English language in Europe

186: 139: 3962: 3189: 3974: 33: 1582:, Germany. According to a spokesperson of the Baden-Württemberg Judiciary, all judges of the Stuttgart Commercial Court and the Mannheim Commercial Court will be able to conduct hearings in the English language. The courts have been created with the intent of settling international disputes, thus increasing the role of Germany in international commercial law. 1078:, Wales's last independent prince, in battle. Edward followed the practice used by his Norman predecessors in their subjugation of the English, and constructed a series of great stone castles in order to control Wales, thus preventing further military action against England by the Welsh. With ‘English’ political control at this time came 998:). This caused divisions in the country where the Lowlands remained, historically, more influenced by the English to the south: the Lowlands lay more open to attack by invading armies from the south and absorbed English influence through their proximity to and their trading relations with their southern neighbours. 878:

remains low, particularly since the 1960s. About 165,000 people in Northern Ireland have some knowledge of Irish. Ability varies; 64,847 people stated they could understand, speak, read and write Irish in the 2011 UK census, the majority of whom have learnt it as a second language. Otherwise, except

1207:

After independence in the 1960s there was some attempt to encourage French, which was still the most important European language. This policy would have been in line with that in place in Greece at the time. Furthermore, in the 1960s, affluent French-speaking tourists (both from France and Lebanon)

1196:

have had little opportunity or inclination to learn the others' language, and are more likely to talk to each other in English. Older Turkish Cypriots who worked or lived with Greek Cypriots prior to partition often speak Greek quite fluently. Indeed, many Ottoman soldiers took Greek wives and were

963:

by the end of the 13th century. English appeared in Scotland for the first time in literary form in the mid-14th century, when its form unsurprisingly differed little from other northern English dialects. As a consequence of the outcome of the Wars of Independence though, the English of Lothian who

1703:

English has become the pre-eminent second language of Europe not in the absence of any colonial history or diaspora, but rather as a concerted effort to increase fluency in English by Europeans since the Second World War. English has become the most useful language to connect different language

1467:

was ceded to Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht, although as it transpired this was to be a temporary dominion. Nevertheless, while under British Control Menorca become the Royal Navy's main Mediterranean base and English has been very widely spoken throughout Menorca ever since. Although not an

1620:, Volvo, etc. have designated English to be the language of communication for their senior management, and many universities offer their programmes in English. The language is also a required subject in most European countries. Thus, the percentage of English speakers is expected to rise. 1428: – hitherto an unscripted vernacular – in or around 1868. From this point on, the Maltese language gradually gained currency as the main language on the islands, its grammars and conventions evolving in a mix between Italian, Arabic and English. 869:

was established in Belfast to drive inward investment as a response to a notable level of public interest in learning Irish and the expansion of Irish-medium education (predominantly attended by children whose home language is English) since the 1970s. In recent decades, some

409:. In return, the Angles were granted lands in the South-East. Further aid was sought, and in response "came men of Ald Seaxum of Anglum of Iotum" (Saxons, Angles and Jutes). The Chronicle documents the subsequent influx of settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms: 604:

after the Norman conquest, and French in later centuries; as a result, a substantial proportion of English vocabulary is very close to French, with some slight spelling differences (word endings, use of old French spellings, etc.) and some occasional shifts in meaning.

659:. English influence on the country waned during this period to the point that the English-dominated Parliament was driven to legislate that any Irish of English descent must speak English (requiring those that did not know English to learn it) through the 1208:

in terms of percentage were more important than today. Overall though, the French policy was indicative of a desire to distance Cyprus from the former British colonial power, against which a bitter war of independence had recently been fought and won.

1708:

remains to be seen, but it is possible that the EU, in retaining English as a key working language without the dominant presence of British English speakers, would claim ownership over its own variety of English and develop it for its own needs.

1454:

English remains an official language in Malta, but since independence in 1964, the country's cultural and commercial links with Italy have strengthened, owing to proximity. Italian television is widely received in Malta and is highly popular.

