European Court of Human Rights

1191: 333: 1199: 519: 821: 451: 829: 5240: 53: 907:, called "just satisfaction". The awards are typically small in comparison to verdicts by national courts and rarely exceed £1,000 plus legal costs. Non-pecuniary damages are more closely correlated to what the state can afford to pay than the specific harm suffered by the complainant. In some cases, repeated patterns of human rights violations lead to higher awards in an effort to punish the responsible state, but paradoxically in other cases they lead to lower awards, or the cases being struck entirely. 254: 727:, unless the matter relates to the content and scope of fundamental rights which the court has already considered. Since 2018, member states can similarly request advisory opinions on questions of principle concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention, on the basis of Protocol No. 16. This mechanism aims to foster dialogue between national courts and the ECtHR, thereby preempting Convention violations and minimizing the latter's caseload. Unlike 1230:, stated: "Our work is based on cooperation and good faith. When you don't have that, it's very difficult to have an impact. We kind of lack the tools to help countries that don't want to be helped." Russia systematically ignores ECtHR verdicts, paying compensation in most cases but refusing to fix the problem, leading to a high number of repeat cases. Russian legislation has set up a specific fund for paying the claimants in successful ECtHR verdicts. 768: 5303: 5293: 1336: 702:(IV) (no. 25781/94), judgements of 10 May 2001 on the treatment of missing persons (art. 2, 3 and 5), the right of return of Greeks who have fled to the south (art. 8, 13 and P1-1), the rights of Greeks still living in the north (art. 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, P1-1, P1-2) and trial by military courts (art. 6). A subsequent judgement of 12 May 2014 awarded €90 million in 'just satisfaction' (art. 41) 1070:. Because the CJEU represents a "comparable" human rights enforcement mechanism, the ECtHR may presume "that a State has not departed from the requirements of the Convention when it does no more than implement legal obligations flowing from its membership." This presumption may be refuted in any particular instances where protections of Convention rights are "manifestly deficient." 990:, referring to the member states' rights to set moral standards within reason. Over time, the court has narrowed the margin of appreciation (to the point, according to some commentators, of a "demise" of margin of appreciation). Narrowing margin of appreciation is a target of criticism for those who believe that the ECtHR should minimize its role, especially from the United Kingdom. 352:, which aims to promote the universal recognition of rights set out therein, in order to strengthen the protection of human rights at the international level. While hugely important in setting a global standard for the first time, the declaration was essentially aspirational, and had no judicial enforcement mechanism. In 1949, the twelve member states of the newly created 603:. The jurisdiction of the court is generally divided into inter-state cases, applications by individuals against contracting states, and advisory opinions in accordance with Protocol No.2. Applications by individuals constitute the majority of cases heard by the court. A committee is constituted by three judges, chambers by seven judges, and a Grand Chamber by 17 judges. 1054:

since the Treaty of Lisbon took effect on 1 December 2009, the EU is expected to sign the convention. That would mean that the Court of Justice is bound by the judicial precedents of the Court of Human Rights' case law and so is subject to its human rights law, which would avoid issues of conflicting case law between these two courts. In December 2014, the CJEU released

1001:. Furthermore, critics argue that the EHCR has claimed that such consensus exists even when objectively it did not, due to the judicial activism of its judges. It has been said that in failing to distinctly define how a consensus is reached reduces its legitimacy. Furthermore, as the ECtHR grows, the consensus between the members diminishes. 1022:. Critics maintain that proportionality engenders largely subjective rulings: a judge's personal preferences and beliefs may color their perceptions of rights' relative importance. The Court has established certain formulas to ensure consistency across such decisions, but these guidelines cover only a small fraction of its case law. 550:

have a familial or professional relationship with a party. A judge can be dismissed from office only if the other judges decide, by a two-thirds majority, that the judge has ceased to fulfil the required conditions. Judges enjoy, during their term as judges, the privileges and immunities provided for in Article 40 of the

638:, or if the case cannot be proceeded with on formal grounds, such as non-exhaustion of domestic remedies, lapse of the four months from the last internal decision complained of, anonymity, substantial identity with a matter already submitted to the court, or with another procedure of international investigation. 3216: 575:

renewable period of three years. They are renowned for their morality and competence. They must be independent and there is incompatibility with other functions. They cannot be revoked by their state of origin, but only by decision of their peers, taken by a two-thirds majority and for serious reasons.

1049:

are members of the Council of Europe and so are parties of the Convention on Human Rights, there are concerns about consistency in case law between the two courts. The CJEU refers to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and treats the Convention on Human Rights as if it were part of the

844:

requires all hearings to be in public, unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying the holding of a private hearing. In practice the majority of cases are heard in private following written pleadings. In confidential proceedings the court may assist both parties in securing a settlement, in

570:

The plenary court is an assembly of all of the court's judges. It has no judicial functions. It elects the court's president, vice-president, registrar and deputy registrar. It also deals with administrative matters, discipline, working methods, reforms, the establishment of Chambers and the adoption

1351:

Between 2007 and 2017, the number of cases dealt with each year was relatively constant (between 1,280 and 1,550); two-thirds of cases were repetitive and most concerned a few countries: Turkey (2,401), Russia (2,110), Romania (1,341), and Poland (1,272). Repetitive cases indicate a pattern of human

1260:), for preventing Bosnian citizens who were not of Bosniak, Croat, or Serb ethnicity from being elected to certain state offices. As of December 2019, the discriminatory provisions have yet to be repealed or amended, despite three subsequent cases confirming their incompatibility with the Convention. 557:

The European Court of Human Rights is assisted by a registry made up of around 640 agents, of which a little less than half of lawyers divided into 31 sections. The registry carries out preparatory work for the judges., and performs the communication activities of the court, with the applicants, the

541:

from among three candidates nominated by each contracting state. Judges are elected whenever a sitting judge's term has expired or when a new state accedes to the convention. The retiring age of judges is 70, but they may continue to serve as judges until a new judge is elected or until the cases in

499:

Protocol 11 was designed to deal with the backlog of pending cases by establishing the court and its judges as a full-time institution, by simplifying the procedure and reducing the length of proceedings. However, as the workload of the court continued to increase, the contracting states agreed that

1362:

These reforms led to an increasing number of applications being declared inadmissible or bypassed a ruling under the new pilot procedure. According to Steven Greer, "large numbers of applications will not, in practice, be examined", and this situation is qualified as a "structural denial of justice

1218:

The number of non-implemented judgements rose from 2,624 in 2001 to 9,944 at the end of 2016, 48% of which had gone without implementation five years or more. In 2016, all but one of the 47 member countries of the Council of Europe had not implemented at least one ECtHR verdict in a timely fashion,

1214:

The court lacks enforcement powers. Some states have ignored ECtHR verdicts and continued practices judged to be human rights violations. Although all damages must be paid to the applicant within the time frame specified by the court (usually three months) or else will accumulate interest, there is

1061:

Despite the European Union's failure to accede to the Convention, the ECtHR has consistently held that member states are bound by ECHR guarantees even when executing and implementing EU law. Nevertheless, the Court has simultaneously sought to promote international cooperation and avoid interfering

1053:

Even though its member states are party to the convention, the European Union itself is not a party, as it did not have competence to do so under previous treaties. However, EU institutions are bound under Article 6 of the EU Treaty of Nice to respect human rights under the convention. Furthermore,

856:

The court's chamber decides both issues regarding admissibility and merits of the case. Generally, both these issues are dealt with in the same judgment. In final judgments the court makes a declaration that a contracting state has violated the convention, and may order the contracting state to pay

549:

and are prohibited from having any institutional or similar ties with the state in respect of which they were elected. To ensure the independence of the court, judges are not allowed to participate in activity that may compromise the court's independence. Judges cannot hear or decide a case if they

379:(1968). The convention charges the court with ensuring the observance of the engagement undertaken by the contracting states in relation to the convention and its protocols, that is ensuring the enforcement and implementation of the European Convention in the member states of the Council of Europe. 4202:

See Steven Greer, p. 452, citing Mahoney, The European Court of Human Rights and its Ever-Growing Caseloaed: Preserving the Mission of the Court While Ensuring the Viability of the Individual Petition, in: Flogaitis, Zwart, and Fraser (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents:

877:

Article 35 of the European Convention on Human Rights establishes as a precondition on referral to the European Court of Human Rights, the exhaustion of domestic remedies. This condition is the consequence of the subsidiary jurisdiction of the supranational court, which monitors the application of

645:

decides that the case can proceed, the case is then referred to a chamber of the court which, unless it decides that the application is inadmissible, communicates the case to the government of the state against which the application is made, asking the government to present its observations on the

574:

The president of the court, the two vice-presidents (also section presidents) and the three other section presidents are elected by the Plenary Court, Section presidents are elected by the Plenary Court, a formation made up of the 46 elected judges of the court. The mandate of the holders is for a

4177:

For the most recent statistical data see ECHR, The ECHR in facts & figures - 2019, p. 4ss. For a detailed analysis of this problem from various perspectives see Flogaitis, Zwart, and Fraser (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents: Turning Criticism into Strength, Edward

1078:

Most of the contracting parties to the European Convention on Human Rights have incorporated the convention into their own national legal systems, either through constitutional provision, statute or judicial decision. The ECtHR increasingly considers judicial dialogue with national courts to be a

993:

Proponents of a stronger recognition of margin of appreciation cite local conceptions of human rights, specific to the context of each country and its culture, and the risk of handing down judgements that lack local cultural and grassroots legitimacy. Critics argue that the principle of "emerging

864:

The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe is charged with supervising the execution of the court's judgments. The Committee of Ministers oversees the contracting states' changes to their national law in order that it is compatible with the convention, or individual measures taken by the

836:

After the preliminary finding of admissibility the court examines the case by hearing representations from both parties. The court may undertake any investigation it deems necessary on the facts or issues raised in the application and contracting states are required to provide the court with all

619:, or group of individuals. Although the official languages of the court are English and French, applications may be submitted in any one of the official languages of the contracting states. An application has to be made in writing and signed by the applicant or by the applicant's representative. 860:

The court's judgments are public and must contain reasons justifying the decision. Article 46 of the convention provides that contracting states undertake to abide by the court's final decision. On the other hand, advisory opinions are, by definition, non-binding. The court has to date decided

848:

The judgment of the Grand Chamber is final. Judgments by the chamber of the court become final three months after they are issued, unless a reference to the Grand Chamber for review or appeal has been made. If the panel of the Grand Chamber rejects the request for referral, the judgment of the

1015:

governs much of the Court's jurisprudence. The guarantees of ECHR Articles 8, 9, 10, and 11 are subject to whatever limitations may be "necessary in a democratic society," citing factors including national security, public safety, health and morals, and the rights and freedoms of others. Such

886:

Rule 39 of the Rules of the Court permits the ECtHR to "indicate to the parties any interim measure which they consider should be adopted in the interests of the parties or of the proper conduct of the proceedings." Interim measures are binding and afford litigants temporary protections on an

731:

under EU law, advisory opinions may only be solicited by the "highest courts and tribunals" of a member state. Although Article 5 of Protocol No. 16 states that "Advisory opinions shall not be binding," they nonetheless enter the ECtHR's case law and may be enforced through later individual

487:

In 1999, 8,400 applications were allocated to be heard. In 2003, 27,200 cases were filed and the number pending rose to approximately 65,000. In 2005, the court opened 45,500 case files. In 2009, 57,200 applications were allocated, with 119,300 pending. At the time, more than 90 per cent of

649:

The chamber of the court then deliberates and judges the case on its admissibility and its merits. Cases that raise serious questions of interpretation and application of the European Convention on Human Rights, a serious issue of general importance, or which may depart from previous

849:

chamber of the court becomes final. The Grand Chamber is made up of 17 judges: the court's president and vice-presidents, the section presidents and the national judge, together with other judges selected by drawing of lots. Grand Chambers include a public hearing, which is

308:. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 878:

the convention and seeks to eradicate human rights violations. The applicant must establish the inability of the national courts to remedy the breaches, by exercising the appropriate remedies effective and adequate, and in substance alleging a violation of the Convention.

360:, drawing inspiration from the rights already set out in the Declaration, but with the crucial difference that—for the European countries which chose to sign up to it—there would be a judicial mechanism to ensure that they respected the basic rights of their citizens. 1347:

where there is less trust in the court system. In 2009, the court had a backlog of 120,000 cases which would have required 46 years to process at the previous rate, leading to reforms. According to the BBC, the court began "to be seen as a victim of its own success".

504:. Protocol 14 was drafted with the aim of reducing the workload of the court and that of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, which supervises the execution of judgments, so that the court could focus on cases that raise important human rights issues. 749:

effects (that is, they are potentially binding on all member states), because the court "determines issues on public-policy grounds in the common interest, thereby extending human rights jurisprudence throughout the community of European Convention States", although

1315:(2009) as well as any future cases following that pattern, handing them to the Department of Execution at the Council of Europe for enforcement. These cases all involved complainants not being paid money they were due under Ukrainian law. In the eight years between 3180: 1215:

no formal deadline for any more complex compliance required by the judgement. However, by leaving a judgement unimplemented for a long period of time, brings into question the state's commitment to addressing human rights violations in a timely fashion.

994:

consensus" of the member states on which the ECtHR operates is fundamentally flawed, because such a consensus often relies on trends, and historically in many instances social and political consensus was retrospectively acknowledged to have been wrong.

1219:

although most non-implemented verdicts concern a few countries: Italy (2,219), Russia (1,540), Turkey (1,342), and Ukraine (1,172). More than 3,200 non-implemented judgements "concerned violations by security forces and poor detention conditions".

868:

Chambers decide cases by a majority. Any judge who has heard the case can attach to the judgment a separate opinion. This opinion can concur or dissent with the decision of the court. In case of a tie in voting, the president has the casting vote.

1082:

In 2015, Russia adopted a law declaring it legal to overrule judgements from the ECtHR, codifying an earlier Russian Constitutional Court decision which ruled that Russia could refuse to recognize an ECtHR decision if it conflicted with the

1079:"high priority", especially when it comes to implementation of judgements. According to a 2012 study, the ECTtHR tends to justify its decisions with citations to its own case law in order to convince national courts to accept its rulings. 1323:, Ukraine made no effort to resolve these cases, leading the ECtHR to "effectively up on trying to incentivize Ukraine to comply with its judgments". As of 2020, the money owed to the complainants in these cases remains unpaid. 654:

can be heard in the Grand Chamber if all parties to the case agree to the chamber of the court relinquishing jurisdiction to the Grand Chamber. A panel of five judges decides whether the Grand Chamber accepts the referral.

4203:

Turning Criticism into Strength, Edward Elgar: Cheltenham 2013, 26 and Cameron, The Court and the Member States: Procedural Aspects, in: Follesdal, Petes, and Ulfstein (eds.), Constituting Europe, CUP: Cambridge 2013, 43.

1036: 323:

International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties.

1609: 968:(2015). Although defenders argue that living instrument doctrine is necessary for the court to stay relevant and its rulings to adapt to the actual conditions, such interpretations are labeled overreach or 2168: 1210:(10%) and the highest Luxembourg, Monaco, and Estonia (100%) and Czechia (96%). (Belarus appears white here because it is excluded from the map: it is not a member state and does not implement rulings.) 935:(2008), the court emphasized that it "upholds individual rights as practical and effective, rather than theoretical and illusory protections". Another key part of the Court's interpretation is the 1969 1343:

The caseload of the court expanded rapidly after the fall of the Soviet Union, growing from fewer than 8,400 cases filed in 1999 to 57,000 in 2009. Most of these cases concern nationals of the former

1202:

Implementation of leading cases from the last 10 years as of August 2021. No implementation is coloured black while 100% implementation is white. Average implementation is 53%, with the lowest being

667:

can sue another contracting state in the court for alleged breaches of the convention, although in practice this is very rare. As of 2021, five interstate cases have been decided by the court:

1352:

rights violations in a given country. The 2010 Interlaken Declaration stated that the court would reduce its caseload by cutting back on the number of repetitive cases it dealt with.

