Homo antecessor - Knowledge

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into the European Acheulean industry independently from African counterparts, or if the Acheulean was brought up from Africa and diffused across Europe. In 2020 French anthropologist Marie-Hélène Moncel argued the appearance of typical Achuelean bifaces 700,000 years ago in Europe was too sudden to be the result of completely independent evolution from local technologies, so there must have been influence from Africa. Wearing on the TD6 stone tools is consistent with repeated abrasion against flesh, so they were probably used as butchering implements.

1885: 152: 1542: 2121: 6324: 2804: 2481: 6348: 2472: 1896: 2407: 1746: 6336: 2791:. Some specimens of the former eight species and the monkey exhibit cut marks consistent with butchery, with about 13% of all Gran Dolina remains bearing some evidence of human modification. Deer are the most commonly butchered animal, with 106 specimens. The inhabitants seem to have carried carcasses back whole when feasible, and only the limbs and skulls of larger quarries. This indicates the Gran Dolina 2619: 2305:(lower estimate) and modern humans (upper). The molars are hardly worn at all, which means the individual died soon after the tooth erupted, and that first molar eruption occurred at roughly this age. The age is within the range of variation of modern humans, and this developmental landmark can debatably be correlated with life history. If the relation is true, 2233:, ATD6-22 and ATD6-56, are subrectangular in shape as opposed to the more common subtriangular, although rather narrow like those of modern humans. They are quite small and thin, falling at the lower end for modern human females. The apex of the kneecap (the area that does not join to another bone) is not well developed, leaving little attachment for the 2645:, the climate was probably similar or a few degrees warmer compared to that of today's, with the coldest average temperature reaching 2 °C (36 °F) sometime in December and January, and the hottest in July and August 18 °C (64 °F). Freezing temperatures could have been reached from November to March, but the presence of 2237:. The medial (toward the midline) facet and lateral (toward the sides) facet for the knee joint are roughly the same size as each other in ATD6-56 and the medial is larger in ATD6-22, whereas the lateral is commonly larger in modern humans. The lateral facet encroaches onto a straight flat area as opposed to being limited to a defined 2373:. In the case of ATD6-56, improper loading was likely the causal factor. Frequent squatting and kneeling can lead to this condition, but if the right knee bone ATD6-22 (that has no such trauma) belongs to the same individual, then this is unlikely to be the reason. If so, the lesion was caused by a local trauma, such as 2956:

peeled, and percussed. The muscles on all of the clavicles were sawed off to disconnect the shoulder. One radius, ATD6-43, was cut up and peeled. The femur was shattered, probably to extract the bone marrow. The hands and feet variably exhibit percussion, cutting, or peeling, likely a result of dismemberment.

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Although 41% of the section's assemblage consists of flakes, they are rather crude and large—averaging 38 mm × 30 mm × 11 mm (1.50 in × 1.18 in × 0.43 in)—either resulting from rudimentary knapping (stoneworking) skills or difficulty working such poor

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is Neanderthal-like, with thicker layers at the periphery than at the cusps. Based on two canine teeth (ATD6- 69 and ATD6-13), the thickness of the enamel and the proportion of the tooth covered by the gums vary to the same degree as for males and females of modern humans and many other apes, so this

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Nonetheless, the assemblage had a lack of older individuals, and was composed entirely of young adults and juveniles. In 2010 Carbonell hypothesised that they were practising exocannibalism and hunting down neighbouring tribesmen. In 2019, Spanish palaeoanthropologist Jesús Rodríguez and colleagues

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and 2, and in facies A, D1, and F. Randomly orientated scattered bones were deposited in Facies D1 of layer TD6.2.2 (TD6 subunit 2, layer 2) and Facies F of layers TD6.2.2 and TD6.2.3, but in Facies D they seem to have been conspicuously clumped into the northwest area. This might indicate they were

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Moncel, M.-H.; Santagata, C.; Pereira, A.; Nomade, S.; Voinchet, P.; Bahain, J.-J.; Daujeard, C.; Curci, A.; Lemorini, C.; Hardy, B.; Eramo, G.; Berto, C.; Raynal, J.-P.; Arzarello, M.; Mecozzi, B.; Iannucci, A.; Sardella, R.; Allegretta, I.; Delluniversità, E.; Terzano, R.; Dugas, P.; Jouanic, G.;

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In sum, mainly the meatier areas were prepared, and the rest discarded. This suggests they were butchering humans for nutritional purposes, but the face generally exhibits significantly more cutmarks than the faces of animals. When this is seen in prehistoric modern human specimens, it is typically

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The ribs also bear cut marks along the muscle attachments consistent with defleshing, and ATD6-39 has cuts along the length of the rib, which may be related to disembowelment. The nape muscles were sliced off, and the head and neck were probably detached from the body. The vertebrae were often cut,

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Toro-Moyano, I.; Martínez-Navarro, B.; Agustí, J.; Souday, C.; Bermúdez; de Castro, J.M.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Fajardo, B.; Duval, M.; Falguères, C.; Oms, O.; Parés, J.M.; Anadón, P.; Julià, R.; García-Aguilar, J.M.; Moigne, A.M.; Espigares, M.P.; Ros-Montoya, S.; Palmqvist, P. (2013). "The oldest

2095:(a forearm bone), ATD6-43, which could be male based on absolute size or female based on gracility, was estimated to have belonged to a 172.5 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall individual based on the average of equations among several modern populations relating radial length to stature. Based on 1572:

The stone tool assemblage at the Gran Dolina is broadly similar to several other contemporary ones across Western Europe, which may represent the work of the same species, although this is unconfirmable because many of these sites have not produced human fossils. In 2014 fifty footprints dating to

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was recovered from TD6, which has consequently become the most well researched unit of the site. In the first field seasons from 1994–1995, the dig team excavated a small test pit (to see if the unit warranted further investigation) in the southeast section measuring 6 m (65 sq ft).

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Martín-Francés, L.; Martinón-Torres, M.; de Pinillos, M. M.; Bayle, P.; Fernández-Colón, P.; García-Campos, C.; Modesto-Mata, M.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L.; de Castro, J. M. B. (2020). "Ectopic maxillary third molar in Early Pleistocene Homo antecessor from Atapuerca-Gran Dolina site (Burgos,

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They produced far fewer pebbles and spent more time knapping off flakes, but they were not particularly economic with their materials, and about half of the cores could have produced more flakes. They additionally modified irregular blanks into more workable shapes before flaking off pieces. This

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industry, characteristic of African and later European sites. The earliest evidence of typical Acheulean toolsets comes from Africa 1.75 million years ago, but the typical Acheulean toolset pops up in Western Europe nearly a million years later. It is debated if these early European sites evolved

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Despite being so ancient, the face is unexpectedly similar to that of modern humans rather than other archaic humans—namely in its overall flatness as well as the curving of the cheekbone as it merges into the upper jaw—although these elements are known only from a juvenile specimen. Brain volume

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They seem to have been using the same methods as the people who manufactured the TD6.2 tools. They were only retouching larger flakes, the fourteen such tools averaging 35 mm × 26 mm × 14 mm (1.38 in × 1.02 in × 0.55 in): one marginally retouched

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people whose foot bones failed under repeated, high intensity activity. Later Neanderthals would evolve a much more robust lower skeleton possibly to withstand such taxing movement across uneven terrain. Although only one other example of the condition has been identified (at Sima de los Huesos)

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walked. The long trochlea caused a short neck of the talus, which bridges the head of the talus connecting to the toes, and the body of the talus connecting to the leg. This somewhat converges with the condition exhibited in Neanderthals, which is generally explained as a response to a heavy and

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is known from roughly the same time and region; and because the type specimen was a child (the supposedly characteristic features could have disappeared with maturity.) Such restructuring of the face, they argued, can also be caused by regional climatic adaptation rather than speciation. In 2009

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is the second-most common species bearing evidence of butchering. Human bodies were efficiently utilised, and may be the reason why most bones are smashed or otherwise badly damaged. There are no complete skulls, elements from the face and back of the skull are usually percussed, and the muscle

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were dispatching hunting parties who killed and hauled back prey to share with the entire group rather than each individual foraging entirely for themselves, which evinces social cooperation and division of labour. Less than 5% of all the remains retain animal carnivore damage, in two instances

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particles have been collected from TD6, which probably originated from a fire well outside the cave. There is no evidence of any fire use or burnt bones (cooking) in the occupation sequences of the Gran Dolina. In other parts of the world, reliable evidence of fire usage does not surface in the

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had long and flattish (platycleidic) clavicles like other archaic humans. This would point to a broad chest. The proximal curvature (twisting of the bone on the side nearest the neck) in front view is on par with that of Neanderthals, but the distal curvature (on the shoulder side) is much more

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Welker, Frido; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Gutenbrunner, Petra; Mackie, Meaghan; Tiwary, Shivani; Rakownikow Jersie-Christensen, Rosa; Chiva, Cristina; Dickinson, Marc R.; Kuhlwilm, Martin; de Manuel, Marc; Gelabert, Pere; Martinón-Torres, María; Margvelashvili, Ann; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell,

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TD6.1 yielded 124 stone tools, but they are badly preserved as the area was also used by hyenas as a latrine, the urine corroding the area. The layer lacks pebbles and cores, and 44 of the stone tools are indeterminate. Flakes are much smaller with an average of 28 mm × 27 mm

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prints that are preserved well enough to measure are consistent with individuals ranging from 93 to 173 cm (3 ft 1 in to 5 ft 8 in) in stature, which may mean some of the trackmakers were children. By this logic, the three biggest footprints—equating to statures of

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de Castro, J. M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Gómez-Robles, A.; Prado-Simón, L.; Martín-Francésa, L.; Lapresa, M.; Olejniczaka, A.; Carbonell, E. (2011). "Early Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): A comparative morphological study".

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attachments on the face and the base of the skull were cut off. The intense modification of the face was probably to access the brain. The crown of the head was probably struck, resulting in the impact scars on the teeth at the gum line. Several skull fragments exhibit peeling.

2099:(foot bone) length, a male is estimated to have stood 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) and a female 168.9 cm (5 ft 6 in). These are all rather similar values. For comparison, Western European Neanderthal estimates average 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in), and 5136:

Blasco, R.; Blain, H.-A.; Rosell, J.; Díez, J. C.; Huguet, R.; Rodríguez, J.; Arsuaga, J. L.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E. (2011). "Earliest evidence for human consumption of tortoises in the European Early Pleistocene from Sima del Elefante, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain".

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behaviour) from the main entrance to the northwest, as well as a stronger debris flow from another entrance to the south. Fluvially deposited fossils (dragged in by a stream of water) were also recovered from Facies A in layers TD6.2.2, TD6.2.1 and TD6.1.2, indicated by

2558:). There are 62 flakes measuring below 20 mm (0.79 in) in height, and 28 above 60 mm (2.4 in). There are three conspicuously higher quality flakes, thinner and longer than the others, which may have been produced by the same person. There are also 1926:

archaic humans) as opposed to West Eurasian or African Middle Pleistocene archaic humans including Neanderthals. The most notable traits are a completely flat face and a curved zygomaticoalveolar crest (the bar of bone connecting the cheek to the part of the

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Rhodes, S.E.; Walker, M.J.; López-Jiménez, A.; López-Martínez, M.; Haber-Uriarte, M.; Fernández-Jalvo, Y.; Chazan, M. (2016). "Fire in the Early Palaeolithic: Evidence from burnt small mammal bones at Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar, Murcia, Spain".