736:. Accordingly, some Irish people who spoke both Irish and English refrained from speaking to their children in Irish, or, in extreme cases, feigned the inability to speak Irish themselves. Despite state support for the Irish language in the 1183:

The British colonial history of Cyprus has left Cypriots with a good level of English but it is no longer an official language in either the Greek south side of the island, formally known as the Republic of Cyprus or the Turkish north, the

1009:

of England, and became James I of England. James moved to London and only returned once to Scotland. By the time of James VI's accession to the English throne the old Scottish Court and Parliament spoke Scots. Scots developed from the

1601:

and the aim of making Helsinki more attractive to international talent. 8,000 Helsinkians speak English as their native language, which is 1.2% of Helsinki's population and makes it the 7th most spoken native language in the city.

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by only a very small number of people on the island of Ireland. Irish has been a compulsory subject in schools in the Republic since the 1920s and proficiency in Irish was until the mid-1980s required for all government jobs.

756:

It may be noted, however, that certain Irish words (especially those germane to political and civic life) in the Republic are rarely, if ever, translated into English. These include the names of legislative bodies (such as

528:. Some scholars divide Early Modern English and Late Modern English at around 1800, in concert with the British conquest of much of the rest of the world, as the influence of native languages affected English enormously. 1052:. Approximately 2% of the population use Scottish Gaelic as their language of everyday use, primarily in the northern and western regions of the country. Virtually all Scottish Gaelic speakers also speak fluent English. 1626:

or European English, less commonly known as EU English and EU Speak, is a dialect of English based on the technical jargon of the European Union and the native languages of its non-native English speaking population.

1082:

customs and language; English did not displace Welsh as the majority language of the Welsh people until the anti-Welsh language campaigns, which began towards the end of the 19th century (54% spoke Welsh in 1891; see

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in the North Sea. While native English speakers are generally able to read Scots, except for some odd unfamiliar words, Frisian is largely unintelligible (though it was much closer to modern English's predecessors,

333:

citizens then spoke English as their native language. Another 38% of EU citizens then stated that they had sufficient English skills to hold a conversation, so the total reach of English in the EU in 2006 was 51%.

1175:

retaining limited rights to intervene in internal affairs. Parts of the island were excluded from the territory of the new independent republic and remain under UK control. These zones are what are known as the

1022:). Scots continues to heavily influence the spoken English of the Scottish people today. It is much more similar to dialects in the north of England than to 'British' English, even today. The introduction of 928:

language. However, during the 12th and 13th centuries, Norman landowners and their retainers, were invited to settle by the king. It is probable that many of their retainers spoke a northern form of

821:, Ireland is today largely an English-speaking country. Fluent or native Irish speakers are a minority in most of the country, with Irish remaining as a vernacular mainly in the relatively small 865:. All of these Irish speakers were bilingual and chose to speak English to their children, and thus these areas of Northern Ireland are now entirely English-speaking. However, in the 2000s a 1563:, a trilingual country, there was a proposal in 2019 to make English an official language, but this ultimately failed to get the required minimum number of signatures to be discussed by the 964:

lived under the King of Scots had to accept Scottish identity. The growth in prestige of English in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland, made English the

189:

Knowledge of English as a foreign and second language in the EU member states (plus Turkey), in per cent of the adult population (over the age of 14), 2005. Data taken from an EU survey.

717:

from 1831 proved a powerful vector for the transmission of English as a home language, with the greatest retreat of the Irish language occurring in the period between 1850 and 1900.

3169: 1200:

English is also commonly used on Cyprus to communicate with foreign visitors. The large number of British tourists (and other, largely Northern European ones, who use English as a

971:

Thus, from the end of the 14th century, and certainly by the end of the 15th century, Scotland began to show a split into two cultural areas – the mainly English or

1215:, leading to diffusion of culture and language back to their country of origin, and negative sentiments towards the UK have waned or disappeared. There is now a large British 686:

and suppression of Catholicism, including both native Irish and the "Old English" (those of Anglo-Norman descent), further cemented English influence across the country.

