclusive explanation as to what caused the Neanderthal's extinction between 40,000 and 28,000 years ago.

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in the 6th millennium BC. The Balkans became a major centre for copper extraction and metallurgical production in the 5th millennium BC. Copper artefacts were traded across the region, eventually reaching eastwards across the steppes of eastern Europe as far as the

4242:

Bischoff, James L.; Shamp, Donald D.; Aramburu, Arantza; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell, Eudald; Bermudez de Castro, J.M. (2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500kyr: New Radiometric Dates".

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DNA (mainly haplogroup N) also declined, being supplanted by steppe lineages, suggesting the migrations involved both males and females from the steppe. EEF mtDNA, however, remained frequent, suggesting admixture between WSH males and EEF females.

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absorbed its northern neighbours in the Czech Republic and Poland for some centuries, only to recede in the second half of the period. The hierarchical model of the Varna culture seems to have been replicated later in the Tiszan region with the

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Associated evidence, such as stone tools, artifacts and settlement localities, is more numerous than fossilised remains of the hominin occupants themselves. The simplest pebble tools with a few flakes struck off to create an edge were found in

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that spanned between 26,500 and 19,000 years ago. A 2015 publication on ancient European DNA collected from Spain to Russia concluded that the original hunter-gatherer population had assimilated a wave of "farmers" who had arrived from the

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but also the first significant development of cave painting and the use of the needle and possibly that of the bow and arrow. The more widespread Gravettian culture is no less advanced, at least in artistic terms: sculpture (mainly

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Peresani, M; Dallatorre, S; Astuti, P; Dal Colle, M; Ziggiotti, S; Peretto, C (2014). "Symbolic or utilitarian? Juggling interpretations of Neanderthal behavior: new inferences from the study of engraved stone surfaces".

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hypothesis both suggest that the species has evolved locally. Again, consensus prevails on the matter, but widely debated are origin and evolution patterns. The Neanderthal fossil record ranges from Western Europe to the

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notable exception of Los Millares. After 1900 BC, the centre of the Beaker Pottery returned to Bohemia, and in Iberia, a decentralisation of the phenomenon occurred, with centres in Portugal but also in Los Millares and

4650: 6354:""The subsequent spread of Yamnaya-related people and Corded Ware Culture in the late Neolithic and Bronze Age were accompanied with the increase of haplogroups I, U2 and T1 in Europe (See8 and references therein)." 6426:

Kristian Kristiansen, Morten E. Allentoft, Karin M. Frei, Rune Iversen, Niels N. Johannsen, Guus Kroonen, Łukasz Pospieszny, T. Douglas Price, Simon Rasmussen, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Martin Sikora, Eske Willerslev.

2885:, whose origins were obscure but were also Indo-Europeans, displaced the Yamna peoples in the regions north and east of the Black Sea, confining them to their original area east of the Volga. Around 2400 BC, the 1427:

and strongly influenced its southern neighbour, clearly replacing it in Mediterranean Spain and Portugal. The recession of the glaciers allowed human colonisation in Northern Europe for the first time. The

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The fossils' genetic structure indicates a recent Neanderthal ancestry and the discovery of a fragment of a skull in Israel in 2008 support the notion that humans interbred with Neanderthals in the Levant.

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Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes; Yanevich, Alexander (17 June 2011).

1134:, the earliest and for a very long time the only human in Europe and more likely to be found in the southern part of the continent. However, the Acheulean fossil record also links to the emergence of 2072:

Atlantic Europe: a mosaic of local cultures, some of them still pre-Neolithic, from Portugal to southern Sweden. In around 5800 BC, western France began to incorporate the Megalithic style of burial.

2777: 1385:, possibly rooted in the old Aurignacian one, which soon superseded the Solutrean area and also the Gravettian of Central Europe. However, in Mediterranean Iberia, Italy, the Balkans and Anatolia, 2027:

This period occupied the first half of the 6th millennium BC. The tendencies of the previous period consolidated and so there was a fully-formed Neolithic Europe, with five main cultural regions:

1987:

This phase, starting 7000 years ago was marked by the consolidation of the Neolithic expansion towards western and northern Europe but also by the rise of new cultures in the Balkans, notably the

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culture, which signifies the diffusion of Aurignacian elements into Neanderthal culture. Although debated, the fact proved that Neanderthals had, to some extent, adopted the culture of modern

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pushed directly or indirectly southwards and destroyed most of the rich Megalithic culture of western France. After 2600 BC, several phenomena prefigured the changes of the upcoming period:

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After more than 100,000 years of uniformity, around 45,000 years ago, the Neanderthal fossil record changed abruptly. The Mousterian had quickly become more versatile and was named the

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Macaulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin; Hickey, Eileen; Vega, Emilce; Cruciani, Fulvio; Guida, Valentina; Scozzari, Rosaria; Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva; Sykes, Bryan; Torroni, Antonio (1999).

2397:

The economy of the Chalcolithic was no longer that of peasant communities and tribes, since some materials began to be produced in specific locations and distributed to wide regions.

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and it is considered the largest and most important of the Azmak River Valley agrarian settlements. The Karanovo I is considered a continuation of Near Eastern settlement type. The

3490: 6901: 4336: 2331: 7098: 5153:

Frido; Sirakov, Nikolay; Tsanova, Tsenka; Hublin, Jean-Jacques (11 May 2020). "A 14C chronology for the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition at Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria".

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The supposed autochthony of Hittites, the Indo-Hittite hypothesis and the migration of agricultural "Indo-European" societies were intrinsically linked by Colin Renfrew 2001

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With the Magdalenian culture, the Paleolithic development in Europe reaches its peak and this is reflected in art, owing to previous traditions of paintings and sculpture.

6111:

Lipson, Mark; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Pósa, Annamária; Stégmár, Balázs; Keerl, Victoria; Rohland, Nadin; Stewardson, Kristin; Ferry, Matthew (2017-11-16).

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Mediterranean cultures: from the Adriatic to eastern Spain, including Italy and large portions of France and Switzerland. They were also diversified into several groups.

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Evidence from genome analysis of ancient human remains suggests that the modern native populations of Europe largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic

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and Russia remained off limits for occupation during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Populations were low in density and small in number throughout the Palaeolithic.

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Moncel, Marie-Hélène; Despriée, Jackie; Voinchet, Pierre; Tissoux, Hélène; Moreno, Davinia; Bahain, Jean-Jacques; Courcimault, Gilles; Falguères, Christophe (2013).

7043: 6983: 2425:. Near the end of the period, around 4000 BC, another westward migration of supposed Indo-European speakers left many traces in the lower Danube area (culture of 6978: 7128: 4624: 3075:, which lasted 1300 years in its urban form, vanishes into a less spectacular one but finally with bronze. The centre of gravity of the Atlantic cultures (the 6941: 6993: 6946: 6871: 6851: 5482: 1432:

culture, derived from the Sauveterre-Tardenois culture but with a strong personality, colonised Denmark and the nearby regions, including parts of Britain.

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emphasizes the "great linguistic diversity" which would generally have been predominant in any area inhabited by small-scale, tribal pre-state societies.

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in Spain represents the currently earliest known and reliably dated location of residence for more than a single generation and a group of individuals.

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of Herodotus (from around 440 BC) is the oldest known European text that seeks to systematically record traditions, public affairs and notable events.

1416:, in northern France and Central Europe. Despite some differences, both cultures shared several traits: the creation of very small stone tools called 6300:"Human mitochondrial DNA lineages in Iron-Age Fennoscandia suggest incipient admixture and eastern introduction of farming-related maternal ancestry" 3270: 2956: 1272:

coexistence demonstrated that cultural evolution had replaced biological evolution as the primary force of adaptation and change in human societies.

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Nevertheless, from the 7th century BC onwards, the Greeks recovered their power and started their own colonial expansion, founding Massalia (modern

7181: 2698: 2390:. The 5th millennium BC also saw the appearance of economic stratification and the rise of ruling elites in the Balkan region, most notably in the 2307: 1999:

cultures (Bulgaria and nearby areas). Meanwhile, the Proto-Linear Pottery culture gave birth to two very dynamic branches: the Western and Eastern

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started much earlier in the Aegean area (c. 3.200 BC), c. 2300 BC can be considered typical for the start of the Bronze Age in Europe in general.

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replaced their predecessors and expanded to Danubian and Nordic areas of western Germany. One related branch invaded Denmark and southern Sweden (

1770: 1725: 8939: 8680: 8276: 6512:"The Molecular Dissection of mtDNA Haplogroup H Confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian Glacial Refuge was a Major Source for the European Gene Pool" 2478:

in northern Italy) converged into a functional union of which the most significant characteristic was the distribution network of honey-coloured

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culture, a significant modification of the Balkan Neolithic that was the origin of one of the most important branches of European Neolithic: the

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From 5500 BC onwards, Eastern Europe was apparently infiltrated by people originating from beyond the Volga, creating a plural complex known as

4038: 3667: 3319: 2226: 3629: 3505: 1925: 4598: 3722: 3687: 2003:. The western branch expanded quickly, assimilating Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland and even large parts of western Ukraine, historical 1491: 8895: 8404: 6823: 5999: 5637: 234: 6188: 2866: 1740: 1275:

Generally small and widely dispersed fossil sites suggest that Neanderthals lived in less numerous and more socially isolated groups than

384:, also in Serbia, is currently the oldest reliably dated copper smelting site in Europe (around 7,000 years ago). It is attributed to the 299:, spanning from 3 million until 300,000 years ago, palaeo-human presence was rare and typically separated by thousands of years. The 9048: 5128: 1358:

some similarities and are both very different from Aurignacian ones, but this issue is very obscure. The Gravettian also appeared in the

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and the scarcity of figurative art, which seems to have vanished almost completely, which was replaced by abstract decoration of tools.

8727: 8178: 3561: 3334: 2753: 2378: 1467: 4848:"Early Evidence of Acheulean Settlement in Northwestern Europe – La Noira Site, a 700,000 Year-Old Occupation in the Center of France" 2459:. Labour specialisation, economic stratification and possibly the risk of invasion may have been the reasons behind this development. 4129: 2728: 2421:

A and C). The emergence of the Sredny Stog culture may be correlated with the expansion of Indo-European languages, according to the

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boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans."

6768: 4984: 2581:). Despite the many differences, both civilisations seem to have had friendly contact and to productive exchanges. In the area of 2207: 647: 515: 6881: 3427:, which started around 400 BC, followed by a large expansion of them into the Balkans, the British Isles, where they assimilated 1041: 988: 929: 870: 814: 754: 698: 571: 3610: 2049:

The area of Dimini-Vinca: Thessaly, Macedonia and Serbia but extending its influence to parts of the mid-Danubian basin (Tisza,

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of metal and stone was particularly developed in some areas, along with the processing of those materials into valuable goods.

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in the Late Bronze Age. Unattested languages spoken in Europe in the Bronze and Iron Ages are the object of reconstruction in

3809:. The Early European Farmers migrated from Anatolia to the Balkans in large numbers during the 7th millennium BC. During the 2649: 2619: 2482:. Despite the unity, the signs of conflicts are clear, as many skeletons show violent injuries. This was the time and area of 2417:

culture in Ukraine, pushing the natives to migrate northwest to the Baltic and to Denmark, where they mixed with the natives (

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Gimbutas, M (1980). "The Kurgan wave migration (c. 3400–3200 B.C.) into Europe and the following transformation of culture".

