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969:. In the Russian text, Article 14 states that the church would be of the 'Greco-Russian' faith. The Italian text states that the church is to be called 'Russo-Greek'. It is not clear if Russia gained the right to act as a protector of Ottoman Christians through those articles. That question is disputed among historians, as some consider that indeed the treaty gave Russia the right to act as the protector of Christianity within the Ottoman Empire, but others think the opposite or that it was too vague either way.
1000:"Russo-Greek". Mention of the church's Russian character was omitted. "Of the Greek ritual" may seem to have an insignificant difference from a church "of the Greco-Russian faith", but the mistranslation found in the French and the English texts helped Russian pretensions of a right to protect the wider Greek Church in the Ottoman Empire. It was not in conformity with the Turkish, Russian and Italian texts of the treaty and may or may not have been an innocent mistake, according to
973:
government would make claims on an even broader right to protect the Greek
Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox people in the Sultan's domains. Those claims were exaggerated, but the connection seemed logical because of the treaty's provision concerning the church in Constantinople being built. In Cevdet Pasa's history, he makes no mention of the church that in the English text of the treaty is to be "of the Greek ritual", but he rather states that the church was to be called the
641:– Addresses individuals who visit the Sublime Porte in service of the Russian Minister. If that visitor has committed a crime worthy of punishment and becomes Turk for the sake of avoiding the law, all the articles that he has stolen will be returned. Those who wish to become Turk may not do so in a state of intoxication, and even after their fit of drunkenness is over, they must make their final declaration of conversion in front of an interpreter sent by the Russian Minister.
733:. The Sublime Porte promises to in no way obstruct the free exercise of the Christian religion in these areas, and to grant to families who wish to leave the country a free emigration with all their property. And, from the day the treaty is established, the Sublime Porte will require no taxes of these people for two years. At the expiration of this two-year term, the Sublime Porte promises to treat them with fairness and respect in the taxes they impose.
402:
1956:
38:
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acknowledged a religious role for the
Ottoman sultan as caliph over Muslims, whom the treaty briefly made 'independent' before they passed under Russian rule. To the extent that the caliphal title later gained importance beyond Ottoman borders, this treaty stimulated the process. However, Ottoman loss of the Crimea and the end of the Crimean khanate caused Muslims everywhere to question the sultans' legitimacy as defenders of Islam (
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235:
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739:– Russia returns the islands of the Archipelago to the Sublime Porte. In turn, the Sublime Porte promises to observe amnesty of all crimes committed or suspected to have been committed by these people against the interests of the Sublime Porte. The Sublime Porte also promises to not oppress the Christian religion in the area, and to observe the same tax and emigration policies as mentioned in Article XVI.
933:
of
Christians, and of a religious revelation that promised to the true believer prosperity and power on earth as well as salvation hereafter. It made abundantly clear the need for reform to save the state and to reassert the true faith; and the only basis of reform could be a Muslim equivalent of Satan casting out Satan.
711:– All cases of disagreement shall be investigated by "the Governors and Commanders of the frontiers". These officials will be bound to render justice where it is due, and any disagreements or disputes in the future will not serve as a pretext for any alteration in the friendship and good-feeling established by the treaty.
880:– In order to keep the peace and friendship between the two Empires authentic, there shall be envoys sent by both sides who will meet on the frontiers and treated with honor and ceremony. As a testimonial of friendship, they shall each bring gifts that will be "proportionate to the dignity of their Imperial Majesties".
593:. Finally, after two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the Ottoman navy and the Russian army had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink for another two centuries, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier westwards to the
671:– The Sublime Porte will allow the residence of consuls from the Court of Russia to reside in Ottoman territory wherever the Court deems it expedient to establish said consuls. Prescribes free and unimpeded navigation for merchant ships of both countries. Subjects of both Empires may also trade on land.