588:

of the eastern Netherlands and northern Germany, which was the old homeland of the Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain. Other less closely related living languages include

1612:

In areas of Europe where English is not the first language, there are many examples of the mandated primacy of English: for example, many European companies, such as

1788:"Accroître le taux d'attraction des talents non francophones et l'intégration mondiale : faire de l'anglais une langue officielle du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg" 3262: 853:

At the time of partition, English had become the first language of the vast majority in Northern Ireland. It had small elderly Irish-speaking populations in the

1812: 3162: 3021: 2961: 1439:

regime in Italy, which had made territorial claims on the islands, although the use of Italian by nationalists was more out of cultural affinities with

1431:

Between the 1870s and 1930s, Malta had three official languages, Italian, Maltese and English, but in 1934, English and Maltese were declared the sole

3257: 3155: 1014:

spoken in the Northumbrian kingdom of Bernicia, which in the 6th century conquered the Brittonic kingdom of Gododdin and renamed its capital of

1877: 440:

These Germanic invaders dominated the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants. The dialects spoken by these invaders formed what would be called

1204:) who visit Cyprus regularly has contributed largely to the continued use of English on Cyprus, especially in its thriving tourist industry. 1091:

is currently spoken by about one-fifth of the population. It has been enjoying support from the authorities for some decades, resulting in a

234: 1982: 3450: 3307: 1856: 1726: 1705: 97: 50: 1605:

Throughout Europe, tourism, publishing, finance, computers and related industries rely heavily on English due to Anglophone trade ties.

1120:

are two Crown Dependencies. Besides English, some (very few) inhabitants of these islands speak regional languages, or those related to

3056: 2029: 69: 1668:(44%), Cyprus (42%) and Sweden (40%). Working knowledge varies a lot between European countries. It is very high in Malta, Cyprus, 326:

form a "European Anglosphere" with an area of about 316,000 km (122,000 sq mi) and a population of over 71 million.

4004: 838: 697:

to their children as they knew that the children might have to emigrate and Irish would be of no use outside the home country, in

76: 1834: 1048:

Today, almost all residents of Scotland speak English, although many speak various dialects of Scots which differ markedly from

600:. Many French words are also intelligible to an English speaker, as English absorbed a tremendous amount of vocabulary from the 455:

invaders who settled mainly in the North-East. English, England and East Anglia are derived from words referring to the Angles:

3236: 3285: 3106: 2891: 299:, the sole official language of Gibraltar and of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and one of the official languages of Ireland, Malta, 1899: 83: 3126: 2199: 2084: 1045:. A customs and currency union also took place. With this, Scotland's position was consolidated within the United Kingdom. 1042: 842: 3579: 1468:

official language, English tends to be used on much public signage for the benefit of tourists and expatriates, alongside

2607: 1648:

English is the most commonly spoken foreign language in 19 out of 25 European Union countries (excluding Ireland) In the

1451:, the Maltese lost their sense of fraternity with the Italian world, and there was a decline in Italian spoken in Malta. 1185: 690: 2712: 65: 1361:

do so in the UK. Gibraltar receives Spanish television and radio, and British television is also widely available via

185: 1956:

including native speakers, the figures are: English 38%, German 14%, French 14%, Spanish 6%, Russian 6%, Italian 3%.

1787: 1424:

However, this was increasingly downgraded by the increased use of English. The British began scripting and codifying

116: 932:, although probably French was more common. Most of the evidence suggests that English spread into Scotland via the 3430: 2511: 1564: 1357:, used by Government. It is also the medium of instruction in schools and most Gibraltarians who go on to tertiary 17: 3226: 2759: 2555: 1639: 1023: 874:

in Northern Ireland have used it as a means of promoting an Irish identity. However, the amount of interest from

3855: 3076: 2516: 2022: 1924: 1504:. There are communities of native English speakers in some European cities outside the UK and Ireland, such as 1034: 54: 3178: 3116: 2809: 2771: 1417:, and all legal statutes, taxation, education and clerical discourses were conducted either in Italian or in 1365:. Whereas a century ago, most Gibraltarians were monolingual Spanish speakers, the majority is now naturally 834: 744:) after independence, Irish continued to retreat, the economic marginality of many Irish-speaking areas (see 478:(or Anglo-French during the Plantagenet period) was the language of the elite and the administration and few 3999: 3474: 3111: 2764: 2584: 2401: 2222: 1245: 238: 142: 1151:

declared war against the United Kingdom and France as part of the complex series of alliances that led to

2487: 2477: 2075: 2042: 2038: 1155:. The British then annexed Cyprus on 2 November 1914 as part of the British Empire, making the Cypriots 90: 3952: 3289:

Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority

3071: 2786: 2644: 1084: 866: 561: 2007: 1342:. Even though Andalusian Spanish is the main constituent of Llanito, it is also heavily influenced by 924:

by the 7th century, but remained confined there, and indeed contracted slightly to the advance of the

3994: 3051: 2577: 2535: 2506: 2438: 2406: 2015: 1753: 809:

are still common for houses, streets, villages, and geographic features, especially the thousands of

714: 667: 3583:

Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language

1026:

into Scottish churches also was a blow to the Scots language, since it used Southern English forms.