6280: 5763: 5733: 5507: 5316: 5079: 3289: 2683: 1665: 5659: 3127: 2807: 1880:

was the first place in Europe known to have acquired agriculture, cattle-herding and pottery. The early stages are known as

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One of the earliest dates for an Aurignacian assemblage is greater than 43,000 BC from Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria ...

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One of the earliest dates for an Aurignacian assemblage is greater than 43,000 BP from Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria ...

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Comparison of Neanderthal and modern human DNA suggests that the two lineages diverged from a common ancestor, most likely

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was colonized in the 6th millennium from there. The expansion, reaching the easternmost Tardenoisian outposts of the upper

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Mountains but soon disappeared from southwestern Europe, with the notable exception of the Mediterranean coasts of Iberia.

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enables researchers to provide a detailed and accurate data on behaviour and culture. Neanderthals are associated with the

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culture, starting a quick expansion that brought them to occupy most of the Balkans, Asia Minor, where they destroyed the

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and of southern Italy witnessed the expansion of another Neolithic current with less clear origins. Settling initially in

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of northern Spain and southern France. In other parts of Europe, the Mesolithic began by 11,500 years ago (the beginning

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Widely dispersed, isolated finds of individual fossils of bone fragments (Atapuerca, Mauer mandible), stone artifacts or

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was known to the Aegean peoples about 1100 BC, it failed to reach Central Europe before 800 BC, when it gave way to the

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Large towns with stone walls appeared in two different areas of the Iberian Peninsula: one in the Portuguese region of

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and Southern Russia, where the epi-Gravettian locals assimilated cultural influxes from beyond the Caucasus (e.g. the

1476: 8305: 7211: 5708: 4830: 2560: 1789: 6861: 6021:

Wells, Peter S.; Geddes, David S. (2017). "Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze in West Mediterranean Europe".

4569: 4475: 9548: 9143: 8512: 8399: 6816: 4017: 3210: 2674: 227: 5102: 3697: 3161: 1544: 1079: 9573: 9176: 9041: 8924: 8315: 7353: 7167: 5010: 3304: 5533: 3195: 2634: 2443:- a fortified stone settlement - citadelle, inner and outer city with pottery production site and the site of a 2173: 9360: 9193: 9131: 5975:

Early civilization and literacy in Europe : an inquiry into cultural continuity in the Mediterranean world

5389:

Mellars, P. (2006). "Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian".

5223: 3977: 3911: 3368: 3093: 2506: 2188: 2139: 2034:: from northern France to western Ukraine. Now split into several local cultures, the most relevant being the ( 3180: 3040:), northeastern Italy, parts of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, northeastern Spain and southwestern England. 2890: 9614: 9568: 9477: 8537: 8067: 7327: 6926: 6716:

Renfrew, Colin. 2001. "The Anatolian origins of Proto-Indo-European and the autochthony of the Hittites." In

5948: 5306: 4202: 3923: 3648: 3514: 2893:), and the mid-Danubian basin, though showing more continuity, had clear traits of new Indo-European elites ( 1848:, who claim that the Near Eastern farmers almost totally displaced the European native hunter-gatherers, and 1559: 1516: 411:

culture also originates in the East through the absorption of the technological principles obtained from the

7395: 5826: 4794: 4500: 8532: 8072: 7545: 5645: 4064: 3397:), most likely as a merchant outpost to convey the many mineral resources of Iberia and the British Isles. 3060:, most likely Hellenised members of the group that ended invading Greek itself and destroying the might of 2604: 2521:. The rest of the Balkans was profoundly restructured after the invasions of the previous period, with the 1268:

After the slow processes of the previous hundreds of thousands of years, a turbulent period of Neanderthal–

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are gradually replaced by a more complex tradition that included a range of hand axes and flake tools, the

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A transition period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, the

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Martin; Villems, Richard; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Semino, Ornella; Torroni, Antonio (2004).

3947: 3863: 1598: 220: 6936: 6866: 6429:

Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe

3537: 2713: 1680: 630:—traces discovered in Europe outside Caucasian region), lower palaeolithic assemblages that belong to a 9583: 9578: 9034: 8800: 8601: 7058: 4928: 3601: 3571: 3340: 2414: 2260: 1962: 1746: 5557:"The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior" 2826: 2743: 2655: 2456: 1659:" can be distinguished between 7,200 and 5,850 years ago and ranged from Southern to Northern Europe. 9553: 9307: 9268: 8606: 8421: 3881: 3822: 3746: 3276: 1423:

In the late phase of the epi-Paleolithic period, the Sauveterrean culture evolved into the so-called

1404:.) Nevertheless, the Magdalenian culture persisted until 10,000 BC, when it quickly evolved into two 3639: 3142: 8795: 7887: 7432: 4007: 3922:

in northern Europe. An early presence of Indo-European throughout Europe has also been suggested ("

3859: 3830: 3755: 2553: 2357: 2115: 1815: 1628: 1195: 555: 325: 292: 123: 7959: 7954: 7083: 7033: 6931: 6797: 6366:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations" 6000:"Alternative Linguiatics – Ethnicity of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures of Eastern Europe" 5726:

Living Well Together? Settlement and Materiality in the Neolithic of South-East and Central Europe

3420:

valley from the Celts, separating physically the Iberian Celts from their continental neighbours.

2689: 9558: 9216: 8912: 8822: 7994: 7761: 7580: 7513: 7245: 6064: 3826: 3806: 3802: 3763: 2847: 2817: 2749: 2297: 1857: 7038: 3658: 3518: 2525:

in the central Balkans showing pronounced eastern (or presumably Indo-European) traits. The new

1369:

The Solutrean culture, extended from northern Spain to southeastern France, includes not only a

1308:. The oldest examples and subsequent widespread tradition of prehistoric art originate from the 1148:

is documented since 600,000 BC in numerous sites in Germany, Great Britain and northern France.

9382: 9211: 9000: 8874: 8480: 8371: 8359: 8055: 7796: 7635: 7272: 7206: 7190: 7003: 6963: 6778: 4012: 3907: 3877: 3818: 3794: 3552: 3295: 3280: 3072: 2564: 2213: 2145: 2000: 1937: 440: 147: 6731:. Trends in Linguistic Studies and Monographs No. 138. New York and Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 6661:"The Emerging Tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: A Synthesis of Control-Region Sequences and RFLPs" 5497: 4428: 3481: 1780: 9462: 9327: 8739: 8675: 8549: 8242: 8168: 7942: 7937: 7875: 7814: 7751: 7699: 7692: 7238: 6270: 5879: 5476: 5364: 4764: 3919: 3167: 3084: 1853: 1168: 547: 311: 274: 77: 65: 8124: 6553:

Adams, Jonathan; Otte, Marcel (1999). "Did Indo-European Languages Spread Before Farming?".

2505:

This period extends through the first half of the 4th millennium BC. During this period the

9517: 9512: 9452: 9387: 9292: 9005: 8956: 8951: 8934: 8929: 8907: 8697: 8411: 8264: 8156: 8060: 7853: 7538: 7337: 7280: 7103: 6921: 6886: 6383: 6311: 6225: 6208:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" 6124: 5568: 5259: 4859: 4406: 4252: 4079: 4002: 3952: 3798: 3783: 3462: 3216: 3201: 2734: 2418: 2217: 1888:(6000 BC), which was the origin of the main branches of Neolithic expansion in Europe. The 1861: 1856:. A relationship has been suggested between the spread of agriculture and the diffusion of 1550: 1136: 1093: 967: 852: 806: 792: 345: 247: 127: 53: 7508: 6783: 6113:"Parallel paleogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" 5942:"Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (5500-4200 BC) (Abstract)" 5615: 4953:

Callaway, Ewen (19 June 2014). "'Pit of bones' catches Neanderthal evolution in the act".

4625:"Lithic Assemblage Dated to 1.57 Million Years Found at Lézignan-la-Cébe, Southern France" 4180: 4133: 2426: 2039: 1020: 427:, 13th century) via the universal body of Christian texts, including the incorporation of 8: 9482: 9412: 9355: 9272: 9098: 8995: 8660: 8465: 8298: 7831: 7704: 7585: 7560: 7093: 7088: 6951: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6876: 6856: 6846: 6433: 5918: 5215: 3997: 3987: 3972: 3957: 3903: 3678: 3231: 3099: 3076: 2910: 2886: 2878: 2798: 2463: 2410: 2351: 2322: 2289: 2270: 1897: 1297: 1280: 1109: 745: 730: 369: 304: 6793: 6387: 6315: 6229: 6128: 5701:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

5572: 5263: 4863: 4676: 4525:"The Development of Social Stratification in Bronze Age Europe (and Comments and Reply)" 4256: 4083: 3898:

Various pre-Indo-European substrates have been postulated, but remain speculative; the "

3837:

DNA lineages in Europe being almost entirely replaced with EHG/WSH paternal DNA (mainly

2522: 2471: 2394:(c. 4500 BC) in Bulgaria, which developed the first known gold metallurgy in the world. 1901: 1452: 374: 9588: 9492: 9276: 9228: 9223: 9126: 9116: 9073: 8946: 8849: 8751: 8564: 7746: 7476: 7442: 7138: 7133: 7078: 7068: 7063: 7048: 7028: 7018: 6896: 6685: 6660: 6629: 6604: 6570: 6536: 6511: 6404: 6370: 6365: 6340: 6299: 6246: 6207: 6153: 6112: 6046: 6038: 5591: 5556: 5406: 5188: 4966: 4882: 4847: 4544: 4111: 3982: 3967: 3962: 3891:

at the very beginning of the Bronze Age, reaching Western Europe contemporary with the

3778:

According to a study in 2017, the early farmers belonged predominantly to the paternal

3732: 3477: 3152: 3133: 3080: 2625: 2498: 2232: 2149: 1970: 1656: 1647: 1586: 1342: 1258: 1219: 1199: 639: 457: 439:

languages continued to be the primary and best way to communicate and express ideas in

60: 3713: 3424: 3364: 2894: 1240: 388:, which on the contrary provides no links to the initiation of or a transition to the 9467: 9442: 9422: 9402: 9392: 9282: 9264: 9233: 9166: 9083: 9057: 8988: 8978: 8968: 8917: 8574: 8492: 7786: 7771: 7756: 7736: 7627: 7606: 7417: 7260: 7108: 6958: 6690: 6634: 6574: 6541: 6409: 6345: 6327: 6276: 6251: 6158: 6140: 6050: 5979: 5778: 5729: 5704: 5596: 5503: 5464: 5312: 5287: 5282: 5247: 5219: 5192: 5180: 5075: 4887: 4826: 4745: 4604: 4548: 4103: 3992: 3779: 3496: 3393:) founded their first colony at the entrance of the Atlantic Ocean, in Gadir (modern 3378: 3360: 3261: 3246: 3171: 2967:

started working bronze, a technique that reached them through the Balkans and Danube.

2960: 2861: 2422: 2387: 1913: 1795: 1620: 1582: 1576: 1346: 1232: 1152: 1141: 552: 408: 333: 296: 286: 270: 196: 72: 44: 5410: 4970: 2467: 2447:

production facility approximately six millennia ago; it flourished ca 4700–4200 BC.