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argued that — considering the high youth mortality rates in modern hunter-gatherer groups – the demographic is better explained as consuming fellow tribesmen (already dead from natural causes, war, or an accident), possibly simply to avoid wasting food.

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of M, where it was blocked from erupting at all. Although impaction of M is rather common in modern humans, as high as fifty percent in some populations, impaction of M is rare, as little as 0.08 to 2.3%. Impaction can lead to secondary lesions, such as

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specimens were recovered. The best preserved are ATD6-15 and ATD6-69 (possibly belonging to the same individual) that most clearly elucidate facial anatomy. Subsequent field seasons have yielded about sixty more specimens. The discovered parts of the

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may have been broad-chested and rather heavy, much like Neanderthals, although the limbs were proportionally long, a trait more frequent in tropical populations. The kneecaps are thin and have poorly developed tendon attachments. The feet indicate

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when colder glacial periods were transitioning to warmer interglacials, and warm grasslands dominated, vacating the region at any other time. They may have followed water bodies while migrating, in the case of Sierra de Atapuerca, most likely the

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may not have inhabited the cave, although was at least active nearby. Only 5.6% of the fossils bear any evidence of weathering from open air, roots, and soil, which could mean they were deposited deep into the cave relatively soon after death.

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sample to the strongly contrasting structure of the muscle attachments between humans and typical animal prey items (that is, defleshing the human face simply required more cuts, or the butcherers were less familiar with defleshing humans).

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could wield fire and cook, and similarly the wearing on the molars indicates the more frequent consumption of grittier and more mechanically challenging foods than later European species, such as raw rather than cooked meat and underground

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178.4 cm (5 ft 10 in). The ankle joint is adapted for handling high stress, which may indicate a heavy, robust body plan, much like Neanderthals. Based on the relationship between human footprint length and body size, twelve

1854:(SG TT-OSL) dated the opening of the Gran Dolina to roughly 900,000 years ago, and the sediments from TD4 to TD6 to between 890,000 to 770,000 years ago. These three units were probably deposited within a period of less than 100,000 years. 2200:

and many people from tropical populations. This could be explained as retention of the ancestral long limbed tropical form, as opposed to Neanderthals who evolved shorter limbs. This could also indicate a high brachial index (radial to

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specimen ATD6-50, assumed male based on absolute size, was estimated to have stood 162.3–186.8 cm (5 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in), mean of 174.5 cm (5 ft 9 in), based on the correlation among modern

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length ratio). Compared to more recent human species, the cross section of the radial shaft is rather round and gracile throughout its length. Like archaic humans, the radial neck (near the elbow) is long, giving more leverage to the

3988:

Eudald; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Penkman, Kirsty; Sabidó, Eduard; Cox, Jürgen; Olsen, Jesper V.; Lordkipanidze, David; Racimo, Fernando; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Willerslev, Eske; Cappellini, Enrico (2020).

2538:), which indicates they were moving farther out in search of better raw materials. The Sierra de Atapuerca features an abundance and diversity of mineral outcroppings suitable for stone tool manufacturing, in addition to chert and 1797:

Human occupation seems to have occurred in waves corresponding to timespans featuring a warm, humid savannah habitat (although riversides likely supported woodlands). These conditions were only present during transitions from cool

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may or may not be a modern human ancestor, although if it was not then it probably split quite shortly before the modern human/Neanderthal split. In 2020 Dutch molecular palaeoanthropologist Frido Welker and colleagues concluded

424:, an industry which is characteristic of contemporary African and later European sites. Groups may have been dispatching hunting parties, which mainly targeted deer in their savannah and mixed woodland environment. Many of the 1719:

to be two different lineages rather than them having an ancestor/descendant relationship. In 2013, anthropologist Sarah Freidline and colleagues suggested the modern humanlike face evolved independently several times among

1990:(on the tongue side), and a cingulum and longitudinal grooves on the cheekward side. The upper molars feature several traits typically seen in Neanderthals. The mandibular teeth, on the other hand, are quite archaic. The P 4352:

Duval, M.; Arnold, L. J.; Demuro, M.; Parés, J. M.; Campaña, I.; Carbonell, E.; de Castro, J. M. B. (2022). "New chronological constraints for the lowermost stratigraphic unit of Atapuerca Gran Dolina (Burgos, N Spain)".

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Pablos, A.; Lorenzo; Martínez, C.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L. (2012). "New foot remains from the Gran Dolina-TD6 Early Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)".

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Bermudez de Castro, J.M.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Carbonell, E.; Rosas, A.; Martinez, I.; Mosquera, M. (1997). "A hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans".

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due to overloading the teeth, such as by using the mouth as a third hand to carry around items. A similar condition was also reported for the later Sima de los Huesos remains also at the Sierra de Atapuerca site.

1866:, Spain, these were the oldest human fossils known from Europe, although human activity on the continent stretches back as early as 1.6 million years ago in Eastern Europe and Spain indicated by stone tools. 1517:" after her. A 13 m (140 sq ft) triangular section was excavated in the central section starting in the early 2000s. Human fossils were also found in the northern section. In sum, about 170 1561:

and evidence of butchery. In 2011, after providing a much more in depth analysis of the Sima del Elefante material, Castro and colleagues were unsure of the species classification, opting to leave it at

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fragment retaining the molars and recovered with some isolated teeth. In their original description Castro and colleagues posited that the species was the first human to colonise Europe, hence the name

5275:; Cáceres, I.; Lozano, M.; Saladié, P.; Rosell, J.; Lorenzo, C.; Huguet, R.; Canals, A.; de Castro, J.-M. B. (2010). "Cultural cannibalism as a paleoeconomic system in the European Lower Pleistocene". 4897: 2600:

archaeological record until roughly 400,000 years ago. In 2016, small mammal bones burned in fires exceeding 600 °C (1,112 °F) were identified from 780- to 980-thousand-year-old deposits at

2054:(on the side of the skull) is convex, like in more derived species. The brain volume of ATD6-15, perhaps belonging to an 11-year-old, may have been 1,000 cc (61 cu in) or more based on 4846: 4295:

Duval, Mathieu; Grün, Rainer; Parés, Josep M.; Martín-Francés, Laura; Campaña, Isidoro; Rosell, Jordi; Shao, Qingfeng; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell, Eudald; Bermúdez de Castro, José María (2018).

347:. Populations of this species may have been present elsewhere in Western Europe, and were among the first to settle that region of the world, hence the name. The first fossils were found in the 1557:

by Carbonell, was recovered from the nearby Sima del Elefante ("elephant pit") in unit TE9 ("trinchera elefante"), belonging to a 20–25-year-old individual. The site additionally yielded stone

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on the soft tissue around the joint due to high intensity activity, or a fracture of the left femur and/or tibia (that is unconfirmable since neither bone is associated with this individual).

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The incomplete radius, ATD6-43, was estimated to have measured 257 mm (10.1 in). It is oddly long and straight for someone from so far north, reminiscent of the proportions seen in

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160 cm (5 ft 3 in), 163 cm (5 ft 4 in), and 173 cm (5 ft 8 in)—ranged from 48 to 53 kg (106 to 117 lb) in weight. Stature estimates for

1661:", i. e., the Gran Dolina and Tighennif humans should be classified into the latter. In 2007 Castro and colleagues studied the fossils, and found the Tighennif remains to be much larger than 2554:

preplanning allowed them to use other techniques: the centripetal method (flaking off only the edges of the core) and the bipolar method (laying the core on an anvil and slamming it with a

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In 2010 Castro and colleagues estimated that ATD6-112, represented by a permanent upper and lower first molar, died between 5.3 and 6.6 years of age based on the tooth formation rates in

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Moyano, I. T.; Barsky, D. (2011). "The archaic stone tool industry from Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3, (Orce, Spain): Evidence of the earliest hominin presence in southern Europe".

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among archaic humans, march fractures were probably a common injury for them given that the healed fracture leaves no visible mark, as well as their presumed high intensity lifestyle.

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suggests the modern human face evolved and disappeared multiple times in the past, which is not unlikely as facial anatomy is strongly influenced by diet and thus the environment. The

2030:(each being one side of the back part of the top of the skull) are flattened, and conjoin at a peak at the midline. This "tent-like" profile is also exhibited in more archaic African 1427:

in a short field trip to the region in 1966, where he recovered a few animal fossils and stone tools. He lacked the resources and manpower to continue any further. In 1976, Spanish

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Most of the stone tools resided in the lower (older) half of TD6.2, with 831 stone tools. The knappers made use of a much more diverse array of materials (although most commonly

2583:× 11 mm (1.10 in × 1.06 in × 0.43 in), with ten measuring below 20 mm (0.79 in), and only three exceeding 60 mm (2.4 in). 2915:

and oak. Trees probably grew along rivers and streams, while the rest of the hills and ridges were dominated by grasses. The TD6 individuals also seem to have been consuming

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Saladié, P.; Huguet, R.; Díez, C.; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.; Cáceres, I.; Vallverdú, J.; Rosell, J.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E. (2011). "Carcass transport decisions in

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Fernández-Jalvo, Y.; Díez, J. C.; Cáceres, I.; Rosell, J. (1999). "Human cannibalism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)".

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Instead of using fire, these early Europeans probably physiologically withstood the cold, such as by eating a high protein diet to support a heightened metabolism. Despite

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ATD6-124 has a 25.8 mm × 8 mm (1.02 in × 0.31 in) length x width lesion on the medial (toward the midline of the bone) side consistent with a

1417: 2144:(the second neck vertebra), the angle of the spinous process (jutting out from the vertebra) is about 19°, comparable with Neanderthals and modern humans, diverging from 2964:, a form of ritual cannibalism where one eats someone from beyond their social group, such as an enemy from a neighbouring tribe. But, when overviewing the evidence of 5215:

Pérez-Pérez, A.; Lozano, M.; Romero, A.; Martínez, L. M.; Galbany, J.; Pinilla, B.; Estebaranz-Sánchez, F.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L. (2017).

4150:

Blain, H.-L.; Cuenca-Bescós, G.; Burjachs, F.; López-García, J. M.; Lozano-Fernandéz, I.; Rosell, J. (2013). "Early Pleistocene palaeoenvironments at the time of the

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García-Campos, C.; Martinén-Torres, M.; Modesto-Mata, M.; Martín-Francés, L.; de Pinillos, M. M.; de Castro, J. M. B. (2021). "Indicators of sexual dimorphism in

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Ashton, N.; Lewis, S.G.; De Groote, I.; Duffy, S.M.; Bates, M.; Bates, R.; Hoare, P.; Lewis, M.; Parfitt, S. A.; Peglar, S.; Williams, W.; Stringer, C. (2014).