3871: 3462: 2776: 2730: 2629: 2602: 2567: 2462: 2333: 1696:(14%). On average in 2012, 38% of citizens of the European Union (excluding the United Kingdom and 1261: 979: 597: 1188:

though English remains official in the SBAs. Since the effective partition of the island in 1974,

879:

for place names and folk music, English is effectively the sole language of Northern Ireland. The

789:, are referred to as "the Gardaí", or "the Guards" for short. Irish appears on government forms, 3747: 2988: 2821: 2639: 2614: 1980: 1961: 1945: 1700:) stated that they have sufficient knowledge of English to have a conversation in this language. 1410: 541: 43: 3361: 3221: 2903: 2881: 2685: 2382: 2351: 2229: 1211:

However, knowledge of English is helped by the large Cypriot migrant communities in the UK and

1019: 683: 565: 418: 282: 2799: 689:

As the centuries passed and the social conditions in Ireland deteriorated, culminating in the

3799: 3420: 3101: 2886: 2781: 2494: 2428: 2182: 2172: 2167: 1998: 925: 908: 888: 880: 569: 553: 475: 393: 3094: 1652:, working knowledge of English as a foreign language is clearly leading at 38%, followed by 1484:

There are also pockets of native English speakers to be found throughout Europe, such as in

1159:. On 5 November 1914 the British and the French declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Most of 486:

words were absorbed into Old English, which also lost most of its inflections, resulting in

3529: 2523: 2416: 2356: 2234: 2207: 2124: 1567:. In 2021, a similar proposal was made, which failed to meet the 4500 minimum signatures. 1413:. Prior to the arrival of the British, the language of the educated Maltese elite had been 1362: 1276: 1075: 959:, these small urban communities appear to have been using English as something more than a 848: 679: 660: 619: 521: 513: 441: 138: 1579: 861:

and Rathlin Island. There were also pockets of Irish speakers in the southernmost part of

8: 3928: 3500: 3456: 3333: 3298: 3121: 2951: 2943: 2841: 2804: 2690: 2675: 2550: 2540: 2467: 2306: 1976: 1941: 1697: 1606: 1331: 1272: 1220: 1177: 1071: 1038: 937: 892: 875: 786: 741: 675: 637: 525: 323: 206: 1041:, and transferring all their powers to a new Parliament in London which then became the 3011: 2978: 2913: 2896: 2751: 2572: 2119: 2109: 1382: 1319: 1061: 983: 945: 537: 358: 214: 3731: 3016: 3001: 2973: 2933: 2725: 2662: 2411: 2187: 2151: 1586: 1469: 1432: 1354: 1296: 1280: 1265: 1253: 1030: 991: 975: 965: 854: 758: 725: 651:. By the 14th century, however, English rule was largely limited to the area around 549: 491: 430: 402: 292: 250: 2707: 762: 131:"European English" redirects here. For the language used in the European Union, see 3882: 3850: 3740: 3555: 3385: 3136: 3089: 3041: 2968: 2876: 2866: 2861: 2851: 2697: 2670: 2528: 2448: 2393: 2291: 2273: 2260: 2097: 2092: 1657: 1598: 1436: 1425: 1414: 1327: 1129: 1092: 1049: 1011: 995: 917: 912: 896: 798: 737: 733: 508: 479: 426: 300: 246: 337:

European English is known by a number of colloquial portmanteau words, including:

3978: 3892: 3006: 2908: 2846: 2816: 2624: 2499: 2320: 2296: 2268: 2239: 2212: 2177: 2064: 1986: 1653: 1343: 1335: 1323: 1300: 1193: 1156: 1121: 956: 952: 858: 818: 623: 601: 593: 483: 471: 422: 364: 274: 198: 774: 3822: 3548: 3519: 3436: 3373: 3231: 3081: 2996: 2956: 2856: 2680: 2433: 2338: 2328: 2244: 2046: 1406: 1358: 1347: 1292: 1284: 1164: 1148: 1088: 972: 929: 884: 794: 694: 671: 589: 574: 545: 495: 487: 445: 401:, King of the Britons, issued an invitation to the "Angle kin" (Angles, led by 376: 330: 319: 312: 258: 202: 1764:

Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity.