9457: 9372: 9317: 9287: 9238: 9198: 9181: 9171: 9106: 9078: 8983: 8890: 8633: 8416: 8216: 8136: 8092: 7892: 7714: 7565: 7525: 6680: 6672: 6624: 6616: 6562: 6531: 6523: 6399: 6391: 6335: 6319: 6241: 6233: 6212: 6148: 6132: 6030: 5790: 5586: 5576: 5456: 5398: 5277: 5267: 5170: 5162: 4958: 4877: 4867: 4737: 4702: 4536: 4260: 4115: 4095: 4087: 3869: 3620: 3616: 3382: 3325: 3118: 3007: 2982: 2964: 2882: 2870: 2534: 2285: 2251: 2198: 2100: 2031: 1996: 1982: 1941: 1929: 1893: 1889: 1809: 1636: 1607: 1590: 1535: 1370: 159: 155: 8475: 8431: 5941: 2382: 2069:(Dniepr-Don culture). This area has the earliest evidence for domesticated horses. 1992: 385: 9497: 9472: 9260: 9243: 9088: 8864: 8834: 8596: 8524: 8502: 8460: 8355: 8325: 8190: 8185: 7836: 7719: 7290: 6761: 6379: 6221: 5581: 5246:

Kuhn, Steven L.; Stiner, Mary C.; Reese, David S.; Güleç, Erksin (19 June 2001).

5208: 4872: 4741: 3942: 3915: 3873: 3817:, the EEF-derived cultures of Europe were overwhelmed by successive invasions of 3790: 3759: 3435: 3423:

The second phase of the European Iron Age was defined particularly by the Celtic

3390: 3354: 3186: 2989: 2988:

c. 1600 BC, most of these Central European cultures were unified in the powerful

2952: 2936: 2783: 2518: 2451: 2043: 1953: 1860:, with several models of migrations trying to establish a relationship, like the 1820: 1701: 1671: 1316: 1236: 1182: 1177: 736: 490: 251: 192: 163: 151: 49: 4450: 2494: 2046:

of Austria and western Hungary, which would have a major role in later periods.

1163:

immigrated to Europe, debates remain about migration routes and the chronology.

9447: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9407: 9397: 9312: 9255: 9148: 9111: 8973: 8900: 8722: 8687: 8618: 8507: 8379: 8087: 7672: 7662: 7483: 7464: 6395: 6323: 4281: 3892: 3842: 3838: 3728: 3693: 3030: 2985:, after centuries of infiltration of Indo-European Greeks of an unknown origin. 2932: 2670: 2085: 1864:, which sets the origin of Indo-European agricultural terminology in Anatolia. 1639:

of farming, which, depending on the region, occurred 8,500 to 5,500 years ago.

1386: 1186: 1105: 961: 175: 6478: 5166: 4962: 2575:, of Mediterranean character, probably affected by eastern cultural influxes ( 1920:. The Starčevo culture marks its spread to the inland Balkan peninsula as the 1884:

culture. The Thessalian Neolithic culture soon evolved into the more coherent

9603: 9543: 9342: 8859: 8844: 8790: 8768: 8665: 8653: 8569: 8438: 8320: 8281: 8269: 8257: 7969: 7880: 7809: 7550: 7493: 7471: 7380: 7312: 7307: 7285: 6331: 6144: 5342: 4155: 3888: 3654: 3443: 2898: 2719: 2610: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2526: 2514: 2391: 2366: 2303: 2164: 2130: 2035: 1916:

of peoples and technological innovations including farming and ceramics from

1852:, who claim that the process was slow enough to have occurred mostly through 1837: 1602: 1381:

Around 19,000 BC, Europe witnesses the appearance of a new culture, known as

1254: 1056: 1043: 1003: 990: 944: 931: 885: 872: 829: 816: 769: 756: 713: 700: 662: 649: 627: 586: 573: 530: 517: 436: 424: 210: 131: 7400: 4905: 4726: 4382:"Lepenski Vir – Schela Cladovei culture's chronology and its interpretation" 2470:. Meanwhile, in the Mediterranean basin, several cultures (most notably the 9502: 9332: 9203: 9121: 8778: 8734: 8715: 8670: 8470: 8394: 8151: 8146: 8102: 7729: 7611: 7575: 7555: 7407: 7385: 7297: 6721: 6638: 6545: 6474: 6413: 6349: 6255: 6162: 6069: 5600: 5468: 5291: 5272: 5248:"Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant" 5184: 4891: 4749: 4264: 4107: 3929: 3810: 3751: 3447: 3003: 2996:

started Phase B, which was characterised by a detectable Aegean influence (

2971: 2922: 2832: 2768: 2572: 2377:

was a time of significant changes, the first of which was the invention of

2374: 2247: 1921: 1761: 1623:

began around 15,000 years ago. In Western Europe, the Early Mesolithic, or

1501: 1424: 1413: 1305: 1245: 1130: 1083:

Acheulean hand axes and hand axe-like implements, flint, 800,000–300,000 BC

908: 902: 846: 623: 496: 389: 361: 329: 183: 143: 118: 81: 8827: 6694: 5115:...The Mousterian stone tool industry of Neanderthals is characterized by… 2016: 9487: 9365: 9350: 9322: 9158: 8817: 8807: 8763: 8758: 8710: 8648: 8611: 8584: 8485: 8455: 8330: 8252: 8173: 8161: 7922: 7907: 7897: 7868: 7826: 7741: 7709: 7657: 7590: 7427: 7302: 7159: 4099: 3439: 3386: 3148: 3049: 3045: 2640: 1731: 1716: 1686: 1497: 1448: 1429: 1382: 1334: 1309: 1301: 1285: 1088: 6272:

European Archaeology as Anthropology: Essays in Memory of Bernard Wailes

6237: 6136: 5175: 4091: 3405: 2978:, fully of the Bronze Age, which may well have been a centralised state. 2567:), strongly embedded in the Atlantic Megalithic culture; the other near 373:

earliest record for the adoption of elements of farming can be found in

9250: 8961: 8854: 8812: 8628: 8591: 8554: 8450: 8037: 7949: 7776: 7677: 7650: 7570: 7368: 7322: 7233: 7201: 5460: 5424: 5402: 4600:

Europe, A Political Profile: An American companion to European politics

3814: 3401: 3079:

complex) was now displaced towards Great Britain. Also about then, the

3053: 2813: 2432: 2008: 1881: 1833: 1520: 1444: 1401: 1378:) is the most outstanding form of creative expression of such peoples. 976: 631: 428: 393: 341: 321: 138: 89: 6042: 3013:

Around 1300 BC, the Indo-European cultures of Central Europe, such as

2568: 638:

industry, and incised bones that may be the earliest example of human

381: 9297: 8869: 8638: 8623: 8221: 8206: 8131: 8114: 8032: 7917: 7858: 7848: 7843: 7766: 7645: 7533: 7459: 7226: 7216: 6801: 6288:

show that the migrants included both men and women from the steppes."

5851:

Re-Examining Late Chalcolithic Cultural Collapse in South-East Europe

5794: 3899: 3586: 3533: 3413: 3022: 2909:

culture decayed and was substituted by the new palatine phase of the

2905:

Simultaneously but unrelatedly, in 2200 BC in the Aegean region, the

2586: 2529:

in Bulgaria (3300 BC), shows the first evidence of pseudo-bronze (or

2266: 1966: 1924:

culture did along the Adriatic coastline. It forms part of the wider

1896:(Karanovo I-III ca. 62nd to 55th centuries BC) which was part of the 1877: 1829: 1417: 1354: 1250: 1121: 635: 617: 608: 603: 420: 354: 350: 99: 9026: 6724:

ed., pp. 36–63. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.

4451:"Early metallurgy: copper smelting, Belovode, Serbia: Vinča culture" 2362: 1206:), stone tools that first appeared approximately 160,000 years ago. 9507: 9302: 8643: 8579: 8426: 8384: 8119: 8027: 7902: 7724: 7687: 7667: 6676: 6620: 6566: 6527: 6034: 5849: 5748:

Istorijski atlas, Intersistem Kartografija, Beograd, 2010, page 11.

4540: 4524: 4381: 3846: 3834: 3567: 3428: 3409: 3037: 3026: 2993: 2975: 2906: 2582: 2517:

emerged circa 3500 BC, extending more or less across the region of

2436: 2194: 2050: 2004: 1949: 1945: 1917: 1841: 1632: 1482: 1359: 1326: 917: 861: 679: 412: 188: 170: 5779:"Monte d'Accoddi and the end of the Neolithic in Sardinia (Italy)" 3910:" (which may itself have been an early form of Indo-European), a " 3394: 3389:, benefitting from the disappearance of the Greek maritime power ( 9377: 9188: 8705: 8497: 8443: 8389: 8211: 8017: 7927: 7781: 7682: 7640: 7503: 7422: 7375: 7363: 5901:

Survival of Information: the earliest prehistoric town in Europe

5724:

Whittle, Alasdair; Hofmann, Daniela; Bailey, Douglass W. (2008).

5445: 3674: 3103: 3057: 3048:, who attacked Egypt unsuccessfully for some time, including the 3018: 2981:

c. 1700 BC is considered a reasonable date to place the start of

2594: 2590: 2530: 2462:

In the western Danubian region (the Rhine and Seine basins), the

2066: 2062: 1958: 1873: 1624: 1612: 1594: 1409: 1350: 1330: 1249:

fossils found in Bacho Kiro cave consist of a pair of fragmented

1173: 1113: 1101: 786: 505: 344:, and advanced north, following the retreating ice sheets of the 316: 5875:"Bulgarians find oldest European town, a salt production center" 2483: 1396: 443:

and the sciences all over Europe until the early modern period.

8773: 8310: 8288: 8141: 8077: 8022: 7412: 7390: 7358: 7332: 6749: 6110: 3061: 2998: 2944: 2704: 2577: 2440: 2398: 2179: 2012: 1988: 1885: 1363: 1293: 1228: 1190: 1087:

The climatic record of the Paleolithic is characterised by the

365: 266: 6189:"When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved" 6073:. Faculty of Science - University of Copenhagen. 4 April 2017. 3868:

The written linguistic record in Europe first begins with the

1288:

culture, introduced by modern humans, is characterized by cut

1074: 415:

about 1200 BC, finally arriving in Northern Europe by 500 BC.

8839: 8559: 8293: 8247: 8109: 7964: 7912: 7488: 7454: 4845: 3635: 3511: 3087:, appeared in central Italy, possibly with an Aegean origin. 3014: 2914: 2479: 2435:("The Saltworks"), a prehistoric town located in present-day 1933: 1776: 1227:

arrived in Europe around 46,000 and 43,000 years ago via the

432: 340:

Homo sapiens later populated the entire continent during the

300: 255: 4521: 4298:...Neanderthals inhabited Eurasia from the Atlantic regions… 4241: 3434:

The decline of Celtic power under the expansive pressure of

3025:, changed the cultural phase conforming to the expansionist 8785: 8746: 8226: 8082: 8012: 7932: 7804: 7317: 3417: 3374: 3065: 3034: 2928: 2444: 1892:

on the territory of modern day Bulgaria, was another early

1289: 6658: 6603:

Finnilä, Saara; Lehtonen, Mervi S.; Majamaa, Kari (2001).

6595:

Cavalli-Sforza L.L., Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza. 1994.

6508: 6297: 6065:"Steppe migrant thugs pacified by Stone Age farming women" 8097: 7863: 7821: 5151: 2439:, is believed by archaeologists to be the oldest town in 1909: 5129:"Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought" 4822:

Palaeolithic Europe: A Demographic and Social Prehistory

4337:"Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought" 1973:

appeared without known origins very early (c. 7800 BC).

