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dyes and intermediates. In 1918 he transferred to the
Dyestuffs Department and was assistant general manager of the Lodi Works where silk colorants were made. In 1919 he returned to the Chemical Department as manager of the Organic Division. During this time he learned much about developing manufacturing processes and developed two principles; that high priority must be given to cost and time effectiveness of research, and that a manufacturing process should be perfected using pure materials, then later adapted to use materials available to the plant. Bolton's friend from Harvard, Roger Adams shared much of Bolton's philosophy in his work at the
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217:; most organic compounds used in America, such as textile dyes and some medicines, were imported from Germany. The disruption of this trade by the war presented an industrial problem at first but simultaneously offered an opportunity for American chemical companies to meet a wartime need and to become better established in this field. When Bolton returned from Germany in 1915 he discovered American organic chemists struggling to develop methods for manufacturing these compounds. The Dupont Company needed chemists, and hired Bolton in 1915.
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practical, durable, affordable commodity was a problem that had resisted chemists' efforts for many decades. Bolton saw this as an opportune time to start DuPont research on synthetic rubber. However, this research did not begin in earnest until 1925, when the high price of rubber was attracting considerable attention and other scientists such as
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outdoor degradation. It thus made an important economic contribution albeit in a different way from its original conception: instead of replacing natural rubber supplies as envisioned, it augmented them and extended the applications of rubber (in both natural and artificial forms). Today, applications of neoprene include: the
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that was intended to protect rubber producers by restricting production and keeping prices from being ruinously low. But this caused a great deal of concern in the United States because an expanding supply of rubber was needed to support the growing number of automobiles in use. Synthetic rubber as a
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Bolton was very impressed by Willstätter's careful, logical approach to tackling a research problem. He felt that this was the result of good training in the German university system. He also observed the relationship between German universities and industry, for which there was no counterpart in the
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Group that was newly formed to research the synthesis of dyes. The United States had little knowledge of dye manufacture at this time, so later in 1916 Bolton traveled to
England to learn about British technology in this area, and upon return he was assigned to the Wilmington Office to be advisor on
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In 1922 DuPont reorganized its research by dividing the entire research enterprise into four parts, each assigned to one of its four production areas. Bolton was made director of research for the
Dyestuffs Department where his ability in this capacity was quickly realized. Dye manufacture requires
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had begun. Rubber prices were low and the new material cost twenty times what natural rubber cost. Therefore, DuPont's first neoprene never became a substitute for natural rubber, but it did find commercial use in applications where a rubber compound was needed that was more resistant to oils and
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in April, 1930 in which it was seen that the superpolymers could be drawn in the molten state to form thin, transparent fibers that were much stronger than the polymers were in the undrawn state. However, the superpolymers the group was able to synthesize either had too low a boiling point and
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Bolton insisted that every aspect of the synthesis of this polymer be thoroughly worked out in a pilot plant at the
Experimental Station. He insisted that the development begin with pure materials then be adapted to use materials available to a plant in bulk.
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Bolton married
Margarite L. Duncan in 1916 and they had three children, a daughter and two sons. He retired from DuPont after a distinguished career in 1951, but continued to follow the scientific literature. He died July 30, 1968, at the age of eighty-two.
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The approach taken by
Carothers' group was to adapt known syntheses that produced short-chain polymers to produce long-chain molecules. The first break was finding that bifunctional esterification could produce long molecule chains which today are known as
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the synthesis of a large number of intermediate compounds, and Bolton realized these could be used in many activities outside the
Dyestuffs Department. By 1923 his lab was working on accelerators for manufacture of
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were also known and being used for certain applications, but the existing fully synthetic polymers could not be drawn into fibers and spun into thread, so great opportunity existed to manufacture thread and
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because
Germany did not have ready access to sources of natural rubber. Also, the approach being used by the Germans undoubtedly lead to the development of neoprene rubber years later at DuPont Labs.