778: 3988: 3966: 3468: 3414: 3318: 3131: 3046: 2702: 2619: 2560: 2472: 2423: 2301: 2283: 1386: 1229: 1189: 1079: 1065: 862: 749: 702: 698: 254: 1649: 3828: 3673: 3663: 3443: 2634: 2482: 2361: 1643: 1623: 1448: 1390: 1249: 1098: 871: 802: 544:

family of languages. The closest undoubted living relatives of English are

368: 132: 1597:. He cited the difficulty typically encountered by foreigners in learning 1473: 813:. But with these important exceptions, and despite the presence of Irish 556:

is spoken by approximately half a million people in the Dutch province of

3770: 3720: 3678: 3542: 3506: 3425: 3338: 3241: 3147: 1673: 1669: 1378: 1233:. All of the above maintains an English-speaking presence on the island. 1224: 1152: 941: 578: 410: 242: 218: 1125: 770: 3668: 3613: 3407: 2545: 2037: 1560: 1525: 1311: 1216: 1133: 948: 814: 806: 585: 278: 3792: 3775: 3754: 3643: 3537: 2102: 1571: 1549: 1513: 1505: 1366: 1241: 1212: 1109: 1015: 822: 810: 782: 766: 745: 721: 706: 557: 398: 372: 262: 230: 713:. In addition, the introduction of universal state education in the 520:

The rise of Modern English began around the fifteenth century, with

32: 3973: 3845: 3765: 3703: 3688: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3494: 3379: 3343: 3327: 2129: 1693: 1590: 1575: 1529: 1521: 1497: 1117: 1002: 987: 656: 648: 444:, which was also strongly influenced by another Germanic language, 384: 304: 289: 226: 1393:, died in 1974. All inhabitants of the Isle of Man speak English. 1389:

are the two official languages.. The last native speaker of Manx,

951:), Flemish and French. Although the military aristocracy employed 3909: 3898: 3653: 3648: 3633: 3628: 3401: 3391: 3354: 3066: 3061: 2871: 2217: 2144: 2139: 1878:"Mayor suggests Helsinki declare itself an English-language city" 1835:"What's the verdict with Stuttgart's new English language court?" 1813:"Make English an official language in Luxembourg, petition urges" 1685: 1665: 1617: 1594: 1501: 1493: 1464: 1444: 1339: 1315: 921: 729: 633: 629: 584:

After Scots and Frisian, the next closest relative is the modern

503: 296: 1656:

and French (at 14% each), Russian and Spanish (at 6% each), and

1219:

population, in addition to the British military presence in the

936:, proto-urban institutions which were first established by King 682:

and a deepening of the English language culture in Ireland. The

3904: 3698: 3693: 3658: 3638: 3513: 3396: 3367: 3348: 2134: 2114: 1960:. "Special Eurobarometer 243" of the European Commission (2006) 1677: 1660:(3%). "Very good" knowledge of English is particularly high in 1613: 1553: 1541: 1517: 1509: 1489: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1113: 1006: 748:) being a primary factor. For this reason Irish is spoken as a 710: 652: 641: 452: 434: 414: 380: 270: 222: 3887: 3877: 3860: 3805: 3760: 3683: 3623: 3618: 1689: 1681: 1661: 1537: 1485: 1440: 1418: 1402: 1304: 1288: 1257: 933: 645: 449: 406: 388: 308: 210: 1609:

and shipping movements are almost all conducted in English.

720:

By the 20th century, Ireland had a centuries-old history of

273:, English is spoken mainly by those who have learnt it as a 3865: 3839: 3833: 1545: 1533: 825:

regions, and most Irish speakers also have fluent English.

790: 266: 1593:, proposed to elevate English as an official language in 940:. Incoming burghers were mainly English (especially from 1857:"Two English-speaking commercial courts open in Germany" 1099:

English in other British or formerly British territories

3263:

List of countries where English is an official language

1500:, as well as numerous US and British military bases in 1095:, and is in a healthy position in many parts of Wales. 1033:. Implementing the treaty involved dissolving both the 839:

Languages of the United Kingdom § Northern Ireland

531: 1925:"English dominates EU language curricula, study finds" 1900:"Language according to sex by municipality, 1990-2021" 1139:

All inhabitants of the Channel Islands speak English.