6027: 5839: 5203: 891:

or expulsion to countries with inadequate human rights guarantees, whereas requests to prevent potentially damaging publications or property seizures seldom elicit similar responses.

6154: 5918: 3658: 1004:

However, the margin of appreciation doctrine has also come under sharp criticism from jurists and academics who say that it undermines the universal nature of human rights.

484:

in 1989 led to a sharp increase in applications filed in the court. The efficiency of the court was threatened seriously by the large accumulation of pending applications.

2807: 1194:

Compliance with all compliance-relevant judgments of the European Court of Human Rights as of 10 March 2017. At that date, the oldest non-complied judgement was from 1996.

708:(no. 13255/07), judgement of 3 July 2014 on the collective expulsion of Georgians from Russia (art. 3, 5, 13, 38, P4-4) and Russia not cooperating with the court (art. 38) 387:

The European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights, is the best known body of the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe (CoE) (

1243:(2005), and several subsequent cases, the court found that a blanket deprivation of suffrage to British prisoners violated Article 3 of Protocol 1, which guarantees the 887:

expedited basis, although the ECtHR has chosen to only impose them in cases concerning imminent danger to life and limb. Such measures are often deployed to prevent

865:

contracting state to redress violations. Judgments by the court are binding on the respondent states concerned and states usually comply with the Court's judgments.

419:. Founded in 1949, it now has 46 member states, covering a population of approximately 700 million, and operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million 6052: 1359:" was created to handle repetitive cases without a formal finding for each one. Pending applications peaked at 151,600 in 2011 and were reduced to 59,800 by 2019. 1277:. In 2012, Russian courts banned the event for the next 100 years. The ECtHR confirmed its ruling that bans on pride parades violate freedom of assembly rights in 2163: 1099:.) Other countries have also moved to restrict the binding nature of the ECtHR judgments, subject to the countries' own constitutional principles. In 2004, the 5832: 1537: 526:

Judges are elected for a non-renewable nine-year term. The number of full-time judges sitting in the court is equal to the number of contracting states to the

501: 3309:

Motoc, Iulia; Volikas, Markos (17 February 2019). "The Dialogue between the ECHR and the Italian Constitutional Court: The Saga of 'Giem and Others V Italy".

1190: 144: 66: 1518: 1500: 3800:

Johnson, P. (2011). "Homosexuality, Freedom of Assembly and the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights: Alekseyev v Russia".

488:

applications were declared to be inadmissible, and the majority of cases decided—around 60 per cent of the decisions by the court—related to what is termed

6007: 5908: 2547:

Letsas, George (23 May 2013). "The ECHR as a living instrument: its meaning and legitimacy". In Føllesdal, Andreas; Peters, Birgit; Ulfstein, Geir (eds.).

1478: 1455: 1441: 1427: 1413: 1396: 1379: 513: 958:. In addition, with the proliferation of alternative family arrangements, the court has expanded its definition of family under Article 8, for example to 6012: 202: 1178:

International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. According to Michael Goldhaber in

5949: 5476: 1356: 1339:

The backlog of pending cases has gone down from a peak of 151,600 in 2011, in part to streamlined rejection of applications at the admissibility stage.

2705:"How far can the European Court of Human Rights go in the fight against discrimination? Defining new standards in its nondiscrimination jurisprudence" 1045:(CJEU) is not institutionally related to the European Court of Human Rights: the two courts are related to distinct organizations. However, since all 6200: 5825: 5471: 2069: 6057: 1614: 530:, currently 46. The convention requires that judges be of "high moral character" and have qualifications suitable for high judicial office, or be 5451: 5446: 785: 626:, who can make a final decision on whether the case is inadmissible. A case may be inadmissible when it is incompatible with the requirements of 538: 368: 180: 17: 5775: 4743:

Bratic, Catherine (2012–2013). "A Comparative Approach to Understanding Developments in Privacy Rights in the European Court of Human Rights".

2232: 1750:"The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights vs. The Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms - A Comparison" 861:

consistently that under the convention it has no jurisdiction to annul domestic laws or administrative practices which violate the convention.

4109:

Vogiatzis, Nikos (2016). "The Admissibility Criterion Under Article 35(3)(b) ECHR: a 'Significant Disadvantage' to Human Rights Protection?".

3632: 6022: 5954: 1592: 3775: 1355:

As a result of Protocol 14 reforms to reduce caseload, single judges were empowered to reject applications as inadmissible and a system of "

1256: 375:, abolished in 1998. The court kept a low profile during its first years and did not accumulate much case law, first finding a violation in 492:: where the court has already delivered judgment finding a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights or where well established 6210: 5418: 4394: 6190: 6087: 6047: 5441: 5282: 2414: 1062:

in internal Union affairs. It has balanced the conflicting aims of fostering European harmony and avoiding ECHR circumvention via the "

3950:"Certiorari through the Back Door? The Judgment by the European Court of Human Rights in Burmych and Others v. Ukraine in Perspective" 3283: 1808: 30:

This article is about the international court of the Council of Europe (not of the European Union). For the EU's judicial branch, see

6111: 6072: 5974: 2522:

Lemmens, Koen (2016). "Criticising the European Court of Human Rights or Misunderstanding the Dynamics of Human Rights Protection?".

439: 3330:

Criticism of the European Court of Human Rights: Shifting the Convention System : Counter-dynamics at the National and EU Level

6149: 936: 2768: 2099: 845:

which case the court monitors the compliance of the agreement with the convention. However, in many cases, a hearing is not held.

332: 6175: 5969: 3997:

Szklanna, Agnieszka (2018). "Delays in the Implementation of ECtHR Judgments: The Example of Cases Concerning Electoral Issues".

3390:"Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime" 3353:

Remezaite, Ramute (2019). "Challenging the Unconditional: Partial Compliance with ECtHR Judgments in the South Caucasus States".

1838:

The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights: From Its Inception to the Creation of a Permanent Court of Human Rights

1714:"Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime" 257: 3027:

Roffee, J. A. (2014). "No Consensus on Incest? Criminalisation and Compatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights".

6195: 6180: 5496: 5255: 1251: 1088: 1042: 588: 466: 454: 309: 31: 3712:

Celiksoy, Ergul (2020). "Execution of the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in Prisoners' Right to Vote Cases".

2524:

Criticism of the European Court of Human Rights: Shifting the Convention System: Counter-dynamics at the National and EU Level

1198: 5959: 5923: 5162: 5104: 5027: 4895: 4841: 4673: 4619: 4565: 4412: 4377: 4323: 4014: 3893: 3670: 3547: 3423:"Russia's Relations with the European Court of Human Rights in the Aftermath of the Markin Decision: Debating the "Backlash"" 3337: 3163: 2996:"Consensus and Contestability: The ECtHR and the Combined Potential of European Consensus and Procedural Rationality Control" 2963:"Consensus and Contestability: The ECtHR and the Combined Potential of European Consensus and Procedural Rationality Control" 2868: 2833: 2621: 2584: 2556: 2531: 1845: 1785: 1670: 1645: 349: 4942:"Freedom of Speech as Related to Journalists in the ECtHR, IACtHR and the Human Rights Committee – a Study of Fragmentation" 723:

The Committee of Ministers may, by majority vote, ask the court to deliver an advisory opinion on the interpretation of the

6077: 5979: 5903: 5207: 2647:"Is the 'Living Instrument' Approach of the European Court of Human Rights Compatible with the ECHR and International Law?" 2273: 1603: 438:. No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe is an official 1931: 5928: 5524: 3065: 1203: 841: 724: 664: 612: 527: 477: 470: 404: 372: 364: 357: 284: 190: 3530:

Abdelgawad, Élisabeth Lambert (2017). "The Enforcement of ECtHR Judgments". In Jakab, András; Kochenov, Dimitry (eds.).

