Energy Charter Treaty

616:

of the Transit Protocol began in early 2000 and a compromise text reflecting an extended discussion between the European Union and Russia was tabled for adoption at the meeting of the Energy Charter Conference on 10 December 2003. It became clear during the meeting that a unanimous decision could not be reached on the basis of the compromise text; a complicating factor was that energy issues, including transit, were a subject on the bilateral agenda for the European Union and Russia in the context of Russian negotiations for accession to the World Trade Organization. The Protocol negotiations were then temporarily suspended.

1823: 4517: 1853: 1516: 1346: 2113: 782: 638:

treaty is to promote transparency and efficiency in the operation of energy markets, but it is for governments to define the structure of their domestic energy sector. Each country is free to decide whether and how its national energy resources are developed, and the extent to which its energy sector is open to foreign investors. The treaty does not deal with the ownership issues of the energy companies–there is no obligation to privatise state-owned energy companies, or to break up vertically integrated energy companies.

1546: 767: 842: 1421: 1207: 1186: 1891: 1726: 1096: 2068: 1778: 1391: 109: 676: 2083: 1748: 1606: 1442: 1361: 1171: 1066: 1051: 736: 2276: 1903: 136: 1666: 1111: 1918: 1576: 891: 1793: 1289: 1156: 797: 40: 2098: 1878: 1838: 1651: 1274: 1238: 931: 2008: 1531: 1406: 1141: 1006: 991: 976: 812: 751: 706: 2128: 2053: 1621: 1259: 946: 877: 857: 721: 691: 1486: 1432: 1321: 1300: 1249: 1197: 921: 900: 868: 2652: 1933: 1681: 1376: 1081: 1036: 827: 2038: 2023: 1711: 1222: 961: 910: 1978: 1808: 1763: 1696: 1636: 1457: 1126: 2246: 1993: 1963: 1948: 1561: 1331: 2290: 2232: 2261: 1591: 1310: 1021: 1499:

to participate in the working debates taking place within the Energy Charter. Also, International Organisations can be granted Observer status by decision of the Energy Charter Conference. The intention is that Observer status should provide the chance for a country to familiarise itself with the Charter and its functions, to facilitate its assessment of the benefits of accession to the Energy Charter Treaty.

2395: 2471:. The Arbitration Awards or Settlements are sometimes in the hundred of millions of dollars. Disputes concerning competition (Article 6) and environmental issues (Article 19) the Secretariat provides for bilateral (in the case of competition) or multilateral (in the case of environmental protection) non-binding consultation mechanisms. 2369:

which has resulted in France and Belgium seizing Russian assets for possible use as restitution for the claimants. However, a French court ruled against the seizure by the French authorities, and a Dutch court later overturned the $ 50 billion ruling, arguing Russia had not ratified the Energy Charter Treaty and so was not bound by it.

2452:(Article 26) for investment disputes. There are special provisions, based on the WTO model, for the resolution of inter-state trade issues and the treaty also offers a conciliation procedure for transit disputes. The Secretariat maintains legal advice to these arbitrations as well as has responsibility for maintaining the 2898: 206:. The treaty contains dispute resolution procedures both for States Parties to the Treaty (vis-à-vis other States) and as between States and the investors of other States, who have made investments in the territory of the former. Full versions of the treaty, both consolidated and official, are readily accessible. 318:

was to find language to ensure national sovereignty over natural resources while enshrining the principle of international cooperation to allow outside access to those resources. Negotiators also succeeded in assuring Austria and Switzerland that they would not bear an undue transit burden for energy resources.

2631:

The UK government announced in September 2023 that it would consider leaving the "outdated" treaty if modernisation was not agreed by that November. In February 2024, the United Kingdom announced its plans to withdraw from the treaty due to a failure in negotiations to modernise the treaty. In March

1498:

Observers status is granted to countries and Regional Economic Integration Organisations that have signed either the European Energy Charter or the International Energy Charter. Observers have the right to attend all Charter meetings and to receive all related documentation, reports and analysis, and

628:

The Energy Charter Treaty includes an obligation of member countries to facilitate energy transit across their territory, in line with the principle of freedom of transit, and to secure established transit flows. At the same time, the treaty provisions do not oblige any country to introduce mandatory

624:

argued that, given current developments in the international energy situation and the lack of progress in negotiations and consultations, it appeared no longer opportune to continue talks. A review of the issue at the end of 2015 noted the continued demand for a multilateral legally-binding framework

615:

The Energy Charter Transit Protocol is a draft protocol which negotiations are not finalised yet. The Protocol would amplify and strengthen the treaty provisions on energy transit issues to mitigate some specific operational risks that continue to affect energy transit flows. Negotiations on the text

606:

The Energy Charter Treaty provides a set of rules that covers the entire energy chain, including not only investments in production and generation but also the terms under which energy can be traded and transported across various national jurisdictions to international markets. As such, the agreement

575:

and its relation to a cleaner environment was introduced in the 1991 European Energy Charter. The subsequent Energy Charter Treaty, and in particular Article 19 of the treaty, requires that each Contracting Party "... shall strive to minimise in an economically efficient manner, harmful Environmental

2368:

In July 2014, the international arbitration panel in The Hague unanimously ruled in favour of the shareholders, awarding $ 50 billion damages for the seizure of assets and dismantling of Yukos. The Russian government has vowed not to comply with the ruling, setting off an international legal dispute

479:

Whereas Article 27 sets out the provisions for dispute resolution between two contracting states, Article 26 of the Energy Charter Treaty provides express provisions for resolving disputes arising under the treaty between an investor of a Contracting State and another Contracting State. This process

2406:

The Energy Charter Treaty established the creation of a permanent Secretariat that was originally set up to accommodate the dialogue amongst the contracting parties during the negotiation of the treaty. The Secretariat is mandated by the Energy Charter Conference Primarily to provide the Conference

2385:

As of 2020, Spain was the state most affected by ECT awards, having lost €825 million to investors. In a series of 20 arbitral decision, Spain was found liable for having generated legitimate expectations of a stable framework of renewable energy investment incentives and having afterwards abruptly

2364:

shareholders can move on to the merits phase of their arbitration claim against the Russian government. GML, previously known as Menatep, the principal shareholder in Yukos, is suing Russia for more than $ 100 billion in an international arbitration case under the treaty. The hearings took place in

2359:

Notwithstanding the termination of provisional application of the treaty by Russia, the provisions regarding dispute settlements and investment protection are still in force for additional twenty years. On 30 November 2009, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, which had been considering

317:

on 17 December 1991. It was a political declaration of principles for international energy cooperation in trade, transit and investment, together with the intention to negotiate a legally binding treaty, setting the beginning of the development of the Energy Charter Treaty. One of the final hurdles

2619:

As of October 2022, Spain, the Netherlands and Poland intended to withdraw from the ECT, and Germany, France and Belgium were "examining their options". On 21 October 2022, France announced that it would leave the treaty, citing a desire to accelerate nuclear and renewable energy use before fossil

646:

Members are countries and Regional Economic Integration Organisations are a party to the treaty through ratification or accession. Membership also includes signatories which provisionally apply the treaty pending entry into force. Such provisional application applies automatically after signature,

637:

The principles of the Energy Charter are based on the idea that international flows of investments and technologies in the energy sector are mutually beneficial. But at the same time, national sovereignty over energy resources is a core principle of the treaty (ECT Article 18). An objective of the

1470:

Russia and Australia provisionally applied the treaty, but indicated the end of the provisional application period in 2009 and 2021 respectively. Italy was a party to the treaty from 1998 until 2016. In October 2022, a minister from the Netherlands announced his intention to facilitate withdrawal

2431:

Article 19 of the treaty, requires that each Contracting Party minimise, in an economically efficient manner, harmful environmental impacts arising from energy use. The Secretariat monitors the enforcement of these obligations in the contracting parties of the treaty and creates various publicly

368:

status in resolution 62/75 adopted by the General Assembly on 6 December 2007. Members consist of Countries and Regional Economic Integration Organisations that have signed or acceded to the treaty and are represented in the Conference and its subsidiary bodies. The Conference meets on a regular

347:

The International Energy Charter is a non-binding political declaration underpinning key principles for international energy cooperation. The declaration attempts to reflect the changes in the energy world that have emerged since the development of the original Energy Charter Treaty in the early

647:

unless it is inconsistent with the domestic law of the country concerned. As October 2022, the treaty has 51 parties, while it is provisionally applied by two countries. All Members have ratified the treaty except for Australia, Belarus, Norway, and the Russian Federation. Belarus has accepted

579:

Building on article 19 of the Energy Charter Treaty, the Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects (PEEREA) defines in more detail the policy principles that can promote energy efficiency and provides guidance on the development of energy efficiency programmes. PEEREA was

550:

Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder, a lawyer at the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), criticises the ECT for not having "more precise definitions of investment protection standards, set out responsibilities for investors and integrat innovations with respect to dispute

587:, but rather on practical implementation of a political commitment to improve energy efficiency. This is promoted through policy discussions based on analysis and exchange of experience between the member countries, invited independent experts and other international organisations. 451:. It is estimated that just in the European Union, the United Kingdom and Switzerland, the treaty protects fossil investments of at least €344.6 billion. Its provisions protect investors and their investments from political risks involved in investing in a foreign country such as 2902: 369:

basis to discuss issues affecting energy cooperation among Members and to review the implementation of the treaty and PEEREA provisions, and to consider new activities within the Energy Charter framework. The Energy Charter Conference has the following subsidiary bodies:

2547:

Several countries and organisations have proposed withdrawing from the ECT. However, the Treaty has a "sunset clause" that allows lawsuits to be filed for 20 years after the departure of a member; Italy left the ECT in 2015, but was successfully sued in 2022.

619:

In December 2007, the Energy Charter Conference reaffirmed its support for the finalisation of negotiations and adoption of the Energy Charter Protocol on Transit to expand the existing provisions of the treaty. This work proceeded until October 2011, when the

2422:

given by the Energy Charter Conference to the Secretariat is to organise and administer meetings of the Conference and its subsidiary bodies. In addition, the Secretariat organises conferences and energy forums related to the global ongoing energy dialogues.

2522:. The Commission says "the risk of legal conflict is such as to render an international agreement incompatible with EU law" and adds that EU states should thus "confirm that the ECT does not apply, and has never applied to intra‑EU relations". 3486: 513:

The drafting of the treaty has raised some difficult questions in the area of Investor-State Disputes by academics. In 2021 the treaty was struck down by the European Court of Justice for intra-EU disputes only. Some areas of discussion are:

326:

The treaty is a legally binding multilateral agreement covering investment promotion and protection, trade, transit, energy efficiency and dispute resolution. The treaty was signed in Lisbon in December 1994, together with a "protocol on

554:

Tania Voon, a Professor in Law at the University of Melbourne, criticises the modernization of the ECT for not including a removal of the art. 47 survival clause, and for failing to introduce "a distinction between investments based on

2351:

In December 2006, Russia indicated that the ratification of the treaty was unlikely due to the provisions requiring third-party access to Russia's pipelines. On 20 August 2009, it officially informed the depository of the treaty

418:

The Energy Charter Treaty's purpose in Energy Trade is to create open and non-discriminatory energy markets throughout its member states. This framework follows the rules of the multilateral trading system as embodied in the

2317:

The Russian Federation signed the treaty and applied it provisionally but did not ratify it. It linked the ratification of the treaty to negotiations on an Energy Charter Transit Protocol. In October 2006, German chancellor

386:

Additionally, a consultative board—the Industry Advisory Panel—presents the private sector's views on relevant issues related to energy investments, cross-border flows and energy efficiency to the Conference and its groups.