1155:
Ahmed Resmi Efendi (1700–1783) was an early example of this new generation. After classical scribal training Ahmed Resmi served as ambassador to Vienna (1757–1758) and Berlin (1763–1764). Additionally, he performed important administrative duties at the front during the disastrous
Ottoman-Russian was
984:
construction of this church was, in fact, a violation of
Islamic law because it called for the building of an entirely-new church, not just the replacement of an old one. The Ottoman government had allowed Greek and Latin churches built before 1453 to survive, but no new ones could be built after the
361:
Ottoman community, as a pretext for frequent and numerous interventions in the decades to follow. Ottoman
Christians started to feel more empowered as European and Christian powers demonstrated their rising influence and political power. Access to Europe's political networks, markets and educational
949:
Texts of the treaty are also found in
Italian and Russian. Grand Vizier Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha signed Turkish and Italian copies of the treaty, and Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev signed Russian and Italian texts. Russian, Italian, and Turkish are the only three languages in which original copies of
932:
of
Constantinople. The increase in Russia's influence because of the new church paralleled the increase in territorial, commercial, and diplomatic status accorded to Russia by the treaty. The surrender of Muslims to Christian rule put into question the rationale of a state founded on Muslim conquest
919:
Russia's right to build a church in
Constantinople later expanded into Russian claims to protect all Orthodox Christians under Ottoman rule. The Ottomans were to pay a large indemnity to the Russians and address the Russian sovereign as padisah, the title reserved for the Ottoman sultan. The treaty
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would break out over
Russian assertion of a right to protect Orthodox Christians and the Ottoman denial that there was any such right. Russia tried to extend its right to build a church in Constantinople to intervene in domestic Ottoman affairs under the pretext of protecting the rights of all the
964:
The treaty has been a continuing source of controversy for statesmen and scholars. The different reproductions of the treaty have led to divergences in the different languages, and thus they have been the source of some confusion. While most of the treaty is straightforward, Articles 7 and 14 have
910:
The treaty forced the Ottomans to allow the passage of Russian ships through the Turkish Straits into the Mediterranean past the sultan's palace in Constantinople, avoiding the lengthy detour previously used. The treaty allowed the Ottoman sultan to maintain certain rights there in his capacity as
389:
while the Ottoman side was represented by Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha. The treaty was a most humiliating blow to the once-mighty Ottoman realm. It would also stand to foreshadow several future conflicts between the Ottomans and Russia. It would be only one of many attempts by Russia to gain control of
999:
The English translation was made from a French translation of the treaty, which had been made in 1775 in St. Petersburg, and was printed for Parliament in 1854 with the English copy. That Russian-authorized French version of the treaty did not designate the church to be built in Constantinople as
972:
Because of the treaty, the Russians were accorded the right to build a church in Constantinople's Galata quarter. The treaty stated that the church would be under the protection of the Russian minister, who could make representations concerning it to the Sublime Porte. In later years, the Russian
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to all the places where hostilities are being carried on. By the power granted to them by their Sovereigns, these couriers shall confirm all the articles put forth by the treaty, and sign them with the seal of their coat-of-arms, with the same force as if they had been drawn up in their presence.
561:
to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent, although the sultan remained the religious leader of the Tatars as the Muslim caliph. This was the first time the powers of the Ottoman caliph were exercised outside of Ottoman borders and ratified by a European power. The Khanate
983:
The Russian draft of the treaty presented to the Turks contained an article identical to Article 14 of the final treaty, which mentioned the right of Russia to construct a church of the "Greco-Russian" faith. The English text erroneously states that the church is to be "of the Greek ritual". The
356:
with many concessions to Russia. The concessions to Russia are not merely territorial; not only are the territories of Romania and Crimea Khanate (not Crimea proper) ceded, Russia also gains the right to construct a Greek Orthodox Church in Istanbul, claiming itself to be the protector of the
903:, one of the most powerful European rulers, but by a remote and once-backward country, which only two generations earlier had itself set out on the course of autocratic Europeanizing reform. The treaty demonstrated that if France and Austria could protect churches of their particular brand of
927:
The clause relating to the Orthodox Church opened foreign interference in the empire's relations with its Christian subjects. But the defeat also posed a basic problem in statecraft, and threatened the Ottoman's traditional self-confidence, while Russia and Tsarina Catherine would be praised
945:
church. The Mu‘āhedāt Mecmū‘ası is the officially-published collection of Ottoman treaties. A copy of the text of the treaty can also be found in Başbakanlık Arşivi in İstanbul and in the series of Ecnebi Defterleri that records treaties, decorations and consular matters.
1011:
From the mistranslations and the absence of church construction, Roderic H. Davison concludes that "the 'Dosografa' church of the published Ottoman treaty text is fictitious; the church 'of the Greek ritual' in the French text of St. Petersburg is also erroneous."
1004:. "The St. Petersburg French translation, then, by dropping any reference to the Russian character of the church, and including only reference to the Greek, was misleading. Deliberate or not, it certainly laid an advantageous base for later Russian claims."
1007:
Surprisingly, the church was most likely never built; it is never mentioned, even by Russian visitors to Constantinople. Western travellers to Constantinople and residents of Constantinople are also silent on the topic of the construction of such a church.