1029:

In 1707 the Scottish and English Parliaments signed a

3950: 363:

English is descended from the language spoken by the

209:. Outside of these states, it has official status in 2001:

by Marko Modiano, World Englishes 19 September 2017

1227:, whose peacekeepers usually also use English as a 501:The most famous surviving work from Old English is 57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3188: 674:to collapse at the start of the 17th century. The 666:English rule expanded in the 16th century by the 608: 536:English belongs to the western sub-branch of the 494:marked the transformation of Middle English into 277:, but also, to a lesser extent, natively by some 150: "Very High Proficiency" (score 63.07–70.27) 3986: 3258:List of countries by English-speaking population 773:, of the elected representative(s) in the Dáil ( 329:According to a survey published in 2006, 13% of 174: "Very Low Proficiency" (score 40.87–48.19) 162: "Moderate Proficiency" (score 52.50–57.38) 1570:In 2020, two English-language courts opened in 883:specifically acknowledges the position both of 524:reaching its literary pinnacle at the time of 3163: 2023: 728:while the Irish language was associated with 235:Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3451:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3308:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2381: 507:; the most famous Middle English work being 311:, the Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey and the 156: "High Proficiency" (score 58.26–61.86) 1630: 1279:as a result of the mix of the neighbouring 168: "Low Proficiency" (score 48.69–52.39) 3177: 3170: 3156: 3057:Comparison of American and British English 2030: 2016: 1435:. The British associated Italian with the 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 2750: 1777:The Turnstone: A Doctor's Story page 216 1768:, 39(1): 24. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam 986:(which then could be thought to include 184: 137: 1999:English in a post-Brexit European Union 564:is spoken in nearby areas of Germany. 14: 3987: 3237:English in the Commonwealth of Nations 1792:The petition website of the Parliament 1706:impact of Brexit on EU language policy 1248:since an Anglo-Dutch force led by Sir 920:speakers were actually established in 3203: 3151: 2011: 1992: 1975:. "Special Eurobarometer 386" of the 1940:. "Special Eurobarometer 386" of the 1260:ceded the territory in perpetuity to 352: 3127:Non-native pronunciations of English 1754:Europeans and their Languages (2006) 1749: 1747: 843:English language in Northern Ireland 532:Classification and related languages 55:adding citations to reliable sources 26: 1727:"EF English Proficiency Index 2019" 1719: 1186:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 828: 24: 3187: 1479: 1103: 777:), and political parties (such as 25: 4016: 3204: 1744: 482:spoke English. A large number of 3972: 3960: 3431:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1346:, involving a certain amount of 1283:population with immigrants from 765:), government positions such as 628:The second English dominion was 371:along the southern coast of the 31: 4005:History of the English language 3227:History of the English language 1966: 1950: 1931: 1917: 1892: 1640:Languages of the European Union 1443:than any sympathy with Italian 1024:King James Version of the Bible 785:). Ireland's police force, the 42:needs additional citations for 3077:English-based creole languages 1870: 1849: 1827: 1805: 1780: 1771: 1758: 1372: 678:in 1607 paved the way for the 609:English in Britain and Ireland 13: 1: 3117:List of English-based pidgins 1973:Europeans and their Languages 1958:Europeans and their Languages 1938:Europeans and their Languages 1712: 1326:as well as languages such as 1314:language of the territory is 1197:allowed to marry up to four. 1163:gained independence from the 968:of most of eastern Scotland. 835:Languages of Northern Ireland 693:, Irish parents didn't speak 3475:United States Virgin Islands 3112:Linguistic purism in English 1236: 490:. Around the year 1500, the 470:For 300 years following the 288:The English language is the 249:has an official status as a 239:British Overseas Territories 180: Not included in report 143:EF English Proficiency Index 66:"English language in Europe" 7: 2213:London & Thames Estuary 902: 857:as well as in the northern 640:gained Irish lands and the 405:), to help him against the 281:from some countries in the 10: 4021: 3192:English speaking countries 3072:English as a lingua franca 1637: 1458: 1318:. It consists of a mix of 1246:British overseas territory 1059: 1001:In 1603 the Scottish King 906: 846: 832: 632:. With the arrival of the 617: 613: 356: 341:(first recorded in 1979), 201:, is mainly spoken in the 195:English language in Europe 130: 3926: 3814: 3784: 3730: 3712: 3591: 3578: 3569: 3528: 3484: 3317: 3297: 3284: 3275: 3271: 3250: 3214: 3210: 3199: 3185: 3052:Broad and general accents 3034: 2987: 2962:regional and occupational 2942: 2929: 2922: 2834: 2795: 2743: 2721: 2661: 2593: 2458: 2447: 2392: 2374: 2347: 2319: 2282: 2259: 2198: 2160: 2083: 2074: 2063: 2054: 1409:, under the terms of the 1353:English remains the sole 1142: 1050:Scottish Standard English 668:Tudor conquest of Ireland 636:in Ireland in 1169, King 3872:Northern Mariana Islands 3463:Turks and Caicos Islands 1396: 1369:in English and Spanish. 