1257:

This site yielded the oldest known ornaments in Europe,

510:"early Homo adult with small brains but large body mass" 2571:(southeastern Spain), centred around the large town of 1400:

now-submerged region of the continental shelf known as

622:

Human molar tooth (considered to be the earliest human—

6762:

Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria

6602: 5751: 4985:"Oldest Ancient-Human DNA Details Dawn of Neandertals" 4762: 4570:"The Hittites: Civilization, History & Definition" 4039:"Oldest Human Fossil in Western Europe Found in Spain" 1243:

suggest. With an approximate age of 46,000 years, the

462: 269:

before the start of written records, beginning in the

6769:

Neolithic and Chalcolithic Artifacts from the Balkans

6718:

Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family

5554: 3793:, derivative of the Cro-Magnon population of Europe, 2598:

Danubian peoples had greatly modified their culture.

6269:

Crabtree, Pam J.; Bogucki, Peter (25 January 2017).

5914:"Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town" 5723: 5245: 2974:, in Southwestern Spain, was substituted by that of 6437:, Volume 91, Issue 356, April 2017, pp. 334 - 347. 5207: 4906:"Early Human Evolution: Homo ergaster and erectus" 4429:"Serbian site may have hosted first copper makers" 4130:"Prehistory – definition of prehistory in English" 2548:, the only sign of unity came from the Megalithic 1944:group of cultures. In parallel, the coasts of the 1832:is assumed to have arrived from the Near East via 6711:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 5809:"Ritual and Memory: Neolithic Era and Copper Age" 5534:"Chatelperronian Transition to Upper Paleolithic" 5481:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 5382: 4825:. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–18. 3887:Indo-European is assumed to have spread from the 3450:, but no longer European prehistory, as a whole. 2992:. Simultaneously but unrelatedly, the culture of 1872:Apparently related with the Anatolian culture of 9601: 6275:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 55. 5742: 4063:Carbonell, Eudald; et al. (27 March 2008). 1824:Chronology of agriculture introduction in Europe 1570: 6779:South East Europe pre-history summary to 700 BC 6479:"The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe" 6268: 6175: 5252:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3805:which expanded to Europe in the context of the 6206:Lipson, Mark; et al. (November 8, 2017). 5365:"Creativity in human evolution and prehistory" 5343:"Chapter 5: Hunting & Gathering Societies" 3404:) and the Iberian outpost of Emporion (modern 2061:Eastern Europe: basically central and eastern 2019:culture), influenced by the Danubian complex. 566:a 30 pebble culture, lithic tools, argon dated 451: 431:and Russia into the Orthodox cultural sphere. 9042: 7175: 6817: 6205: 5210:After Eden: The evolution of human domination 5105:. Smithsonian Institution. September 22, 2016 4476:"The oldest Copper Metallurgy in the Balkans" 4276: 4274: 3906:" substrates of the Mediterranean world, an " 3044:Derivations of the sudden expansion were the 2951:c. 2300 BC, the Central European cultures of 228: 6363: 5813:Institute for the Study of the Ancient World 5776: 3833:(CHG) admixture. These invasions led to EEF 3071:Simultaneously, around then, the culture of 2429:I) in what seems to have been an invasion. 2345: 1803: 1128:. Both types of tool sets are attributed to 6364:Juras, Anna; et al. (August 2, 2018). 6020: 5967: 5965: 5495: 5304: 5067: 5035: 2533:bronze), as does the Baden culture and the 1844:. There has been a long discussion between 1075:Lower and Middle Paleolithic human presence 332:arrived in Mediterranean Europe during the 9049: 9035: 7189: 7182: 7168: 6824: 6810: 6467: 5762:sfn error: no target: CITEREFChapman2000 ( 5664:UNESCO Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy 5616:"Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine" 4271: 3002:burials). About then, it is believed that 2544:took over southern Russia and Ukraine. In 2042:that was pre-eminent in the west, and the 235: 221: 6684: 6628: 6605:"Phylogenetic Network for European mtDNA" 6552: 6535: 6403: 6339: 6245: 6152: 5613: 5590: 5580: 5281: 5271: 5174: 5068:Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (1999). 4929:"Palaeontology: How Neanderthals evolved" 4881: 4871: 4355:"DNA Deciphers Roots of Modern Europeans" 4062: 3918:, or a more widespread presence of early 3431:, and other regions of France and Italy. 2373:Also known as "Copper Age", the European 6713:. Abingdon (GB): Brazen Head Publishing. 6645: 6599:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 6597:The History and Geography of Human Genes 5971: 5962: 5872: 4952: 4763:Arlette P. Kouwenhoven (May–June 1997). 4225:"Fossils Reveal Clues on Human Ancestor" 3750: 2927: 2865: 2493: 2361: 1819: 1606: 1325: 1104:, Georgia, and in Spain at sites in the 1078: 377:, a community with close cultural ties. 246: 5911: 5905: 5873:Maugh II, Thomas H. (1 November 2012). 5757: 5388: 5126: 5120: 5041: 4926: 2589:, France), a new unexpected culture of 1627:, began about 14,000 years ago, in the 1172:is found only in a contiguous range in 14: 9602: 6831: 5698: 4818: 3880:, in the case of Europe predominantly 3797:(EEF) introduced to Europe during the 3589:gold pectoral, Ukraine, 4th century BC 2182:, walled acropolis, Greece, c. 4800 BC 1719:drawings, Bulgaria, c. 8,000- 6,000 BC 1565:Antler carving, Magdalenian, 15,000 BC 1389:cultures continued to evolve locally. 1231:and entered the continent through the 9056: 9030: 8353: 7992: 7258: 7163: 6805: 6774:Central European Neolithic Chronology 6473: 5866: 5425:"Homo neanderthalensis Brief Summary" 5017:. Smithsonian Institution. 2010-02-14 4596: 4132:. oxford dictionaries. Archived from 3853: 2881:around 3200 BC. From 2500 BC the new 1969:(Spain), where the rare Neolithic of 1912:. It originates in the spread of the 1485:, Aurignacian, c. 41,000 to 35,000 BC 1468:Adorant from the Geißenklösterle cave 8354: 5614:Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). 5548: 5205: 4379: 4311:"Neanderthals' Last Stand Is Traced" 3914:" substrate ancestral to the modern 2513:In the Danubian region the powerful 2486:, the famous man found in the Alps. 2340:, Bosnia and Herzegovina, c. 5000 BC 1412:, in Spain and southern France, and 1209: 1144:tools and handaxes. The presence of 9564:History of the Mediterranean region 5939: 5854:(MA Thesis). University of Arkansas 5607: 3771:has also been made of ancient DNA. 1976: 1300:and bladelets struck from prepared 463:Oldest fossils, artifacts and sites 24: 6665:American Journal of Human Genetics 6609:American Journal of Human Genetics 6516:American Journal of Human Genetics 5827:"The Copper Age in northern Italy" 5692: 5345:. Florida International University 5127:Wilford, John Noble (2 Nov 2011). 4380:Rusu, Aurelian I. (January 2011). 4203:"Archaeological Site of Atapuerca" 3786:was also frequent in the farmers. 3740: 1867: 1470:, Aurignacian, 42,000 to 40,000 BC 1176:and the general acceptance of the 25: 9626: 8306:Megalithic architectural elements 6743: 6729:Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica 6583:The Dawn of European Civilization 5912:Squires, Nick (31 October 2012). 5847: 5829:. University of Arizona Libraries 5214:. Duke University Press. p. 4703:"Creationist Arguments: Orce Man" 4677:"Early human marks are "symbols"" 4245:Journal of Archaeological Science 2891:Scandinavian Single Grave culture 2490:Middle Chalcolithic, 4000-3000 BC 2413:, which substituted the previous 2065:and parts of southern Russia and 2022: 1235:, as the fossils at the sites of 1194:Neanderthal fossils and cultural 9549:Bibliography of European history 9144:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 7993: 6748: 6590:Prehistoric Migrations in Europe 5703:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 271. 5644:. Beloit College. Archived from 5044:"The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave" 4927:Cookson, Clive (June 27, 2014). 4018:Prehistory of Poland (until 966) 3762:Steppe pastoralist ancestry and 3721: 3705: 3686: 3666: 3647: 3628: 3609: 3594: 3579: 3560: 3545: 3526: 3504: 3489: 3470: 3455: 3408:). That occurred only after the 3333: 3318: 3303: 3288: 3269: 3254: 3239: 3224: 3209: 3194: 3179: 3160: 3141: 3126: 3111: 3092: 3083:, the possible precursor of the 2840: 2825: 2806: 2791: 2786:stone stele, Ukraine, c. 2600 BC 2776: 2761: 2742: 2727: 2712: 2697: 2682: 2663: 2648: 2633: 2618: 2603: 2405:Early Chalcolithic, 5500-4000 BC 2381:. This is first attested in the 2330: 2315: 2296: 2278: 2259: 2240: 2225: 2206: 2187: 2172: 2157: 2138: 2123: 2108: 2093: 2078: 2015:), and the area around Denmark ( 1904:is dating to the period between 1788: 1769: 1754: 1739: 1724: 1709: 1694: 1679: 1664: 1558: 1543: 1528: 1509: 1490: 1475: 1460: 1437: 204: 9574:History of Western civilization 9177:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8925:Evolutionary origin of religion 6784:Prehistoric art of the Pyrenees 6648:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6458: 6449: 6440: 6420: 6357: 6291: 6262: 6199: 6181: 6169: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6057: 6014: 5992: 5933: 5894: 5841: 5819: 5801: 5770: 5717: 5683: 5674: 5652: 5630: 5526: 5489: 5439: 5417: 5357: 5335: 5298: 5239: 5199: 5145: 5095: 5061: 5003: 4977: 4946: 4920: 4898: 4839: 4812: 4787: 4756: 4720: 4695: 4669: 4643: 4617: 4590: 4573:(Video & Lesson Transcript) 4562: 4515: 4493: 4468: 4443: 4421: 4399: 4373: 4347: 4329: 4303: 3895:, after about 5,000 years ago. 3604:gold helmet, Romania, c. 400 BC 3499:armour, Austria, 7th century BC 3381:, an Iron Age evolution of the 2537:(in the Aegean) after 2800 BC. 2474:in southeastern France and the 2466:displaced its predecessor, the 2369:elite burial, Bulgaria, 4500 BC 9418:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9361:Christianity in the modern era 9132:Christianity in late antiquity 5155:Nature Ecology & Evolution 4431:. UCL Institute of Archaeology 4235: 4217: 4205:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre 4195: 4173: 4148: 4122: 4056: 4031: 3766:across large parts of Eurasia. 3465:amphora, Greece, c. 975–950 BC 3369:Archaeology of Northern Europe 13: 1: 9569:History of the European Union 8538:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 8068:British megalith architecture 5978:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 5949:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 5499:European Prehistory: A Survey 5496:Milisauskas, Sarunas (2011). 5308:European Prehistory: A Survey 5305:Milisauskas, Sarunas (1974). 4181:"Herodotus – Ancient History" 4065:"The first hominin of Europe" 4024: 3924:Paleolithic continuity theory 3343:, Romania, c. 13th century BC 3219:ship model, Sardinia, 1000 BC 2855: 2692:figurine, Malta, 3300–3000 BC 1965:and related cultures) and in 1764:sculpture, Serbia, c. 7000 BC 1571:Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) 1341:Around 32,000 years ago, the 982:north-western habitat maximum 419:for the most remote regions ( 8533:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 8073:Nordic megalith architecture 5777:Grazia Melis, Maria (2011). 