481:
241:. Although Selim Giray managed to arrive in Crimea and met with local rebels, Russia intercepted and prevented the landing of the Turkish military force that was planned to assist him. This was followed on 17 February 1778 by the surrounding and surrender of Selim Giray's force, forcing him to renounce power and recognize Şahin Giray's rule as legitimate. Following these failed attempts at altering the status quo in Crimea, as well as a threat by Russian ambassador
101:
322:
389:, along with metropolitan bishop Ignatius himself. A total of 31,386 people were resettled from Crimea, with only 288 Christians remaining within the peninsula by the time the resettlement had been completed. According to Alexander Suvorov, the whole process cost the Russian Imperial government around 130,000 rubles to implement.
354:
497:
After the resettlement had finished, some
Armenians and Greeks later returned to Crimea, although most chose to remain in the regions to which they were resettled. The resettled were, for the most part, treated well by the Russian authorities and allowed to retain their local customs. On 14 November
217:
as the new Khan. His status as Khan was approved by the
Crimean State council on 28 March 1777, who then also appealed to Russian authorities with a request for the Russian military presence in Crimea to be maintained indefinitely, in order to prevent any future Ottoman interference. Despite this,
513:
While the
Russian state officially paid khan Şahin Giray 50,000 rubles as compensation, this was not nearly enough to make up for the economic damage that had resulted from the exodus of the Christians. The financial ruin caused by the relocation caused Crimean khan Şahin Giray to resign from his
344:
reported to the khan that metropolitan
Ignatius had requested the Russian authorities to withdraw all Christians from the city, at which point some local Christians opposed to this requested the mayor to intervene. On 21 July, the Russian government officially informed the khan about the ongoing
287:
shore. Additionally, the exodus of the
Christians, who were the wealthiest subjects of the Crimean khan, would cause the Khanate to lose tax revenue and become more dependent on Russia, eventually leading to its complete integration. Regarding Russian intentions to make use of the relocation to
339:
Subsequent to the appointment of
Alexander Suvorov to the head of the military administration over Crimea in April 1778, the process of preparing the relocation of the Christian population officially began, with the help of metropolitan bishop Ignatius in its implementation. Once rumors of the
498:
1779 the
Russian government instituted the "Charters Granted to Christians of the Greek and Armenian Denominations Who Migrated from the Crimea to Settle in the Azov Province," which gave the migrants the right to administer themselves according to their own legal norms and exempted them from
381:
However, by 23 July 1778 Şahin Giray had realized the futility of any resistance to the royal decree of
Catherine the Great, and signed an order announcing the withdrawal of Christians from Crimea. Additionally, he called on the inhabitants of the Crimean Khanate not to resist the relocation
509:
wrote a poem titled "To Prince
Aleksandrovich Potemkin," in which he celebrates the Russian leadership for their role in the exodus of the peninsula's Armenians and Greeks, calling it the result of divine intervention which allowed the state to "regenerate foreign peoples into Russian".
472:
Whether the resettlement was voluntary or involuntary remains a highly debated topic among historians today, but it is clear that the
Christians of Crimea were, at the very least, heavily persuaded by Russia via a propaganda campaign led by the Russian state and the
247:
406:
432:
263:, and, as a consequence of finally having established control over the Crimean peninsula, was now able to move populations and change demographics towards that objective. Following the installation of Şahin Giray as the head of the
989:
Regional and general in history: Abstracts from the international scientific conference dedicated to the 140th anniversary of the birth of D.I. Yavornytsky and the 90th anniversary of the XIII Archaeological Congress (9 November
340:
relocation began to spread among the Crimean population, they were initially denied by Crimean khan Şahin Giray on 18 July 1778, who was at the time unaware of its preparation. Following this, on the same day, the mayor of
477:, which took advantage of existing social tensions in Crimea between Christian minorities and the ruling Muslim Tatars. While some historians classify it as a forced deportation, this is rejected by the majority today.
314:, opposed the implementation of this plan, Catherine the Great approved it, signing the decree "On the resettlement of all Christians to the southern Russian countryside" on 9 March 1778. The following month,
191:, Crimea was effectively ceded to the Russian Empire as a client state. At the start of 1775, however, Ottoman forces intervened in Crimea, in violation of the Kuchuk-Kainarji Treaty, and, after ousting
1064:
392:
During the time of the migrants in Katerynoslav, they were held in the homes of other peasants and unable to participate in agriculture, resulting in an difficult economic situation for them.