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United States. Another aspect of German research that impressed Bolton was the effort to create artificial rubber. This work was significant to German industry, and later to the German war effort in
108:, Pennsylvania, the oldest of two brothers. His father ran the furniture store on Main Street, and both he and his brother attended public school in Frankford and went on to college. Bolton went to
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spinning technologies, could be spun into fibers. The fibers had high strength and elasticity, were insensitive to common solvents and melted at 263 °C, well above ironing temperatures.
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became a concern in international trade. After a scramble for rubber during World War I, there was a glut when the war ended, depressing prices. In
November 1922 England enacted the
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product as a primary feedstock would mean the new synthetic material would have very similar mass production problems as existing natural fibers had. Instead he wanted to use
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was developed that would produce a good yield of the stable polymer Bolton was seeking. While the polymer was highly chemical resistant, it degraded with exposure to light.
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which would not cyclize. This produced results that were encouraging, so
Carother's group prepared polyamides from a variety of compounds including
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persuaded the company to take on a fundamental research project for synthetic rubber and received $ 250,000 in funding for this purpose. In 1928
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Bolton at this point made a bold and characteristically visionary decision. He decided that practical synthetic fibers could not be made from
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as a semisynthetic from nitrated cellulose had recently been improved and begun upending the textile industries, and some fully synthetic
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insufficient chemical resistivity or had too high a melting point to be spun. By late 1932 the entire project was discontinued.
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in 1933. In early 1934 Bolton urged Carothers to continue the research, and Carothers decided to take another look at
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Bolton, now the Chemistry department director, refused to give up. Most likely he was aware of the re-discovery of
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on November 2, 1931, and was named with the trademark Duprene (today the generic name is
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This polymer was first made early in 1935, and thanks to concurrent development of
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Carothers surmised that the problem with the polyamides that had been made from ε-
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of Germany was a world-leading force in research, development, production, and
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from synthetic polymers to join or replace the existing fibers in the market (
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Bolton joined the Chemical Department at the Experimental Station outside
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In 1913 Bolton won the Sheldon Fellowship, which he used to work at the
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Biographical Memoirs V.54 page 50, National Academy of Sciences (1983)
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and artificial fiber in the various recently emerged types of rayon).
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The new material was announced at the Rubber Division of the
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Bolton's group's work on synthetic rubber began with the
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and directing the research that led to the discovery of
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Several other prominent contemporaries of Bolton's at
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
526:. Then there was the key observation by
174:, Germany, for two years with Professor
32:This article includes a list of general
1502:NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon
313:who had discovered a way to polymerize
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347:) with a copper catalyzed addition of
269:The Stevenson Act and synthetic rubber
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702:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
88:, notable for his role in developing
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818:Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years
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439:; and solid fuel rocket propellant (
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862:DuPont Heritage: Jackson Laboratory
462:. At that time a number of natural
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331:In 1927 DuPont's Chemical Director
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205:From the 1870s up to the onset of
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1509:The DuPont Show with June Allyson
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857:DuPont Heritage: Elmer K. Bolton
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710:visiting committees (1940-1941)
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608:, the only practical source of
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399:and other protective clothing;
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698:, Honorary D.Sc. degree (1942)
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722:director-at-large (1940-1943)
719:regional director (1936-1938)
687:Board of Trustees (1937-1967)
751:National Academy of Sciences
690:Trustee Emeritus (1967-1968)
684:Honorary D.Sc. degree (1932)
548:Imperial Chemical Industries
369:Rigid-hulled inflatable boat
16:American chemist (1886-1968)
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1168:Anthony Joseph Arduengo III
1097:DuPont Experimental Station
846:, UNC Press (Jan 3, 2002),
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628:to make a 6/6 polyamide.
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249:for gasoline and rubber,
211:organic chemical industry
1516:DuPont Show of the Month
1118:Éleuthère Irénée du Pont
401:radar absorbent material
311:University of Notre Dame
168:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
1404:Hercules Powder Company
1092:DuPont Central Research
737:Chemical Industry Medal
666:Twenty-one U.S. Patents
326:continuous-flow reactor
307:Julius Arthur Nieuwland
141:Harvard Graduate School
106:Frankford, Philadelphia
53:more precise citations.