2624:

November 2022, Germany announced its intention to withdraw in order to better tackle climate change. Slovenia had earlier stated its intention to withdraw. Denmark announced in April 2023 that it intends to withdraw.

225:

into the broader European and world markets. Its role, however, extends beyond east–west cooperation and, through legally binding instruments, free trade in global energy markets and non-discrimination to stimulate

3244:"Modernizing the Energy Charter Treaty: What about termination? In: International Investment News, October Special Edition: "International Investment Governance" available in English, Français and Español" 3016: 2463:

The Secretariat maintains a publicly available list of cases that have been brought by investors to international arbitration. These cases have been litigated under the arbitration regulations of the

390:

The Legal Advisory Task Force was set up by the Energy Charter Secretariat in 2001 to assist in the drafting of balanced and legally coherent Model Agreements for cross-border oil and gas pipelines.

2407:

with all necessary assistance for the performance of its duties including promotion, organisation and legal support along with meeting space for subsidiary body meetings hosted at the Secretariat.

594:. Within this forum, particular attention is paid to national energy efficiency strategy, taxation, pricing policy in the energy sector, environmentally related subsidies and other mechanisms for 625:

for energy transit, and recommended further exploring the basis for negotiations of such an agreement, which could address various aspects of oil, gas and electricity transportation and transit.

3135: 2356:) that it did not intend to become a contracting party to the treaty and the related protocol terminating the provisional application of the treaty and the PEEREA starting from 18 October 2009. 1475:

October 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron also announced France's withdrawal from the treaty. One month later, the German government also expressed its intent to leave the accord. See also

4654: 3217: 427:(WTO). The Energy Charter Treaty extends the GATT and later the WTO rules in the energy sector amongst its members. Additionally, the treaty covers the trade of all energy materials (e.g. 4230: 2713: 4751:

Noriko Yodogawa & Alexander M. Peterson, "An Opportunity for Progress: China, Central Asia, and the Energy Charter Treaty", 8 Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law 111 (2013).

2628:

In July 2023 the European Commission formally proposed legislation for both the union and its member states to make a "coordinated and orderly" simultaneous withdrawal from the ECT.

2535:, and Berlin‑based Powershift, made public in mid‑November 2022, revealed opaque proceedings, inadequate controls on conflicts of interest for key personnel, including 3061: 2499:

on energy-related legislation. Russia and Norway refused to ratify the treaty, and Italy left in 2016, over environmental concerns about ECT. For example, the German energy company

331:

and related environmental aspects" (PEEREA). The treaty and the protocol came into effect in April 1998. An amendment to the trade-related provisions reflecting the change from the

3552: 2495:

can sue national governments for loss of profit on their investments as a consequence of the transition to renewable energy. Critics argue that the Energy Charter Treaty has a

4795: 4151: 247:

cases were decided in favour of the claimants on the basis of the treaty with a record-breaking US$ 50 billion award, although appeals continue in courts in the Netherlands.

4054: 3922: 4553: 2444:

The Energy Charter Treaty contains a comprehensive system for settling disputes on matters covered by the treaty. The two primary forms of binding dispute settlement are

4677: 2984:

Thomas Roe, Matthew Happold and James Dingemans QC, Settlement of Investor-State Disputes under the Energy Charter Treaty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2011.

2464: 488: 4193: 4330: 3487:"Climat : Emmanuel Macron annonce que la France va se retirer du Traité sur la charte de l'énergie, jugé incompatible avec les objectifs de l'accord de Paris" 2727: 435:, etc.), all final energy products (e.g. petroleum, electricity, etc.) and energy-related equipment. The rules of trade only cover trade in goods, not trade in 3743: 2194: 3952: 4740: 4463: 2468: 497: 4745: 3389: 2995: 4388: 3434: 2608: 590:

The implementation of PEEREA provides its member countries with a range of best practices and a forum in which to share experiences and policy advice on

273:

took the final and formal step of exiting the Energy Charter Treaty, which will take effect one year after the depository has received the notification.

3017:"Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber), Reference for a preliminary ruling – Energy Charter Treaty – Article 26 – Inapplicability between Member States" 2787: 4166: 3087: 2874: 2805: 4594: 2172: 4644: 3897: 2832: 4622: 3753: 3710: 3039: 2632:

2024, the European Union countries jointly agreed to leave the ECT. However, before this will take effect the European Parliament has to agree.

551:

settlement to ensure transparency and independence," unlike more modern approaches. Moreover, she claims it is following expansionist ambitions.

364:

Article 33 of the treaty establishes the Energy Charter Conference, which is the governing and decision-making body of the Organisation and has

4497: 3821: 3243: 2603:, supported the idea of withdrawing from it if it was not possible to reach an agreement to make the Energy Charter Treaty compatible with the 2559:) initiated an open letter that calls for the withdrawal from the ECT. They justify the call with the claim that the ECT is an obstacle to the 399: 4805: 4580: 2200: 3982: 3297: 4790: 1864: 4830: 4780: 3796: 3184:"One Treaty to Rule them All. The ever-expanding Energy Charter Treaty and the power it gives corporations to halt the energy transition" 591: 3545: 2449: 2410:

Since 1 January 2022, the Secretary General is Guy Lentz and, since September 2021, the Assistant Secretary General is Atsuko Hirose.