985:Регіональне і загальне в історії: Тези міжнародної наукової конференції, присвяченої 140-річчю від дня народження Д.І.Яворницького та 90-літтю XIII Археологічного з'їзду (9 листопада 1995 р.)
279:
began planning a method for the resettlement of the Greek and Armenian populations of the region. One primary motivation for this plan was a desire to eliminate the ethnic tensions between
283:
and Christians within Crimea, which had been raised as result of the Russian military intervention. Another motivation was the desire to colonize the unpopulated Pryazovia region on the
443:
349:
401:
1014:
385:
The first wave of the resettlement began on 26 July, with the process continuing until 24 November when the last batch of immigrants were resettled to the city of
515:
411:, which had been allotted to them by the Russian government. Of the 19 settlements established for the Greeks, the most prominent would become the city of
242:
485:
213:
as the new khan of Crimea. This resulted in Russian military intervention on 23 November 1776, with Catherine the Great proclaiming the Russian-aligned
231:
438:
203:
925:
192:
1187:
208:
1225:
236:
1245:
1230:
197:
983:[From the history of the relocation of the Greeks from the Crimea to the Mariupol region: Metropolitan Ignatius (Gazadinov)].
1265:
427:
858:
377:"More than half do not wish to be relocated, and I ask you to give me the authority to end this matter in a positive way."
836:
1210:
449:
366:Большая половина не согласна отсель отлучаться, в котором прошу дать мне полномочие хорошим способом докончить сие дело.
1255:
898:
499:
1001:
174:
595:
230:
In December 1777, the Ottoman Empire once again attempted to appoint to the Crimean throne a khan of its choosing,
400:
In April 1780, the Greeks temporarily being held in Katerynoslav began to be settled in a number of newly founded
1240:
1052:
993:
1260:
1215:
359:
with his objections, in which he requested to be given the power to prevent the relocation from taking place:
187:
had captured the entirety of the Crimean peninsula. As a result of the end of the war and the signing of the
1270:
1220:
1032:
506:
1235:
1078:
188:
184:
79:
A request from the metropolitan of Crimea, Ignatius, that Crimean Christians be made Russian subjects
890:
1205:
259:
Russia had long sought to pacify its notoriously unstable southern frontier and coastline with the
252:
that France would intervene on behalf of Russia if the Ottomans did not cease these attempts, the
474:
1250:
884:
846:
840:
311:
38:
Relocation from Crimea to Katerynoslav lasted July 26 – November 24, 1778
934:
268:
146:
8:
957:
162:
1023:
306:"The removal of the Christians can be considered the conquest of that great province."
1181:
1135:
1106:
1090:
981:"З історії переселення греків з Криму на Маріупольщину: Митрополит Ігнатій (Газадінов)"
938:
460:
126:
1060:
1110:
1098:
1037:
997:
894:
880:
854:
464:
346:
315:
961:
518:
in 1783 and an end to the over three century-long existence of the Crimean Khanate.
1139:
1082:
921:"Review: V. B. Barkhudarian. History of the Armenian Settlement of Nor Nakhichevan"
459:
Unlike the Greeks, Armenians were relocated to the newly established settlement of
453:
276:
272:
142:
134:
1026:[The migration of Greeks from the Crimea to the Pryazovia region in 1778]
264:
82:
A desire to eliminate ethnic tensions between Tatars and Christians within Crimea
288:
induce an annexation of Crimea, Pyotr Rumyantsev stated to Catherine the Great:
604:, pp. 46–50, Appendices: Emigration of Christians from the Crimea in 1778.
548:
280:
180:
154:
105:
100:
980:
218:
the Ottoman Empire refused to recognize Şahin Giray's legitimacy, with Sultan
214:
1199:
1069:
1041:
889:. Studies of Nationalities in the USSR (1st ed.). Stanford, California:
253:
219:
480:
1173:
1102:
911:
871:
386:
67:
267:
in February 1778, as well as a request from metropolitan bishop of Crimea
942:
920:
1143:
1094:
850:
565:
284:
260:
158:
63:
1159:
1126:
1086:
845:. Russian voices of the Napoleonic Wars. Vol. 5. Translated by
412:
318:
was appointed in place of Prozorovsky to implement the relocation.
