38:
30:
22:
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1976:
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311:, but retaining the Founders Court site as a public office. The Moorgate office was arranged over three floors and a large number of men and boys were recruited on an accelerating rate of pay. The company also employed a significant number of women from a higher social class as telegraphists operating the Wheatstone needle instruments. They were paid less and they had to leave if they married. A notable early employee was
4789:
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735:. Its advantage was that it could make maximum use of a telegraph line. This had a great economic advantage on busy long-distance lines where traffic capacity was limited by the speed of the operator. To increase traffic it would otherwise have been necessary to install expensive additional lines and employ additional operators.
427:. The concession to lay the cables had originally been granted to the ETC, but the Dutch government objected to the ETC laying landlines on its territory so a separate company, the ITC, was set up to do this. In practice, the ITC was run by ETC staff. It planned to lay four separate cable cores as a
295:
Other areas of growth were in the supply of news to newspapers, and contracts with stock exchanges. However, general use by the public was retarded by the high cost of sending a message. By 1855 this situation was changing. The ETC now had over 5,200 miles of line and sent nearly three-quarters of
360:
and his brother Edward. The ETC had a policy of suppressing competitors by buying up rival patents. This it had done to
Highton when he patented a gold-leaf telegraph instrument. However, Highton now proposed a telegraph with a different system. Even worse for the ETC, in 1850 Parliament passed
279:
The setback with the Great
Western did not slow the growth of the telegraph along railway lines, and these continued to be the main source of revenue. By 1848 the company had telegraph lines along half of the railway lines then open, some 1,800 miles, and continued to make deals with more railway
271:
business) and the company decided to return its concession to the
Belgian Government in 1850. In 1848, after a dispute with the Great Western over an engine the ETC was alleged to have damaged, the telegraph line from Paddington to Slough was removed, although the railway company continued to use
241:
was not a happy one, degenerating into a bitter dispute over who had invented the telegraph. As a result, the company was formed without
Wheatstone (although he claimed he had been offered the post of scientific adviser). At creation the company purchased all the patents Cooke and Wheatstone had
384:
who had laid the first cable to France and was busily laying more cables to other continental countries. The
Magnetic also beat the ETC in getting the first cable to Ireland in 1853. For a while then, the Magnetic had shut the ETC out of international business. The ETC was keen to correct this
207:
at his own expense, at which point he acquired the right to open it to the public. Railway telegraphy continued to be an important part of the company's business with expenditure on the railways peaking in 1847–48. This focus on the railways was reflected in the directors and major shareholders
502:
did not store the cable in water-filled tanks as was done on future cable ships. The ship could not, therefore, be kept in trim by replacing the cable with water as it was payed out. It was necessary to run out coils of cable alternately from the fore hold and the main hold for this reason.
194:
Up to this point telegraph lines had been laid mostly in conjunction with railway companies, and Cooke had been a leading figure in convincing them of its benefits. However, these systems were all for the exclusive use of the railway company concerned, mostly for
3529:
533:
over the years and its gear became the prototype for future cable ships. A cable picking-up machine was soon fitted with a drum that could be driven by both steam engine and manual winching, designed by the company engineer,
576:
The chief competitor to the company, the
Magnetic, had succeeded in providing the first connection to Ireland in 1853 on the Portpatrick–Donaghadee route. The ETC was keen to establish its own connection. In September 1854
376:). The Magnetic also used a non-infringing system, generating the telegraph pulses electromagnetically by the operator's own motion of working the equipment handles. The Magnetic got around the ETC's dominance of rail
258:
The company was not immediately hugely profitable, and shares were more or less worthless. In 1846 it won a concession from
Belgium for telegraph lines covering the whole country. The company installed a line from
339:
agitation. Chartism was a working-class movement for democratic reform. One of the main aims was to achieve the vote for all men over twenty-one. In April 1848, the
Chartists organised a large demonstration at
766:
Records of the
Electric Telegraph Company (33 volumes), 1846–1872, the International Telegraph Company (5 volumes), 1852–1858 and the Electric and International Telegraph Company (62 volumes), –1905 are held by
96:) who used a different system which did not infringe the ETC's patents. The Magnetic became the chief rival of the ETC and the two of them dominated the market even after further companies entered the field.
467:
was the first ship to be permanently fitted out as a cable ship and operated on a full-time basis by a cable company, although the fitting out for the
Netherlands cables was considered temporary. She was a
2700:
723:
The primary system initially used by the company was the two-needle and one-needle Cooke and Wheatstone telegraphs. Needle telegraphs continued to be used throughout the company's existence, but
4879:
292:. These contracts usually gave the company exclusive rights to install telegraph lines. This gave the company a significant advantage over competitors when other companies entered the market.
593:
tried again, but this time with a heavier cable made by Newall. This attempt was successful, the cable being to a similar design to the one Newall had made for the successful Magnetic cable.