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could have been 1,000 cc (61 cu in) or more, but no intact braincase has been discovered. For comparison, present-day modern humans average 1,270

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that holds the teeth). In 2013 anthropologist Sarah Freidline and colleagues statistically determined that these features would not disappear with maturity.

377:

has since been reinterpreted as an offshoot from the modern human line, although probably one branching off just before the modern human/Neanderthal split.

2840: 3090:) of ATD6-15 are respectively 95–100 mm (3.7–3.9 in) and 100 mm (3.9 in), which are substantially longer than what is measured in the 2903:

may have used as food sources, although they become more common in TD7 and TD8 as the interglacial progresses and the environment becomes wetter. In the

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compared to other archaic groups, so in their original description, Castro and colleagues classified it as the last common ancestor of modern humans and

7747: 2140:) are known, which is exceptional as this bone is rarely discovered for archaic humans. They are indistinguishable from those of modern humans. For the 2968:

cannibalism in 1999, Spanish palaeontologist Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo and colleagues instead ascribed the relative abundance of facial cut marks in the

2919:, which in historical times have been used for their medicinal properties more than satiating hunger because these berries provide very little flesh. 6193: 6386: 8310: 8144: 7885: 7481: 6221: 2611:

in southern Spain, which potentially could have come from a human source as such a high temperature is usually (though not always) recorded in

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suggests subfreezing was an infrequent occurrence. TE9 similarly indicates a generally warm climate. The Happisburgh footprints were lain in

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pebbles with percussive damage—probably inflicted from pounding items such as bone—as opposed to manufacturing more specialised implements.

8100: 7609: 1513:

Human fossils were discovered first by Aurora Martín Nájera; the 30 cm (12 in) layer they were found in is nicknamed the "Aurora

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de Castro, J.-M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Prado, L.; Gómez-Robles, A.; Rosell, J.; López-Polín, L.; Arsuaga, J. L.; Carbonell, E. (2010).

1970:(the lingual, or tongue, side is distinctly concave), a feature characteristic of other Eurasian human populations, including modern. The 4751: 1847:

specimen ATD6-92 resulted in an age of 949 to 624 thousand years ago, further constrained palaeomagnetically to before 772,000 years ago.

6069: 4086:"Shedding light on the Early Pleistocene of TD6 (Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain): The technological sequence and occupational inferences" 1922:

child ATD6-69, as the few other facial specimens are fragmentary. ATD6-69 is strikingly similar to modern humans (as well as East Asian

7932: 7383: 3019: 2260:(talus) is exceptionally long and high as well as the facet where it connects with the leg (the trochlea), which may be related to how 2023:

may be due to sexual dimorphism, with females having smaller teeth, relatively thicker enamel, and smaller proportion of gum coverage.

1219: 4691:"New immature hominin fossil from European Lower Pleistocene shows the earliest evidence of a modern human dental development pattern" 3248:

Campaña, I.; Pérez-González, A.; Benito-Calvo, A.; Rosell, J.; Blasco, R.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L. (2016).

5457: 5417: 5312:

Rodríguez, J.; Guillermo, Z.-R.; Ana, M. (2019). "Does optimal foraging theory explain the behavior of the oldest human cannibals?".

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Parés, J.M.; Arnold, L.; Duval, M.; Demuro, M.; Pérez-Gonzáleza, A.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuagac, J.L. (2013).

1089: 4540:

Allen, J. S.; Damasio, H.; Grabowski, T. J. (2002). "Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain: an MRI-volumetric study".

1777:. As for Facies F, which contains the most human remains, they may have been deposited by a low energy debris flow (consistent with 8364: 8297: 6309: 6153: 5467: 1109: 478: 139: 8394: 6211: 5462: 1069: 2218:(a bony knob jutting out just below the radial neck) is anteriorly placed (toward the front side when the arm is facing out). 6216: 6094: 5472: 5374: 3867: 3840: 3765: 3731: 4199:

Falguères, C.; Bahain, J.; Yokoyama, Y.; Arsuaga, J.; Bermudez de Castro, J.; Carbonell, E.; Bischoff, J.; Dolo, J. (1999).

2159:

There is one known (and incomplete) clavicle, ATD6-50, which is thick compared to those of modern humans. This may indicate

1465:. They restarted excavation of the Gran Dolina in 1992, and found archaic human remains two years later, which in 1997 they 1454: 306: 6379: 3061:, but many authors choose to distinguish Asian and African populations on a species level, with the latter classified into 2252:

of the foot are comparable to those of later humans, but the big toe bone is rather robust, which could be related to how

1943:(lower jaw) is quite gracile unlike most other archaic humans. It exhibits several archaic features, but the shape of the 1707:

that disappeared after a failed attempt to colonize southern Europe". Similarly, in 2012, British physical anthropologist

6173: 5174:

Allué, E.; Cáceres, I.; Expósito, I.; Canals, A.; Rodríguez, A.; Rosell, J.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E. (2015). "

4891:

Martin-Francés, L.; Martinon-Torres, M.; Gracia-Téllez, A.; de Castro, J. M. B (2015). "Evidence of stress fracture in a

4497: 3944: 2458:, probably to compensate for the lack of preplanning, opting to knap irregularly shaped and thus poorer quality pebbles. 1952: 1688: 2429:

and the nearby Galería—distinguished by the preparation and sharpening of cores before flaking, the presence of (crude)

1806:

periods, after the climate warmed and before the forests could expand to dominate the landscape. The dating attempts of

6282: 1982:

species, but retain the cuspules (small bumps) near the tip and bordering incisor like more archaic species. The upper

1836:

In 2013 TD6 was dated to about 930 to 780 thousand years ago using palaeomagnetism, in addition to uranium–thorium and

432:, perhaps as a cultural practice. There is no evidence they were using fire, and they similarly only inhabited inland 7510: 6416: 6148: 5180: 4260: 2317:

The partial face ATD6-69 has an ectopic M (upper left third molar), where it erupted improperly, and this caused the

2309:

had a prolonged childhood, a characteristic of modern humans in which significant cognitive development takes place.

1851: 1449:

fossils, which prompted a massive exploration of the Sierra de Atapuerca, at first headed by Spanish palaeontologist

2796:

toothmarks overlapping cutmarks from an unidentified animal, which could indicate animals were sometimes scavenging

8389: 7717: 7604: 6340: 2807: 2361:

The left knee bone ATD6-56 has a 4.7 mm × 15 mm (0.19 in × 0.59 in) height x breadth

1645:") represent the same population, because fourteen of the fifteen dental features Castro and colleagues listed for 1406: 1049: 389:

cm for females. Stature estimates range from 162.3–186.8 cm (5 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in).

340: 4297:"The first direct ESR dating of a hominin tooth from Atapuerca Gran Dolina TD-6 (Spain) supports the antiquity of 8129: 7520: 6558: 6372: 6292: 6188: 1259: 8369: 6287: 5588: 2295: 2051: 1837: 1764:

than previously thought, and TD6 was divided into three subunits spanning thirteen layers and nine sedimentary

3747:

Hublin, J.-J. (2001). "Northwestern African Middle Pleistocene hominids and their bearing on the emergence of

8379: 7742: 7272: 6532: 5410: 4156: 2156:) is on the narrow side compared to modern humans. The spine as a whole otherwise aligns with modern humans. 1422: 6600: 1829:

In 2008 TE9 of the Sima del Elefante was constrained to 1.2–1.1 million years ago using palaeomagnetism and

7737: 7277: 6750: 6158: 6035: 5921: 4200: 2997: 2446:

In the lower part of TD6.3 (TD6 subunit 3), 84 stone tools were recovered, predominantly small, unmodified

2100: 699: 471: 6426: 3886:

Freidline, S. E.; Gunz, P.; Harvati, K.; Hublin, J.-J. (2013). "Evaluating developmental shape changes in

3086:

The frontal breadth (the length of the frontal bone) and the bistephanic breadth (the length between each

2369:, which can result from old age or improper loading of the joint as a consequence of bone misalignment or 6703: 6352: 6256: 6074: 5595: 5449: 2433:, and some degree of standardisation of tool types. This bears some resemblance to the much more complex 448: 8384: 8374: 8005: 7806: 6114: 6045: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5314: 5139: 5093: 4591: 4409: 4208: 3892: 3497: 3386: 3322: 1979: 1819: 1152: 886: 878: 870: 8275: 7811: 7626: 6297: 6089: 4632:

scapulae (Gran Dolina site, Atapuerca) suggests a modern-like development for Lower Pleistocene Homo"

2727: 2454:

quality materials. They made use of the unipolar longitudinal method, flaking off only one side of a

2365:(bone spur) on the inferior (lower) margin. Osteophytes normally form as a response to stress due to 1948: 990: 6079: 4927:"The origin of early Acheulean expansion in Europe 700 ka ago: new findings at Notarchirico (Italy)" 4252: 2229:

and posterior crest. These traits are highly variable among modern human populations. The two known

8000: 7092: 6637: 6328: 5631: 5403: 4456: 4305: 2828: 2043: 7164: 7159: 2680:

and grasslands; the vegetation is consistent with the cooler beginning or end of an interglacial.

8117: 8027: 7199: 6966: 6785: 6718: 6450: 6266: 6203: 6163: 6050: 5609: 2740: 2285: 1830: 960: 464: 151: 3168:

could be a side branch of this clade placed at the westernmost region of the Eurasian continent.

1951:(adjacent to the teeth) is completely vertical as in modern humans. Like many Neanderthals, the 1665:

and dentally similar to other African populations. Nonetheless, they still recommended reviving

1175: 8341: 8315: 8237: 8205: 8079: 7685: 7576: 7564: 7260: 7001: 6840: 6477: 6411: 6395: 6261: 6236: 6231: 6124: 6040: 5602: 4800: 3783:"Comparative analysis of the Gran Dolina-TD6 (Spain) and Tighennif (Algeria) hominin mandibles" 3002: 2422: 2388:. This condition is most often encountered by soldiers, long distance runners, and potentially 2125: 1967: 1574: 919: 417: 4925:

Queffelec, A.; d'Andrea, A.; Valentini, R.; Minucci, E.; Carpentiero, L.; Piperno, M. (2020).

3664: 8336: 8328: 7944: 7880: 7754: 7447: 7373: 7147: 7142: 7080: 7019: 6956: 6904: 6897: 6443: 5645: 3832: 3070: 3065:

which was named in 1975. This is somewhat problematic as several African specimens sunk into

2873: 2571: 2567: 2526: 2500: 691: 287: 7329: 3110:, which each have an estimated brain volume of less than 1,000 cc (61 cu in). 8284: 8210: 8161: 8156: 8139: 8134: 8112: 7902: 7616: 7469: 7361: 7265: 7058: 6743: 6542: 6485: 6226: 6129: 6030: 5991: 5936: 5841: 5545: 5538: 5277: 5228: 5189: 5054: 4998: 4938: 4865: 4702: 4643: 4465: 4362: 4314: 4269: 4165: 4099: 4007: 3616: 3552: 3442: 3265: 3008: 2587:

flake, one notch, three spines, seven denticulate sidescrapers, and one denticulate point.