616:
614:
612:
610:
505:
Within the Russian Empire, the resettlement was greatly praised.
310:
While some in the Russian court, such as military head of Crimea
1065:"Garden of the Empire: Catherine's Appropriation of the Crimea"
1015:
Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipropetrovsk
607:
578:
341:
325:
Map depicting the locations Greeks and Armenians were resettled
271:
that Crimean Christians be made subjects of the Russian state,
150:
59:
226:" Giray is a tool. The aim of the Russians is to take Crimea."
88:
A desire to bring about an annexation of the Crimean peninsula
552:
295:Вывод христиан может почесться завоеванием знатной провинции.
179:
In 1768, Russia began a new round of hostilities against the
321:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
776:
700:
698:
463:
in November 1779, named after the South Caucasian city of
1128:
The Ottoman-Russian relations between the years 1774–1787
842:
Memoirs of the Revolution, the Empire and the Restoration
345:
preparations, prompting him to write a letter to Russian
722:
674:
695:
448:
region, itself abandoned shortly antecedently with the
183:, and by June 1771 an army under the command of Prince
1125:Özer, Abdürrahim (August 2008). Kırımlı, Hakan (ed.).
800:
764:
754:
752:
739:
737:
662:
85:
A desire to colonize the unpopulated Pryazovia region
788:
650:
626:
1024:"Переселення греків з Криму до Приазов'я у 1778 р."
638:
812:
749:
734:
710:
992:]. By Beketov, V. M. (in Ukrainian). Dnipro:
115:31,386 Greeks and Armenians resettled from Crimea
1197:
926:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
256:eventually recognized Şahin Giray's legitimacy.
123:Emigration of Christians from the Crimea in 1778
20:Emigration of Christians from the Crimea in 1778
51:Relocation to Pryazovia began in November 1779
426:on the territory of the former settlement of
364:
293:
835:
782:
16:Russian resettlement of Armenians and Greeks
161:, taking place in 1778 on order of Empress
1186:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
516:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire
395:
956:
728:
334:
153:were resettled by the authorities of the
1157:
601:
536:Exodus of the Christians from the Crimea
479:
320:
1059:
806:
794:
668:
1198:
978:
918:
878:
770:
704:
689:
644:
141:) was a historical event in which the
1036:(in Ukrainian) (1). Mariupol: 73–84.
960:(1992). Kachmarsky, Eugene S. (ed.).
1124:
1021:
818:
758:
743:
716:
656:
632:
620:
514:position, eventually leading to the
131:Виведення християн з Криму в 1778 р.
29:Виведення християн з Криму в 1778 р.
1081:(published 27 January 2017): 1–23.
13:
1226:History of Christianity in Ukraine
14:
1282:
1231:History of Christianity in Russia
1022:Hedo, Anna Volodymyrivna (2001).
139:Вывод христиан из Крыма в 1778 г.
1266:Politically motivated migrations
958:Butkevych, Volodymyr Hryhorovych
157:to newly founded settlements in
99:
1053:Institute of History of Ukraine
994:Institute of History of Ukraine
837:Rochechouart, Louis-Victor-Léon
828:
571:
558:
484:Monument to the deportation in
879:Fisher, Alan Washburn (1978).
623:, pp. 50–51, section 3.6.
547:Including both the Grecophone
541:
528:
402:Greek settlements of Pryazovia
1:
1246:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
588:
416:
329:
175:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
168:
1161:Bakhchisarai Assumption rock
1033:Ukrainian Historical Journal
492:
7:
1134:(Master's thesis). Ankara:
10:
1287:
1211:1778 in the Russian Empire
1079:Cambridge University Press
963:Who Has A Right To Crimea?
500:mandatory military service
172:
1256:Greek diaspora in Ukraine
1158:Zharkykh, Mykola (2016).
365:
294:
189:Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
185:Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky
138:
130:
111:
94:
73:
55:
34:
28:
24:
891:Hoover Institution Press
521:
1061:Schönle, Andreas Xavier
919:Schütz, Edmond (1987).
475:Eastern Orthodox Church
396:Relocation to Pryazovia
1241:Christianity in Crimea
979:Kozina, N. I. (1995).