1163:Jeffery Stanford Agate
1138:Francis Irénée du Pont
1133:Francis Gurney du Pont
696:University of Delaware
201:World War I and DuPont
130:Charles Loring Jackson
1283:William Dale Phillips
587:pentamethylenediamine
563:cyclization reactions
1348:Edgar S. Woolard Jr.
867:1903: Basic Research
661:Development of Nylon
626:hexamethylenediamine
474:were in common use,
1424:Savannah River Site
1278:Charles J. Pedersen
1248:Edward G. Jefferson
1238:Charles O. Holliday
1074:Antec International
938:Alexander M. Cutler
842:Patrick J McGrath,
836:Elmer Keiser Bolton
758:Willard Gibbs Medal
676:Bucknell University
565:, so he replaced ε-
176:Richard Willstätter
161:James Bryant Conant
110:Bucknell University
104:Bolton was born in
82:Elmer Keiser Bolton
1369:DuPont (1802–2017)
1353:Nathaniel C. Wyeth
1333:Chadwick A. Tolman
1328:Frederick N. Tebbe
1308:Richard R. Schrock
1228:Richard Goodmanson
1213:Curtis J. Crawford
1208:Thomas M. Connelly
1158:T. Coleman du Pont
708:Harvard University
297:obtained from the
149:Farrington Daniels
126:Harvard University
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1409:Kinetic Chemicals
1394:Eleutherian Mills
1388:Manhattan Project
1303:Irving S. Shapiro
1298:William K. Reilly
1198:Wallace Carothers
1153:Pierre S. du Pont
1123:Alfred I. du Pont
834:Robert M. Joyce,
671:Awards and honors
644:Seaford, Delaware
567:aminocaproic acid
559:aminocaproic acid
437:orthopedic braces
405:plumbing fixtures
349:hydrogen chloride
337:Wallace Carothers
251:floatation agents
153:Frank C. Whitmore
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1061:Subsidiaries
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612:. To use an
610:sebacic acid
603:
579:dibase acids
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540:Eric Fawcett
536:polyethylene
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1493:Pioneer 250
1488:Tour DuPont
1481:Sponsorship
1338:Earl Tupper
1263:James Lynah
1233:Jeff Gordon
799:Dutton 1942
622:adipic acid
601:formation.
575:amino acids
561:was due to
345:chloroprene
303:diacetylene
207:World War I
180:anthocyanin
170:outside of
145:Roger Adams
51:introducing
1560:Categories
1085:facilities
765:References
606:castor oil
591:sebic acid
552:polyamides
520:polyesters
389:sleepsacks
385:balaclavas
222:Wilmington
59:March 2011
34:references
1384:B Reactor
925:directors
922:Selected
633:polyamine
517:aliphatic
472:cellulose
377:diveskins
315:acetylene
309:from the
295:butadiene
114:Lewisburg
1535:Category
1472:Chemours
1008:Neoprene
961:Products
827:42011897
646:to make
597:without
583:diamines
495:such as
484:bakelite
482:such as
480:polymers
466:such as
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460:textiles
429:mousepad
397:wetsocks
360:neoprene
322:catalyst
317:using a
226:Delaware
183:pigments
90:neoprene
1545:Commons
1362:History
983:Hypalon
618:benzene
569:with 9-
433:wetsuit
409:gaskets
257:, seed
47:improve
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1038:Vespel
1028:Teflon
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993:Kapton
988:Kalrez
968:Corian
915:DuPont
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760:(1954)
753:(1946)
746:(1945)
739:(1941)
507:, and
497:cotton
381:gloves
375:, and
215:export
172:Berlin
86:DuPont
36:, but
1051:Zytel
1043:Viton
1033:Tyvek
1018:Nylon
1013:Nomex
1003:Mylar
978:Freon
973:FE-13
648:nylon
505:linen
476:rayon
468:latex
421:belts
417:seals
413:hoses
143:were
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1063:and
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823:LCCN
756:The
742:The
735:The
624:and
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589:and
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542:and
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