1768:(bodies of rock distinctive from adjacent bodies). Human presence is recorded in subunits 1 1682: 1625: 1328: 1129: 976: 845: 830: 369: 356: 6713: 3781:

de Castro, J.-M. B.; María-Torres, M.; Gómez-Robles, A.; Prado, L.; Sarmiento, S. (2007).

3380:

Carretero, J. M.; Lorenzo, C.; Arsuaga, J. L. (1999). "Axial and appendicular skeleton of

2491: 8: 8200: 7865: 7670: 7503: 7036: 6909: 6790: 6765: 5638: 2630: 2270: 2197: 1628: 1558: 1466: 1393: 405: 352: 5232: 5193: 5058: 5002: 4942: 4869: 4845:

Martín-Francés, L.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Gracia-Téllez, A.; de Castro, J. M. B. (2016).

4706: 4647: 4469: 4366: 4318: 4273: 4169: 4103: 4011: 3620: 3556: 3446: 3269: 3160:... a speciation event could have occurred in Africa/Western Eurasia, originating a new 2188:

species, but was capable of efficiently launching projectiles such as stones or spears.

2172:(that extends over the shoulder joint) is small compared to those of modern humans. The 1978:(a protuberance toward the base) and the essential ridge (toward the midline) like more 1581:

group given it is the only human species identified during that time in Western Europe.

1441:

remains), but was advised by the Edelweiss Speleological Team to continue at the nearby

8151: 8054: 7956: 7769: 6951: 6681: 6647: 6183: 6025: 5901: 5339: 5294: 5249: 5216: 5118: 5021: 4986: 4959: 4926: 4827: 4776: 4725: 4690: 4666: 4627: 4567: 4522: 4388: 4233: 4181: 4122: 4085: 4049: 4036: 3989: 3969: 3692: 3642: 3575: 3538: 3476: 3347: 3288: 3249: 3221: 3024: 2884: 2834: 2767: 2712: 2550:, which could all be collected within only 3 km (1.9 mi) of the Gran Dolina. 2342: 2266: 2226: 2137: 2067: 1923: 1505: 1442: 1239: 146: 4490: 1608: 1306: 8323: 8193: 8183: 8173: 8122: 7779: 7697: 6991: 6976: 6961: 6941: 6832: 6811: 6622: 6465: 6347: 6302: 6168: 6109: 6099: 5870: 5834: 5688: 5482: 5370: 5343: 5331: 5254: 5156: 5110: 5026: 4964: 4819: 4780: 4768: 4730: 4671: 4608: 4559: 4526: 4514: 4436: 4392: 4225: 4185: 4127: 4053: 4041: 4023: 3961: 3935: 3909: 3863: 3857: 3836: 3761: 3727: 3660: 3634: 3580: 3514: 3468: 3403: 3339: 3293: 3213: 3196: 3050: 2944: 2810:

today: 1) Entrance to railway ditch, 2) Sima del Elefante, 3) Galería, 4) Gran Dolina

2559: 2522: 2381: 2346: 2215: 2149: 2047: 1649:

have also been identified in the Middle Pleistocene of North Africa; this would mean

1514: 1462: 429: 344: 30: 5122: 4831: 4571: 4237: 3973: 3351: 3225: 2872:. Some others bear evidence of percussion and defleshing. They were also butchering 2814:

The Sima del Elefante site records the fallow deer, the bush-antlered deer, rhinos,

1676:

In 2007 primatologist Esteban Sarmiento and colleagues questioned the legitimacy of

1605:

in this capacity. The facial anatomy came under close scrutiny in subsequent years.

8188: 8095: 7838: 7621: 7421: 7341: 7297: 7097: 6919: 6770: 6730: 6178: 5931: 5748: 5710: 5557: 5323: 5298: 5286: 5272: 5244: 5236: 5197: 5148: 5102: 5062: 5016: 5006: 4954: 4946: 4906: 4890: 4873: 4844: 4809: 4760: 4720: 4710: 4661: 4651: 4600: 4551: 4506: 4473: 4426: 4418: 4378: 4370: 4332: 4322: 4277: 4217: 4173: 4117: 4107: 4031: 4015: 3998: 3953: 3901: 3794: 3719: 3684: 3646: 3624: 3607: 3570: 3560: 3506: 3480: 3458: 3450: 3433: 3428: 3395: 3331: 3283: 3273: 3205: 3151: 2992: 2761: 2563: 2353:(the sensitive interior) of the canines are exposed. The trauma is consistent with 2335: 2096: 1975: 1956: 1944: 1765: 1458: 1450: 911: 860: 7680: 7636: 3723: 3209: 1859: 8069: 8039: 7801: 7729: 7707: 7665: 7560: 7530: 7395: 7390: 7041: 6924: 6495: 5958: 5856: 5426: 5327: 5152: 5106: 5066: 4626:

García-Martínez, Daniel; Green, David J.; Bermúdez de Castro, José María (2021).

4604: 4477: 4422: 4374: 4327: 4296: 4112: 3905: 3565: 3510: 3155: 2374: 2370: 2327: 2318: 2234: 2133: 1884: 1734: 1553:

In 2007 a mandibular fragment with some teeth, ATE9-1, provisionally assigned to

1428: 713: 669: 343:, a productive archaeological site, from 1.2 to 0.8 million years ago during the 8178: 8105: 7927: 7892: 7823: 7712: 7584: 7292: 6877: 6867: 6688: 6669: 5805: 5509: 5495: 5434: 5178:

remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain)".

4950: 4877: 4656: 3820: 3493: 2961: 2749: 2606: 2385: 2366: 2238: 2207: 2141: 1987: 1971: 1823: 1799: 1708: 1654: 1613: 1566: 1445:("bone pit"). Here, in addition to a wealth of bear fossils, he also recovered 1437: 765: 752: 682: 656: 5201: 4281: 4019: 3856:

Klein, R. (2009). "Hominin dispersals in the Old World". In Scarre, C. (ed.).

2943:

specimens from the Gran Dolina exhibit cut marks and fracturing indicative of

1959:(a large gap between the last molar and the end of the body of the mandible). 8358: 8260: 8064: 8049: 7995: 7973: 7870: 7858: 7774: 7643: 7525: 7486: 7474: 7462: 7174: 7085: 7014: 6755: 6698: 6676: 6585: 6517: 6512: 6490: 5973: 5826: 5516: 4747: 4027: 2928: 2876:, an easily obtainable source of meat considering how slowly tortoises move. 2772: 2707:

The fossils of sixteen animal species were recovered randomly mixed with the

2687: 2642: 2092: 2088: 2027: 1637: 1541: 1446: 1414: 1284: 952: 336: 68: 6605: 5011: 4814: 4795: 4715: 2120: 1858:

Until 2013 with the discovery of the 1.4 million-year-old infant tooth from

1409:

in northern Spain had long been known to be abundant in fossil remains. The

7983: 7939: 7920: 7875: 7675: 7599: 7356: 7351: 7307: 6934: 6816: 6780: 6760: 6612: 6590: 6502: 5979: 5967: 5909: 5783: 5731: 5696: 5621: 5528: 5335: 5258: 5160: 5114: 5030: 4968: 4823: 4772: 4734: 4675: 4612: 4563: 4518: 4440: 4229: 4221: 4131: 4045: 3965: 3913: 3688: 3638: 3584: 3518: 3472: 3407: 3399: 3343: 3335: 3297: 3029: 2634: 2510: 2245: 2055: 2019: 1803: 1761: 1749: 1360: 934: 901: 815: 739: 726: 128: 8032: 3217: 3049:

The Tighennif remains were classified by French vertebrate paleontologist

2574:. These small retouched tools are rare in the European Early Pleistocene. 1986:

crowns are rather derived, being nearly symmetrical and bearing a lingual

1895: 8269: 8022: 8012: 7968: 7963: 7915: 7853: 7816: 7789: 7690: 7660: 7535: 7457: 7378: 7366: 7127: 7112: 7102: 7073: 7031: 6946: 6914: 6862: 6795: 6632: 6507: 6364: 5863: 5790: 5762: 5755: 5703: 4793: 4688: 4253:"Reassessing the age of Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain): new paleomagnetic results" 4201:"Earliest humans in Europe: the age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain" 3463: 3099: 3095: 3014: 2987: 2869: 2716: 2555: 2518: 2514: 2455: 2354: 2349:

of the tooth crowns and bone resorption at the root, so much so that the

2323: 2153: 2105: 1994:(the first lower premolar) has a strongly asymmetrical crown and complex 1774: 1753: 1598: 1501: 1410: 1398: 1263: 1006: 630: 364: 348: 43: 4383: 4337: 4084:

Mosquera, M.; Ollé, A.; Rodríguez-Álvarez, X. P.; Carbonell, E. (2018).

3933: 3696: 3454: 1904:

Reconstructed skull of the Boy of the Gran Dolina (above) and the adult

1569:(making no opinion on species designation) pending further discoveries. 8302: 8166: 8059: 8017: 7833: 7796: 7759: 7655: 7242: 7154: 6981: 6882: 6855: 6775: 6573: 6527: 6438: 6406: 5848: 5769: 5043: 4764: 4555: 4510: 4431: 4405: 3957: 3799: 3782: 3539:"Hominin footprints from Early Pleistocene deposits at Happisburgh, UK" 3247: 3192: 3103: 3087: 2803: 2626: 2362: 2350: 2331: 2302: 2257: 2249: 1995: 1936: 1778: 329: 213: 88: 53: 5390: 5240: 4625: 4149: 4083: 3986: 3780: 3278: 2018:

and the cusps of the molar crowns make a Y shape. The distribution of

8074: 7843: 7828: 7426: 7411: 7336: 7319: 7237: 7122: 7063: 7053: 7048: 6971: 6850: 6738: 6664: 6431: 6421: 5915: 5820: 4177: 2865: 2776: 2547: 2543: 2480: 2447: 2434: 2426: 2411: 2058:

measurements. For comparison, present-day modern humans average 1,270

1783: 1632: 1344: 1021: 421: 243: 233: 163: 93: 37: 8231: 4910: 3819:

Sarmiento, E. E.; Mowbray, K.; Sawyer, G. J.; Milner, R.; Deak, V.;

3629: 3602: 2471: 1680:

as a separate species because much of the skull anatomy is unknown;

8254: 7848: 7784: 7631: 7589: 7324: 7232: 7107: 6929: 6892: 6872: 5776: 5741: 5718: 5439: 5290: 4090: 3543: 3107: 2896: 2892: 2845: 2723: 2612: 2596: 2389: 2169: 2083: 1983: 1940: 1905: 1815: 1546: 1531: 1527: 1485: 1481: 1195: 643: 617: 436:

during warm periods, presumably retreating to the coast otherwise.