5852: 4527: 1465: 1375:

ECtHR rulings have expanded the protection of human rights in every signatory country. Notable rights secured include:

4428: 4144:

Bowring, Bill (2010). "The Russian Federation, Protocol No. 14 (and 14bis), and the Battle for the Soul of the ECHR".

6082: 6032: 5880: 5856: 5456: 5074:"New label no progress: institutional racism and the persistent segregation of Romani students in the Czech Republic" 4085: 2426: 2020: 857:

material and/or moral damages and the legal expenses incurred in domestic courts and the court in bringing the case.

807: 4972: 850: 5514: 4316:

Shaping Rights in the ECHR: The Role of the European Court of Human Rights in Determining the Scope of Human Rights

551: 5178: 4635: 4612:

Liberty and Security in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-trial Precautionary Measures in Criminal Proceedings

6017: 5933: 5796: 5589: 5411: 5314: 1749: 1207: 1096: 1018: 291:

enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The court is based in

4857: 4066:"A Decade of Violations of the European Convention on Human Rights: Exploring Patterns of Repetitive Violations" 611:

Applications by individuals against contracting states, alleging that the state violated their rights under the

6062: 5275: 3181:"Precedent in International Courts: A Network Analysis of Case Citations by the European Court of Human Rights" 1473:, including ending child custody regimes which discriminated against men, LGBT people, and religious minorities 789: 677: 3238: 2453:"Non-pecuniary damages before the European Court of Human Rights: Forget the victim; it's all about the state" 1663:

Strategies of Compliance with the European Court of Human Rights: Rational Choice Within Normative Constraints

1170:

to be openly hostile. In 2019, south Caucasus states were judged partially compliant in a law review article.

6098: 5466: 5260: 4989: 1239: 1223: 616: 5817: 4558:

When Humans Become Migrants: Study of the European Court of Human Rights with an Inter-American Counterpoint

4456: 2036: 997:

Such an approach is accused of risking to stigmatize and coerce the few dissenting countries, encouraging a

518: 6185: 5913: 4911: 2930:"A Defence of the Margin of Appreciation and an Argument for ITS Application by the Human Rights Committee" 2062: 1104: 1100: 1016:

conditions require the balancing of individual rights and community interests, as first articulated in the

137: 3106: 2208: 1092: 942:

One area that the living instrument doctrine has changed ECtHR jurisprudence over time is with regard to

2826:

The Legitimacy of Family Rights in Strasbourg Case Law: 'Living Instrument' or Extinguished Sovereignty?

2386: 1452:, limiting the length of judicial proceedings to avoid unfair delays, and securing judicial impartiality 5404: 5375: 4339: 1861: 1567: 1290: 1285: 1103:

of Germany ruled that judgements handed down by the ECtHR are not always binding on German courts. The

920: 820: 396: 317: 287:(ECHR). The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the 2399: 6205: 6037: 5268: 5245: 3456:"The European Court of Human Rights and minority religions: messages generated and messages received" 2221: 2148: 964: 500:

further reforms were necessary and in May 2004, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers adopted

35: 4689: 4581: 6121: 5380: 4888:

The European Court of Human Rights and Minority Religions: Messages Generated and Messages Received

4718: 1091:

stipulating that the Russian Constitution supersedes international law. (In March 2022, due to the

5121: 5043: 3539: 2549:

Constituting Europe: The European Court of Human Rights in a National, European and Global Context

2188: 237: 5875: 4396:

Between Forbearance and Audacity: The European Court of Human Rights and the Norm against Torture

4166: 3141: 2894:"Margin of Appreciation and Incrementalism in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights" 2850: 1554:, including restoration of property illegally confiscated by the state and fair compensation for 1490: 916: 778: 481: 313: 4762: 2601: 1690:. International Conference: Effectiveness of the European System of Protection of Human Rights. 1511:

that prohibited expressing unflattering opinions or imposed excessive penalties, protection for

430:(EU), although it is sometimes confused with it, partly because the EU has adopted the original 5534: 1598: 1522: 1084: 987: 981: 943: 927:

of the Convention "must be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions" rather than the

4289: 3314: 2259:"Protocol No. 16 to the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms" 828: 450: 6106: 5806: 2338: 1635: 1504: 1482: 1445: 1063: 1012: 3287: 3154:

Glas, Lize R. (2018). "The Boundaries to Dialogue with the European Court of Human Rights".

2258: 1801: 1775: 1587: 1541: 1470: 1449: 1408: 5385: 8: 5604: 5250: 2646: 1918: 1905: 1571: 1486: 1274: 1265: 687: 546: 276: 2375: 6141: 6126: 6116: 5870: 5239: 5204:"Greek nomination of the European Court of Human Rights for the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize" 5096: 4964: 4504: 4469: 4126: 4091: 4020: 3979: 3930: 3756: 3596: 3475: 3370: 3208: 3135: 2874: 2799: 2737: 2627: 2358: 1892: 1435: 1387: 1050:

EU's legal system since it forms part of the legal principles of the EU member states.

951: 728: 473:, which used to decide on admissibility of applications, was abolished by Protocol 11. 304: 3876:

Bartenev, Dmitri (2017). "LGBT rights in Russia and European human rights standards".

1637:

European Court of Human Rights: Implementing Strasbourg's Judgments on Domestic Policy

1497:, undue burdens on exercise of religion, state interference in religious organizations 52: 6002: 5801: 5579: 5481: 5427: 5158: 5150: 5129: 5100: 5051: 5023: 4997: 4968: 4919: 4891: 4865: 4837: 4814: 4770: 4730: 4724: 4697: 4669: 4643: 4615: 4589: 4561: 4535: 4509: 4491: 4436: 4408: 4373: 4347: 4319: 4293: 4130: 4095: 4081: 4065: 4024: 4010: 3983: 3934: 3889: 3760: 3666: 3600: 3543: 3479: 3374: 3333: 3310: 3200: 3159: 2878: 2864: 2829: 2791: 2749: 2631: 2617: 2580: 2552: 2527: 2422: 2362: 2339:"International Courts as Agents of Legal Change: Evidence from LGBT Rights in Europe" 2293: 2016: 1972: 1841: 1781: 1688:

Understanding the Binding Effect of the Case-Law of the ECtHR in Domestic Legal Order

1666: 1641: 1575: 1526: 1421: 1391: 1364: 1294: 1037:

Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights

969: 353: 280: 119: 4258:"Legal aid for intervenors in proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights" 3752: 3239:"Putin signs law allowing Russia to overturn rulings of international rights courts" 3212: 2803: 2274:"Advisory opinions under Protocol No. 16 to the European Convention on Human Rights" 1227: 5885: 5350: 5345: 5329: 5088: 5073: 4956: 4804: 4499: 4481: 4400: 4269: 4236: 4226: 4149: 4118: 4073: 4002: 3969: 3961: 3922: 3881: 3853: 3843: 3809: 3748: 3721: 3586: 3576: 3535: 3467: 3434: 3401: 3362: 3192: 3131: 3036: 3007: 2974: 2941: 2905: 2856: 2783: 2716: 2685: 2658: 2609: 2497: 2464: 2350: 2285: 1962: 1725: 1691: 1461: 1404: 1304:, whose imprisonment the ECtHR ruled illegal in 2014; he was still in jail in 2017. 959: 698: 642: 623: 435: 5092: 4153: 3848: 3831: 3471: 2787: 320:, meaning that the Convention is interpreted in light of present-day conditions. 5659: 5355: 4960: 4038: 3264: 2172: 2010: 1709: 1551: 1508: 1363:

for certain categories of meritorious applicants whose cases cannot be handled".