1156:
of 1768–1774, and he was the chief Ottoman negotiator of the Kucuk-Kaynarca peace treaty. Thanks to this unique combination of experiences he witnessed the direct results of the empire's structural problems and was familiar with its military deficiencies.
873:
must communicate with each other immediately after the signing of the treaty, and within two months after the signing of the treaty, send persons to settle the handing over of the Castle of Kinburn in keeping with the stipulations of Article XXIII.
911:
caliph of Muslims. In religious affairs only, the Muslims remained subject to the Ottoman sultan-caliph, which was the first internationally acknowledged assertion of the sultan's rights over Muslims outside the frontiers of his empire. The
653:– Subjects of the Russian Empire have the right to visit Jerusalem and other places deserving of attention in the Ottoman Empire. They will have no obligation to pay any tax or duty, and will be under the strict protection of the law.
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and Little Carbade, because of their proximity to the Tartars, are more nearly connected with the Khans of Crimea. Thus, it remains with the Khan to consent to these countries becoming subject to the Court of Russia.
665:– If any military engagements occur between the signing of the treaty and the dispatch of orders by the military commanders of the two armies, these engagements will have no consequences nor any effect on the treaty.
420:
to Ottoman control, but was given the right to protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire and to intervene in Wallachia and Moldavia in case of Ottoman misrule. The northwestern part of Moldavia (which became known as
580:
in 1699, the Ottoman Empire ceased to be an aggressive power; it had terrified Christendom for over three hundred years. From then on, it mainly fought against the overwhelming might of Christian Europe. The
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peoples as free and independent nations, with freedom of religion and the freedom to be governed by their own ancient laws. Describes the withdrawal of troops from the lands they have ceded to the Tartars.
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retained the privilege of praying publicly for the sultan that was balanced by the privilege, newly accorded to the tsar, to make representations on behalf of certain of the sultan's Orthodox subjects.
705:– Grants permission to the High Court of Russia to build a public church "of the Greek ritual" in Constantinople. The church will always be under the protection of the ministers of the Russian Empire.
385:, the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74 and marked a defeat of the Ottomans in their struggle against Russia. The Russians were represented by Field-Marshal Count
835:
shall belong to those on whom they were formerly dependent. In turn, the Sublime Porte grants amnesty to those in said countries who offended it in any manner during the course of the war. The
849:, and a proper turnover of power to Turkish troops. All troops were to be out of said territories within five months of the signing of the "Treaty of Perpetual Peace" between the two empires.
608:– Prescribes a ceasefire. Calls for peace, freedom and amnesty for prisoners, the return home of exiles, and the establishment of "a sincere union, and a perpetual and inviolable friendship".
585:
had been one of the Ottoman Empire's chief European foes, but by the middle of the century, the tsars had taken over the Habsburgs' fight against the Turks. The Russian tsars were seeking the
980:
If the church was to be called "Russo-Greek", rather than just Greek, it would be more tenable for the Russian government to claim protection of the whole Greek church in the Ottoman Empire.
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Martens, G. F. De, and Karl Friedrich Lucian Samwer. Nouveau Recueil General De Traités: Et Autres Actes Relatifs Aux Rapports De Droit International. Gottingue: Kraus Reprint, 1876. Print.
855:– All prisoners of war and slaves in the two Empires shall be granted liberty without ransom money or redemption money. This includes those in the Empire of Russia who voluntarily quit
677:– The Sublime Porte promises to use its power and influence to assist the Court of Russia when the court has the intention of making any commercial treaty with the regencies of Africa (
362:
institutions created a class privilege for Ottoman Christians, and scholars often regard the treaty as turning point for relations between Ottoman Christians and the European nations.
695:– Subjects of the Ottoman Empire must evoke the title of the Empress of all the Russias in all public acts and letters. In the Turkish language, that is to say "Temamen Roussielerin
614:– Addresses those who have committed capital crimes, stating that these criminals shall not be sheltered in either empire, and should be "delivered up" to the state they belong in.
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805:– The two Empires agree to "annihilate and leave in eternal oblivion" all the treaties and conventions they have made in the past, except the one made in 1700 between Governor
996:, which was incorrectly copied as 'Dosografa' by Cevdet Pasa or the compiler of the collection of Ottoman treaties. It is unknown exactly who was responsible for the error.
839:
promises to treat this people fairly and grant them freedom of religion, but as they are subjects of the Sublime Porte, Russia must not meddle in their affairs in any way.