253: 183: 83: 78: 63: 58: 48: 5395: 5086: 4794:

López-Valverde, A.; López-Cristiá, M.; Gómez de Diego, R. (2012).

1745: 7910: 7702: 7648: 7594: 7416: 7222: 7132: 6986: 6887: 6845: 6708: 6627: 6580: 6568: 5926: 5502: 3069:

were already given unique species designations which should take

2912: 2880: 2857: 2780: 2657: 2654: 2406: 2274: 2230: 2202: 2173: 2165: 1963: 1928: 1470: 800: 792: 778: 602: 332: 203: 134: 98: 73: 8289: 3319: 1631:

postulated that the Gran Dolina remains and the contemporaneous

7978: 7515: 7493: 7346: 7282: 7227: 6617: 6595: 6563: 6537: 5214: 3829:

The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-two Species of Extinct Humans

2916: 2908: 2861: 2853: 2784: 2691: 2665: 2539: 2430: 1786: 433: 409: 223: 193: 173: 4587: 4198: 2618: 2410:

Map of Gran Dolina and Western European sites with similar or

8044: 7764: 7498: 7452: 7314: 7169: 7117: 6693: 6659: 6001: 5892: 5882: 5271: 4987:"On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe" 2888: 2849: 2745: 2732: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2646: 2535: 2222: 1594: 1573:

between 1.2 million and 800,000 years ago were discovered in

1494: 413: 360: 325: 4923: 4294: 3818: 3787:

Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris

2868:, a few of which are cracked open, presumably to access the 2509:

Stone tools from TD6.2, from the top left clockwise: simple

1760:

The 2003 to 2007 excavations revealed a much more intricate

7990: 7951: 7431: 7287: 7217: 7137: 7009: 6522: 5660: 4847:"Evidence of trauma in a ca. 1-million-year-old patella of 3760:. Western Academic and Specialist Press. pp. 116–118. 2788: 2696: 2661: 2273:

in the ankle joint. This would also have permitted greater

2117:, and Neanderthals are roughly consistent with each other. 1863: 1669:

to house all Early Pleistocene North African specimens as "

1475: 1432: 263: 5173: 3885: 1822:

to 794 to 668 thousand years ago, and further constrained

7302: 7068: 7026: 3536: 2650: 2425:

is found elsewhere in Early Pleistocene Spain—notably in

2214:, but unlike Neanderthals and more archaic hominins, the 2050:. The brow ridges are prominent. The upper margin of the 1535: 1508:, TD1 to TD11 ("trinchera dolina" or "sinkhole trench"). 1377: 4154:

settlement in the Gran Dolina cave (Atapuerca, Spain)".

2241:

notch, an infrequent condition among any human species.

3379: 1577:, England, which could potentially be attributed to an 4895:

metatarsal from Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca, Spain)".

4351: 4250: 3754:

Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene

2421:

was producing simple stone tools at Gran Dolina. This

2184:

was not as skilled a climber as non-human apes or pre-

5311: 5135: 4539: 2864:. The large mammals are most commonly represented by 2414:

stone tools dating from 1.4 to 0.59 million years ago

1504:

sediments at the Gran Dolina are divided into eleven

1413:("great sinkhole") was first explored for fossils by 3250:"New interpretation of the Gran Dolina-TD6 bearing 2711:material at the Gran Dolina, including the extinct 2006:like in more derived species, but like other early 1850:In 2022 ESR and single grain thermally transferred 443: 5905:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans) 3938:; Carbonell, E. (2017). "Twentieth anniversary of 2265:robust body, to alleviate the consequently higher 416:, although they used a variety of materials. This 404:was predominantly manufacturing simple pebble and 4796:"Europe's oldest jaw: evidence of oral pathology" 1918:is predominantly known from the 10–11.5-year-old 1431:Trinidad Torres investigated the Gran Dolina for 8356: 5217:"The diet of the first Europeans from Atapuerca" 4980: 4978: 3881: 3879: 3862:(2nd ed.). Thames and Hudson. p. 108. 3814: 3812: 3810: 1955:is large. Unlike most Neanderthals, there is no 1497:for "explorer", "pioneer", or "early settler"). 4991:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4695:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 4984: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3709: 3677:Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 3596: 3594: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3142:: The state of the art eighteen years later". 2091:between clavicle length and stature. An adult 1724:. In 2017 Castro and colleagues conceded that 398:walked differently compared to modern humans. 16:Archaic human species from 1 million years ago 6380: 5411: 5265: 4975: 4583: 4581: 3876: 3807: 472: 4453: 4407:human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain)". 4145: 4143: 4141: 4060: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3414: 3358: 3304: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 2883:environment encouraged the growth of olive, 1789:within the size range of the remains. Thus, 1733:is not a modern human ancestor by analysing 1635:remains from Algeria (usually classified as 420:has some similarities with the more complex 5890: 5073: 4752:American Journal of Biological Anthropology 3920: 3751:". In Barham, L.; Robson-Brown, K. (eds.). 3591: 3254:deposits through sedimentological analysis" 3173: 2341:The mandible ATE9-1 exhibits severe dental 2180:with a typical human body plan, indicating 6394: 6387: 6373: 5418: 5404: 5047:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5037: 4578: 3934:de Castro, J. M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.; 3020:Early expansions of hominins out of Africa 1593:is unexpectedly similar to that of modern 479: 465: 116: 5248: 5020: 5010: 4958: 4898:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 4813: 4724: 4714: 4665: 4655: 4543:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4430: 4382: 4336: 4326: 4244: 4138: 4121: 4111: 4035: 3798: 3659: 3628: 3574: 3564: 3525: 3462: 3427: 3287: 3277: 3232: 3137: 3124: 2590: 2014:(the first lower molar) is smaller than M 6310:Human evolutionary developmental biology 3710:Antón, S. C.; Middleton, E. R. (2014). " 3600: 3057:in 1955. This name is usually sunk into 2802: 2617: 2405: 2284: 2221:Like those of other archaic humans, the 2119: 1744: 1607: 1540: 1392: 5391:UNESCO Archaeological Site of Atapuerca 3431:(2008). "The first hominin of Europe". 1620:as an offshoot of the modern human line 8357: 3746: 1373: 8236: 8235: 7558: 7197: 6463: 6368: 6095:Evolutionary models of human drug use 5399: 3855: 1939:are like those of modern humans. The 457: 7559: 6335: 1740: 1530:, forearm, digits, knees, and a few 1526:skeleton are: elements of the face, 1316: 1294: 1272: 1248: 1228: 1208: 1184: 1164: 1141: 1118: 1098: 1078: 1058: 1038: 446: 367:, supplanting the more conventional 5425: 4498:Journal of Anthropological Sciences 3671:[The deposits of Ternifine and 2046:just below the ear is fused to the 1388: 140:Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid 13: 5354: 3716:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology 2148:with a low angle of about 8°. The 1737:collected from the tooth ATD6-92. 351:cave in 1994, and the species was 14: 8406: 7511:Megalithic architectural elements 5384: 5181:Journal of Archaeological Science 4985:Roebroeks, W.; Villa, P. (2011). 4628:"Evolutionary development of the 4261:Journal of Archaeological Science 2615:as opposed to natural bushfires. 1852:optically stimulated luminescence 1584: 7198: 6346: 6334: 6323: 6322: 4851:, Gran Dolina-Atapuerca (Spain)" 2499: 2490: 2479: 2470: 2128:with a camera lens cap for scale 1894: 1883: 1818:teeth from TD6 were dated using 150: 125:The "Boy of Gran Dolina" fossils 41: 8365:1994 archaeological discoveries 8130:Evolutionary origin of religion 5305: 5208: 5167: 5129: 4917: 4884: 4838: 4787: 4741: 4682: 4619: 4533: 4484: 4447: 4399: 4345: 4288: 4192: 3980: 3849: 3774: 3740: 3703: 3665:"Le gisement de Ternifine et l' 3653: 3080: 3043: 2660:with open forests dominated by 2052:squamous part of temporal bones 1612:Human family tree according to 3487: 2934: 2856:, and undetermined species of 2779:, and undetermined species of 2296:Natural History Museum, London 2280: 1838:electron spin resonance dating 1687:American palaeoanthropologist 1500:The 25 m (82 ft) of 1037: 1: 8395:Fossil taxa described in 1997 7743:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 7273:British megalith architecture 5369:] (in Spanish). Crítica. 4157:Journal of Quaternary Science 3890:subadult facial morphology". 3724:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_688 3210:10.1126/science.276.5317.1392 3138:de Castro, J.-M. B. (2015). " 3117: 2939:Eighty young adult and child 2401: 1947:is modern humanlike, and the 1691:stated he was skeptical that 1455:José María Bermúdez de Castro 7738:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 7278:Nordic megalith architecture 5361:de Castro, J.-M. B. (2002). 5328:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.010 5153:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.06.002 5107:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.012 5067:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.006 4605:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.06.008 4478:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.011 4423:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.012 4375:10.1016/j.quageo.2022.101292 4328:10.1016/j.quageo.2018.05.001 4113:10.1371/journal.pone.0190889 3906:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.012 3566:10.1371/journal.pone.0088329 3511:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.03.005 3156:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.049 3055:Atlantanthropus mauritanicus 2998:Early European modern humans 2722:, the extinct subspecies of 2312: 2101:early European modern humans 1773:dragged into the cave via a 1643:Atlantanthropus mauritanicus 1484:is specimen ATD6-5, a right 7: 6353:Evolutionary biology Portal 3603:"What makes a modern human" 2980: 2960:interpreted as evidence of 2911:predominantly derives from 2686:probably migrated from the 2256:pushed off the ground. The 1374: 596: 439: 10: 8411: 7886:British Isles and Brittany 7807:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 5363:El chico de la Gran Dolina 5315:Journal of Human Evolution 5140:Journal of Human Evolution 5094:Journal of Human Evolution 4951:10.1038/s41598-020-68617-8 4878:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.04.014 4657:10.1038/s41598-021-83039-w 4592:Journal of Human Evolution 4410:Journal of Human Evolution 4209:Journal of Human Evolution 3893:Journal of Human Evolution 3718:. Springer. p. 3462. 3498:Journal of Human Evolution 3387:Journal of Human Evolution 3323:Journal of Human Evolution 2396: 1869: 1843:In 2018 ESR dating of the 1826:to over 780,000 years ago. 1453:but quickly taken over by 8244: 8088: 7901: 7728: 7575: 7571: 7554: 7440: 7404: 7253: 7210: 7206: 7193: 7000: 6831: 6804: 6729: 6655: 6646: 6551: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6459: 6402: 6318: 6298:Evolutionary anthropology 6275: 6249: 6202: 6140: 6059: 6018: 6011: 5957: 5881: 5804: 5729: 5683: 5676: 5659: 5619: 5555: 5526: 5490: 5481: 5448: 5433: 5202:10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 5091:subsistence strategies". 4282:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.013 4020:10.1038/s41586-020-2153-8 3945:Evolutionary Anthropology 2728:Cervus elaphus acoronatus 2715:, the extinct species of 2625:may have moved along the 2210:. Like modern humans and 1953:medial pterygoid tubercle 293: 286: 147:Scientific classification 145: 124: 115: 23: 4457:Quaternary International 4355:Quaternary Geochronology 4306:Quaternary Geochronology 3990:"The dental proteome of 3942:(1997–2017): a review". 3144:Quaternary International 3036: 2829:Panthera gombaszoegensis 2577: 2562:tools: notches, spines, 2461: 2441: 2191: 2082:The notably large adult 2077: 2044:temporal styloid process 1874: 1671:H. ergaster mauritanicus 489: 339:recorded in the Spanish 8390:Prehistoric cannibalism 8118:Evolutionary musicology 7521:Oldest extant buildings 7448:Archaeological features 6967:Prepared-core technique 6204:Origin of modern humans 5012:10.1073/pnas.1018116108 4815:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.176 4716:10.1073/pnas.1006772107 2741:Stephanorhinus etruscus 2702: 2629:highlighted above (the 2066:cm for females, with a 1361:P a r a n t h r o p u s 1220:Dispersal beyond Africa 8080:Unchambered long cairn 7928:Mound Builders culture 7261:Neolithic architecture 6396:Prehistoric technology 4858:Comptes Rendus Palevol 4801:British Dental Journal 4222:10.1006/jhev.1999.0326 3689:10.3406/bspf.1955.3159 3400:10.1006/jhev.1999.0342 3336:10.1006/jhev.1999.0324 3003:Happisburgh footprints 2826:, the extinct big cat 2811: 2672:, and in wetter areas 2638: 2591:Fire and palaeoclimate 2415: 2298: 2129: 2126:Happisburgh footprints 2070:of roughly 115 and 100 2062:cm for males and 1,130 1914:The facial anatomy of 1820:uranium–thorium dating 1757: 1621: 1550: 1435:fossils (he recovered 1402: 492:−10 — 385:cm for males and 1,130 8370:Early species of Homo 8337:Paleobiology Database 7755:List of Stone Age art 6957:Microblade technology 6905:Langdale axe industry 6503:Ard / plough 6212:Recent African origin 5450:Last common ancestors 3833:Yale University Press 3601:Stringer, C. (2012). 2922:There is no evidence 2806: 2621: 2409: 2288: 2225:features a developed 2123: 1748: 1611: 1544: 1418:Francisco Jordá Cerdá 1396: 582:−1 — 572:−2 — 562:−3 — 552:−4 — 542:−5 — 532:−6 — 522:−7 — 512:−8 — 502:−9 — 328:"pioneer man") is an 8380:Pleistocene primates 8162:Prehistoric medicine 8157:Prehistoric counting 8140:Prehistoric religion 8135:Paleolithic religion 8113:Behavioral modernity 7470:Causewayed enclosure 7362:Abri de la Madeleine 6486:Neolithic Revolution 6227:Behavioral modernity 6217:Multiregional origin 5997:archaic Homo sapiens 5992:Homo heidelbergensis 5937:Red Deer Cave people 5278:Current Anthropology 4495:permanent canines". 3835:. pp. 190–191. 3009:Homo heidelbergensis 2756:Vulpes praeglacialis 2738:, the extinct rhino 2525:flakes as well as a 2427:Barranc de la Boella 1840:(ESR) on more teeth. 1626:palaeoanthropologist 1176:Earliest stone tools 357:last common ancestor 8201:Prehistoric warfare 6947:Magdalenian culture 6910:Levallois technique 6841:Earliest toolmaking 5864:H. neanderthalensis 5784:H. e. tautavelensis 5367:The Gran Dolina boy 5233:2017NatSR...743319P 5194:2015JArSc..53..570A 5059:2016JArSR...9..427R 5003:2011PNAS..108.5209R 4943:2020NatSR..1013802M 4870:2016CRPal..15.1011M 4707:2010PNAS..10711739B 4701:(26): 11739–11744. 4648:2021NatSR..11.4102G 4470:2011QuInt.243...80M 4367:2022QuGeo..7101292D 4319:2018QuGeo..47..120D 4274:2013JArSc..40.4586P 4170:2013JQS....28..311B 4104:2018PLoSO..1390889M 4012:2020Natur.580..235W 3621:2012Natur.485...33S 3557:2014PLoSO...988329A 3455:10.1038/nature06815 3447:2008Natur.452..465C 3270:2016NatSR...634799C 3204:(5317): 1392–1395. 2879:The cool and humid 2860:, boar, bison, and 2832:, the extinct lynx 2808:Sierra de Atapuerca 2765:, the extinct wolf 2759:, the extinct bear 2736:Bison voigstedtensi 2631:Sierra de Atapuerca 2271:articular cartilage 2198:early modern humans 1703:as "an offshoot of 1629:Jean-Jacques Hublin 1407:Sierra de Atapuerca 408:stone tools out of 341:Sierra de Atapuerca 8152:Origin of language 8145:Spiritual drug use 8055:Rectangular dolmen 7957:Dartmoor kistvaens 7770:Carved stone balls 7482:Circular enclosure 7441:Other architecture 7384:Alp pile dwellings 6972:Solutrean industry 6883:Gravettian culture 6533:Secondary products 6051:Self-domestication 5842:H. heidelbergensis 5791:H. e. yuanmouensis 5756:H. e. lantianensis 5483:Australopithecines 5221:Scientific Reports 4931:Scientific Reports 4765:10.1002/ajpa.24010 4636:Scientific Reports 4556:10.1002/ajpa.10092 4511:10.4436/JASS.99001 3958:10.1002/evan.21540 3800:10.4000/bmsap.4623 3258:Scientific Reports 3025:Paleolithic Europe 2874:Hermann's tortoise 2841:Vulpes alopecoides 2838:, the extinct fox 2835:Lynx issiodorensis 2812: 2768:Canis mosbachensis 2753:, the extinct fox 2713:bush-antlered deer 2690:shore into inland 2676:, with patches of 2639: 2542:namely quartzite, 2416: 2299: 2227:trochanteric fossa 2212:H. heidelbergensis 2176:is similar to all 2130: 2115:H. heidelbergensis 2068:standard deviation 1924:Middle Pleistocene 1824:palaeomagnetically 1758: 1756:with detail on TD6 1717:H. heidelbergensis 1697:H. heidelbergensis 1683:H. heidelbergensis 1622: 1603:H. heidelbergensis 1551: 1467:formally described 1443:Sima de los Huesos 1403: 1397:Excavation of the 977:H. heidelbergensis 373:in this position. 370:H. heidelbergensis 353:formally described 307:Bermúdez de Castro 279:H. antecessor 8385:Prehistoric Spain 8375:Lower Paleolithic 8352: 8351: 8324:Open Tree of Life 8238:Taxon identifiers 8229: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8174:Prehistoric music 8123:music archaeology 7780:Cup and ring mark 7605:Clothing/textiles 7550: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7184: 6992:Yubetsu technique 6977:Striking platform 6942:Lithic technology 6827: 6826: 6812:Game drive system 6731:Projectile points 6623:Mortar and pestle 6362: 6361: 6303:Paleoanthropology 6245: 6244: 6222:Archaic admixture 6100:Stoned ape theory 6036:Endurance running 5953: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5800: 5799: 5763:H. e. nankinensis 5719:H. tsaichangensis 5655: 5654: 5376:978-84-8432-317-4 5241:10.1038/srep43319 4997:(13): 5209–5214. 