671: 559: 388: 253: 197: 4666:

Criminal Fair Trial Rights: Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights

3505: 2613: 1610:

List of LGBT-related cases before international courts and quasi-judicial bodies

5997: 5791: 5729: 5554: 5486: 5370: 5365: 5360: 4370:

Lethal Force, the Right to Life and the ECHR: Narratives of Death and Democracy

3565:"The European Court of Human Rights supervising the execution of its judgments" 3439: 3422: 3054: 1512: 1301: 1163: 1119: 998: 955: 431: 427: 363:

The court was established on 21 January 1959 on the basis of Article 19 of the

345: 5319: 5290: 4486: 4274: 4257: 4122: 4077: 4006: 3965: 3910: 3885: 3366: 3196: 2946: 2929: 2860: 2738:"Judicial Activism in the European Court of Justice – The Case of LGBT Rights" 2469: 2452: 2354: 2289: 1967: 1950: 900: 6169: 5847: 5770: 5619: 4495: 4231: 4214: 3581: 3564: 3204: 2753: 2486:"Changing State Behaviour: Damages before the European Court of Human Rights" 2297: 1976: 1555: 1545: 1530: 1515:

and journalists who exposed political corruption or criticized the government

1383: 1244: 824:

A chart showing how cases progress through the European Court of Human Rights

412: 159: 146: 81: 68: 4809: 4792: 3284:"Germany: Binding Effect of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights" 2689: 2676:

Mowbray, A. (2005). "The Creativity of the European Court of Human Rights".

2100:"Protocol no.14 Factsheet: The reform of the European Court of Human Rights" 1879: 5849: 5340: 4818: 4513: 3725: 2795: 2124: 1417: 1344: 1270: 1055: 691: 592: 584: 531: 400: 288: 4941: 4404: 3813: 3406: 3389: 3040: 3012: 2995: 2979: 2962: 2910: 2893: 2769:"The Case for Same-Sex Marriage Before the European Court of Human Rights" 2721: 2704: 2502: 2485: 1730: 1713: 5714: 5654: 5324: 5256:

The European Union's accession to the European Convention on Human Rights

4793:"Surrogacy and the ECtHR: Reflections on Paradiso and Campanelli v Italy" 3776:"Bosnia Constitution Still 'Outrageously' Violates Minority Rights – HRW" 3739:

Milanovic, Marko (2010). "Sejdić & Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina".

2602:"Governance of Religious Diversity at the European Court of Human Rights" 2334: 2165:

Lo statuto del Greffe e il suo ruolo nel processo decisionale della Corte

1695: 1494: 1155: 1147: 928: 888: 457:. In addition, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) applies in 337: 3926: 3532:

The Enforcement of EU Law and Values: Ensuring Member States' Compliance

312:

are contracting parties to the convention. The court's primary means of

302:

The court was established in 1959 and decided its first case in 1960 in

6155:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

5684: 5649: 5629: 4241: 3974: 3858: 3832:"The other way around? How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights" 3686: 3591: 2852:

Judicial Activism and the Democratic Rule of Law: Selected Case Studies

924: 792: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 754:

effect "is not regarded by all States Parties as a legal requirement".

745: 469:. On 1 November 1998, the court became a full-time institution and the 292: 129: 3421:

Nelaeva, Galina A.; Khabarova, Elena A.; Sidorova, Natalia V. (2020).

2662: 1367:

may also be de facto impeded the lack of legal aid and other factors.

1311:(2017), the ECtHR dismissed all 12,143 cases following the pattern of 5624: 4215:"Access to justice in the European Convention on Human Rights system" 2577:

A Theory of Interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights

1046: 947: 408: 5396: 3949: 3878:

Russia and the European Court of Human Rights: The Strasbourg Effect

3455: 3137:

A Europe of Rights: The Impact of the ECHR on National Legal Systems

3107:"Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Ireland" 767: 465:

The jurisdiction of the court has been recognized to date by all 46

5750: 5699: 5694: 5674: 5539: 651: 493: 3328:

Popelier, Patricia; Lambrecht, Sarah; Lemmens, Koen, eds. (2016).

1679: 5724: 5679: 5639: 5599: 5594: 5584: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5544: 5529: 5519: 5509: 5504: 5302: 5292: 2322:. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53, 61–62, 96–97, 133–134. 1431: 1400: 1143: 1123: 1115: 1111: 1095:

and a history of disregard for the principles of the Convention,

1068:

Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi v Ireland

904: 596: 6067: 6042: 6028:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)

5919:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

5765: 5755: 5745: 5719: 5709: 5689: 5669: 5664: 5644: 5614: 5574: 5549: 2060: 1654: 1335: 1167: 1159: 1151: 1139: 1135: 1131: 600: 458: 416: 296: 34:. For the supreme court of the EU in matters of Union law, see 2397: 1390:, and effective investigation of deaths in custody and due to 6043:

UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

5760: 5704: 5634: 5609: 1127: 4190:

Daniel Moeckli et al. (Eds.), International Human Rights Law

3954:

The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals

3607: 2063:"Protocol No. 14 to the European Convention on Human Rights" 1574:. In 2020, the Greek government nominated the court for the 1540:: right to equal treatment, such as ruling against forms of 221: 6013:

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)

6008:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

5233: 3633:"Europe's human rights court struggles to lay down the law" 562:

and the deputy registrar are elected by the Plenary Court.

420: 3104: 2125:"Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights" 1416:: Article 4 cases have resulted in the criminalization of 622:

Once registered with the court, the case is assigned to a

591:

which includes almost every country in Europe except for

434:

created by the Council of Europe in 1955, as well as the

3486: 3420: 3327: 2189:

Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights

1777:

A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights

1180:

A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights

27:

Supranational court established by the Council of Europe

1743: 1741: 1327:

Another issue is delayed implementation of judgements.

1182:, "Scholars invariably describe it with superlatives". 954:, which it is increasingly likely to label unjustified 832:

The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights

694:

regarding a Danish national detained in Turkey (art. 3)

371:. Initially, access to the court was restricted by the 686:(no. 34382/97), judgement of 5 April 2000 ratifying a 502:

Protocol 14 to the European Convention on Human Rights

382: 6053:

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)

5020:

The Right to Freedom of Assembly: A Comparative Study

2608:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 59–72. 2387:

GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICEIN RESPECT OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES

2179:

a cura di Francesco Buffa e Maria Giuliana Civinini).

1107:

also restricts the applicability of ECtHR decisions.

5909:

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2009:

Smith, Rhona K.M.; van der Anker, Christien (2005).

1738: 1407:

and excessively poor conditions in prisons, banning

1293:

and related laws, which the court judged to abridge

1066:", a policy of conditional deference articulated in 514:

List of judges of the European Court of Human Rights

4290:"Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights" 2061:Joint Committee on Human Rights (1 December 2004). 853:. After the public hearing, the judges deliberate. 565: 203:

Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights

3947: 2271: 2008: 872: 461:as a result of domestic incorporation of the ECHR. 6083:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) 5126:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 5048:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4994:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4916:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4886:Fokas, Effie; Richardson, James T., eds. (2020). 4862:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4767:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4694:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4640:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4586:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4532:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4470:"Forced sterilization of women as discrimination" 4433:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4344:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 2256: 1951:"Kosovo's Quest for Council of Europe Membership" 1438:that resulted in innocent people jailed for years 1025: 6167: 5970:European Committee for the Prevention of Torture 5298:Presidents of the European Court of Human Rights 4255: 4063: 3911:"Alekseyev and Others v. Russia (Eur. Ct. H.R.)" 3880:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–352. 1615:Category:European Court of Human Rights case law 426:The organisation is distinct from the 27-nation 212:46 judges, one from each of the 46 member states 6150:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 5950:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 5246:Court judgments, decisions and case law website 5155:Constitutionalism and the Enlargement of Europe 4885: 4831: 3453: 2736:de Waele, Henri; Vleuten, Anna van der (2011). 2735: 2606:Religious Diversity and Interreligious Dialogue 2209:ECHR Press Unit, Q & A on Inter-State Cases 2129:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1665:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1. 1464:, which has included limits on wiretapping and 1247:. A minimal compromise was implemented in 2017. 676:(no. 5310/71), judgement of 18 January 1978 on 539:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 522:Courtroom of the European Court of Human Rights 369:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 181:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 2419:Oxford Reference - A Dictionary of Law (9 ed.) 2398:European Court of Human Rights (3 June 2022). 1254:was first ruled to be discriminatory in 2009 ( 1097:Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe 606: 537:Each judge is elected by majority vote in the 340:in front of the European Court of Human Rights 179:Appointed by member states and elected by the 5833: 5412: 5276: 4001:(1 ed.). Intersentia. pp. 445–464. 3825: 3823: 3665:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–25. 3663:Russia and the European Court of Human Rights 3281: 2923: 2921: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1840:. Oxford University Press. pp. 179–180. 5179:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards" 4832:Choudhry, Shazia; Herring, Jonathan (2010). 4313: 3948:Ulfstein, Geir; Zimmermann, Andreas (2018). 3308: 2332: 1747: 1233:Notable non-implemented judgements include: 1030: 714:(no. 38263/08), judgement of 21 January 2021 6088:UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) 4742: 4314:Brems, Eva; Gerards, Janneke, eds. (2014). 4213:Gerards, Janneke H.; Glas, Lize R. (2017). 4212: 4111:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 3871: 3869: 3454:Fokas, Effie; Richardson, James T. (2017). 3092:Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte 2934:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 2709:International Journal of Constitutional Law 2175:, Questione giustizia, speciale n. 1/2019 ( 1862:"BBC News - Profile: The Council of Europe" 1769: 1767: 1138:to be mostly friendly to ECtHR judgements; 1007: 367:when its first members were elected by the 5955:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 5840: 5826: 5419: 5405: 5283: 5269: 5238: 4256:Gruodytė, Edita; Kirchner, Stefan (2016). 3820: 3687:"Prisoner voting rights compromise struck" 3613: 3529: 3492: 3178: 2927: 2918: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2317: 2272:Paprocka, Ada; Ziółkowski, Michał (2015). 2094: 2092: 2090: 1983: 1660: 1640:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 27. 1633: 1593:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 1257:Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina 910: 757: 51: 6023:UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 5975:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 5477:Commission against Racism and Intolerance 4808: 4503: 4485: 4273: 4240: 4230: 4108: 4064:Reichel, David; Grimheden, Jonas (2018). 4039:"Profile: European Court of Human Rights" 3973: 3857: 3847: 3836:The International Journal of Human Rights 3773: 3738: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3590: 3580: 3540:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.001.0001 3438: 3405: 3352: 3094:. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag. pp. 172–173. 3011: 2993: 2978: 2960: 2945: 2909: 2720: 2570: 2568: 2501: 2468: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 1966: 1773: 1729: 975: 851:transmitted as a webcast on the ECHR site 808:Learn how and when to remove this message 6201:Courts and tribunals established in 1959 5472:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 5149: 3996: 3875: 3866: 3711: 2823: 2766: 2105:. Council of Europe. May 2010. p. 1 1764: 1748:Emmert, Frank; Carney, Chandler (2017). 1334: 1197: 1189: 937:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 827: 819: 517: 449: 331: 327: 252: 6058:Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) 6048:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 6033:International Labour Organization (ILO) 5071: 4939: 4790: 4609: 4555: 4367: 4262:International Comparative Jurisprudence 4146:Goettingen Journal of International Law 4143: 3908: 3799: 3656: 3089: 2891: 2742:Michigan State International Law Review 2675: 2521: 2510: 2087: 1955:Review of Central and East European Law 1948: 1831: 1829: 1780:. Rutgers University Press. p. 2. 1434:and security, such as ending excessive 1058:rejecting accession to the Convention. 837:necessary assistance for this purpose. 258:European Court of Human Rights building 14: 6168: 6073:UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 4392: 4070:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018 3999:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018 3829: 3630: 3619: 3387: 3156:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018 3026: 2994:Kleinlein, Thomas (13 November 2017). 2961:Kleinlein, Thomas (13 November 2017). 2848: 2702: 2599: 2574: 2565: 2546: 2483: 2450: 2435: 1708: 1252:Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1043:Court of Justice of the European Union 589:member states of the Council of Europe 467:member states of the Council of Europe 455:Member states of the Council of Europe 32:Court of Justice of the European Union 6018:Organisation of American States (OAS) 5821: 5426: 5400: 5264: 5017: 4467: 4219:Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 3741:American Journal of International Law 3569:Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 3394:European Journal of International Law 3000:European Journal of International Law 2967:European Journal of International Law 2644: 2638: 2490:European Journal of International Law 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 1835: 1718:European Journal of International Law 1685: 1561: 735: 350:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5980:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 5904:Committee on the Rights of the Child 5110:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4978:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4834:European Human Rights and Family Law 4663: 3774:Zivanovic, Maja (13 December 2019). 3631:Hervey, Ginger (20 September 2017). 3562: 3185:British Journal of Political Science 3179:Lupu, Yonatan; Voeten, Erik (2012). 3153: 2813:from the original on 9 October 2022. 1826: 1606:– regional court established in 1979 1604:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 1595:– regional court established in 2006 894: 790:adding citations to reliable sources 761: 542:which they sit have come to an end. 5886:Truth and reconciliation commission 3286:. Council of Europe. Archived from 3219:from the original on 20 August 2022 3071:from the original on 9 October 2022 2457:Leiden Journal of International Law 2412: 2238:from the original on 9 October 2022 2075:from the original on 9 October 2022 1814:from the original on 9 October 2022 1507:protections, including quashing of 881: 842:European Convention on Human Rights 725:European Convention on Human Rights 718: 665:European Convention on Human Rights 658: 613:European Convention on Human Rights 528:European Convention on Human Rights 478:European Convention on Human Rights 476:The accession of new states to the 471:European Commission of Human Rights 383:As a court of the Council of Europe 373:European Commission of Human Rights 365:European Convention on Human Rights 358:European Convention on Human Rights 285:European Convention on Human Rights 191:European Convention on Human Rights 24: 6211:International courts and tribunals 3265:"Russia may overrule European law" 2376:European Conventionon Human Rights 2320:The European Court of Human Rights 2304: 2278:European Constitutional Law Review 1807:. European Court of Human Rights. 