1869: 365: 353: 4383: 2457: 306:. Additionally, there was a recognised need to establish a commonly accepted foundation for energy cooperation among the states of 5015: 5000: 4058: 3930: 3748: 17: 2448:

on the interpretation or application of almost all aspects of the treaty (except for competition and environmental issues), and

258:, and for actively disincentivizing national governments from compliance with recent international climate treaties such as the 4875: 3744:"Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union" 3161: 2151: 420: 332: 286:

The beginnings of the Energy Charter date back to a political initiative launched in Europe in the early 1990s. The end of the

4028: 3464: 4055:"DLA Piper, Global Law Firm | Publications | Tribunal in Yukos case holds Russia is bound by Energy Charter Treaty" 2445: 5010: 5005: 4800: 3109: 2670: 2308: 299: 2762: 4785: 4725: 2675: 510:

The most significant claims against Russia, pertaining to the Yukos decision, arose under the provisions of Article 26.

4920: 4531: 4016: 595: 580:

negotiated, opened for signature and entered into force at the same time (16 April 1998) as the Energy Charter Treaty.

3343: 290:

offered an unprecedented opportunity to overcome previous economic divisions between the nations on both sides of the

5025: 4436: 3500: 481: 4266: 3369: 452: 4990: 3467:[Minister Jetten: the Netherlands to withdraw from controversial energy treaty] (in Dutch). 18 October 2022 3183: 648: 562:

Cross-party members of the European Parliament advised the commission to withdraw if modernization is not adequate.

349: 4005: 5035: 4995: 4930: 4910: 4905: 4825: 4356: 3960: 2596: 1483:

Note: * denotes a state that has signed the treaty and is applying it provisionally but has not ratified it, and

4735: 4410: 3778: 3630: 2334:, and Russia. Under the agreement, Russia would have to sign the European Energy Charter, which, according to a 4925: 3679: 3606: 3396: 2160: 436: 73: 4704: 4567: 4284: 3651: 3442: 4975: 4970: 4955: 4945: 4840: 3517: 3325: 2857: 2820: 583:

In contrast to other activities in the Charter process, the emphasis in the work on energy efficiency is not

467:, damages due to war, etc. The legally binding nature of the Energy Charter Treaty makes it the world's only 5030: 4960: 4940: 4895: 4890: 4880: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4845: 4835: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4231:"Revealed: secret courts that allow energy firms to sue for billions accused of 'bias' as governments exit" 3727: 3218:"Expansion of the Energy Charter to Africa and Asia: Undoing Reform in International Investment Law?, 2017" 3190: 2924: 2861: 2556: 242: 4102: 3871: 2881: 202:. The treaty covers all aspects of commercial energy activities including trade, transit, investments and 5020: 4985: 4965: 4950: 4915: 4885: 4870: 4850: 3308: 3298:"The Energy Charter Treaty and Related Documents: A Legal Framework for International Energy Cooperation" 2714:"Secretary-General Lentz and Deputy Secretary-General Hirose meet with the Industry Advisory Panel Chair" 2480: 2419: 2178: 3983:

The Energy Charter Treaty and Related Documents - A Legal Framework for International Energy Cooperation

3846: 4980: 4935: 4900: 2188: 4612: 2741: 2568: 4750: 3701: 3088:"EU plans to reform Energy Charter Treaty falling short, activists say, April 30, 2020, EURACTIV.com" 2484: 448: 234: 227: 4516: 4775: 4570:. UK Government Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and Graham Stuart MP. 1 September 2023. 2592: 2508: 2212: 424: 336: 191: 2953: 2453: 4128: 3989: 3782: 3194: 2680: 2532: 2312: 187: 4595:"Fossil fuel companies have a secret weapon. Here's how Britain can help take it away from them" 348:

1990s. The International Energy Charter was signed on 20 May 2015, by 72 countries plus the EU,

241:

of the Energy Charter Treaty are sometimes in the hundreds of millions of dollars. In 2014, the

4765: 4152:"Energiebedrijf RWE denkt meer kans te maken op een Nederlandse schadevergoeding in Washington" 2353: 1858: 787: 4331:"Von Kromp-Kolb bis Piketty: Wissenschaftler*innen fordern Ausstieg aus Energiecharta-Vertrag" 2511:. In October 2020, the European Parliament voted to end fossil fuel protection under the ECT. 265:

As of 2023, numerous countries have either left or have announced plans to leave the ECT. The

3413: 527:

the conditions to be satisfied before a claimant's complaint may be considered on the merits;

3110:"The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT): Assessing its geopolitical, climate and financial impacts" 3040:"Luxembourg leads EU push to climate-proof Energy Charter Treaty, Sep 4, 2019, EURACTIV.com" 2925:"The International Energy Charter Consolidated Energy Charter Treaty with Related Documents" 3136:"Modernisation of the Energy Charter Treaty: A Global Tragedy at a High Cost for Taxpayers" 2433: 2118: 572: 403: 328: 203: 199: 3898:"Renewable energy investment cases against Spain and the quest for regulatory consistency" 3724:

Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says

2996:"Energy Charter Treaty cannot be used in intra-EU disputes, rules top court, EURACTIV.com" 8: 4770: 4167:"RWE sues Netherlands for two billion euros compensation over the state's 2030 coal exit" 4080: 3723: 2588: 2564: 2515: 1011: 468: 3329: 2576: 1671: 584: 464: 407: 2971: 2899:"72 Countries plus the EU, Euratom, and ECOWAS Adopt the International Energy Charter" 2611:

describes the possibility of a withdrawal with neutralization of the survival clause.