576:: what would happen to the balance of power as the Ottoman Empire lost territory and collapsed? The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji would provide some of the answer. After the
218:
924:). Ottoman statesmen recognized that the European menace was not isolated on distant frontiers but threatened the 'heart of Islam' and the 'entire Muslim community'.
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in 1775. Russia interpreted the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji as giving it the right to protect Orthodox Christians in the Empire, notably using this prerogative in the
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The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits: Regulation of the Montreux Convention and its Importance on the International Relations after the Conflict of Ukraine
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Tezcan, Baki. The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformations in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print
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the treaty were written, and in case of a divergence between the Russian and Turkish texts, the Italian text would prevail.
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been the source of a variety of interpretations. Article 14 of the treaty concerns the church that is to be built in
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region between the Bug and Dnieper rivers at the mouth of the Dnieper. This latter territory included the port of
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Bronza, Boro (2010). "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788".
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Cevdet Pasa reproduced the treaty in his history. His Article 14 states that the church is to be called the
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1397:. National University of Singapore – Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. 22 November 2013. Archived from
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Davison, Roderic H. "Russian Skill and Turkish Imbecility": The Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji Reconsidered."
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suggests that the choice of spelling of Turkish words in the Italian version points to a Russian author.
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Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829
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and fortifying the area were removed. Russian merchant vessels were to be allowed passage of the
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in order to embrace the Christian religion, as well as those in the Ottoman Empire who have left
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in assuming direct responsibility for the fate of the Empire's Orthodox Christian subjects.
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shall remain under "full, perpetual, and incontestable" dominion of the Empire of Russia.
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commemorating celebrations and amusements on the occasion of the signing of the treaty
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remains under "full, perpetual, and incontestable" dominion of the Empire of Russia.
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retained this nominal independence, while actually being dependent on Russia, until
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1222:. Vol. I: A–ak Bayes (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp.
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Davison, Roderic H. "The 'Dosografa' Church in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca."
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The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record
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in Constantinople, Russia could do the same for its own church.
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Commemorative plaque at the location where the treaty was signed
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Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
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it in 1783, increasing Russia's power in the Black Sea area.
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What Went Wrong?: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response
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Contemporary engraving related to the Kuchuk-Kainarji treaty
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The Cambridge History of Islam I: The Central Islamic Lands
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1374:(PhD). Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main
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A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk
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was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's
537:, a 1775 etching by Yemelyan Alekseevich Fedoseev in the
620:– Russia and the Ottoman Empire acknowledge all of the
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in the Kerch peninsula in the Crimea, and part of the
815:– The fortresses conquered by the Russian armies in
449:. In 1787, faced with increased Russian hostility,
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899:Defeat had come this time not at the hands of the
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365:The treaty was a milestone in the history of the
340:signed on 21 July 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today
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1108:Islam and Nationalism in Modern Greece 1821-1940
557:, when the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji forced the
2097:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1255:(in Turkish). Cambridge University Press. 1970.
1196:(in Turkish). New Haven: Yale University Press.
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1296:(Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 164, n. 3.
1128:(in Turkish). Istanbul University. p. 48.
1110:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 32.
1063:Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (2016).
27:Treaty ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74
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1139:Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward J. (2009).
863:in order to embrace the Mahometan faith.
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1395:"Treaty of Peace (Küçük Kaynarca), 1774"
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1453:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
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1212:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
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2032:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
1106:Katsikas, Stefanos (2021).
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986:conquest of Constantinople
960:Problems in interpretation
745:– The [[Castle of Kinburn
496:. The treaty also granted
332:), formerly often written
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2072:Constantinople Agreement
2067:Anglo–Russian Convention
2022:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1365:Yücel, Kurtuluş (2019).
751:Battle_of_Kinburn_(1787)
344:, Bulgaria) between the
330:Кючук-Кайнарджийский мир
314:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
2138:18th century in Romania
2062:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
2052:Treaty of London (1871)
1900:Armenian reforms (1914)
1219:Encyclopædia Britannica
506:Russian Orthodox Church
431:Danubian Principalities
252:Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
2092:Turkish straits crisis
2047:Treaty of Paris (1856)
1771:Hünkar İskelesi (1833)
546:
520:
409:
398:
321:
1885:Constantinople (1913)
1851:Constantinople (1897)
1841:Constantinople (1888)
1831:Constantinople (1881)
1766:Constantinople (1832)
1726:Constantinople (1800)
1677:Küçük Kaynarca (1774)
1657:Constantinople (1736)
1647:Constantinople (1724)
1618:Constantinople (1700)
1558:Constantinople (1590)
1534:Constantinople (1562)
1519:Franco-Ottoman (1536)
1514:Constantinople (1533)
1509:Constantinople (1479)
1504:Constantinople (1454)
1075:10.4324/9780429495502
526:
518:
445:rulers and after the
404:
396:
1915:Brest-Litovsk (1918)
928:immensely among the
770:– The fortresses of
219:İbrahim Münib Efendi
56:improve this article
1608:Bakhchisaray (1681)
578:Treaty of Karlowitz
564:Catherine the Great
390:Ottoman territory.