1466:decriminalization of homosexuality 1300:Azerbaijani opposition politician 1073: 712:Georgia v. Russian Federation (II) 545:Judges perform their duties in an 25: 6222: 6191:Organizations based in Strasbourg 5807:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 5225: 4556:Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte (2015). 4187: 3282:Thorsten Ader (14 October 2004). 3158:. Intersentia. pp. 287–318. 1932:"Intergovernmental Organizations" 1754:Fordham International Law Journal 1634:Anagnostou, Dia (30 April 2013). 1185: 706:Georgia v. Russian Federation (I) 5301: 5291: 5196: 5171: 5143: 5114: 5065: 5036: 5011: 4982: 4933: 4904: 4879: 4850: 4825: 4784: 4755: 4745:Columbia Journal of European Law 4736: 4711: 4682: 4657: 4628: 4603: 4574: 4549: 4520: 4461: 4450: 4421: 3105:European Court of Human Rights. 1566:In 2010, the court received the 1529:, such as the right to organize 1173: 933:Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey 766: 566:Plenary court and administration 552:Statute of the Council of Europe 445: 6078:UN Development Programme (UNDP) 6038:World Health Organization (WHO) 4528:"Slavery and Human Trafficking" 4386: 4361: 4332: 4307: 4282: 4249: 4206: 4196: 4181: 4171: 4160: 4137: 4102: 4057: 4031: 3990: 3941: 3902: 3793: 3767: 3753:10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.4.0636 3732: 3705: 3679: 3650: 3556: 3523: 3510:European Implementation Network 3498: 3447: 3414: 3381: 3346: 3321: 3302: 3275: 3257: 3231: 3172: 3147: 3124: 3098: 3083: 3047: 3020: 2987: 2954: 2885: 2842: 2817: 2760: 2729: 2696: 2669: 2593: 2540: 2526:. Intersentia. pp. 23–40. 2477: 2406: 2391: 2380: 2369: 2326: 2265: 2250: 2214: 2202: 2193: 2182: 2153: 2142: 2117: 2054: 2029: 1942: 1924: 1911: 1898: 1885: 1872: 1162:to be moderately critical; the 986:The Court uses the doctrine of 873:Exhaustion of domestic remedies 777:needs additional citations for 678:inhuman and degrading treatment 578: 18:European Court for Human Rights 6176:European Court of Human Rights 5965:European Court of Human Rights 4949:Nordic Journal of Human Rights 4610:Ruggeri, Stefano, ed. (2012). 4399:. Cambridge University Press. 4318:. Cambridge University Press. 2551:. Cambridge University Press. 2199:Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. 2015:. Hodder Arnold. p. 115. 2012:The essentials of Human Rights 1854: 1794: 1702: 1627: 1279:Alekseyev and Others v. Russia 1026:Relationship with other courts 915:The court's primary method of 265:European Court of Human Rights 247:2016 (judge), 2024 (President) 46:European Court of Human Rights 13: 1: 6196:1959 establishments in Europe 6181:1998 establishments in France 5467:Commissioner for Human Rights 5093:10.1080/13613324.2016.1191698 4154:10.3249/1868-1581-2-2-Bowring 3915:International Legal Materials 3849:10.1080/13642987.2020.1763961 3472:10.1080/09637494.2017.1399577 2788:10.1080/00918369.2017.1380991 2318:Nussberger, Angelika (2020). 1620: 1309:Burmych and Others v. Ukraine 1224:Commissioner for Human Rights 1166:to be strongly critical; and 663:Any contracting state to the 617:non-governmental organisation 615:, can be made by any person, 5914:International Criminal Court 5081:Race Ethnicity and Education 4961:10.1080/18918131.2014.897797 3830:Endsjø, Dag Øistein (2020). 2928:McGoldrick, Dominic (2016). 1661:von Staden, Andreas (2018). 1533:and political demonstrations 1105:Italian Constitutional Court 1101:Federal Constitutional Court 680:in Northern Ireland (art. 3) 7: 6068:UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) 5208:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5157:. Oxford University Press. 4560:. Oxford University Press. 4429:"Torture and Ill-treatment" 4167:Analysis of statistics 2019 3534:. Oxford University Press. 3460:Religion, State and Society 2614:10.1007/978-3-030-31856-7_5 2579:. Oxford University Press. 2421:. Oxford University Press. 2413:Law, Jonathan, ed. (2018). 2222:"Inter-States applications" 1774:Goldhaber, Michael (2008). 1581: 1386:including the abolition of 1330: 1093:Russian invasion of Ukraine 732:complaints if contravened. 607:Applications by individuals 10: 6227: 6063:UN Population Fund (UNFPA) 5792:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) 5376:Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos 5334:Giorgio Balladore Pallieri 4791:Iliadou, Marianna (2019). 3440:10.1007/s12142-019-00577-7 2767:Hamilton, Frances (2018). 2343:International Organization 2257:Council of Europe (2013). 2037:"Details of Treaty No.155" 1949:Istrefi, Kushtrim (2018). 1921:. Retrieved: 18 April 2016 1882:, Retrieved: 21 April 2016 1403:and ill-treatment, ending 1291:Russian gay propaganda law 1286:Bayev and Others v. Russia 1110:A 2016 book characterizes 1087:, and in 2020 Russia made 1034: 979: 921:living instrument doctrine 558:public and the press. The 534:of recognised competence. 511: 496:exists on a similar case. 397:international organisation 318:living instrument doctrine 29: 6135: 6096: 5988: 5942: 5924:UN Human Rights Committee 5894: 5881:Human rights institutions 5863: 5784: 5738: 5495: 5434: 5310: 5022:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4836:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4668:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4614:. V&R unipress GmbH. 4487:10.1186/s40985-017-0060-9 4372:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4368:Skinner, Stephen (2019). 4275:10.1016/j.icj.2016.04.001 4188:Greer, Steven. "Europe". 4123:10.1017/S0020589315000573 4078:10.1017/9781780688008.012 4007:10.1017/9781780688008.019 3966:10.1163/15718034-12341381 3886:10.1017/9781108235075.013 3367:10.1017/S0021223719000049 3197:10.1017/S0007123411000433 2947:10.1017/S0020589315000457 2892:Gerards, Janneke (2018). 2861:10.1007/978-3-030-35085-7 2849:Grover, Sonja C. (2020). 2828:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2824:Draghici, Carmen (2017). 2600:Koenig, Matthias (2020). 2484:Fikfak, Veronika (2018). 2470:10.1017/S0922156520000035 2451:Fikfak, Veronika (2020). 2355:10.1017/S0020818313000398 2290:10.1017/S1574019615000176 1968:10.1163/15730352-04303002 1908:. Retrieved 18 April 2016 1895:. Retrieved 18 April 2016 1370: 1089:constitutional amendments 1031:European Court of Justice 965:Oliari and Others v Italy 673:Ireland v. United Kingdom 507: 344:On 10 December 1948, the 243: 233: 228: 216: 208: 196: 186: 175: 136: 125: 114: 97: 63: 59: 50: 45: 36:European Court of Justice 6136:ICRC – organization with 5960:African Court of Justice 5251:Rules of the court (PDF) 4940:Ajevski, Marjan (2014). 4719:Dudgeon v United Kingdom 4232:10.1177/0924051917693988 3909:Cannoot, Pieter (2019). 3582:10.1177/0924051919861844 2776:Journal of Homosexuality 1289:(2017), relating to the 1013:Proportionality analysis 1008:Proportionality analysis 118:46 member states of the 5929:UN Human Rights Council 5876:Human rights commission 5802:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 5452:Parliamentary Assembly 5447:Committee of Ministers 5072:Cashman, Laura (2017). 5018:Salát, Orsolya (2015). 4636:"Right to a Fair Trial" 4178:Elgar: Cheltenham 2013. 3802:Human Rights Law Review 3714:Human Rights Law Review 3657:Mälksoo, Lauri (2017). 3142:Oxford University Press 3090:Brummer, Klaus (2008). 3029:Human Rights Law Review 2898:Human Rights Law Review 2678:Human Rights Law Review 2575:Letsas, George (2007). 1919:"How to Distinguish Us" 1550:Protocol 1, Article 1: 1491:conscientious objection 1240:Hirst v. 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(2008). 2645:Theil, Stefan (2017). 2177:La Corte di Strasburgo 1599:Human rights in Europe 1523:freedom of association 1340: 1273:was judged to violate 1211: 1195: 1085:Constitution of Russia 988:margin of appreciation 982:margin of appreciation 976:Margin of appreciation 944:differential treatment 833: 825: 729:preliminary references 523: 462: 392: 341: 260: 6107:Amnesty International 5462:Court of Human Rights 4990:"Freedom of Assembly" 4858:"Freedom of Religion" 4810:10.1093/medlaw/fwy002 4474:Public Health Reviews 4468:Patel, Priti (2017). 4405:10.1017/9781009103862 4393:Yildiz, Ezgi (2023). 2690:10.1093/hrlrev/ngi003 2333:Helfer, Laurence R.; 2171:30 April 2019 at the 1906:"The European anthem" 1686:Ľalík, Tomáš (2011). 1505:freedom of expression 1483:freedom of conscience 1448:, including quashing 1446:right to a fair trial 1338: 1201: 1193: 1064:Bosphorus Presumption 946:exclusively based on 929:intent of its framers 831: 823: 521: 512:Further information: 453: 335: 328:History and structure 283:which interprets the 271:), also known as the 256: 6138:special status based 5330:Sir Humphrey Waldock 4457:Strasbourg Observers 3726:10.1093/hrlr/ngaa027 1802:"The court in brief" 1696:10.2139/ssrn.1951830 1588:Strasbourg Observers 1542:institutional racism 1471:Right to family life 1450:wrongful convictions 1424:in several countries 1409:forced sterilization 899:The court may award 786:improve this article 377:Neumeister v Austria 160:48.59667°N 7.77417°E 82:48.59667°N 7.77417°E 6186:Human rights courts 5934:UN Security Council 5381:Róbert Ragnar Spanó 5183:Roosevelt Institute 4912:"Freedom of speech" 4664:Goss, Ryan (2014). 3927:10.1017/ilm.2019.53 3814:10.1093/hrlr/ngr020 3427:Human Rights Review 3407:10.1093/ejil/chn004 3041:10.1093/hrlr/ngu023 3013:10.1093/ejil/chx055 2980:10.1093/ejil/chx055 2911:10.1093/hrlr/ngy017 2855:. Springer Nature. 2722:10.1093/icon/mor044 2703:Danisi, C. (2011). 