4268:(12): 4586–4595. 4006:(7802): 235–238. 3869:978-0-500-29063-7 3842:978-0-300-10047-1 3767:978-0-9535418-4-3 3733:978-1-4419-0426-3 3441:(7186): 465–469. 3279:10.1038/srep34799 3051:Camille Arambourg 2720:Dama vallonetensi 2382:fourth metatarsal 2336:dentigerous cysts 2216:radial tuberosity 2152:(that houses the 2150:vertebral foramen 2048:base of the skull 2002:is smaller than P 1831:cosmogenic dating 1741:Age and taphonomy 1695:was ancestral to 1659:Homo mauritanicus 1463:Juan Luis Arsuaga 1386: 1385: 1378:million years ago 1337: 1336: 1315: 1314: 1293: 1292: 1285:Earliest rock art 1271: 1270: 1247: 1246: 1240:Earliest language 1227: 1226: 1207: 1206: 1183: 1182: 1163: 1162: 1153:Earliest sign of 1140: 1139: 1130:Earliest sign of 1117: 1116: 1097: 1096: 1077: 1076: 1057: 1056: 700:Ou. macedoniensis 345:Early Pleistocene 317: 316: 31:Early Pleistocene 8402: 8345: 8344: 8332: 8331: 8319: 8318: 8306: 8305: 8293: 8292: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8233: 8232: 8189:Divje Babe flute 8096:Archaeoastronomy 7839:Petrosomatoglyph 7573: 7572: 7556: 7555: 7405:Water management 7208: 7207: 7195: 7194: 7098:Denticulate tool 6920:Lithic reduction 6653: 6652: 6474: 6473: 6461: 6460: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6350: 6338: 6337: 6326: 6325: 6262:Human prehistory 6237:Recent evolution 6232:Early migrations 6174:Thermoregulation 6075:Expensive tissue 6046:Sexual selection 6016: 6015: 5888: 5887: 5770:H. e. pekinensis 5681: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5589:A. bahrelghazali 5558:Australopithecus 5488: 5487: 5458:Chimpanzee–human 5446: 5445: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5397: 5396: 5380: 5348: 5347: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5084: 5071: 5070: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5024: 5014: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4962: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4864:(8): 1011–1016. 4855: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4817: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4718: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4659: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4330: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4216:(3–4): 343–352. 4205: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4178:10.1002/jqs.2622 4147: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4115: 4081: 4058: 4057: 4039: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3931: 3918: 3917: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3816: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3793:(3–4): 149–167. 3778: 3772: 3771: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3632: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3568: 3534: 3523: 3522: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3466: 3425: 3412: 3411: 3394:(3–4): 459–499. 3377: 3356: 3355: 3317: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3281: 3264:(34799): 34799. 3245: 3230: 3229: 3190: 3171: 3170: 3135: 3111: 3084: 3078: 3047: 2993:Dmanisi hominins 2762:Ursus dolinensis 2610: 2503: 2494: 2483: 2474: 2164:pronounced. The 2073: 2065: 2061: 1957:retromolar space 1945:mandibular notch 1898: 1887: 1771: 1735:ancient proteins 1616:, 2012, showing 1459:Eudald Carbonell 1451:Emiliano Aguirre 1426: 1389:Research history 1366: 1364: 1363: 1349: 1347: 1331: 1322: 1317: 1309: 1307:Earliest clothes 1300: 1295: 1287: 1278: 1273: 1254: 1249: 1234: 1229: 1214: 1209: 1196:Earliest sign of 1190: 1185: 1170: 1165: 1155:Australopithecus 1147: 1142: 1124: 1119: 1110:Earliest bipedal 1104: 1099: 1090:Chimpanzee split 1084: 1079: 1064: 1059: 1044: 1039: 1025: 1024: 1010: 1009: 993: 979: 965: 937: 924: 904: 891: 863: 861:Australopithecus 850: 835: 818: 805: 781: 768: 755: 742: 729: 716: 704: 685: 672: 659: 647: 633: 620: 607: 605: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 481: 474: 467: 461: 451: 450:Hominin timeline 444: 388: 384: 302: 298: 155: 154: 120: 110: 40: 29:Temporal range: 21: 20: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8340: 8335: 8327: 8322: 8314: 8309: 8301: 8296: 8288: 8283: 8276:Homo antecessor 8274: 8273: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8246:Homo antecessor 8240: 8230: 8217: 8084: 8070:Stone box grave 8040:Megalithic tomb 7945:Cotswold-Severn 7897: 7802:Guardian stones 7730:Prehistoric art 7724: 7567: 7542: 7531:Timber trackway 7436: 7400: 7396:Wattle and daub 7249: 7228:Standing stones 7202: 7181: 6996: 6823: 6800: 6725: 6642: 6552:Food processing 6547: 6496:New World crops 6468: 6455: 6398: 6393: 6363: 6358: 6314: 6271: 6257:Human evolution 6241: 6198: 6142: 6136: 6115:Cooperative eye 6060:Specific models 6055: 6007: 5986:Homo antecessor 5941: 5877: 5871:H. rhodesiensis 5835:H. floresiensis 5796: 5777:H. e. soloensis 5749:H. e. georgicus 5725: 5689:H. gautengensis 5664: 5662: 5651: 5615: 5551: 5522: 5477: 5468:Orangutan–human 5437: 5429: 5427:Human evolution 5424: 5387: 5377: 5360: 5357: 5355:Further reading 5352: 5351: 5310: 5306: 5270: 5266: 5213: 5209: 5172: 5168: 5134: 5130: 5089:Homo antecessor 5085: 5074: 5042: 5038: 4983: 4976: 4922: 4918: 4911:10.1002/oa.2310 4893:Homo antecessor 4889: 4885: 4853: 4849:Homo antecessor 4843: 4839: 4792: 4788: 4746: 4742: 4687: 4683: 4630:Homo antecessor 4624: 4620: 4586: 4579: 4538: 4534: 4493:Homo antecessor 4489: 4485: 4452: 4448: 4404: 4400: 4350: 4346: 4299:Homo antecessor 4293: 4289: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4152:Homo antecessor 4148: 4139: 4082: 4061: 3992:Homo antecessor 3985: 3981: 3940:Homo antecessor 3932: 3921: 3888:Homo antecessor 3884: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3825:Homo antecessor 3817: 3808: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3757: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3708: 3704: 3673:Atlantanthropus 3658: 3654: 3630:10.1038/485033a 3615:(7396): 33–35. 3599: 3592: 3535: 3526: 3492: 3488: 3426: 3415: 3382:Homo antecessor 3378: 3359: 3330:(34): 591–622. 3318: 3305: 3252:Homo antecessor 3246: 3233: 3191: 3174: 3166:Homo antecessor 3140:Homo antecessor 3136: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3085: 3081: 3075:H. mauritanicus 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 2983: 2937: 2820:C. mosbachensis 2705: 2604: 2593: 2580: 2570:, and a single 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2475: 2464: 2444: 2404: 2399: 2371:ligament laxity 2328:root resorption 2324:dental cavities 2315: 2294: 2283: 2235:patellar tendon 2194: 2168:is narrow. The 2080: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908:ATD6-96 (below) 1901: 1900: 1899: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1877: 1872: 1769: 1743: 1699:, interpreting 1624:In 2001 French 1587: 1429:palaeontologist 1420: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1345:H o m i n i d s 1343: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1276: 1267: 1266: 1252: 1243: 1242: 1232: 1223: 1222: 1212: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1188: 1179: 1178: 1168: 1159: 1158: 1145: 1136: 1135: 1122: 1113: 1112: 1102: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1000: 998: 997: 996: 989: 983: 982: 981: 975: 970: 968: 967: 966: 957: 949: 941: 940: 933: 927: 926: 925: 916: 908: 907: 900: 894: 893: 892: 883: 875: 867: 866: 859: 853: 852: 851: 842: 838: 837: 836: 827: 823: 822: 821: 814: 808: 807: 806: 797: 789: 785: 784: 783: 777: 772: 771: 770: 764: 759: 758: 757: 751: 746: 745: 744: 738: 733: 732: 731: 725: 720: 719: 718: 714:Chororapithecus 712: 707: 706: 705: 696: 688: 687: 681: 676: 675: 674: 670:Samburupithecus 668: 663: 662: 661: 655: 650: 649: 648: 641: 637: 636: 635: 629: 624: 623: 622: 616: 611: 610: 609: 603: 601: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 485: 459: 453: 449: 442: 428:specimens were 386: 382: 355:in 1997 as the 321:Homo antecessor 313: 304: 300:Homo antecessor 296: 295: 282: 149: 138: 132: 126: 111: 109: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 35: 34: 27: 25:Homo antecessor 17: 12: 11: 5: 8408: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8333: 8320: 8307: 8294: 8281: 8266: 8250: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8203: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8179:Alligator drum 8171: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8106:lunar calendar 8103: 8092: 8090: 8089:Other cultural 8086: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7993: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7907: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7893:Venus figurine 7890: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7824:Megalithic art 7821: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7782: 7777: 7775:Cave paintings 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7577:Material goods 7569: 7568: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7455: 7450: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7376: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7300: 7295: 7293:Cliff dwelling 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7204: 7203: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7012: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6878:Fire hardening 6875: 6870: 6868:Clovis culture 6865: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6791:Manis Mastodon 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6735: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6670:throwing stick 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6482: 6480: 6470: 6469: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6267:Human timeline 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6090:Drunken monkey 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6019:General models 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5898: 5896: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5818: 5810: 5808: 5806:Archaic humans 5802: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5737: 5735: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5715: 5711:H. rudolfensis 5707: 5700: 5693: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5632:P. aethiopicus 5627: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5561: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5534: 5532: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5510:Sahelanthropus 5506: 5499: 5496:Nakalipithecus 5491: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5443: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5385:External links 5383: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5304: 5291:10.1086/653807 5285:(4): 539–549. 5264: 5207: 5166: 5147:(4): 503–509. 5128: 5101:(4): 425–446. 5072: 5036: 4974: 4916: 4905:(4): 564–573. 4883: 4837: 4808:(5): 243–245. 4786: 4759:(4): 733–741. 4740: 4681: 4642:(4102): 4102. 4618: 4599:(4): 610–623. 4577: 4532: 4483: 4446: 4398: 4344: 4287: 4243: 4191: 4164:(3): 311–319. 4137: 4098:(1): 0190889. 4059: 3979: 3952:(4): 157–171. 3936:Arsuaga, J. L. 3919: 3900:(4): 404–423. 3875: 3868: 3859:The Human Past 3848: 3841: 3821:Tattersall, I. 3806: 3773: 3766: 3739: 3732: 3702: 3652: 3590: 3524: 3486: 3413: 3357: 3303: 3231: 3172: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3079: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2962:exocannibalism 2936: 2933: 2929:storage organs 2750:Equus stenonis 2744:, the extinct 2731:, the extinct 2704: 2701: 2643:glacial cycles 2633:lies near the 2592: 2589: 2579: 2576: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2443: 2440: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2386:march fracture 2367:osteoarthritis 2314: 2311: 2282: 2279: 2208:biceps brachii 2193: 2190: 2174:shoulder blade 2079: 2076: 2028:parietal bones 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1903: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1742: 1739: 1709:Chris Stringer 1655:junior synonym 1641:, originally " 1614:Chris Stringer 1601:, supplanting 1586: 1585:Classification 1583: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1313: 1312: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1291: 1290: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1269: 1268: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1245: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1205: 1204: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1161: 1160: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1138: 1137: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1003: 1002: 1001: 999: 986: 985: 984: 973: 972: 971: 969: 930: 929: 928: 912:H. rudolfensis 897: 896: 895: 856: 855: 854: 841: 840: 839: 826: 825: 824: 811: 810: 809: 788: 787: 786: 775: 774: 773: 766:Graecopithecus 762: 761: 760: 753:Sahelanthropus 749: 748: 747: 736: 735: 734: 723: 722: 721: 710: 709: 708: 683:Ouranopithecus 679: 678: 677: 666: 665: 664: 657:Nakalipithecus 653: 652: 651: 640: 639: 638: 627: 626: 625: 614: 613: 612: 599: 598: 597: 595: 592:0 — 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 487: 486: 484: 483: 476: 469: 458: 455: 454: 447: 441: 438: 315: 314: 305: 291: 290: 284: 283: 275: 273: 269: 268: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 143: 142: 122: 121: 113: 112: 104: 103: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 36:1.2–0.77 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8407: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8065:Simple dolmen 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8050:Passage grave 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7996:Gallery grave 7994: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7911:Burial mounds 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7871:Statue menhir 7869: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7859:Stone carving 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7698:Sewing needle 7696: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7553: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7526:Timber circle 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475:Tor enclosure 7473: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7463:fulacht fiadh 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:spear-thrower 6697: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6677:Bow and arrow 6675: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586:Grinding slab 6584: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6518:Domestication 6516: 6514: 6513:Digging stick 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6491:Founder crops 6489: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6432:New Stone Age 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121:Life history 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5974:Homo ergaster 5970: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5903:H. s. sapiens 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883:Modern humans 5880: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5857:H. luzonensis 5854: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5815:H. antecessor 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5742:H. e. erectus 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5596:A. deyiremeda 5593: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5517:Kenyanthropus 5514: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463:Gorilla–human 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5273:Carbonell, E. 5268: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:Homo ergaster 3706: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3683:(52): 94–95. 