847:Mikaberidze, Alexander
489:
379:
371:
335:Relocation from Crimea
326:
308:
300:
228:
202:from power, installed
1261:Historical migrations
483:
375:
361:
324:
312:Alexander Prozorovsky
304:
290:
224:
173:Further information:
1216:1778 in Christianity
996:. pp. 262–264.
415:, which was settled
373:Which translates to:
302:Which translates to:
1271:History of Mariupol
1221:Catherine the Great
692:, pp. 262–264.
551:and the Turkophone
350:Andrei Konstantinov
163:Catherine the Great
21:
1136:Bilkent University
886:The Crimean Tatars
881:Vucinich, Wayne S.
853:(published 2019).
534:Also known as the
490:
327:
243:Alexander Stakhiev
19:
1236:History of Crimea
860:978-0-359-86624-3
783:Rochechouart 1889
707:, pp. 64–69.
659:, pp. 75–76.
635:, pp. 74–75.
461:Nakhchivan-on-Don
347:resident minister
316:Alexander Suvorov
119:
118:
1278:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1029:
1018:
1012:
1010:
975:
973:
971:
953:
951:
949:
915:
909:
907:
875:
869:
867:
849:(1st ed.).
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
747:
741:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
693:
687:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
605:
599:
582:
575:
569:
562:
556:
545:
539:
532:
454:Zaporozhian army
447:
436:
425:
421:
418:
410:
368:
367:
358:
297:
296:
277:Grigory Potemkin
273:Pyotr Rumyantsev
251:
240:
232:Selim IIII Giray
212:
201:
140:
132:
104:
103:
49:
47:
43:
30:
25:Native name
22:
18:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1206:1778 in Ukraine
1196:
1195:
1194:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1165:
1148:
1146:
1131:
1115:
1113:
1087:10.2307/2697641
1063:(Spring 2001).
1046:
1044:
1027:
1008:
1006:
1004:
969:
967:
947:
945:
935:Akadémiai Kiadó
905:
903:
901:
865:
863:
861:
831:
826:
825:
817:
813:
809:, pp. 4–6.
805:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
757:
750:
742:
735:
731:, pp. 6–7.
727:
723:
715:
711:
703:
696:
688:
675:
671:, pp. 1–2.
667:
663:
655:
651:
643:
639:
631:
627:
619:
608:
600:
596:
591:
586:
585:
577:Known today as
576:
572:
564:Known today as
563:
559:
546:
542:
533:
529:
524:
495:
441:
439:Kalmius Palanka
430:
423:
419:
404:
398:
352:
337:
332:
265:Crimean Khanate
245:
234:
206:
204:Devlet IV Giray
195:
177:
171:
149:populations of
98:
50:
45:
41:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1193:
1192:
1155:
1122:
1057:
1019:
1002:
976:
966:. InfoUkes Inc
954:
916:
900:978-0817966621
899:
876:
859:
832:
830:
827:
824:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
773:, p. 333.
763:
748:
733:
729:Butkevych 1992
721:
709:
694:
673:
661:
649:
637:
625:
606:
593:
592:
590:
587:
584:
583:
570:
557:
549:Rumaiic Greeks
540:
526:
525:
523:
520:
494:
491:
397:
394:
336:
333:
331:
328:
193:Sahib II Giray
181:Ottoman Empire
170:
167:
155:Russian Empire
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
106:Russian Empire
96:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
53:
52:
36:
32:
31:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1283:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:Pontic Greeks
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:Slavic Review
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1005:
1003:5-7707-8671-X
999:
995:
991:
986:
982:
977:
965:
964:
959:
955:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
917:
913:
902:
896:
892:
888:
887:
882:
877:
873:
862:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:
838:
834:
833:
821:, p. 82.
820:
815:
808:
803:
796:
791:
785:, p. 88.
784:
779:
772:
767:
761:, p. 81.
760:
755:
753:
746:, p. 78.
745:
740:
738:
730:
725:
719:, p. 77.
718:
713:
706:
701:
699:
691:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
670:
665:
658:
653:
647:, p. 62.