5582:10.1371/journal.pone.0020834 5042:Edwards, Owen (March 2010). 4873:10.1371/journal.pone.0075529 4742:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.03.005 4407:"Archaeological Exhibitions" 2877:Use of Bronze begins in the 2235:, Sardinia, c. 3500-3000 BC. 2133:figurine, Serbia, c. 5000 BC 1216:European early modern humans 1140:, particularly its specific 446: 7: 9528:Russian invasion of Ukraine 9139:Crisis of the Third Century 6176:Crabtree & Bogucki 2017 5071:A Dictionary of Archaeology 4156:"Ancient Scripts: Linear A" 3948:European megalithic culture 3935: 3864:Pre-Indo-European languages 3348: 3249:chariot, Russia, c. 2000 BC 3189:gold diadem, Spain, 1600 BC 3006:fell under the rule of the 2970:c. 1800 BC, the culture of 1926:Starčevo–Körös–Criş culture 452:Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) 280: 10: 9631: 9584:Military history of Europe 9579:Maritime history of Europe 8681:British Isles and Brittany 8602:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 6709:Piccolo, Salvatore. 2013. 6501: 6396:10.1038/s41598-018-29914-5 6324:10.1038/s41598-019-51045-8 6083:Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994 5699:Danver, Steven L. (2015). 5206:Sale, Kirkpatrick (2006). 5074:. Blackwell. p. 408. 4730:Journal of Human Evolution 4653:. VDCCI BG. Archived from 4282:"Neanderthal Anthropology" 3857: 3782:. The maternal haplogroup 3744: 3358: 3352: 3121:diadem, Greece, c. 1600 BC 3033:(conquering the secret of 2859: 2501:figurine, Romania, 4000 BC 2355: 2349: 1980: 1813: 1807: 1580: 1574: 1538:, Gravettian, c. 23,000 BC 1304:, rather than using crude 1261:to over 43,000 years ago. 1213: 693:most finds are stone tools 455: 368:, the earliest documented 284: 9554:Genetic history of Europe 9536: 9341: 9157: 9097: 9064: 8883: 8696: 8523: 8370: 8366: 8349: 8235: 8199: 8048: 8005: 8001: 7988: 7795: 7626: 7599: 7524: 7450: 7441: 7346: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7254: 7197: 7119: 6839: 6789:Paleolithic sanctuaries: 6581:Childe, V. Gordon. 1925. 5972:Haarmann, Harald (1996). 5391:Evolutionary Anthropology 5167:10.1038/s41559-020-1136-3 4963:10.1038/nature.2014.15430 4819:French, Jennifer (2021). 4535:(1). Academia.edu: 1–23. 3882:Indo-European linguistics 3747:Genetic history of Europe 3681:, Germany, 2nd century BC 2801:burial, Spain, c. 2500 BC 2346:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 2088:, Greece, c. 6000-5300 BC 1995:(Serbia and Romania) and 1928:. Practically all of the 1804:Neolithic (New Stone Age) 1734:, Netherlands, c. 8000 BC 1674:, Switzerland, c. 9000 BC 1116:tool discoveries, called 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 216: 202: 169: 137: 117: 110: 98: 88: 84:population of all regions 71: 59: 43: 36: 5660:"The Thaïs Bone, France" 5502:. Springer. p. 74. 4795:"Paleolithic settlement" 4603:. ABC-CLIO. p. 50. 4008:Prehistoric Transylvania 3860:Paleo-European languages 3831:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer 3825:, who carried about 60% 3756:Indo-European migrations 2873:marble figurine, 2700 BC 2554:Seine-Oise-Marne culture 2450:Meanwhile, the Danubian 2358:Old Europe (archaeology) 2118:, Bulgaria, 5th mill. BC 2103:, Bulgaria, 6th mill. BC 1816:Old Europe (archaeology) 1629:Franco-Cantabrian region 1517:Venus of Dolní Věstonice 1185:in Central Asia and the 360:The Mesolithic era site 295:suggest that during the 124:Old Europe (archaeology) 9559:History of Christianity 8913:Evolutionary musicology 8316:Oldest extant buildings 8243:Archaeological features 7762:Prepared-core technique 6588:Childe V.Gordon. 1950. 5783:Documenta Praehistorica 5463:(inactive 2024-09-13). 5103:"Homo neanderthalensis" 4799:Encyclopædia Britannica 4765:"World's Oldest Spears" 4501:"HISTORY OF METALLURGY" 4286:Encyclopædia Britannica 3827:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer 3807:Indo-European expansion 3803:Ancient North Eurasians 3764:Indo-European languages 2658:, Hungary, 4000-3600 BC 2656:Bodrogkeresztúr culture 2540:In Eastern Europe, the 2457:Bodrogkeresztur culture 2001:Linear Pottery Cultures 1991:(Thessaly) and related 1858:Indo-European languages 1747:Elk's Head of Huittinen 1599:Fosna–Hensbacka culture 1253:including at least one 1126:Mode 2-type assemblages 1118:Mode 1-type assemblages 357:about 8,000 years ago. 9383:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8875:Unchambered long cairn 8723:Mound Builders culture 8056:Neolithic architecture 7191:Prehistoric technology 6882:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6727:Venemann, Theo. 2003. 5567:(6). plosone: e20834. 5273:10.1073/pnas.121590798 4455:quantumfuturegroup.org 4386:Brukenthal. Acta Musei 4265:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834 4013:Prehistory of Brittany 3878:historical linguistics 3819:Western Steppe Herders 3795:Early European Farmers 3767: 3555:, Bulgaria, 400–300 BC 3553:Panagyurishte Treasure 3234:, Bulgaria, c. 1300 BC 3204:, Sardinia, c. 1600 BC 3073:Vila Nova de Sao Pedro 2940: 2874: 2565:Vila Nova de Sao Pedro 2502: 2370: 2214:Locmariaquer megaliths 2146:Linear Pottery culture 1876:, the Greek region of 1825: 1689:, Russia, c. 10,000 BC 1616: 1615:culture, c. 10,000 BC. 1395:Around 12,500 BC, the 1338: 1084: 441:liberal arts education 259: 148:Mycenaean civilization 9463:Industrial Revolution 8550:List of Stone Age art 7752:Microblade technology 7700:Langdale axe industry 7298:Ard / plough 6757:at Wikimedia Commons 6736:Europpalaisten Juuret 5880:The Los Angeles Times 4657:on September 15, 2016 4136:on September 25, 2016 3920:Finno-Ugric languages 3823:Pontic–Caspian steppe 3754: 3536:, Hallstatt culture, 3359:Further information: 3328:, Germany, c. 1100 BC 3298:, Germany, c. 1000 BC 3264:, Italy, 1650–1150 BC 3168:Trundholm Sun Chariot 3085:Etruscan civilisation 2931: 2869: 2850:, Ireland, c. 2400 BC 2835:, Britain, c. 2400 BC 2643:, Ukraine, c. 3800 BC 2497: 2365: 2356:Further information: 2053:) and southern Italy. 1963:Dniepr-Donets culture 1952:, the bearers of the 1854:cultural transmission 1823: 1814:Further information: 1798:, Britain, c. 9000 BC 1749:, Finland, c. 6500 BC 1635:) and ended with the 1610: 1581:Further information: 1353:). By 24,000 BC, the 1329: 1169:Homo neanderthalensis 1155:generally agree that 1153:palaeoanthropologists 1082: 456:Further information: 312:Homo neanderthalensis 250: 78:Homo neanderthalensis 66:Homo neanderthalensis 9615:Prehistory of Europe 9518:European debt crisis 9513:European integration 9453:Age of Enlightenment 9293:Republic of Florence 8957:Prehistoric medicine 8952:Prehistoric counting 8935:Prehistoric religion 8930:Paleolithic religion 8908:Behavioral modernity 8265:Causewayed enclosure 8157:Abri de la Madeleine 7281:Neolithic Revolution 6755:Prehistory of Europe 6734:Wiik, Kalevi. 2002. 6555:Current Anthropology 6092:Metspalu et al. 2004 5370:. Arizona University 5029:Homo heidelbergensis 5013:Homo heidelbergensis 4597:Slomp, Hans (2011). 4529:Current Anthropology 4317:. September 13, 2006 4231:. 20 September 2007. 4003:Prehistoric Scotland 3953:Mediterranean Europe 3799:Neolithic Revolution 3341:Bronze chariot wheel 3136:, Greece, c. 1300 BC 2735:Funnelbeaker culture 2707:, Greece, c. 4000 BC 1938:Proto-Linear Pottery 1936:, gave birth to the 1862:Anatolian hypothesis 1611:Thaïs bone, France, 1551:Venus of Brassempouy 1189:in the North to the 1161:Homo heidelbergensis 1146:Homo heidelbergensis 1137:Homo heidelbergensis 1094:North European Plain 968:Homo heidelbergensis 853:Homo heidelbergensis 807:Homo heidelbergensis 793:Homo heidelbergensis 731:Pleistocene mandible 346:last glacial maximum 54:Homo heidelbergensis 9483:Revolutions of 1848 9413:Early modern France 9194:Anglo-Saxon England 9099:Classical antiquity 8996:Prehistoric warfare 7742:Magdalenian culture 7705:Levallois technique 7636:Earliest toolmaking 7120:States with limited 6738:. Athens: Juvaskylä 6477:(January 6, 2009). 6464:Adams and Otte 1999 6388:2018NatSR...811603J 6316:2019NatSR...916883O 6238:10.1038/nature24476 6230:2017Natur.551..368L 6193:Scientific American 6137:10.1038/nature24476 6129:2017Natur.551..368L 6101:Achilli et al. 2004 6002:. Alterling ucoz de 5919:The Daily Telegraph 5573:2011PLoSO...620834P 5264:2001PNAS...98.7641K 4989:Scientific American 4864:2013PLoSO...875529M 4257:2003JArSc..30..275B 4092:10.1038/nature06815 4084:2008Natur.452..465C 4043:Popular-archaeology 3998:Prehistoric Romania 3988:Prehistoric Ireland 3978:Prehistoric Hungary 3973:Prehistoric Georgia 3958:Prehistoric Britain 3694:Broighter gold boat 3385:. Around then, the 3313:, France, c. 900 BC 3232:Valchitran treasure 3106:, Crete, c. 1700 BC 3077:Atlantic Bronze Age 2887:Corded Ware culture 2799:Bell Beaker culture 2771:, Spain, c. 3100 BC 2613:, Bulgaria, 4500 BC 2464:Michelsberg culture 2411:Sredny Stog culture 2352:Chalcolithic Europe 2325:, Sardinia, 4500 BC 2323:Bonu Ighinu culture 1898:Danube civilization 1296:points, fine flint 1053: / 1000: / 941: / 923:proposed subspecies 882: / 826: / 766: / 746:Atapuerca Mountains 710: / 659: / 583: / 527: / 429:East Slavic peoples 305:Atapuerca Mountains 33: 9610:Prehistoric Europe 9589:Crusading movement 9493:Russian Revolution 9328:Hundred Years' War 9224:Maritime republics 9127:Early Christianity 9117:Hellenistic period 9074:Paleolithic Europe 8947:Origin of language 8940:Spiritual drug use 8850:Rectangular dolmen 8752:Dartmoor kistvaens 8565:Carved stone balls 8277:Circular enclosure 8236:Other architecture 8179:Alp pile dwellings 7767:Solutrean industry 7678:Gravettian culture 7328:Secondary products 6833:Prehistoric Europe 6592:. Oslo: Aschehoug. 6585:. New York: Knopf. 6371:Scientific Reports 6304:Scientific Reports 6023:American Antiquity 5461:10.4436/JASS.92007 5403:10.1002/evan.20103 4651:""Kozarnika" cave" 4503:. HistoryWorld.net 4359:The New York Times 4343:. 2 November 2011. 4341:The New York Times 4315:The New York Times 4288:. January 29, 2015 4229:The New York Times 4160:Ancientscripts.com 3983:Prehistoric Iberia 3968:Prehistoric France 3963:Prehistoric Cyprus 3854:Linguistic history 3768: 3478:Villanovan culture 3373:Though the use of 3134:Treasury of Atreus 3081:Villanovan culture 2943:Though the use of 2941: 2875: 2737:, Denmark, 3200 BC 2722:, Hungary, 3300 BC 2626:Cucuteni-Trypillia 2507:Cucuteni-Trypillia 2503: 2388:Khavalynsk culture 2371: 2167:, Germany, 4900 BC 1971:La Almagra Pottery 1826: 1657:Ceramic Mesolithic 1648:Vere Gordon Childe 1617: 1587:British Mesolithic 1343:Gravettian culture 1339: 1220:Paleolithic Europe 1200:Mousterian culture 1085: 640:symbolic behaviour 458:Paleolithic Europe 263:Prehistoric Europe 260: 61:Middle Paleolithic 31:Prehistoric Europe 29: 18:European Stone Age 9597: 9596: 9523:COVID-19 pandemic 9468:French Revolution 9443:Habsburg monarchy 9423:Cossack Hetmanate 9403:Portuguese Empire 9393:Absolute monarchy 9388:Thirty Years' War 9283:Holy Roman Empire 9208:Bulgarian Empire 9167:Early Middle Ages 9084:Bronze Age Europe 9058:History of Europe 9024: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9015: 8969:Prehistoric music 8918:music archaeology 8575:Cup and ring mark 8400:Clothing/textiles 8345: 8344: 8341: 8340: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7787:Yubetsu technique 7772:Striking platform 7737:Lithic technology 7622: 7621: 7607:Game drive system 7526:Projectile points 7418:Mortar and pestle 7157: 7156: 6753:Media related to 6282:978-1-934536-90-2 6123:(7680): 368–372. 