3682: 3679:(in French). 3678: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3662: 3661:Arambourg, C. 3656: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3551:(2): e88329. 3550: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3464:2027.42/62855 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3429:Carbonell, E. 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2970:H. antecessor 2967: 2966:H. antecessor 2963: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2949:H. antecessor 2946: 2942: 2941:H. antecessor 2932: 2930: 2925: 2924:H. antecessor 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:H. antecessor 2902: 2901:H. antecessor 2899:trees, which 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2824:U. dolinensis 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2798:H. antecessor 2794: 2793:H. antecessor 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773:spotted hyena 2770: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709:H. antecessor 2700: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2688:Mediterranean 2685: 2684:H. antecessor 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:H. antecessor 2620: 2616: 2614: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2493: 2482: 2473: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419:H. antecessor 2413: 2408: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2307:H. antecessor 2304: 2297: 2292: 2291:H. antecessor 2287: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2262:H. antecessor 2259: 2255: 2254:H. antecessor 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2182:H. antecessor 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2161:H. antecessor 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:neck vertebra 2135: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2111:H. antecessor 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:Indian people 2085: 2075: 2069: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:shovel-shaped 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949:alveolar part 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:H. antecessor 1930: 1925: 1921: 1920:H. antecessor 1917: 1916:H. antecessor 1907: 1897: 1886: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860:Barranco León 1853: 1849: 1846: 1845:H. antecessor 1842: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1810:remains are: 1809: 1808:H. antecessor 1805: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1791:H. antecessor 1788: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1731:H. antecessor 1727: 1726:H. antecessor 1723: 1718: 1714: 1713:H. antecessor 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701:H. antecessor 1698: 1694: 1693:H. antecessor 1690: 1689:Richard Klein 1685: 1684: 1679: 1678:H. antecessor 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:H. antecessor 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651:H. antecessor 1648: 1647:H. antecessor 1644: 1640: 1639: 1638:Homo ergaster 1634: 1630: 1627: 1619: 1618:H. antecessor 1615: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591:H. antecessor 1582: 1580: 1579:H. antecessor 1576: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1555:H. antecessor 1548: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:H. antecessor 1520: 1519:H. antecessor 1516: 1511: 1510:H. antecessor 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:archaic human 1444: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1415:archaeologist 1412: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1348: 1346: 1330: 1329:Modern humans 1324: 1319: 1318: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1261: 1260:Earliest fire 1256: 1251: 1250: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1201: 1200: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1071: 1070:Gorilla split 1066: 1061: 1060: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1023: 1008: 995: 994: 992: 980: 978: 964: 962: 956: 954: 948: 946: 945:H. antecessor 939: 938: 936: 923: 921: 915: 913: 906: 905: 903: 890: 888: 887:Au. anamensis 882: 880: 879:Au. afarensis 874: 872: 871:Au. africanus 865: 864: 862: 849: 847: 834: 832: 820: 819: 817: 804: 802: 801:O. tugenensis 796: 794: 782: 780: 769: 767: 756: 754: 743: 741: 730: 728: 717: 715: 703: 701: 695: 693: 686: 684: 673: 671: 660: 658: 646: 645: 634: 632: 621: 619: 608: 606: 488: 482: 477: 475: 470: 468: 463: 462: 456: 452: 445: 437: 435: 431: 427: 426:H. antecessor 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 402:H. antecessor 399: 397: 396:H. antecessor 392: 391:H. antecessor 378: 376: 375:H. antecessor 372: 371: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 337:archaic human 334: 331: 327: 323: 322: 311: 308: 303: 301: 292: 289: 288:Binomial name 285: 281: 280: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 153: 148: 144: 141: 136: 130: 123: 119: 114: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 39: 32: 26: 22: 19: 8245: 8006:wedge-shaped 7991:Funeral pyre 7984:Great dolmen 7940:Chamber tomb 7921:Round barrow 7876:Stone circle 7748:Blombos Cave 7676:Grooved ware 7600:Chalcolithic 7504:Thornborough 7422:Flush toilet 7357:Blombos Cave 7352:Rock shelter 7308:Quiggly hole 7200:Architecture 7175:illustration 6817:Buffalo jump 6638:Storage pits 6601:Aşıklı Höyük 6591:Ground stone 6427:Subdivisions 6351: 6339: 6327: 6194:Gender roles 6189:Intelligence 6002:Homo sapiens 6000: 5996: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5980:Homo erectus 5978: 5972: 5968:Homo habilis 5966: 5927:Manot people 5916:H. s. idaltu 5914: 5910:Jebel Irhoud 5902: 5893:Homo sapiens 5891: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5814: 5813: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5732:Homo erectus 5730: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5677:Proto-humans 5666: 5663:proto-humans 5644: 5637: 5630: 5622:Paranthropus 5620: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5582:A. anamensis 5580: 5575:A. africanus 5573: 5568:A. afarensis 5566: 5556: 5544: 5537: 5529:Ardipithecus 5527: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5473:Gibbon–human 5366: 5362: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5282: 5276: 5267: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5050: 5046: 5039: 4994: 4990: 4937:(1): 13802. 4934: 4930: 4919: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4840: 4805: 4799: 4789: 4756: 4750: 4743: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4596: 4590: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4505:(99): 1–18. 4502: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4464:(1): 80–91. 4461: 4455: 4449: 4414: 4408: 4401: 4384:10072/415775 4358: 4354: 4347: 4338:10072/381342 4310: 4304: 4298: 4290: 4265: 4259: 4246: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4095: 4089: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3858: 3851: 3828: 3824: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3753: 3749:Homo sapiens 3748: 3742: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667:Atlanthropus 3666: 3655: 3612: 3606: 3548: 3542: 3505:(1): 12–25. 3502: 3496: 3489: 3438: 3432: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3327: 3321: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3201: 3195: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3091: 3082: 3074: 3073:, including 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3030:Tautavel Man 3007: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2921: 2904: 2900: 2878: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2797: 2792: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2739: 2735: 2726: 2719: 2708: 2706: 2683: 2682: 2640: 2622: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2564:denticulates 2552: 2533: 2452: 2445: 2418: 2417: 2379: 2360: 2340: 2316: 2306: 2300: 2290: 2261: 2253: 2243: 2220: 2211: 2195: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2160: 2158: 2145: 2131: 2114: 2110: 2081: 2056:frontal bone 2039: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2007: 1961: 1932: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1857: 1844: 1814:In 1999 two 1807: 1804:interglacial 1796: 1790: 1762:stratigraphy 1759: 1750:Stratigraphy 1730: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1667:mauritanicus 1666: 1662: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1623: 1617: 1602: 1599:Neanderthals 1590: 1589:The face of 1588: 1578: 1571: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1499: 1490: 1474: 1436: 1404: 1357: 1342: 1198: 1154: 1132:Ardipithecus 1131: 1050:Earlier apes 1007:Neanderthals 991:Homo sapiens 988: 987: 974: 958: 950: 944: 942: 932: 931: 917: 909: 899: 898: 884: 876: 868: 858: 857: 843: 828: 816:Ardipithecus 813: 812: 798: 790: 776: 763: 750: 740:Sivapithecus 737: 727:Oreopithecus 724: 711: 697: 689: 680: 667: 654: 642: 628: 615: 600: 430:cannibalised 425: 401: 400: 395: 390: 379: 374: 368: 365:Neanderthals 320: 319: 318: 309: 299: 294: 278: 277: 264: 220:Infraorder: 129:frontal bone 24: 18: 8270:Wikispecies 8028:unchambered 8023:Long barrow 8013:Grave goods 7969:Court cairn 7964:Clava cairn 7916:Bowl barrow 7854:Rock cupule 7797:Golden hats 7790:Hill figure 7691:Unstan ware 7671:Cord-marked 7536:Sweet Track 7458:Burnt mound 7379:Stilt house 7367:Sibudu Cave 7160:Tally stick 7128:Quern-stone 7113:Hammerstone 7103:Fire plough 7074:Pesse canoe 7032:Bannerstone 7002:Other tools 6915:Lithic core 6863:Aurignacian 6751:Bare Island 6633:Quern-stone 6125:Grandmother 6080:Shore-based 6041:Aquatic ape 5932:Tam Pa Ling 5827:H. ergaster 5646:P. robustus 5322:: 228–239. 5188:: 570–577. 5053:: 427–436. 4432:10261/84112 4313:: 120–137. 3100:KNM ER 3883 3096:KNM ER 3733 3067:H. ergaster 3063:H. ergaster 3015:Neanderthal 2988:Ceprano Man 2945:cannibalism 2935:Cannibalism 2917:hackberries 2870:bone marrow 2816:E. stenonis 2800:leftovers. 2717:fallow deer 2605: [ 2602:Cueva Negra 2595:Only a few 2556:hammerstone 2355:gum disease 2351:root canals 2332:keratocysts 2303:chimpanzees 2289:Bust of an 2281:Growth rate 2250:metatarsals 2154:spinal cord 2146:H. ergaster 2136:(the first 2106:Happisburgh 2040:H. ergaster 2032:H. ergaster 1937:nasal bones 1775:debris flow 1754:Gran Dolina 1711:considered 1705:H. ergaster 1575:Happisburgh 1502:Pleistocene 1421: [ 1411:Gran Dolina 1399:Gran Dolina 953:H. ergaster 846:Ar. ramidus 831:Ar. kadabba 793:O. praegens 631:Pleistocene 460:This box: 349:Gran Dolina 240:Subfamily: 224:Simiiformes 8359:Categories 8167:trepanning 8060:Ring cairn 8018:Jar burial 8001:transepted 7933:U.S. sites 7834:Petroglyph 7760:Bird stone 7718:wine press 7391:Stone roof 7374:Roundhouse 7266:long house 7243:Stonehenge 7211:Ceremonial 7155:Stone tool 6982:Tool stone 6952:Metallurgy 6856:Mousterian 6833:Toolmaking 6771:Cumberland 6744:Transverse 6714:Schöningen 6606:Qesem cave 6574:Earth oven 6528:Irrigation 6439:Technology 6407:Prehistory 6164:Skin color 6149:Bipedalism 6110:Killer ape 5922:Cro-Magnon 5821:Denisovans 5697:H. habilis 5661:Humans and 5546:A. ramidus 5539:A. kadabba 4550:(4): 351. 4417:(1): 1–9. 4361:: 101292. 3118:References 3104:Sangiran 2 3094:specimens 3092:H. erectus 3088:stephanion 3059:H. erectus 2907:unit TD6, 2866:long bones 2844:, several 2697:Ebro River 2627:Ebro river 2566:, points, 2402:Technology 2390:flatfooted 2380:The right 2363:osteophyte 2258:ankle bone 2097:metatarsal 2036:H. erectus 2034:and Asian 1996:tooth root 1962:The upper 1779:floodplain 1491:antecessor 1486:mandibular 1478:antecessor 1022:Denisovans 961:Au. sediba 935:H. erectus 902:H. habilis 692:Ou. turkae 359:of modern 214:Haplorhini 210:Suborder: 8211:symbolism 8075:Tor cairn 8033:Grønsalen 7974:Cremation 7866:Sculpture 7844:Pictogram 7829:Petroform 7649:amber use 7617:Cosmetics 7427:Reservoir 7412:Check dam 7342:Pueblitos 7337:Pit-house 7320:Longhouse 7254:Dwellings 7123:Microlith 7054:Bow drill 7049:Bone tool 7042:prismatic 6851:Acheulean 6766:Cresswell 6739:Arrowhead 6665:Boomerang 6581:Granaries 6543:Terracing 6422:Stone Age 6283:Theorists 6250:Timelines 6130:Patriarch 6106:Behavior 6031:Gathering 5959:Ancestors 5704:H. naledi 5639:P. boisei 5610:A. sediba 5344:149855232 5227:: 43319. 4781:210333472 4749:Spain)". 4527:232206781 4393:248162093 4186:129402115 4054:214736611 4028:1476-4687 3823:(2007). " 3150:: 22–31. 2777:wild boar 2655:estuarine 2613:campfires 2560:retouched 2548:limestone 2544:sandstone 2523:retouched 2448:quartzite 2435:Acheulean 2412:Acheulean 2343:attrition 2319:impaction 2313:Pathology 2246:phalanges 1998:system. 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