1055: 598:North Germanic languages 3748:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1447:. With the outbreak of 801:and in media promoting 3362:British Virgin Islands 3222:English-speaking world 3193: 3179:English-speaking world 2230:Received Pronunciation 1704:groups in Europe. The 1277:rich cultural heritage 1167:in 1960, with the UK, 1020:etymology of Edinburgh 1018:to Edinburgh (see the 684:Cromwellian Plantation 397:, around 449 AD, 283:English-speaking world 190: 182: 3800:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3421:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3191: 2424:Multicultural Toronto 909:Languages of Scotland 881:Good Friday Agreement 847:Further information: 570:North Frisian Islands 476:Anglo-Norman language 394:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 188: 141: 2585:Western Pennsylvania 1223:, as well as the UN 1221:Sovereign Base Areas 1178:Sovereign Base Areas 1076:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1039:Scottish Parliaments 849:Languages of Ireland 680:Plantation of Ulster 661:Statutes of Kilkenny 620:Languages of Ireland 522:Early Modern English 514:The Canterbury Tales 51:improve this article 4000:Languages of Europe 3457:Trinidad and Tobago 3334:Antigua and Barbuda 3122:Mid-Atlantic accent 2713:Trinidad and Tobago 1977:European Commission 1942:European Commission 1607:Air traffic control 1405:became part of the 1275:inhabitants have a 1072:Edward I of England 893:Republic of Ireland 742:Republic of Ireland 676:Flight of the Earls 638:Henry II of England 586:Low German language 526:William Shakespeare 391:. According to the 3194: 2645:Pennsylvania Dutch 1985:2016-01-06 at the 1904:Statistics Finland 1815:. Luxembourg Times 1766:English World-wide 1578:, in the state of 1433:official languages 1320:Andalusian Spanish 1062:Languages of Wales 1043:British Parliament 724:. English was the 691:Great Irish Famine 359:History of English 353:History of English 215:Crown Dependencies 191: 183: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3565: 3564: 3145: 3144: 3030: 3029: 2830: 2829: 2739: 2738: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2578:Pacific Northwest 2439:Standard Canadian 2370: 2369: 2315: 2314: 2255: 2254: 1587:Juhana Vartiainen 1580:Baden-Württemberg 1470:Castilian Spanish 1355:official language 1266:Treaty of Utrecht 978:, and the mainly 966:prestige language 867:Gaeltacht Quarter 855:Sperrin Mountains 799:traditional music 726:prestige language 568:is spoken on the 562:Saterland Frisian 550:Frisian languages 492:Great Vowel Shift 403:Hengist and Horsa 293:official language 251:regional language 127: 126: 119: 101: 16:(Redirected from 4012: 3995:English language 3977: 3976: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3883:Papua New Guinea 3851:Marshall Islands 3741:Christmas Island 3576: 3575: 3572: 3556:Pitcairn Islands 3386:Falkland Islands 3282: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3212: 3211: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3042:English language 2927: 2926: 2748: 2747: 2731:Falkland Islands 2630:General American 2603:African-American 2456: 2455: 2390: 2389: 2379: 2378: 2081: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2061: 2060: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1970: 1964: 1954: 1948: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1837:. Deutsche Welle 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1756: 1751: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1723: 1589:, then mayor of 1474:Menorcan Catalan 1463:Like Gibraltar, 1437:Benito Mussolini 1411:Treaty of Vienna 1383:Crown Dependency 1271:The territory's 1194:Turkish Cypriots 1157:British subjects 996:Galwegian Gaelic 913:Scottish English 897:Northern Ireland 829:Northern Ireland 738:Irish Free State 734:disfranchisement 715:national schools 509:Geoffrey Chaucer 480:Kings of England 301:Northern Ireland 261:(located in the 253:on the isles of 179: 173: 167: 161: 155: 149: 145:2019 in Europe: 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 100: 59: 35: 27: 21: 18:European English 4020: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4009: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3951: 3949: 3936: 3914: 3893:Solomon Islands 3810: 3780: 3726: 3708: 3587: 3570: 3561: 3524: 3480: 3313: 3293: 3276: 3267: 3246: 3206: 3195: 3181: 3176: 3146: 3141: 3026: 2983: 2938: 2918: 2826: 2822:Solomon Islands 2791: 2735: 2717: 2649: 2640:New York Latino 2615:American Indian 2595: 2589: 