5940:Nikolov, Vassil. 5848:Smith, Harvey B. 5735:978-1-78297-481-9 5648:on 30 April 2001. 5509:978-1-4419-6633-9 5318:978-1-4419-6633-9 5258:(13): 7641–7646. 5081:978-0-631-17423-3 4078:(7186): 465–469. 3993:Prehistoric Italy 3780:Haplogroup G-M201 3712:Chariot fitting, 3497:Hallstatt culture 3438:(originally from 3379:Hallstatt culture 3361:Hallstatt culture 3262:Terramare culture 3247:Sintashta culture 2862:Bronze Age Europe 2423:Kurgan hypothesis 2379:copper metallurgy 2197:megalithic tomb, 1914:Neolithic package 1894:Neolithic culture 1796:Star Carr pendant 1779:animal figurine, 1621:Balkan Mesolithic 1583:Balkan Mesolithic 1577:Mesolithic Europe 1347:Crimean Mountains 1259:Radiocarbon dated 1233:Danubian corridor 1210:Upper Paleolithic 1092:Scandinavia, the 1072: 1071: 1021:Schöningen Spears 663:43.650°N 22.700°E 531:41.317°N 44.200°E 409:European Iron Age 334:Upper Paleolithic 297:Lower Paleolithic 287:History of Europe 271:Lower Paleolithic 245: 244: 211:Europe portal 197:Hallstatt culture 73:Upper Paleolithic 45:Lower Paleolithic 16:(Redirected from 9622: 9458:Great Divergence 9373:Age of Discovery 9318:Late Middle Ages 9288:High Middle Ages 9199:Byzantine Empire 9182:Christianization 9172:Migration Period 9107:Classical Greece 9079:Neolithic Europe 9051: 9044: 9037: 9028: 9027: 8984:Divje Babe flute 8891:Archaeoastronomy 8634:Petrosomatoglyph 8368: 8367: 8351: 8350: 8200:Water management 8003: 8002: 7990: 7989: 7893:Denticulate tool 7715:Lithic reduction 7448: 7447: 7269: 7268: 7256: 7255: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7099:Northern Ireland 6840:Sovereign states 6826: 6819: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6752: 6698: 6688: 6655: 6642: 6632: 6615:(6): 1475–1484. 6578: 6549: 6539: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6438: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6407: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6343: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6249: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5969: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5909: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5795:10.4312/dp.38.16 5774: 5768: 5767: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5584: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5472: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5285: 5275: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5213: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5178: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5022: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4991:. March 14, 2016 4981: 4975: 4974: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4875: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4683:. March 16, 2004 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4629:Anthropology.net 4621: 4615: 4614: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4409:. Duncancaldwell 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4069: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4035: 3821:(WSHs) from the 3791:hunter-gatherers 3735:, 1st century BC 3725: 3709: 3690: 3670: 3661:, 4th century BC 3651: 3632: 3617:Battersea Shield 3613: 3598: 3583: 3574:, 3rd century BC 3564: 3549: 3530: 3508: 3493: 3480:warrior burial, 3474: 3459: 3412:could reconquer 3383:Urnfield culture 3337: 3326:Urnfield culture 3322: 3311:Bronze cuirasses 3307: 3292: 3273: 3258: 3243: 3228: 3213: 3198: 3183: 3164: 3145: 3130: 3115: 3096: 3008:Mycenaean Greeks 2983:Mycenaean Greece 2883:Catacomb culture 2871:Cycladic culture 2844: 2829: 2810: 2795: 2780: 2765: 2746: 2731: 2716: 2701: 2686: 2667: 2652: 2637: 2628:pottery, Ukraine 2622: 2607: 2535:Cycladic culture 2523:Coțofeni culture 2472:Chasséen culture 2334: 2319: 2300: 2286:Hamangia culture 2282: 2263: 2244: 2229: 2210: 2191: 2176: 2161: 2142: 2127: 2116:Karanovo culture 2112: 2101:Karanovo culture 2097: 2082: 2032:Danubian culture 1983:Middle Neolithic 1977:Middle Neolithic 1930:Balkan Peninsula 1902:Starčevo culture 1890:Karanovo culture 1810:Neolithic Europe 1792: 1773: 1758: 1743: 1728: 1713: 1698: 1683: 1668: 1591:Irish Mesolithic 1562: 1547: 1536:Venus of Laussel 1532: 1513: 1500:cave paintings, 1494: 1479: 1464: 1453:Geissenklösterle 1441: 1371:stone technology 1345:appeared in the 1281:Levallois points 1068: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057:42.800°N 2.750°E 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1004:51.433°N 0.283°E 1001: 998: 997: 996: 993: 956: 955: 953: 952: 951: 946: 945:42.800°N 2.750°E 942: 939: 938: 937: 934: 897: 896: 894: 893: 892: 887: 886:50.850°N 0.700°W 883: 880: 879: 878: 875: 841: 840: 838: 837: 836: 831: 830:49.333°N 8.783°E 827: 824: 823: 822: 819: 781: 780: 778: 777: 776: 771: 770:42.367°N 3.500°W 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 725: 724: 722: 721: 720: 715: 714:37.717°N 2.467°W 711: 708: 707: 706: 703: 674: 673: 671: 670: 669: 664: 660: 657: 656: 655: 652: 598: 597: 595: 594: 593: 588: 587:43.483°N 3.433°E 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 563:Lézignan-la-Cébe 548:Lézignan-la-Cèbe 542: 541: 539: 538: 537: 532: 528: 525: 524: 523: 520: 467: 466: 258:, around 3150 BC 237: 230: 223: 209: 208: 207: 160:Lusatian culture 156:Cycladic culture 106:herding, pottery 94:Hunter-gatherers 38:Early Prehistory 34: 28: 21: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9532: 9498:Interwar period 9473:Napoleonic Wars 9337: 9308:Mongol invasion 9261:Crown of Aragon 9153: 9093: 9089:Iron Age Europe 9060: 9055: 9025: 9012: 8879: 8865:Stone box grave 8835:Megalithic tomb 8740:Cotswold-Severn 8692: 8597:Guardian stones 8525:Prehistoric art 8519: 8362: 8337: 8326:Timber trackway 8231: 8195: 8191:Wattle and daub 8044: 8023:Standing stones 7997: 7976: 7791: 7618: 7595: 7520: 7437: 7347:Food processing 7342: 7291:New World crops 7263: 7250: 7193: 7188: 7158: 7153: 7139:Northern Cyprus 7121: 7115: 7014:North Macedonia 6835: 6830: 6746: 6741: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6485:. Mark Liberman 6472: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6380:Nature Research 6362: 6358: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6267: 6263: 6222:Nature Research 6204: 6200: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6019: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5970: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5728:. Oxbow Books. 5722: 5718: 5711: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5612: 5608: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5474: 5473: 5449:J Anthropol Sci 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5303: 5299: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5204: 5200: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5135: 5125: 5121: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5040: 5036: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4933:Financial Times 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4761: 4757: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4361:. June 10, 2015 4353: 4352: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4240: 4236: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4022: 3943:Atlantic Europe 3938: 3916:Basque language 3866: 3858:Main articles: 3856: 3749: 3743: 3741:Genetic history 3736: 3726: 3717: 3714:La Tène culture 3710: 3701: 3691: 3682: 3671: 3662: 3652: 3643: 3642:, c. 300-100 BC 3633: 3624: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3531: 3522: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3485: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3436:Germanic tribes 3425:La Tène culture 3391:Greek Dark Ages 3371: 3365:La Tène culture 3357: 3355:Iron Age Europe 3351: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3299: 3296:Berlin Gold Hat 3293: 3284: 3274: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3187:Argaric culture 3184: 3175: 3165: 3156: 3146: 3137: 3131: 3122: 3116: 3107: 3097: 2990:Tumulus culture 2895:Vučedol culture 2864: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2836: 2830: 2821: 2811: 2802: 2796: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2750:Ljubljana Wheel 2747: 2738: 2732: 2723: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2629: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2542:Yamnaya culture 2519:Austria-Hungary 2510:to c. 3900 BC. 2476:Lagozza culture 2452:Lengyel culture 2360: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2264: 2255: 2245: 2236: 2233:Monte d'Accoddi 2230: 2221: 2211: 2202: 2192: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2153: 2143: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2104: 2098: 2089: 2083: 2044:Lengyel culture 2025: 1985: 1979: 1954:Cardium pottery 1870: 1868:Early Neolithic 1818: 1812: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1784: 1774: 1765: 1759: 1750: 1744: 1735: 1729: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1702:Roca dels Moros 1699: 1690: 1684: 1675: 1672:Venus of Monruz 1669: 1605: 1579: 1573: 1566: 1563: 1554: 1548: 1539: 1533: 1524: 1514: 1505: 1495: 1486: 1480: 1471: 1465: 1456: 1455:cave, 43,000 BC 1442: 1333:cave painting, 1317:Chatelperronian 1241:Peștera cu Oase 1237:Bacho Kiro cave 1222: 1214:Main articles: 1212: 1183:Altai Mountains 1108:basin and near 1077: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1031:Schoningen 1995 1025:wooden javelins 1008: 1006: 1002: 999: 994: 991: 989: 987: 986: 949: 947: 943: 940: 935: 932: 930: 928: 927: 890: 888: 884: 881: 876: 873: 871: 869: 868: 834: 832: 828: 825: 820: 817: 815: 813: 812: 774: 772: 768: 765: 760: 757: 755: 753: 752: 737:Homo antecessor 718: 716: 712: 709: 704: 701: 699: 697: 696: 684:tooth and tools 667: 665: 661: 658: 653: 650: 648: 646: 645: 591: 589: 585: 582: 577: 574: 572: 570: 569: 535: 533: 529: 526: 521: 518: 516: 514: 513: 491:Dmanisi skull 5 465: 460: 454: 449: 289: 283: 252:Tarxien Temples 241: 205: 203: 193:Germanic tribes 187: 164:Yamnaya culture 152:Korakou culture 112:Late Prehistory 105: 52: 50:Homo antecessor 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9628: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9448:Russian Empire 9445: 9440: 9438:British Empire 9435: 9433:Dutch Republic 9430: 9428:Swedish Empire 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9408:Spanish Empire 9405: 9400: 9398:Ottoman Empire 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9358: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9313:Serbian Empire 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9174: 9169: 9163: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9149:Late antiquity 9146: 9141: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9112:Roman Republic 9109: 9103: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9070: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9054: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9031: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9008: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8974:Alligator drum 8966: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8910: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8901:lunar