233:
Switzerland, Norbert Ibl contributed to experimental and theoretical studies of mass transfer and potential distribution in electrolyses, especially at porous electrodes. Fumio Hine carried out equivalent developments in Japan. In addition, several individuals, including Kuhn, Kreysa, Rousar, Fleischmann, Alkire, Coeuret, Pletcher, and Walsh established many other training centers and, with their colleagues, developed important experimental and theoretical methods of study. Currently, the main tasks of electrochemical engineering consist of the development of efficient, safe, and sustainable technologies for the production of chemicals, metal recovery, remediation, and decontamination technologies as well as the design of fuel cells, flow batteries, and industrial electrochemical reactors.
101:
175:
1891:
1761:
1921:
1911:
1901:
232:
pioneered the study of many of the physicochemical laws that govern electrochemical systems, demonstrating how complex electrochemical processes could be analysed mathematically to correctly formulate and solve problems associated with batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzer, and related technologies. In
223:
in 1962, who linked the hydrodynamics of a flowing electrolyte towards a rotating disc electrode with the mass transport control of the electrochemical reaction through a rigorous mathematical treatment. The same year, Wagner described "The Scope of
Electrochemical Engineering" for the first time as
207:
developed the electrolytic refining of iron ca. 1904 and later ran a successful battery company. Burgess published one of the first texts on the field in 1920. Industrial electrochemistry followed an empirical approach during the first three decades of the 20th century.
228:, was concerned with ionic transport by diffusion, migration, and convection, exact solutions of potential and current distribution problems, conductance in heterogeneous media, quantitative description of processes in porous electrodes. Also in the 60s,
202:
in large mercury cells for the production of chlorine and caustic soda, effectively founding the chlor-alkali industry with Karl
Kellner in 1892. The next year, Paul L. Hulin patented filter-press type electrochemical cells in France.
457:
Bebelis, S.; Bouzek, K.; Cornell, A.; Ferreira, M.G.S.; Kelsall, G.H.; Lapicque, F.; Ponce de LeĂłn, C.; Rodrigo, M.A.; Walsh, F.C. (October 2013). "Highlights during the development of electrochemical engineering".
144:, conversion efficiency, and energy efficiency. Industrial developments require further reactor and process design, fabrication methods, testing, and product development.
224:
a separate discipline from a physicochemical perspective. During the 60s and 70s
Charles W. Tobias, who is regarded as the "father of electrochemical engineering" by the
194:
developed a cheap electrochemical process for extracting aluminium from its ore in molten salts, constituting the first true large-scale electrochemical industry. Later,
158:
Most electrochemical operations are performed in filter-press reactors with parallel plate electrodes or, less often, in stirred tanks with rotating cylinder electrodes.
1866:
351:
The established performance criteria, definitions, and nomenclature for electrochemical engineering can be found in Kreysa et al. and an IUPAC report.
120:
interphases with the development of practical materials and processes. Fundamental considerations include electrode materials and the kinetics of
264:, decontamination of industrial effluents, electrorefining, electrowinning, etc. The primary example of an electrolysis-based process is the
182:
This branch of engineering emerged gradually from chemical engineering as electrical power sources became available in the mid-19th century.
1086:
1807:
1669:
562:
1945:
1591:
1229:
211:
After the Second World War, interest focused on the fundaments of electrochemical reactions. Among other developments, the
1876:
1871:
911:
Electrochemical
Reactors Their Science and Technology - Part A: Fundamentals, Electrolysers, Batteries, and Fuel Cells
1914:
1856:
391:
187:
640:"Engineering aspects of the design, construction and performance of modular redox flow batteries for energy storage"
1849:
1844:
1079:
1044:
1337:
1384:
1204:
639:
1975:
1955:
1861:
1586:
1465:
1430:
578:
Lapicque, F. (2004). "Electrochemical
Engineering: An Overview of its Contributions and Promising Features".
1970:
1116:
1960:
1664:
1639:
1374:
1072:
607:"Electrochemical Engineering - its appearance, evolution, and present status. Approaching an anniversary"
1579:
1574:
1224:
268:
for caustic soda and chlorine production. Other inorganic chemicals produced by electrolysis include:
1980:
1950:
1279:
1269:
1167:
1147:
204:
124:
species. The development of the technology involves the study of the electrochemical reactors, their
1539:
1189:
1157:
426:
65:-intensive processes for industrial or energy storage applications and should not be confused with
236:
The history of electrochemical engineering has been summarised by Wendt, Lapicque, and
Stankovic.