383:Battle of Kozludzha
136:
2158:Russo-Turkish wars
2082:Treaty of Lausanne
2077:Gallipoli campaign
1968:Treaties of Turkey
1811:San Stefano (1878)
1781:Balta Liman (1838)
1682:Aynalıkavak (1779)
1652:Ahmet Pasha (1732)
1642:Passarowitz (1718)
1568:Nasuh Pasha (1612)
1002:Roderic H. Davison
895:Major implications
721:, the fortress of
547:
521:
410:
406:Ahmed Resmî Efendi
399:
207:Ahmed Resmî Efendi
134:
2133:History of Crimea
2105:
2104:
1977:
1976:
1961:Turkey portal
1761:Adrianople (1829)
1563:Zitvatorok (1606)
1553:Adrianople (1568)
1524:Adrianople (1547)
1401:on 30 August 2020
1233:978-1-59339-837-8
528:Fireworks at the
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144:Commercial treaty
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16:(Redirected from
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2011:Straits Question
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1997:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1925:Bucharest (1918)
1920:Trebizond (1918)
1741:Bucharest (1812)
1613:Karlowitz (1699)
1475:Selymbria (1411)
1470:Gallipoli (1403)
1451:
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574:Eastern Question
567:formally annexed
412:Russia returned
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40:
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2128:Crimean Khanate
2108:
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2101:
2013:
2008:
1978:
1973:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1910:Erzincan (1917)
1855:
1756:Akkerman (1826)
1721:El Arish (1800)
1686:
1662:Belgrade (1739)
1622:
1538:
1489:
1455:
1445:
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1388:Further reading
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1190:Hurewitz, J. C.
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1018:
962:
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901:Habsburg Empire
897:
757:
603:
551:Crimean Khanate
539:National Museum
468:, the ports of
425:) was ceded to
379:
334:Kuchuk-Kainarji
305:Ottoman Turkish
277:
265:
244:
232:
211:
199:
195:Nicholas Repnin
187:
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15:
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2148:Ottoman Greece
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1836:Tophane (1886)
1833:
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1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Scutari (1862)
1803:
1798:
1796:Erzurum (1847)
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Kütahya (1833)
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Erzurum (1823)
1748:
1746:Algiers (1815)
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Tripoli (1796)
1708:
1703:
1701:Sistova (1791)
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1624:
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1603:Żurawno (1676)
1600:
1598:Buczacz (1672)
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
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1549:
1547:
1544:Transformation
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1357:978-3643106117
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1336:
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1324:
1315:
1298:
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1239:
1232:
1214:"Abdulhamid I"
1199:
1160:
1150:978-0275988760
1149:
1131:
1113:
1098:
1084:978-0813349800
1083:
1054:
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1027:
1017:
1014:
967:Constantinople
961:
958:
938:
935:
930:Greek Orthodox
913:Crimean Tatars
896:
893:
884:Article XXVIII
784:– The city of
754:
753:
602:
599:
591:Constantinople
530:Khodynka Field
510:Constantinople
456:Russia gained
378:
375:
359:Greek Orthodox
350:Ottoman Empire
346:Russian Empire
308:
307:
294:
290:
289:
288:
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285:Ottoman Empire
275:
273:Russian Empire
261:
257:
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209:
197:
183:
179:
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172:Küçük Kaynarca
169:
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9:
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2123:1774 treaties
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1965:
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1940:Sèvres (1920)
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1935:Mudros (1918)
1933:
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1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
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1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Athens (1913)
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:London (1913)
1878:
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1862:
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1852:
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1834:
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1826:Halepa (1878)
1824:
1822:
1821:Berlin (1878)
1819:
1817:
1816:Cyprus (1878)
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:London (1841)
1789:
1787:
1786:London (1840)
1784:
1782:
1779:
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1774:
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1698:
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1692:Modernization
1689:
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1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:Kerden (1746)
1670:
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1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Vasvár (1664)
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Khotin (1621)