2479:

The Energy Charter Treaty has come under heavy criticism for being an obstacle to the

4471: 4238: 4201: 2824: 2552: 951: 303: 238: 4384:"Energy Charter Treaty Reform: Why withdrawal is an option – Investment Treaty News" 4017:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Poland_ICMS_2011_ENG.pdf

3182:

Eberhardt, Pia; Olivet, Cecilia; Steinfort, Lavinia (2018). Katharine Ainger (ed.).

4032: 2685: 2572: 4498:"Germany to leave Energy Charter Treaty in effort to better tackle climate change" 3062:"A Little-Known EU Investor Dispute Treaty Could Kill The Paris Climate Agreement" 294:. The brightest prospect for mutually co-dependent beneficial cooperation was the 2604: 2560: 2496: 1212: 460: 295: 259: 195: 3847:"French court rules in favor of Russia's Roscosmos in Yukos assets seizure case" 524:

the various procedures available for the vindication of rights under the treaty;

4645:"UK to pull out of energy charter treaty that 'penalises' green climate action" 4194:"European Commission aims to end secret system protecting fossil fuel holdings" 4006:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/BiH_EE_2012_ENG.pdf

3522: 2584: 2519: 2345: 2331: 2323: 1426: 915: 890: 847: 621: 266: 255: 218: 4285:"Working Group III contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6-WG3)" 4759: 4475: 4242: 4205: 2828: 2728:"Mongolia assumes the Chairmanship of the Energy Charter Conference for 2022" 2657: 2600: 2492: 2319: 1731: 1101: 456: 210: 4464:"France becomes latest country to leave controversial Energy Charter Treaty" 3347: 2527: 2073: 1783: 1396: 556: 291: 214: 3593:

Letter of Understanding on Cooperative Activities between the Secretariats

4678:"EU countries to exit energy treaty over climate concerns, officials say" 3162:"Should the European Union Fix, Leave or Kill the Energy Charter Treaty?" 2580: 2536: 2488: 2088: 1489:

denotes a state that has announced that it will withdraw from the treaty.

1351: 1191: 681: 356:

at a Ministerial conference hosted by the government of The Netherlands.

254:

for being a significant obstacle to enacting national policies to combat

4529: 3872:"Dutch court overturns $ 50 billion ruling against Russia in Yukos case" 4554:"Brussels tables EU-wide exit from controversial Energy Charter Treaty" 4305: 3269: 2665: 2340: 2281: 2206: 1908: 1890: 1753: 1611: 1447: 1366: 1176: 1071: 1056: 741: 559:

and those based on renewable energy" in order to achieve climate goals.

108: 4081:"In-Depth Energy Efficiency Review of Croatia (2005) - Energy Charter" 2858:

To Help Soviets Tap Vast Resources: 36 Nations Agree on Energy Charter

521:

the international responsibility of States for breaches of the treaty;

39: 3797:"Russia Stole Yukos and Owes $ 50 Billion, International Panel Rules" 1923: 1581: 1521: 1116: 607:

is intended to prevent disruption of fuel passing between countries.

432: 428: 314: 3988:(Report). Energy Charter Secretariat. September 2004. Archived from 4649: 2399: 2103: 1894: 1883: 1843: 1798: 1656: 1294: 1279: 1243: 1161: 802: 287: 222: 140: 135: 83: 4224: 4222: 2456:

used to clarify the intentions of the treaty by Article 32 of the

4730: 4682: 3713:

from the original on 9 April 2023 – via The New York Times.

2690: 2651: 2360:

this case since 2005 under the UNCITRAL Rules, ruled that former

2251: 2133: 2058: 2013: 1626: 1536: 1411: 1264: 1146: 996: 981: 936: 895: 882: 862: 817: 772: 756: 726: 711: 696: 307: 270: 439:, nor does it concern itself with intellectual property rights. 310:. By these considerations, the Energy Charter process was born. 170: 4617: 4219: 3465:"Minister Jetten: Nederland stapt uit omstreden energieverdrag" 2394: 2295: 2237: 2043: 2028: 1938: 1716: 1686: 1551: 1381: 1336: 1227: 1086: 1041: 966: 832: 313:

The original European Energy Charter declaration was signed in

2518:

was seeking to clarify that the ECT does not apply within the

2432:

available reports on each of the contracting parties such as

2380: 2361: 2266: 2166: 1983: 1828: 1813: 1768: 1701: 1641: 1596: 1462: 1315: 1131: 1026: 209:

Initially, the Energy Charter process aimed to integrate the

4357:"The obscure energy pact that threatens the EU's Green Deal" 2806:"Energy Charter Treaty and its Role in International Energy" 2640:

Italy withdrew in 2016; France, Germany and Poland in 2023.

4581:

UK could quit 'climate-wrecking' treaty, minister announces

4375: 3779:

Yukos Investors Win Over $ 2 Million in Damages from Russia

1998: 1968: 1953: 1566: 654: 4530:

Klima-, Energi- og Forsyningsministeriet (13 April 2023).

3435:"63. JKX Oil & Gas, et al v. Ukraine - Energy Charter" 506:

The Arbitration Rules of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce

3270:"MEPs urge EU to be ready to dump disputed energy treaty" 2500: 3181: 2539:, and potential bias in favor of fossil fuel interests. 1849: 778: 632: 1739:

Signatories of the International Energy Charter (2015)

4381: 4150:

Leijten, Jorg; van der Walle, Erik (5 February 2021).