1777:
1736:
1659:
1619:
1413:
1402:
431:
229:
225:
190:
in 1833, relating for the first time the amount of electrical charge and converted mass. In 1886
92:
More than 6% of the electricity is consumed by large-scale electrochemical operations in the US.
82:
1654:
1634:
1629:
1614:
1554:
1549:
1408:
1354:
1319:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1219:
1184:
1172:
1162:
1111:
1106:
368:
313:
140:, geometry and components as well as the quantification of its overall performance in terms of
848:
Proceedings of the
Douglas N. Bennon Memorial Symposium. Topics in Electrochemical Engineering
104:
This diagram shows the relationship between electrochemical engineering and other disciplines.
1965:
1769:
1706:
1676:
1649:
1503:
1493:
1455:
1445:
1359:
1327:
1259:
1194:
436:
174:
1894:
1802:
1797:
1731:
1726:
1701:
1691:
1644:
1564:
1518:
1394:
1332:
1209:
1177:
386:
308:
23:
672:
Kreysa, G. (1985). "Performance criteria and terminology in electrochemical engineering".
100:
8:
1904:
1782:
1746:
1741:
1711:
1696:
1624:
1608:
1598:
1523:
1513:
1488:
1460:
1418:
1364:
1344:
1304:
1294:
1234:
1152:
1130:
396:
381:
323:
273:
265:
191:
1924:
1787:
1721:
1716:
1423:
1299:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1199:
689:
512:
245:
125:
545:
Wendt, H.; Kreysa, G. (1999). "The Scope and
History of Electrochemical Engineering".
1920:
1569:
1475:
1450:
1379:
1369:
1214:
1139:
693:
558:
406:
328:
298:
293:
152:
141:
1039:
820:
Electrochemical
Engineering: Science and Technology in Chemical and Other Industries
1440:
1349:
720:
681:
654:
618:
587:
550:
494:
467:
195:
166:
stacks are types of filter-press reactors. Most of them are continuous operations.
129:
31:
27:
591:
1603:
1059:
841:
Electrochemical
Process Engineering - A Guide to the Design of Electrolytic Plant
401:
318:
220:
183:
109:
554:
471:
1559:
1544:
1508:
759:
Fuel Cell Science and Engineering: Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology
333:
283:
261:
253:
148:
78:
35:
978:
Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry. Vol. 2: Electrochemical Processing
658:
1939:
421:
360:
198:
improved the process aluminium manufacturing and devised the electrolysis of
137:
133:
74:
46:, surface modification by electrodeposition, electrochemical separations and
1054:
725:
708:
215:(1937) enabled such studies. A critical advance was provided by the work of
1686:
623:
606:
411:
249:
212:
163:
39:
1049:
1483:
1095:
964:
Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry. Vol. 6 Electrodics: Transport
216:
117:
86:
70:
62:
1760:
498:
1498:
871:, 2nd ed., Éditions TEC et DOC / Lavoisier, Paris, 1993. (1st ed. 1984)
797:, 4th ed., H. Lund, O. Hammerich (eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001.
685:
338:
257:
155:
of the electro reactions to design efficient electrochemical reactors.
43:
709:"Nomenclature, symbols and definitions in electrochemical engineering"
485:
Newman, John (1968). "Engineering design of electrochemical systems".
1792:
1309:
416:
159:
113:
47:
1833:
1823:
1681:
779:, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004. (1st ed. 1973).
752:
Electrochemical Engineering: Emerging Technologies and Applications
288:
278:
827:
Tutorials in Electrochemical Engineering - Mathematical Modeling
108:
Electrochemical engineering combines the study of heterogeneous
526:
Wagner, C. (1962). "The scope of electrochemical engineering".
1064:
1050:
Carl Wagner Medal of Excellence in Electrochemical Engineering
303:
199:
121:
54:
850:, The Electrochemical Society, Proceedings Vol. 94-22, 1994.
528:
Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering
456:
147:
Electrochemical engineering considers current distribution,
976:
J.O’M. Bockris, B.E. Conway, E. Yeager, R.E. White, (eds.)
904:
Electrosynthesis - From Laboratory, to Pilot, to Production
638:
Arenas, L.F.; Ponce de LeĂłn, C.; Walsh, F.C. (June 2017).
924:, E. Yeager, A.J. Salkind (eds.), Wiley, New York, 1987.
637:
815:, 5th ed., Vol. 9, P. 618, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
804:, Editorial Club Universitario, Alicante, España, 2000.