646:
641:
634:
629:
622:
617:
615:
613:
611:
603:
602:Zharkykh 2016
598:
594:
580:
574:
567:
561:
554:
550:
544:
537:
531:
527:
519:
517:
511:
508:
507:Vasily Petrov
503:
501:
487:
482:
478:
476:
470:
469:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
445:
440:
434:
429:
414:
408:
403:
393:
390:
388:
383:
378:
374:
370:
360:
356:
351:
348:
343:
323:
319:
317:
313:
307:
303:
299:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
254:Sublime Porte
249:
244:
238:
233:
227:
223:
221:
216:
210:
205:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
128:
124:
114:
110:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
37:
33:
27:
23:
1174:Academia.edu
1172:– via
1166:. Retrieved
1160:
1147:. Retrieved
1127:
1114:. Retrieved
1074:
1068:
1051:– via
1045:. Retrieved
1031:
1013:– via
1007:. Retrieved
988:
984:
968:. Retrieved
962:
946:. Retrieved
930:
924:
912:Google Books
910:– via
904:. Retrieved
885:
872:Google Books
870:– via
864:. Retrieved
841:
829:Bibliography
814:
807:Schönle 2001
802:
797:, p. 6.
795:Schönle 2001
790:
778:
766:
724:
712:
669:Schönle 2001
664:
652:
640:
628:
597:
573:
560:
543:
535:
530:
512:
504:
496:
471:
468:
458:
399:
391:
387:Katerynoslav
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
338:
309:
305:
301:
291:
258:
229:
225:
220:Abdulhamid I
178:
122:
120:
95:Organized by
68:Katerynoslav
1168:21 February
1149:13 February
1144:11693/15445
1116:23 February
1047:17 February
937:: 333–337.
771:Schütz 1987
705:Fisher 1978
690:Kozina 1995
645:Fisher 1978
553:Urum Greeks
450:liquidation
442: [
431: [
424: 1781
420: 1780
405: [
353: [
246: [
235: [
215:Şahin Giray
207: [
196: [
1200:Categories
970:4 February
851:Lulu Press
589:References
566:Yevpatoria
465:Nakhchivan
422: – c.
382:measures.
330:Relocation
222:remarking:
169:Background
46:1778-11-24
42:1778-07-26
1182:cite book
1111:159492185
1042:0130-5247
819:Hedo 2001
759:Hedo 2001
744:Hedo 2001
717:Hedo 2001
657:Hedo 2001
633:Hedo 2001
621:Özer 2008
493:Aftermath
486:Lisnykove
456:in 1775.
285:Black Sea
261:Black Sea
159:Pryazovia
127:Ukrainian
64:Pryazovia
1103:18727221
1009:13 March
943:23657711
839:(1889).
488:, Crimea
413:Mariupol
269:Ignatius
147:Armenian
56:Location
44: –
1095:2697641
948:8 March
906:9 March
883:(ed.).
866:3 April
452:of the
437:in the
428:Domakha
135:Russian
112:Outcome
40: (
1164:. Kyiv
1109:
1101:
1093:
1040:
1000:
941:
897:
857:
579:Dnipro
342:Kezlev
281:Tatars
151:Crimea
74:Motive
60:Crimea
1132:(PDF)
1107:S2CID
1091:JSTOR
1077:(1).
1028:(PDF)
990:1995)
987:[
939:JSTOR
933:(2).
522:Notes
446:]
435:]
409:]
357:]
250:]
239:]
211:]
200:]
143:Greek
1188:link
1170:2023
1151:2023
1118:2023
1099:PMID
1049:2023
1038:ISSN
1011:2023
998:ISBN
972:2023
950:2023
908:2023
895:ISBN
868:2023
855:ISBN
275:and
145:and
121:The
35:Date
1140:hdl
1083:doi
1202::
1184:}}
1180:{{
1138:.
1105:.
1097:.
1089:.
1075:60
1073:.
1067:.
1030:.
931:41
929:.
923:.
893:.
751:^
736:^
697:^
676:^
609:^
502:.
444:uk
433:uk
417:c.
407:uk
355:ru
248:ru
237:uk
209:uk
198:uk
165:.
137::
133:;
129::
66:,
62:,
1190:)
1176:.
1153:.
1142::
1120:.
1085::
1055:.
1017:.
974:.
952:.
914:.
874:.
581:.
568:.
555:.
538:.
467:.
369:»
363:«
298:»
292:«
125:(
48:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