2195:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2109: 4796:

Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations

4455: 3569: 2426: 4437:"France to leave Energy Charter Treaty, says Macron" 4149: 4103:"Busting the myths around the Energy Charter Treaty" 3501:"France to leave Energy Charter Treaty, says Macron" 2647: 539:

possible geopolitical, climate and financial impacts

4583:, Damian Carrington, 1 September 2023, The Guardian 4389:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

3248:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

3222:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

2788:"Energy Charter Treaty: EU notifies its withdrawal" 2609:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

2157:

Baltic Sea Region Energy Cooperation (BASREC, 2000)

398:The treaty's provisions focus on four broad areas: 3700: 3215: 518:the standards of protection granted by the treaty; 96:English, Russian, Spanish, French, Italian, German 4697: 4382:Bernasconi-Osterwalder, Nathalie (24 June 2021). 2875:"The Energy Charter Treaty and Related Documents" 2542: 1203: 547:allegedly deleterious effects on states' budgets. 304:vast resource availability in post-Soviet nations 262:due to the threat of significant financial loss. 4757: 2803: 2173:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1417: 906: 838: 530:the impact of EU law on claims under the treaty; 447:The treaty is responsible for the protection of 3267: 2507:billion in compensation for the phasing out of 1722: 1092: 571:The Energy Charter's involvement in matters of 484:or ISDS. The choices of arbitration rules are: 342: 190:which establishes a multilateral framework for 27:International cross-border agreement for energy 4411:"EU tries to stop energy treaty exit stampede" 2567:. The letter has been signed, for example, by 2348:said impinges on Russia's national interests. 2141: 2064: 1774: 1507:Signatories of European Energy Charter (1991) 1387: 4741:A Reader's Guide to the Energy Charter Treaty 4158: 3822:"What's Really Happening With the Yukos Case" 3390:"THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY: A READER'S GUIDE" 2813:Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 2799: 2797: 2330:between France and Germany, representing the 2201:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2079: 1342: 1182: 672: 4532:"Danmark udtræder af energichartertraktaten" 4047: 3702:"MERKEL RESPONDS TO PUTIN'S ENERGY PROPOSAL" 1744: 1602: 1438: 1357: 1167: 1062: 1047: 760: * (suspended on 24 June 2022).  732: 533:the treaty's provisions concerning taxation; 471:for matters specifically related to energy. 359: 4267:"EU moves to quit energy investment treaty" 4185: 3518:"Germany to pull out of fossil fuel treaty" 3370:"DECISION OF THE ENERGY CHARTER CONFERENCE" 2804:Konoplyanik, Andrei; Wälde, Thomas (2006). 1914: 1662: 1572: 1512: 1107: 4736:The Energy Charter Treaty – Legal Document 4568:"UK reviewing membership of energy treaty" 3738: 3736: 3512: 3510: 3429: 3427: 3414:"Members & Observers - Energy Charter" 3326:Russia Cuts Flow of Natural Gas to Ukraine 3268:Sánchez Nicolás, Elena (23 October 2020). 2794: 2381:Renewable energy investment cases in Spain 2094: 1874: 1834: 1789: 1647: 1476: 1285: 1270: 1234: 1152: 793: 281: 4551: 4489: 2555:and Yamina Saheb (both co-authors of the 2338:summary of a report in Russian newspaper 2124: 2049: 2004: 1617: 1527: 1402: 1303:(withdrawal effective on 14 October 2024) 1255: 1252:(withdrawal effective on 2 February 2025) 1137: 1002: 987: 972: 942: 927: 873: 853: 808: 763: 747: 717: 702: 687: 4164: 4129:"How shadow courts threaten the climate" 4126: 3749:Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom 2972:"ECT data analysis: Results and Methods" 2708: 2706: 2614: 2467:, Arbitration Institute of the SCC, and 2458:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 2393: 2302: 2034: 2019: 1929: 1899: 1707: 1677: 1542: 1372: 1327: 1218: 1077: 1032: 957: 823: 655:Members of the Energy Charter Conference 366:United Nations General Assembly observer 339:processes was also agreed at that time. 321: 4592: 4101:Verbeek, Bart-Jaap (15 December 2020). 4100: 4096: 4094: 3895: 3733: 3507: 3424: 2257: 1974: 1819: 1804: 1759: 1692: 1632: 1587: 1453: 1435:(withdrawal effective on 27 April 2025) 1324:(withdrawal effective on 17 April 2025) 1306: 1122: 1017: 536:possible effects of the ECT on climate; 14: 4758: 4675: 4593:Rickard, Cleodie (13 September 2023). 4461: 4228: 4191: 4165:Wehrmann, Benjamin (5 February 2021). 4120: 3570:"Baltic Sea Region Energy Cooperation" 2993: 2856:Charles Goldsmith (22 November 1991), 2503:has sued the Dutch government for €1.4 2152:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 1989: 1959: 1944: 1557: 1200:(withdrawal effective on 28 June 2025) 924:(withdrawal effective on 28 June 2025) 903:(withdrawal effective on 28 June 2025) 596:financing energy efficiency objectives 421:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 333:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 4657:from the original on 22 February 2024 4625:from the original on 22 February 2024 4261: 4259: 3674: 3672: 3625: 3623: 3601: 3599: 3558:from the original on 26 January 2016. 