2450: 2443: 2384: 2366: 2352:Channel Islands 2343: 2311: 2278: 2251: 2194: 2156: 2066: 2050: 2036: 2006: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1987:Wayback Machine 1971: 1967: 1955: 1951: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1646: 1636: 1482: 1480:Other countries 1461: 1399: 1375: 1344:British English 1324:British English 1239: 1145: 1106: 1104:Channel Islands 1101: 1068: 1060:Main articles: 1058: 1031:Treaty of Union 915: 907:Main articles: 905: 859:Glens of Antrim 851: 845: 833:Main articles: 831: 819:Hiberno-English 644:of many native 626: 624:Hiberno-English 618:Main articles: 616: 611: 602:Norman language 577:and especially 534: 472:Norman Conquest 365:Germanic tribes 361: 355: 275:second language 199:native language 181: 177: 175: 171: 169: 165: 163: 159: 157: 153: 151: 147: 136: 123: 112: 106: 103: 60: 58: 48: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4018: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3982: 3981: 3969: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3823:American Samoa 3818: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3549:Norfolk Island 3545: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3520:United Kingdom 3517: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3490: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3437:Sint Eustatius 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3374:Cayman Islands 3370: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3232:British Empire 3229: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3207: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3084: 3082:Englishisation 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2989:Southeast Asia 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2904:South Atlantic 2901: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2686:Cayman Islands 2683: 2678: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2599: 2597: 2596:ethno-cultural 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2188:Stoke-on-Trent 2185: 2180: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2047:Modern English 2035: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2004: 2003: 1991: 1965: 1949: 1930: 1916: 1891: 1880:. The Guardian 1869: 1848: 1826: 1804: 1779: 1770: 1757: 1743: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1635: 1629: 1486:southern Spain 1481: 1478: 1460: 1457: 1407:British Empire 1398: 1395: 1385:. English and 1374: 1371: 1350:into English. 1348:code-switching 1256:" in 1704 and 1238: 1235: 1165:United Kingdom 1149:Ottoman Empire 1144: 1141: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1089:Welsh language 1085:Welsh language 1057: 1054: 1005:inherited the 930:Middle English 904: 901: 830: 827: 795:postage stamps 787:Garda Síochána 763:Seanad Éireann 670:, leading the 615: 612: 610: 607: 575:Middle English 540:branch of the 533: 530: 496:Modern English 488:Middle English 446:Old East Norse 357:Main article: 354: 351: 320:United Kingdom 313:European Union 259:Sint Eustatius 203:United Kingdom 176: 170: 164: 158: 152: 146: 125: 124: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4017: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3819: 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3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205:Further links 3202: 3198: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3102:International 3100: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 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2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1927:. 2008-11-24. 1926: 1920: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1879: 1873: 1858: 1852: 1836: 1830: 1814: 1808: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1774: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676:, but low in 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1633:lingua franca 1628: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:Great Britain 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262:Great Britain 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1230:lingua franca 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1202:lingua franca 1198: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147:In 1914, the 1140: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1066:Welsh English 1063: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 974: 969: 967: 962: 961:lingua franca 958: 954: 950: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 910: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 873: 868: 864: 863:County Armagh 860: 856: 850: 844: 840: 836: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 791:euro-currency 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 754: 751: 750:mother tongue 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 703:United States 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 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