2651:European Public Law 2503:10.1093/ejil/chy064 2415:"Just satisfaction" 2162:Federico Di Salvo, 2149:How the Court works 1917:Council of Europe. 1904:Council of Europe. 1893:"The European flag" 1891:Council of Europe. 1878:Council of Europe, 1731:10.1093/ejil/chn004 1572:Roosevelt Institute 1275:freedom of assembly 1269:(2010), the ban on 1266:Alekseyev v. Russia 923:, meaning that the 743:ECtHR rulings have 688:friendly settlement 547:individual capacity 393:Conseil de l'Europe 277:international court 209:Number of positions 156: / 78: / 6142:Geneva Conventions 6127:Human Rights First 6117:Human Rights Watch 5871:Human rights group 5797:Russia (1996–2022) 5151:Sadurski, Wojciech 4797:Medical Law Review 3616:, pp. 22, 24. 3290:on 15 October 2009 3245:. 15 December 2015 3062:www.corteidh.or.cr 1836:Bates, Ed (2010). 1562:Honours and awards 1436:pretrial detention 1388:capital punishment 1341: 1222:Council of Europe 1212: 1196: 952:sexual orientation 834: 826: 524: 463: 356:began work on the 342: 305:Lawless v. 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Cyprus 4698:Council of Europe 4675:978-1-78225-496-6 4644:Council of Europe 4621:978-3-89971-967-3 4590:Council of Europe 4567:978-0-19-966784-0 4536:Council of Europe 4437:Council of Europe 4414:978-1-009-10004-5 4379:978-1-5099-2954-2 4348:Council of Europe 4325:978-1-107-72969-8 4294:Council of Europe 4045:. 5 February 2015 4016:978-1-78068-800-8 3895:978-1-108-25687-2 3842:(10): 1681–1700. 3693:. 7 December 2017 3672:978-1-108-23507-5 3549:978-0-19-180848-7 3355:Israel Law Review 3339:978-1-78068-401-7 3165:978-1-78068-800-8 3130:Helen Keller and 2870:978-3-030-35085-7 2835:978-1-5099-0526-3 2782:(12): 1582–1606. 2663:10.17863/CAM.8478 2623:978-3-030-31856-7 2586:978-0-19-920343-7 2558:978-1-107-06743-1 2533:978-1-78068-517-5 2041:Council of Europe 1847:978-0-19-920799-2 1787:978-0-8135-4461-8 1672:978-0-8122-5028-2 1647:978-0-7486-7058-1 1576:Nobel Peace Prize 1527:peaceful assembly 1422:human trafficking 1392:domestic violence 1365:Access to justice 1313:Ivanov v. 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Turkey 354:Council of Europe 336:A segment of the 281:Council of Europe 251: 250: 165:48.59667; 7.77417 120:Council of Europe 87:48.59667; 7.77417 16:(Redirected from 6218: 6206:Courts in France 5842: 5835: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5351:Luzius Wildhaber 5346:Rudolf Bernhardt 5305: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5234:Official website 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5078: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4946: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4740: 4734: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4489: 4465: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4234: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4192:: 441–464 (452). 4185: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4028: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3977: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3921:(6): 1251–1280. 3906: 3900: 3899: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3851: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3594: 3584: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3466:(3–4): 166–173. 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3151: 3145: 3132:Alec Stone Sweet 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3059: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2773: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2715:(3–4): 793–807. 2700: 2694: 2693: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2519: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2496:(4): 1091–1125. 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2448: 2433: 2432: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2400:"Rules of Court" 2395: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2302: 2301: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2237: 2226: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2186: 2180: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2104: 2096: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2067: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2006: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1833: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1813: 1806: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1771: 1762: 1761: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1631: 1462:Right to privacy 1405:police brutality 1357:pilot judgements 960:same-sex couples 882:Interim measures 813: 806: 802: 799: 793: 770: 762: 719:Advisory opinion 699:Cyprus v. Turkey 659:Interstate cases 643:Judge Rapporteur 636:ratione personae 632:ratione temporis 628:ratione materiae 624:Judge Rapporteur 490:repetitive cases 436:anthem of Europe 310:46 member states 273:Strasbourg Court 224: 171: 170: 168: 167: 166: 161: 157: 154: 153: 152: 149: 107:1998 (permanent) 104:1959 (initially) 93: 92: 90: 89: 88: 83: 79: 76: 75: 74: 71: 55: 43: 42: 21: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6092: 5990: 5984: 5943:Regional bodies 5938: 5896: 5890: 5859: 5846: 5816: 5811: 5780: 5734: 5660:North Macedonia 5491: 5430: 5425: 5395: 5390: 5356:Jean-Paul Costa 5306: 5297: 5289: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5107: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4830: 4826: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4741: 4737: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4340:"Right to Life" 4338: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4254: 4250: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4161: 4142: 4138: 4107: 4103: 4088: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4017: 3995: 3991: 3946: 3942: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3874: 3867: 3828: 3821: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3772: 3768: 3737: 3733: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3629: 3620: 3614:von Staden 2018 3612: 3608: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3493:von Staden 2018 3491: 3487: 3452: 3448: 3419: 3415: 3386: 3382: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3332:. 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Routledge. 4889: 4882: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4453: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4199: 4191: 4184: 4174: 4168: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4087:9781780688008 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3870: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3511: 3507: 3506:"Country Map" 3501: 3495:, p. 23. 3494: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3441: 3436: 3433:(1): 93–112. 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3127: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3086: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2430: 2428:9780191840807 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2349:(1): 77–110. 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2253: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2196: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2156: 2150: 2145: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2071: 2068:. p. 5. 2064: 2057: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2024: 2022:0-340-81574-4 2018: 2014: 2013: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1810: 1803: 1797: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1768: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Helfer, L. R. 1705: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1674: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Freedom Medal 1557: 1556:expropriation 1553: 1549: 1547: 1546:Romani people 1543: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1531:pride parades 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:right to life 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1368: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1245:right to vote 1242: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1192: 1183: 1181: 1174:Effectiveness 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1005: 1002: 1000: 995: 991: 989: 983: 973: 971: 967: 966: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 908: 906: 902: 892: 890: 879: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 852: 846: 843: 838: 830: 822: 812: 809: 801: 791: 787: 781: 780: 775:This section 773: 769: 764: 763: 755: 753: 748: 747: 738: 733: 730: 726: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 700: 696: 693: 689: 685: 682: 679: 675: 674: 670: 669: 668: 666: 656: 653: 647: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 576: 572: 563: 561: 555: 553: 548: 543: 540: 535: 533: 529: 520: 515: 505: 503: 497: 495: 491: 485: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 460: 456: 452: 446:Member states 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 395:, CdE) is an 394: 390: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 339: 334: 325: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 259: 255: 246: 242: 239: 238:Marko Bošnjak 236: 232: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 201: 199: 195: 192: 189: 187:Authorized by 185: 182: 178: 174: 169: 141: 139: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 113: 106: 103: 102: 100: 96: 91: 62: 58: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5964: 5897:institutions 5857:institutions 5850:human rights 5776:EU relations 5461: 5435:Institutions 5341:Rolv Ryssdal 5296: 5211:. 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