3384: 3382: 3292: 3290: 3133: 3107: 3085: 3037: 2703: 633:The principle of national sovereignty 474: 4806:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man 4495: 4091: 3241: 3038:Simon, Frédéric (4 September 2019). 2757: 2755: 2671:Russia in the European energy sector 2595:. On 15 December 2020, the Spanish 2309:Russia in the European energy sector 566: 4791:Treaties entered into force in 1998 4229:Neslen, Arthur (14 November 2022). 3546:"Memorandum: Energy Charter Treaty" 3324:Andrew E. Kramer (1 January 2006), 3059: 2838:from the original on 19 August 2011 2676:Energy policy of the European Union 610: 250:The Energy Charter Treaty has been 24: 4831:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina 4781:International energy organizations 4613:"UK departs Energy Charter Treaty" 4462:Neslen, Arthur (21 October 2022). 4403: 4256: 4127:Ferguson, Juliet (3 August 2021). 3669: 3620: 3596: 3379: 3344:"Energy Charter: Transit Protocol" 3287: 3216:Bernasconi-Osterwalder, Nathalie. 3159: 2954:"United Nations Official Document" 2597:minister for ecological transition 2427:Monitor ECT and PEEREA obligations 576:Impacts arising from energy use." 25: 5047: 4719: 4192:Neslen, Arthur (8 October 2022). 3759:from the original on 16 July 2011 3086:Simon, Frédéric (30 April 2020). 2994:Taylor, Kira (3 September 2021). 2752: 2742:"EUR-Lex - l27028 - EN - EUR-Lex" 2223: 601: 494:ICSID Additional Facilities Rules 482:Investor State Dispute Settlement 4552:Liboreiro, Jorge (7 July 2023). 4515: 4496:Meza, Edgar (14 November 2022). 3896:Noilhac, Amélie (14 June 2020). 3108:Saheb, Yamina (September 2019). 2650: 2439: 2288: 2274: 2259: 2244: 2230: 2126: 2111: 2096: 2081: 2066: 2051: 2036: 2021: 2006: 1991: 1976: 1961: 1946: 1931: 1916: 1901: 1889: 1876: 1851: 1836: 1821: 1806: 1791: 1776: 1761: 1746: 1724: 1709: 1694: 1679: 1664: 1649: 1634: 1619: 1604: 1589: 1574: 1559: 1544: 1529: 1514: 1484: 1455: 1440: 1430: 1419: 1404: 1389: 1374: 1359: 1344: 1329: 1319: 1308: 1298: 1287: 1272: 1257: 1247: 1236: 1220: 1205: 1195: 1184: 1169: 1154: 1139: 1124: 1109: 1094: 1079: 1064: 1049: 1034: 1019: 1004: 989: 974: 959: 944: 929: 919: 908: 898: 889: 875: 866: 855: 840: 825: 810: 795: 780: 765: 749: 734: 719: 704: 689: 674: 134: 107: 38: 4669: 4637: 4605: 4586: 4574: 4560: 4545: 4523: 4429: 4349: 4323: 4298: 4277: 4143: 4073: 4021: 4010: 3999: 3975: 3945: 3915: 3889: 3864: 3839: 3814: 3789: 3771: 3717: 3693: 3644: 3587: 3562: 3538: 3493: 3479: 3457: 3406: 3362: 3336: 3318: 3261: 3235: 3209: 3175: 3153: 3134:Saheb, Yamina (February 2020). 3127: 3101: 3079: 3053: 3031: 3009: 2987: 2978: 2964: 2946: 2917: 2413: 423:(GATT), which later became the 230:and global cross-border trade. 5016:Treaties of the United Kingdom 5001:Treaties of the Czech Republic 4029:"Energy Charter: Publications" 3242:Voon, Tania (2 October 2019). 2891: 2867: 2850: 2780: 2734: 2720: 2635: 2543:Calls and plans for withdrawal 2481:transition to renewable energy 2398:The Secretariat is located in 2389: 2161:Black Sea Economic Cooperation 300:Europe's growing energy demand 251: 233:Awards and settlements of the 74:Intergovernmental organisation 13: 1: 4876:Treaties of Georgia (country) 4676:Abnett, Kate (7 March 2024). 3777:James Marson (27 July 2012), 2821:International Bar Association 2696: 2386:reversed these expectations. 2298:(signed 1991, withdrawn 2023) 2284:(signed 1991, withdrawn 2024) 2270:(signed 1991, withdrawn 2016) 2254:(signed 1991, withdrawn 2023) 2240:(signed 1991, withdrawn 2023) 641: 442: 171:https://www.energycharter.org 4337:(in German). 9 December 2020 3728:International Herald Tribune 3305:International Energy Charter 3191:Corporate Europe Observatory 2932:International Energy Charter 2862:International Herald Tribune 2557:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2474: 2436:and the investment climate. 1502: 1493: 343:International Energy Charter 237:put forward by breaking the 7: 5011:Treaties of North Macedonia 5006:Treaties of the Netherlands 4801:Treaties extended to Jersey 4746:ECT Provisional Application 4310:www.endfossilprotection.org 2643: 2375: 2328:balanced energy partnership 2326:proposed the creation of a 2179:International Energy Agency 2142:International organisations 10: 5052: 4786:Treaties concluded in 1994 4470:. London, United Kingdom. 4237:. London, United Kingdom. 4200:. London, United Kingdom. 3953:"Deputy Secretary General" 3923:"Guy Lentz (2022-present)" 3631:"Germany – Energy Charter" 2485:Transnational corporations 2450:investor-state arbitration 2306: 2189:International Energy Forum 2167:CIS Electric Power Council 276: 235:international arbitrations 228:foreign direct investments 4921:Treaties of Liechtenstein 3680:"Poland – Energy Charter" 3607:"France – Energy Charter" 3160:Brauch, Martin Dietrich. 