513:"List of Electrochemistry Books Published Before 1950"
244:
Electrochemical engineering is applied in industrial
1040:
Working Party on Electrochemical Engineering - WPEE
950:
Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering
864:, The Electrochemical Consultancy, Romsey UK, 1993.
611:Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering
1937:
1060:IEEE H.H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award
1045:SCI Castner Medal on Industrial Electrochemistry
962:P. Horsman, B.E. Conway, S. Sarangapani (eds.),
829:, Pennington, The Electrochemical Society, 1999.
906:, The Electrosynthesis Company, New York, 1990.
813:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
26:dealing with the technological applications of
943:Principles of Electrochemical Reactor Analysis
1080:
862:A First Course in Electrochemical Engineering
1027:The Manufacture of Chemicals by Electrolysis
1022:, American Technical Society, Chicago, 1920.
843:, Plenum Press, New York & London, 1995.
802:Un Primer Curso de IngenierĂa ElectroquĂmica
876:IntroducciĂłn a la IngenierĂa ElectroquĂmica
544:
1087:
1073:
973:, 1st ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1982.
899:, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1990.
706:
178:Cell room of a chlor-alkali plant ca. 1920
1018:C.F. Burgess, H.B. Pulsifer, B.B. Freud,
929:Principles of Electrochemical Engineering
724:
622:
604:
580:Chemical Engineering Research and Design
577:
460:Chemical Engineering Research and Design
173:
99:
1020:Applied Electrochemistry and Metallurgy
1015:, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1940.
1008:, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960.
1938:
1867:Electrical and electronics engineering
890:Electrochemical Engineering Principles
855:Electrochemical Engineering and Energy
834:Electrochemical Engineering Principles
671:
525:
487:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
484:
1068:
992:Trattato di Ingegneria Elettrochimica
987:, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979.
878:, Editorial Reverté, Barcelona, 1992.
809:Electrochemical Processing, Inorganic
1900:
999:Industrial Electrochemical Processes
918:Industrial Electrochemical Processes
883:Electrochemical Reaction Engineering
853:F. Lapicque, A. Storck, A.A. Wragg,
1910:
1029:, Van Nostrand Co., New York, 1919.
791:Industrial Electroorganic Chemistry
764:D.D. Macdonald, P. Schmuki (eds.),
674:Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
69:, which comprises small batteries,
13:
784:Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik
14:
1992:
1033:
869:Eléments de Génie Électrochimique
392:Electrochemical energy conversion
1919:
1909:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1759:
770:Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry
1094:
980:, Plenum Press, New York, 1981.
966:, Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
934:I. Roušar, A. Kimla, K. Micka,
885:, Academic Press, London, 1991.
737:
700:
239:
985:Electrochemical Reactor Design
931:, John Wiley & Sons, 1986.
922:Techniques of Electrochemistry
846:J. Newman, R.E. White (eds.),
775:J. Newman, K.E. Thomas-Alyea,
761:, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
747:, John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
665:
631:
598:
571:
538:
519:
515:. The Electrochemical Society.
505:
478:
450:
346:
16:Branch of chemical engineering
1:
592:10.1205/cerd.82.12.1571.58046
443:
1117:List of engineering branches
1001:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.
945:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.
938:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986.
913:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
7:
1946:Electrochemical engineering
1013:Industrial Electrochemistry
1006:Electrochemical Engineering
971:Industrial Electrochemistry
957:Electrochemical Cell Design
936:Electrochemical Engineering
902:J.D. Genders, D. Pletcher,
897:Industrial Electrochemistry
766:Electrochemical Engineering
745:Electrochemical Engineering
743:T.F. Fuller, John N. Harb,
555:10.1007/978-3-662-03851-2_1
547:Electrochemical Engineering
472:10.1016/j.cherd.2013.08.029
374:
59:electrochemical engineering
20:Electrochemical engineering
10:
1997:
1055:ECS Vittorio de Nora Award
772:, Vol. 5, Wiley-VCH, 2007.
713:Pure and Applied Chemistry
169:
1885:
1832:
1816:
1768:
1757:
1532:
1474:
1393:
1318:
1245:
1138:
1125:
1102:
994:, Tamburini, Milan, 1973.
952:, Springer, Boston, 1985.
895:D. Pletcher, F.C. Walsh,
707:Gritzner, G.; Kreysa, G.
659:10.1016/j.est.2017.02.007
647:Journal of Energy Storage
354:
205:Charles Frederick Burgess
151:, mass transfer, and the
89:at disc electrodes, etc.