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
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1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Amasya (1555)
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:Classical Age
1492:
1486:
1485:Szeged (1444)
1483:
1481:
1480:Venice (1419)
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1440:
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1426:
1421:
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1020:In 1853, the
1013:
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1005:
1003:
997:
995:
991:
987:
981:
978:
976:
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968:
957:
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954:Bernard Lewis
951:
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931:
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889:
885:
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878:Article XXVII
875:
872:
868:
864:
862:
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848:
847:Sublime Porte
844:
840:
838:
837:Sublime Porte
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Article XXIII
810:
808:
804:
800:
797:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
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748:
747:
746:
744:
743:Article XVIII
740:
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734:
732:
728:
724:
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716:
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664:
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633:Sublime Porte
630:
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619:
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609:
607:
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596:
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584:
579:
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568:
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559:Sublime Porte
556:
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544:
540:
536:
535:
531:
525:
517:
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511:
507:
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499:
495:
491:
487:
486:Treaty of Niš
483:
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451:Abdul Hamid I
448:
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83:
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76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2118:1774 in Asia
2021:
1966:
1952:
1930:Batum (1918)
1905:Sofia (1915)
1875:Ouchy (1912)
1801:Paris (1856)
1736:Çanak (1809)
1731:Paris (1802)
1716:Tunis (1797)
1706:Jassy (1792)
1676:
1637:Pruth (1711)
1588:Zuhab (1639)
1578:Serav (1618)
1573:Busza (1617)
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1376:. Retrieved
1367:
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1327:
1318:
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909:
905:Christianity
898:
888:Grand Vizier
883:
882:
877:
876:
867:Article XXVI
866:
865:
861:Christianity
857:Mahometanism
852:
851:
843:Article XXIV
842:
841:
812:
811:
803:Article XXII
802:
801:
794:– The Great
791:
790:
781:
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767:
766:
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742:
741:
737:Article XVII
736:
735:
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702:
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693:Article XIII
692:
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651:Article VIII
650:
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571:
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527:
502:Russian flag
455:
411:
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338:peace treaty
333:
313:
311:
157:21 July 1774
148:peace treaty
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1870:Daan (1911)
1863:(1908–1922)
1694:(1789–1908)
1630:(1703–1789)
1546:(1566–1703)
1497:(1453–1566)
1463:(1299–1453)
1022:Crimean War
853:Article XXV
792:Article XXI
768:Article XIX
758: [
715:Article XVI
703:Article XIV
675:Article XII
645:Article VII
618:Article III
494:Dardanelles
490:Sea of Azov
377:Description
227:Signatories
182:Negotiators
2112:Categories
1667:Niş (1739)
1628:Old Regime
1378:10 October
1051:References
833:Scheherban
825:Bagdadgick
782:Article XX
719:Bessarabia
709:Article XV
669:Article XI
657:Article IX
639:Article VI
612:Article II
555:suzerainty
443:Phanariote
342:Kaynardzha
163:— 10 July)
82:newspapers
1093:153025861
1016:Aftermath
975:dosografa
943:dosografa
937:Languages
821:Mingrelia
749:REDIRECT
727:Wallachia
697:Padischag
689:, etc.).
663:Article X
629:Article V
606:Article I
587:Black Sea
583:Habsburgs
439:Wallachia
414:Wallachia
293:Languages
112:July 2011
1192:(1975).
1029:See also
994:Rusograf
990:Rusogrek
977:church.
772:Jenicale
731:Moldavia
601:Articles
595:Dniester
462:Caucasus
458:Kabardia
435:Moldavia
423:Bukovina
418:Moldavia
348:and the
336:, was a
168:Location
1338:Sources
1311:2495120
871:Oczakow
829:Kutatis
817:Georgia
807:Tolstoi
796:Cabarde
776:Kertsch
687:Algiers
679:Tripoli
482:Kherson
478:Yedisan
474:Enikale
460:in the
427:Austria
326:Russian
318:Turkish
301:Russian
297:Italian
260:Parties
176:Dobruja
96:scholar
1405:2 June
1354:
1309:
1282:614825
1280:
1230:
1147:
1091:
1081:
922:ghazis
831:, and
723:Bender
622:Tartar
543:Warsaw
534:Moscow
154:Signed
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1372:(PDF)
1307:JSTOR
1278:JSTOR
1089:S2CID
762:]
683:Tunis
532:near
470:Kerch
371:Porte
103:JSTOR
89:books
1861:Fall
1461:Rise
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