2525:A joint investigation by 2514:In late‑2022, the 449:foreign direct investment 360:Energy Charter Conference 166: 156: 152:Energy Charter Conference 146: 127: 117: 100: 90: 79: 69: 54: 46: 37: 33:Energy Charter Conference 5026:Treaties of Turkmenistan 4705:"Italy — Energy Charter" 3652:"Italy - Energy Charter" 2593:Jean-Pascal van Ypersele 2213:World Trade Organization 592:energy efficiency issues 425:World Trade Organization 413: 393: 382:Legal Advisory Committee 337:World Trade Organization 192:cross-border cooperation 119:Deputy Secretary General 4991:Treaties of Switzerland 4306:"End Fossil Protection" 3783:The Wall Street Journal 3195:Transnational Institute 2763:"Energy Charter Treaty" 2681:Energy policy of Russia 2569:Sandrine Dixson-Declève 2533:Transnational Institute 2446:state-state arbitration 2313:Energy policy of Russia 649:provisional application 282:European Energy Charter 188:international agreement 18:European Energy Charter 5036:Treaties of Uzbekistan 4996:Treaties of Tajikistan 4931:Treaties of Luxembourg 4911:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan 4906:Treaties of Kazakhstan 4826:Treaties of Azerbaijan 4731:Energy Charter website 4131:. New Internationalist 3307:. 2004. Archived from 2403: 2354:Government of Portugal 1859:East African Community 1471:from the treaty. On 21 788:Bosnia and Herzegovina 480:is generally known as 469:multilateral framework 4926:Treaties of Lithuania 4709:www.energycharter.org 4085:www.energycharter.org 3656:www.energycharter.org 3439:www.energycharter.org 3418:www.energycharter.org 2767:www.energycharter.org 2615:Announced withdrawals 2487:who have invested in 2454:Travaux préparatoires 2397: 2322:and French president 2303:Russian participation 1477:announced withdrawals 322:Energy Charter Treaty 180:Energy Charter Treaty 4976:Treaties of Slovenia 4971:Treaties of Slovakia 4956:Treaties of Portugal 4946:Treaties of Mongolia 4841:Treaties of Bulgaria 4653:. 22 February 2024. 4621:. 22 February 2024. 3402:on 17 February 2016. 2579:, Helga Kromp-Kolb, 2344:, Russian President 2119:United Arab Emirates 629:third-party access. 376:Implementation Group 200:fossil fuel industry 129:Current chairmanship 5031:Treaties of Ukraine 4961:Treaties of Romania 4941:Treaties of Moldova 4896:Treaties of Ireland 4891:Treaties of Hungary 4881:Treaties of Germany 4866:Treaties of Finland 4861:Treaties of Estonia 4856:Treaties of Denmark 4846:Treaties of Croatia 4836:Treaties of Belgium 4821:Treaties of Austria 4816:Treaties of Armenia 4811:Treaties of Albania 3995:on 24 October 2013. 3752:. 5 February 2010. 3726:, by Judy Dempsey, 3709:. 13 October 2006. 3350:on 10 February 2012 3314:on 24 October 2013. 2974:. 23 February 2021. 2887:on 24 October 2013. 2589:Olivier de Schutter 2565:European Green Deal 2516:European Commission 2418:One of the primary 34: 5021:Treaties of Turkey 4986:Treaties of Sweden 4966:Treaties of Russia 4951:Treaties of Poland 4916:Treaties of Latvia 4886:Treaties of Greece 4871:Treaties of France 4851:Treaties of Cyprus 4363:. 18 December 2020 4154:. NRC Handelsblad. 4061:on 21 October 2013 3526:. 11 November 2022 3503:. 21 October 2022. 3489:. 21 October 2022. 3445:on 7 February 2021 3330:The New York Times 3019:. 2 September 2021 2577:James K. Galbraith 2404: 475:Dispute settlement 465:breach of contract 410:, Energy Transit. 408:Dispute Settlement 221:at the end of the 198:, principally the 92:Official language 32: 4981:Treaties of Spain 4936:Treaties of Malta 4901:Treaties of Japan 4504:. Berlin, Germany 4502:Clean Energy Wire 4443:. 21 October 2022 4417:. 20 October 2022 4173:. Berlin, Germany 4171:Clean Energy Wire 2934:. 15 January 2016 2905:on 1 October 2015 2746:eur-lex.europa.eu 2553:Julia Steinberger 2509:coal power plants 2434:energy efficiency 2221: 2220: 573:energy efficiency 567:Energy efficiency 404:Energy Efficiency 329:energy efficiency 204:energy efficiency 176: 175: 102:Secretary General 16:(Redirected from 5043: 4713: 4712: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4057:. 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And on 14 2573:Connie Hedegaard 2506: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2146: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1584: 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Petform. 3530:11 November 3449:19 December 3274:EU Observer 3227:9 September 3201:6 September 3145:19 February 3071:9 September 3045:6 September 3023:2 September 3001:4 September 2823:: 523–558. 2772:13 December 2636:Withdrawals 2581:Rachel Kyte 2537:arbitrators 2489:fossil fuel 2390:Secretariat 2215:(WTO, 1991) 2191:(IEF, 2007) 2181:(IEA, 1991) 2089:South Korea 1352:Switzerland 1192:Netherlands 682:Afghanistan 4771:Energy law 4760:Categories 4481:21 October 4447:26 October 4367:14 January 3907:25 October 3707:Kommersant 3574:basrec.net 3471:18 October 3279:23 October 3253:6 November 2958:www.un.org 2697:References 2666:Energy law 2341:Kommersant 2307:See also: 2282:Luxembourg 2207:World Bank 1754:Bangladesh 1612:Mauritania 1448:Uzbekistan 1367:Tajikistan 1177:Montenegro 1072:Kyrgyzstan 1057:Kazakhstan 742:Azerbaijan 642:Membership 543:and also: 443:Investment 252:criticized 162:approx. 30 148:Main organ 4476:0261-3077 4243:0261-3077 4211:8 October 4206:0261-3077 4177:5 October 4065:31 August 4039:31 August 3141:. 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