38:and refining of metals,
822:, Springer, Berlin 1999.
795:Organic Electrochemistry
427:Isotope electrochemistry
95:
67:applied electrochemistry
1778:Bachelor of Engineering
1620:Engineering mathematics
867:F. Coeuret, A. Storck,
777:Electrochemical Systems
757:D. Stolten, B. Emonts,
754:, Willford Press, 2016.
726:10.1351/pac199365051009
432:Magnetoelectrochemistry
226:Electrochemical Society
1877:Structural engineering
1872:Mechanical engineering
1615:Engineering management
892:, Prentice Hall, 1991.
839:F. Goodrige, K. Scott
836:, Prentice Hall, 1997.
624:10.5599/jese.2012.0011
605:Stankovic, V. (2012).
369:Vittorio de Nora Award
341:(Basic lead carbonate)
314:Potassium permanganate
179:
105:
1857:Aerospace engineering
1770:Engineering education
927:E. Heitz, G. Kreysa,
818:H. Wendt, G. Kreysa,
437:Photoelectrochemistry
177:
103:
1976:Industrial processes
1956:Chemical engineering
1798:Graduate certificate
387:Electrochemical cell
309:Potassium dichromate
252:, electrosynthesis,
188:laws of electrolysis
24:chemical engineering
1971:Hydrogen production
1783:Bachelor of Science
1625:Engineering physics
1609:Engineering drawing
1131:Interdisciplinarity
955:R.E. White, (ed.),
499:10.1021/ie50700a005
397:Electrodeionization
382:Chloralkali process
324:Sodium hypochlorite
274:Ammonium persulfate
266:Chloralkali process
192:Charles Martin Hall
30:phenomena, such as
1961:Chemical processes
1385:Telecommunications
1290:Naval architecture
786:, Wiley-VCH, 2003.
686:10.1007/BF00620931
246:water electrolysis
180:
106:
1933:
1932:
1862:Civil engineering
1808:Licensed engineer
1803:Engineer's degree
1755:
1754:
1587:Building services
1570:Health technology
1431:Chemical reaction
1380:Signal processing
959:, Springer, 1984.
857:, Springer, 1994.
750:H. Wright (ed.),
586:(12): 1571–1574.
564:978-3-642-08406-5
466:(10): 1998–2020.
407:Electrofiltration
365:Carl Wagner Medal
329:Sodium persulfate
299:Manganese dioxide
294:Hydrogen peroxide
53:According to the
22:is the branch of
1988:
1981:Industrial gases
1951:Electrochemistry
1923:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1763:
1350:Electromechanics
1136:
1135:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1065:
731:
730:
728:
719:(5): 1009–1020.
704:
698:
697:
669:
663:
662:
644:
635:
629:
628:
626:
602:
596:
595:
575:
569:
568:
549:. pp. 1–7.
542:
536:
535:
523:
517:
516:
509:
503:
502:
482:
476:
475:
454:
196:Hamilton Castner
61:is reserved for
32:electrosynthesis
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1881:
1828:
1812:
1788:Master's degree
1764:
1751:
1665:Instrumentation
1528:
1470:
1436:Electrochemical
1389:
1375:Radio frequency
1314:
1241:
1205:Municipal/Urban
1129:
1127:
1121:
1098:
1093:
1036:
825:R.F. Savinell,
807:M.P. Grotheer,
740:
735:
734:
705:
701:
670:
666:
642:
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632:
603:
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455:
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402:Electrodialysis
377:
357:
349:
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319:Sodium chlorate
242:
221:Veniamin Levich
184:Michael Faraday
172:
98:
79:microelectrodes
28:electrochemical
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1984:
1983:
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1973:
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1575:Pharmaceutical
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1016:
1011:C.L. Mantell,
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284:Electrowinning
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262:flow batteries
254:electroplating
241:
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186:described his
171:
168:
142:reaction yield
134:mass transport
132:distribution,
97:
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40:flow batteries
36:electrowinning
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1280:Manufacturing
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1270:Biomechanical
1268:
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1168:Environmental
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969:D. Pletcher,
968:
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947:
944:
941:T.Z. Fahidy,
940:
937:
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923:
919:
915:
912:
909:M.I. Ismail,
908:
905:
901:
898:
894:
891:
888:G. Prentice,
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
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849:
845:
842:
838:
835:
832:A. Geoffrey,
831:
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625:
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560:
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541:
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508:
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481:
473:
469:
465:
461:
453:
449:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Galvanic cell
420:
418:
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410:
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403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
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370:
367:
364:
362:
361:Castner Medal
359:
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322:
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312:
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197:
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185:
176:
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165:
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156:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
138:hydrodynamics
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
102:
93:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1966:Electrolysis
1841:Engineering
1687:Mechatronics
1540:Agricultural
1435:
1190:Geotechnical
1158:Construction
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
990:P. Gallone,
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
874:F. Coeuret,
868:
861:
860:F.C. Walsh,
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
808:
801:
800:F.C. Walsh,
794:
790:
783:
776:
769:
765:
758:
751:
744:
738:Bibliography
716:
712:
702:
677:
673:
667:
650:
646:
633:
614:
610:
600:
583:
579:
573:
546:
540:
531:
527:
521:
507:
493:(4): 12–27.