calendar 8898: 8887: 8885: 8884:Other cultural 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8788: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8702: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8688:Venus figurine 8685: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8619:Megalithic art 8616: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8577: 8572: 8570:Cave paintings 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8535: 8529: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8372:Material goods 8364: 8363: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8291: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8250: 8245: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8171: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8095: 8090: 8088:Cliff dwelling 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 7999: 7998: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7673:Fire hardening 7670: 7665: 7663:Clovis culture 7660: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7632: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7586:Manis Mastodon 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7530: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7465:throwing stick 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7277: 7275: 7265: 7264: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7164: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7089:United Kingdom 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6902:Czech Republic 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6764: 6745: 6744:External links 6742: 6740: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6677:10.1086/302204 6671:(1): 232–249. 6656: 6643: 6621:10.1086/320591 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6567:10.1086/515804 6550: 6528:10.1086/425590 6522:(5): 910–918. 6505: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6466: 6457: 6448: 6446:Vennemann 2003 6439: 6419: 6356: 6290: 6281: 6261: 6198: 6195:. 1 July 2020. 6180: 6168: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6056: 6035:10.2307/280864 6013: 5991: 5985:978-3110146516 5984: 5961: 5932: 5904: 5893: 5865: 5840: 5818: 5800: 5769: 5760:, p. 237. 5750: 5741: 5734: 5716: 5709: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5651: 5629: 5606: 5547: 5525: 5508: 5488: 5455:(92): 233–55. 5438: 5416: 5397:(5): 167–182. 5381: 5356: 5334: 5317: 5297: 5238: 5224: 5198: 5161:(6): 794–801. 5144: 5133:New York Times 5119: 5094: 5080: 5060: 5034: 5002: 4976: 4945: 4919: 4897: 4858:(11): e75529. 4838: 4831: 4811: 4786: 4755: 4719: 4694: 4668: 4642: 4616: 4610:978-0313391811 4609: 4589: 4561: 4541:10.1086/202600 4514: 4492: 4467: 4442: 4420: 4398: 4372: 4346: 4328: 4302: 4270: 4234: 4216: 4194: 4172: 4147: 4121: 4055: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3893:Beaker culture 3855: 3852: 3829:(EHG) and 40% 3745:Main article: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3729:Dejbjerg wagon 3727: 3720: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3636:Broch of Mousa 3634: 3627: 3625: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3525: 3523: 3515:Hochdorf Grave 3510: 3503: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3486: 3476: 3469: 3467: 3463:Protogeometric 3461: 3454: 3353:Main article: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3260: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3147: 3140: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3098: 3091: 3042: 3041: 3031:Hittite Empire 3021:and certainly 3011: 2986: 2979: 2968: 2933:Nebra sky disk 2860:Main article: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2822: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2773: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2705:Dimini culture 2703: 2696: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2677:, 3600-3200 BC 2669: 2662: 2660: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2546:western Europe 2492: 2491: 2468:Rössen culture 2415:Dnieper-Donets 2350:Main article: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2302: 2295: 2293: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2212: 2205: 2203: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2144: 2137: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2107: 2105: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2086:Sesklo culture 2084: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2040:Rössen culture 2024: 2023:Late Neolithic 2021: 1981:Main article: 1978: 1975: 1908:6200 and 4500 1886:Sesklo culture 1869: 1866: 1808:Main article: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1783:, c. 12,000 BC 1775: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1670: 1663: 1575:Main article: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1553:, c. 23,000 BC 1549: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1523:, c. 29,000 BC 1515: 1508: 1506: 1504:, c. 30,000 BC 1496: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1443: 1436: 1387:epi-Gravettian 1211: 1208: 1187:Ural Mountains 1166:The fact that 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1016: 984: 979: 974: 971: 964: 962:Swanscombe Man 958: 957: 925: 920: 915: 912: 905: 899: 898: 891:50.850; -0.700 866: 864: 859: 856: 849: 843: 842: 810: 802: 799: 796: 789: 783: 782: 775:42.367; -3.500 750: 748: 743: 740: 733: 727: 726: 719:37.717; -2.467 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 676: 675: 668:43.650; 22.700 643: 632:core-and-flake 620: 615: 612: 606: 600: 599: 567: 564: 561: 558: 550: 544: 543: 536:41.317; 44.200 511: 508: 503: 500: 493: 487: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 464: 461: 453: 450: 448: 445: 364:in modern-day 303:region of the 282: 279: 243: 242: 240: 239: 232: 225: 217: 214: 213: 200: 199: 176:Ancient Greece 173: 167: 166: 141: 135: 134: 128:Indo-Europeans 121: 115: 114: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 92: 86: 85: 75: 69: 68: 63: 57: 56: 47: 41: 40: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9627: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9544:Art of Europe 9542: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9343:Modern period 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9045: 9040: 9038: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8860:Simple dolmen 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8845:Passage grave 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8791:Gallery grave 8789: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8706:Burial mounds 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8666:Statue menhir 8664: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8654:Stone carving 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8493:Sewing needle 8491: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8321:Timber circle 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8270:Tor enclosure 8268: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8258:fulacht fiadh 8256: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7494:spear-thrower 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7472:Bow and arrow 7470: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7381:Grinding slab 7379: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313:Domestication 7311: 7309: 7308:Digging stick 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7286:Founder crops 7284: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7227:New Stone Age 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7144:South Ossetia 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7118: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6974:Liechtenstein 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6461: 6452: 6443: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6001: 5995: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5968: 5966: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5897: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5853: 5852: 5844: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5754: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5710:9780765682222 5706: 5702: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5431:September 26, 5426: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109:September 26, 5104: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5064: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5030: 5021:September 26, 5016: 5014: 5006: 4995:September 26, 4990: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4908:. palomar edu 4907: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4832:9781108710060 4828: 4824: 4823: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4723: 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Penn Museum 4477: 4471: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4430: 4424: 4408: 4402: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4321:September 26, 4316: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4292:September 26, 4287: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251:(3): 275–80. 4250: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4204: 4198: 4183:. History com 4182: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4100:2027.42/62855 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3889:Pontic steppe 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655:Lady of Elche 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3626: 3623:, c.350–50 BC 3622: 3618: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3444:Lower Germany 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3342: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3277:Bronze swords 3272: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2899:Beaker people 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2849: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2720:Baden culture 2715: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2611:Varna culture 2606: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593:appears: the 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2550:super-culture 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Ezero culture 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515:Baden culture 2511: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2392:Varna culture 2389: 2384: 2383:Vinca culture 2380: 2376: 2368: 2367:Varna culture 2364: 2359: 2353: 2339: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:Tisza culture 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2165:Goseck Circle 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2131:Vinča culture 2126: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036:Boian culture 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:diffusionists 1847: 1846:migrationists 1843: 1839: 1838:Mediterranean 1835: 1831: 1828:The European 1822: 1817: 1811: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1603:Kunda culture 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1178:Out of Africa 1175: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1066: 1062:42.800; 2.750 1038: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009:51.433; 0.283 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 972: 970: 969: 965: 963: 960: 959: 954: 950:42.800; 2.750 