490:
486:
480:
463:
459:
452:
412:Flow battery
350:
250:electrolysis
243:
240:Applications
235:
213:potentiostat
210:
181:
164:flow battery
157:
146:
136:conditions,
112:transfer at
107:
91:
75:microfluidic
71:amperometric
66:
58:
52:
19:
18:
1915:Wikiproject
1670:and Control
1660:Information
1484:Biomaterial
1414:Bioresource
1405:/Bioprocess
1403:Biochemical
1355:Electronics
1126:Specialties
1096:Engineering
1025:A.J. Hale,
916:T.R. Beck,
789:H. PĂĽtter,
653:: 119–153.
347:Conventions
230:John Newman
217:Carl Wagner
118:electrolyte
87:voltammetry
83:solid-state
63:electricity
57:, the term
1940:Categories
1834:Glossaries
1655:Industrial
1635:Facilities
1630:Explosives
1555:Biomedical
1550:Automation
1499:Metallurgy
1409:Biological
1360:Microwaves
1320:Electrical
1265:Automotive
1247:Mechanical
1220:Structural
1185:Geological
1173:Ecological
1163:Earthquake
881:K. Scott,
444:References
339:White lead
258:fuel cells
149:fluid flow
44:fuel cells
1793:Doctorate
1707:Packaging
1677:Logistics
1650:Geomatics
1611:/graphics
1504:Molecular
1494:Corrosion
1476:Materials
1456:Petroleum
1446:Molecular
1328:Broadcast
1310:Tribology
1260:Aerospace
1195:Hydraulic
997:A. Kuhn,
948:F. Hine,
694:106022706
417:Fuel cell
160:Fuel cell
126:potential
114:electrode
85:devices,
77:devices,
73:sensors,
48:corrosion
1895:Category
1824:Engineer
1732:Software
1727:Security
1702:Ontology
1692:Military
1682:Robotics
1645:Forensic
1565:Clinical
1524:Surfaces
1514:Polymers
1489:Ceramics
1466:Reaction
1395:Chemical
1333:Computer
1255:Acoustic
1210:Offshore
1178:Sanitary
617:: 1–14.
375:See also
289:Fluorine
279:Chlorine
153:kinetics
1905:Commons
1747:Textile
1742:Systems
1712:Privacy
1697:Nuclear
1461:Process
1419:Genetic
1365:Optical
1345:Control
1338:outline
1305:Thermal
1295:Railway
1235:Railway
1230:Traffic
1153:Coastal
1112:Outline
1107:History
534:: 1–14.
170:History
130:current
1925:Portal
1722:Survey
1717:Safety
1604:Design
1424:Tissue
1300:Sports
1285:Marine
1275:Energy
1200:Mining
692:
561:
355:Awards
110:charge
1545:Audio
1533:Other
1451:Paper
1370:Power
1215:River
1140:Civil
920:, in
811:, in
793:, in
768:, in
690:S2CID
643:(PDF)
304:Ozone
200:brine
122:redox
96:Scope
55:IUPAC
1640:Fire
1441:Food
559:ISBN
219:and
162:and
128:and
42:and
1850:M–Z
1845:A–L
1592:MEP
1128:and
721:doi
682:doi
655:doi
619:doi
588:doi
551:doi
495:doi
468:doi
1942::
717:65
715:.
711:.
688:.
678:15
676:.
651:11
649:.
645:.
613:.
609:.
584:82
582:.
557:.
530:.
491:60
489:.
464:91
462:.
260:,
256:,
248:,
81:,
50:.
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
729:.
723::
696:.
684::
661:.
657::
627:.
621::
615:2
594:.
590::
567:.
553::
532:2
501:.
497::
474:.
470::
116:/
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