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 913: 911: 910: 906: 904: 901: 900: 895: 867: 865: 863: 860: 857: 855: 854: 850: 848: 845: 844: 839: 835:49.333; 8.783 811: 809: 808: 803: 800: 797: 795: 794: 790: 788: 785: 784: 779: 751: 749: 747: 744: 741: 739: 738: 734: 732: 729: 728: 723: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 672: 644: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628:Homo ergaster 625: 621: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 596: 592:43.483; 3.433 568: 565: 562: 559: 557: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 540: 512: 509: 507: 504: 501: 499: 498: 494: 492: 489: 488: 468: 459: 444: 442: 438: 437:ancient Greek 434: 430: 426: 425:Eastern Balts 422: 416: 414: 410: 405: 401: 397: 395: 391: 387: 386:Vinča culture 383: 380:Belovode and 378: 376: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 347: 343: 338: 335: 331: 330:Modern humans 327: 323: 318: 314: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 288: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 257: 253: 249: 238: 233: 231: 226: 224: 219: 218: 215: 212: 201: 198: 194: 190: 185: 181: 177: 174: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 142: 140: 136: 133: 132:Varna culture 129: 125: 122: 120: 116: 113: 109: 103: 101: 97: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 76: 74: 70: 67: 64: 62: 58: 55: 51: 48: 46: 42: 39: 35: 32: 27: 19: 9503:World War II 9356:Early modern 9333:Kalmar Union 9204:Papal States 9122:Roman Empire 9065: 8801:wedge-shaped 8786:Funeral pyre 8779:Great dolmen 8735:Chamber tomb 8716:Round barrow 8671:Stone circle 8543:Blombos Cave 8471:Grooved ware 8395:Chalcolithic 8299:Thornborough 8217:Flush toilet 8152:Blombos Cave 8147:Rock shelter 8103:Quiggly hole 7995:Architecture 7970:illustration 7612:Buffalo jump 7433:Storage pits 7396:Aşıklı Höyük 7386:Ground stone 7222:Subdivisions 7149:Transnistria 6832: 6788: 6747: 6735: 6728: 6717: 6710: 6704:BMC Genetics 6703: 6668: 6664: 6651: 6647: 6612: 6608: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6561:(1): 73–77. 6558: 6554: 6519: 6515: 6489:22 September 6487:. Retrieved 6483:Language Log 6482: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6442: 6432: 6422: 6375: 6369: 6359: 6310:(1): 16883. 6307: 6303: 6293: 6271: 6264: 6217: 6211: 6201: 6192: 6183: 6178:, p. 55 6171: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070:ScienceDaily 6068: 6059: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6004:. Retrieved 5994: 5974: 5952:. Retrieved 5935: 5923:. Retrieved 5917: 5907: 5896: 5884:. Retrieved 5878: 5868: 5856:. Retrieved 5850: 5843: 5833:December 29, 5831:. Retrieved 5821: 5812: 5803: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5758:Chapman 2000 5753: 5744: 5725: 5719: 5700: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5646:the original 5642:Logan Museum 5641: 5638:"Mas d'Azil" 5632: 5620:. Retrieved 5609: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5540:December 31, 5538:. Retrieved 5528: 5520: 5513:. Retrieved 5498: 5491: 5477:cite journal 5452: 5448: 5441: 5429:. Retrieved 5419: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5374:December 31, 5372:. Retrieved 5359: 5349:December 31, 5347:. Retrieved 5337: 5329: 5322:. Retrieved 5311:. Springer. 5307: 5300: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5229:. 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Retrieved 4042: 4033: 3930:Donald Ringe 3928: 3908:Old European 3897: 3886: 3867: 3811:Chalcolithic 3788: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3448:protohistory 3433: 3422: 3399: 3372: 3070: 3043: 3004:Minoan Crete 2997: 2972:Los Millares 2942: 2923:Ciempozuelos 2919: 2903: 2876: 2833:Silbury Hill 2769:Los Millares 2690:Ħal Saflieni 2576: 2573:Los Millares 2563:(culture of 2558: 2539: 2512: 2504: 2461: 2449: 2431: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2375:Chalcolithic 2372: 2254:, c. 3700 BC 2248:Menga Dolmen 2026: 1986: 1922:Cardial ware 1905: 1871: 1849: 1845: 1827: 1762:Lepenski Vir 1655:section. A " 1652: 1645: 1641: 1637:introduction 1618: 1502:Chauvet Cave 1425:Tardenoisian 1422: 1414:Sauveterrian 1405: 1394: 1391: 1380: 1375: 1368: 1340: 1321:Homo sapiens 1320: 1314: 1279:. Tools and 1277:Homo sapiens 1276: 1274: 1270:Homo sapiens 1269: 1267: 1263: 1246:Homo sapiens 1244: 1225:Homo sapiens 1224: 1223: 1203: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1157:Homo erectus 1156: 1150: 1145: 1135: 1131:Homo erectus 1129: 1125: 1117: 1098: 1086: 1034: 981: 966: 922: 909:Homo erectus 907: 903:Tautavel Man 851: 847:Boxgrove Man 805: 791: 735: 690:Venta Micena 624:Homo erectus 497:Homo erectus 495: 485:Coordinates 417: 406: 402: 398: 390:Chalcolithic 379: 362:Lepenski Vir 359: 339: 310: 309: 290: 262: 261: 184:Ancient Rome 144:Minoan Crete 119:Chalcolithic 111: 104:Agriculture, 82:Homo sapiens 37: 30: 26: 9488:World War I 9478:Nationalism 9366:Reformation 9351:Renaissance 9323:Black Death 9256:Kievan Rus' 9159:Middle Ages 8823:unchambered 8818:Long barrow 8808:Grave goods 8764:Court cairn 8759:Clava cairn 8711:Bowl barrow 8649:Rock cupule 8592:Golden hats 8585:Hill figure 8486:Unstan ware 8466:Cord-marked 8331:Sweet Track 8253:Burnt mound 8174:Stilt house 8162:Sibudu Cave 7955:Tally stick 7923:Quern-stone 7908:Hammerstone 7898:Fire plough 7869:Pesse canoe 7827:Bannerstone 7797:Other tools 7710:Lithic core 7658:Aurignacian 7546:Bare Island 7428:Quern-stone 7122:recognition 7074:Switzerland 7009:Netherlands 6224:: 368–372. 5789:: 207–219. 5680:Childe 1925 5536:. About.com 5231:11 November 5048:Smithsonian 4955:Nature News 4938:October 28, 4769:Archaeology 4707:Talkorigins 3874:early Greek 3700:, c. 100 BC 3602:Geto-Dacian 3440:Scandinavia 3387:Phoenicians 3281:Switzerland 3149:Bush Barrow 3056:?) and the 3050:Philistines 3046:Sea Peoples 2913:culture of 2848:Gold lunula 2641:Maidanetske 2561:Estremadura 1732:Pesse canoe 1717:Magura Cave 1687:Shigir Idol 1498:Aurignacian 1449:Aurignacian 1430:Maglemosian 1383:Magdalenian 1337:, 15,000 BC 1335:Magdalenian 1310:Aurignacian 1286:Aurignacian 1196:assemblages 1106:Guadix-Baza 1089:Pleistocene 1060: / 1035:active hunt 1007: / 948: / 889: / 833: / 773: / 717: / 666: / 590: / 534: / 482:Information 353:during the 326:assemblages 315:emerged in 293:assemblages 9604:Categories 9251:Viking Age 9066:Prehistory 8962:trepanning 8855:Ring cairn 8813:Jar burial 8796:transepted 8728:U.S. sites 8629:Petroglyph 8555:Bird stone 8513:wine press 8186:Stone roof 8169:Roundhouse 8061:long house 8038:Stonehenge 8006:Ceremonial 7950:Stone tool 7777:Tool stone 7747:Metallurgy 7651:Mousterian 7628:Toolmaking 7566:Cumberland 7539:Transverse 7509:Schöningen 7401:Qesem cave 7369:Earth oven 7323:Irrigation 7234:Technology 7202:Prehistory 7044:San Marino 7004:Montenegro 6984:Luxembourg 6964:Kazakhstan 6867:Azerbaijan 6654:: 273–315. 6475:Ringe, Don 6455:Wiik 2002. 6029:(4): 763. 6006:January 1, 5954:1 November 5925:1 November 5886:1 November 5858:January 1, 5225:0822339382 5138:2012-04-19 5053:17 October 4025:References 3872:record of 3815:Bronze Age 3813:and early 3534:Vix palace 3402:Marseilles 3102:palace at 3064:and later 3054:Pelasgians 2856:Bronze Age 2814:Stonehenge 2433:Solnitsata 2009:Megalithic 1882:pre-Sesklo 1834:Asia Minor 1521:Gravettian 1445:Bone flute 1418:microliths 1408:cultures: 1402:Doggerland 1349:(southern 977:Swanscombe 556:Assemblage 394:Copper Age 342:Mesolithic 322:Mousterian 285:See also: 265:refers to 139:Bronze Age 90:Mesolithic 9298:Feudalism 9269:Catalonia 9006:symbolism 8870:Tor cairn 8828:Grønsalen 8769:Cremation 8661:Sculpture 8639:Pictogram 8624:Petroform 8444:amber use 8412:Cosmetics 8222:Reservoir 8207:Check dam 8137:Pueblitos 8132:Pit-house 8115:Longhouse 8049:Dwellings 7918:Microlith 7849:Bow drill 7844:Bone tool 7837:prismatic 7646:Acheulean 7561:Cresswell 7534:Arrowhead 7460:Boomerang 7376:Granaries 7338:Terracing 7217:Stone Age 6979:Lithuania 6575:143134729 6434:Antiquity 6382:: 11603. 6378:(11603). 6332:2045-2322 6145:0028-0836 6051:163672997 5193:218593433 4577:Study.com 4549:145631324 3904:Tyrsenian 3900:Pelasgian 3870:Mycenaean 3414:Catalonia 3283:, 1000 BC 3174:, 1500 BC 3155:, 1900 BC 3119:Mycenaean 3023:Illyrians 2961:Straubing 2957:Adlerberg 2939:, 1800 BC 2820:, 2500 BC 2756:, 3150 BC 2671:Ħaġar Qim 2587:Aquitaine 2531:arsenical 2427:Cernavodă 2310:, 5300 BC 2273:, 3200 BC 2267:Newgrange 2220:, 4500 BC 2201:, 4000 BC 2152:, 5000 BC 2017:Ertebölle 2011:burials ( 1967:Andalusia 1957:found in 1830:Neolithic 1653:Neolithic 1406:microlith 1355:Solutrean 1251:mandibles 1151:Although 1122:Acheulean 1110:Atapuerca 804:earliest 636:Acheulian 618:Kozarnika 609:limestone 604:Kozarnika 447:Stone Age 421:Greenland 370:sedentary 355:Neolithic 351:Near East 324:cultural 275:Histories 180:Thracians 100:Neolithic 9537:See also 9508:Cold War 9303:Crusades 9273:Valencia 8644:Rock art 8607:painting 8580:Geoglyph 8405:timeline 8385:Beadwork 8125:Mehrgarh 8120:Mudbrick 8028:megalith 7903:Fire-saw 7725:debitage 7720:analysis 7688:Hand axe 7668:Cupstone 7246:Glossary 7207:Timeline 7129:Abkhazia 7104:Scotland 7059:Slovenia 7054:Slovakia 7029:Portugal 6887:Bulgaria 6722:R. Drews 6639:11349229 6546:15382008 6414:30072694 6350:31729399 6256:29144465 6220:(7680). 6163:29144465 5601:21698105 5561:PLOS ONE 5469:25020018 5411:85316570 5292:11390976 5185:32393865 5087:1 August 4971:88427585 4892:24278105 4852:PLOS ONE 4750:21531443 4681:BBC News 4108:18368116 3936:See also 3912:Vasconic 3847:maternal 3835:paternal 3716:, France 3679:Manching 3640:Scotland 3587:Scythian 3572:Bulgaria 3568:Thracian 3540:, 500 BC 3521:, 530 BC 3484:, 730 BC 3429:druidism 3416:and the 3410:Iberians 3406:Empúries 3349:Iron Age 3038:smelting 3027:Urnfield 2994:El Argar 2976:El Argar 2963:and pre- 2907:Cycladic 2754:Slovenia 2673:temple, 2583:Dordogne 2499:Cucuteni 2437:Bulgaria 2338:Okolište 2290:Bulgaria 2195:Gavrinis 2051:Slavonia 2005:Moldavia 1997:Karanovo 1950:Dalmatia 1946:Adriatic 1942:Danubian 1918:Anatolia 1878:Thessaly 1842:Caucasus 1840:and the 1646:As what 1633:Holocene 1483:Lion-man 1360:Caucasus 918:Tautavel 862:Boxgrove 680:Orce Man 560:1.57 Mio 502:1.77 Mio 479:Location 473:Abstract 413:Hittites 375:Starčevo 281:Overview 189:Iberians 171:Iron Age 9378:Baroque 9277:Majorca 9189:Francia 9001:Symbols 8612:pigment 8498:Weaving 8461:Cardium 8456:Pottery 8451:Mirrors 8439:Jewelry 8380:Baskets 8360:culture 8212:Cistern 8018:Pyramid 7960:Weapons 7938:Scraper 7928:Racloir 7888:Cleaver 7876:Chopper 7782:Uniface 7693:Grooves 7683:Hafting 7641:Oldowan 7600:Systems 7551:Cascade 7514:woomera 7504:harpoon 7477:history 7443:Hunting 7423:Pottery 7364:Cooking 7273:Farming 7239:history 7212:Outline 7094:England 7084:Ukraine 7034:Romania 6994:Moldova 6952:Ireland 6947:Iceland 6942:Hungary 6932:Germany 6927:Georgia 6917:Finland 6912:Estonia 6907:Denmark 6892:Croatia 6877:Belgium 6872:Belarus 6862:Austria 6857:Armenia 6852:Andorra 6847:Albania 6695:9915963 6686:1377722 6630:1226134 6537:1182122 6502:Sources 6405:6072757 6384:Bibcode 6341:6858343 6312:Bibcode 6247:5973800 6226:Bibcode 6154:5973800 6125:Bibcode 5815:. 2022. 5622:21 June 5592:3117838 5569:Bibcode 5324:June 8, 5260:Bibcode 4883:3835824 4860:Bibcode 4253:Bibcode 4116:4401629 4080:Bibcode 3902:" and " 3845:). 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