435:, specially purchased and fitted out for the purpose, and completed in 1854. The cable proved to need a great deal of maintenance and was replaced in 1858 by a single, heavier cable made by
296:
a million messages that year. The growth, together with competitors coming on to the market, drove down prices. ETC's maximum charge for an inland telegram (over 100 miles) fell from ten
3414:
179:. This was the first company formed for the specific purpose of providing a telegraph service to the public. Besides Cooke and Ricardo, the original shareholders were railway engineer
4844:
3584:
2693:
380:
by using buried cables along highways, a problem that had hindered the BETC and eventually led to its takeover by the Magnetic. Further, it had an exclusive agreement with the
431:
against damage from anchors and fishing gear. All four were combined into a single cable in the sea a short distance from landing. The work was begun in 1853 with the ship
391:
came on to the market, but ETC remained by far the largest of them with the Magnetic second. The ETC and the Magnetic so dominated the market that they were virtually a
2686:
335:
establishing the company, the government reserved the right to take over the resources of the ETC in times of national emergency. This it did in 1848 in response to
4849:
3730:
535:
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344:
and presented a petition signed by millions. The government, fearing an insurrection, used its control of the ETC telegraph to disrupt Chartist communication.
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The ship was frequently chartered to other companies like the Submarine Telegraph Company and the Magnetic for cable work. The first charter was to
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was later renamed Telegraph Street in recognition of the importance of the company at 11–14 Telegraph Street. The site is now occupied by
1617:
538:. In 1857, draw-off gear was fitted to avoid crew having to hold the cable taught by hand, and water-cooled brakes were fitted in 1863.
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being dominated by people associated with railway construction. Additional railway people who had become involved by 1849 included
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using underground pipes. This system was later extended to other major company offices in London. Systems were also installed in
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3687:
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3139:
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to recover an abandoned cable in the Irish Sea. Newall had made this cable for the Magnetic and a failed attempt to lay it from
4766:
3519:
665:
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4731:
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2519:
697:
411:. The International Telegraph Company had been formed in 1853 for the purpose of establishing a telegraph connection to the
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3898:
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1931:
1911:
1656:
1356:
Ash, Stewart, "The development of submarine cables", ch. 1 in, Burnett, Douglas R.; Beckman, Robert; Davenport, Tara M.,
553:
in Ireland was made in 1852. Newall temporarily installed its own picking-up machine as Webb's had not yet been fitted.
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in Ireland. This attempt was a failure, as had previous attempts on both routes with lightweight cable. In June 1855
361:
an Act giving it the right to force the railways to allow the BETC to construct a telegraph for government use between
353:
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The Electric Telegraph Company formed the largest component of the resulting state monopoly run by the GPO. In 1969
250:
for ÂŁ600. The relay allowed telegraph signals weakened over a long distance to be renewed and retransmitted onward.
37:
700:, but excluded the Submarine Telegraph Company and other companies which exclusively operated international cables.
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was a major step forward compared to the unspecialised ships that had previously been used for cable laying, with
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1916:
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was made a distinct department of the Post Office, and in 1981 it was separated entirely from the Post Office as
280:
companies after that. These included in 1851 a new contract with Great Western which was extending its line to
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obtained to date in building the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph. It also obtained the important patent for the
238:
70:
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and Alderney in August 1858. The cable required numerous repairs due to the rocky coast of Alderney and the
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to run the cable out of the hold and a powerful dedicated brake to control the cable running out. However,
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purposes, but in forming the company Cooke intended to open up the technology to the public at large.
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100:
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731:. This device sent messages at an extremely fast rate from text that had been prerecorded on paper
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656:. The main section was finally abandoned as a maintenance liability shortly after September 1860.
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2011:
2006:
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200:
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1906:
1540:
Walley, Wayne, "British Telecom", pp. 218–220 in, Welch, Dick; Frémond, Olivier (eds),
372:(later renamed the British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company and usually just called the
135:
in 1870 along with other British telegraph companies, and its assets were taken over by the
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laid several cables around Britain in its first year. One of these was a cable across the
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8:
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29:
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and by 1852 the ETC had installed a line that ran from London, past Slough, as far as
21:
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extended the 1868 Act to include the Isle of Man Electric Telegraph Company and the
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69:. It was the world's first public telegraph company. The equipment used was the
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3903:
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1581:
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and London. The ETC tried to oppose the government Bill but without success.
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128:
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2001:
1901:
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732:
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132:
88:
The ETC had a monopoly of electrical telegraphy until the formation of the
66:
1475:
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1400:
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The company was nationalised by the British government in 1870 under the
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247:
116:
104:
1504:
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1876:
1840:
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were also in use by the 1850s. From 1867, the ETC started to use the
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2940:
2785:
2780:
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1845:
1825:
1408:
The Life Story of the Late Sir Charles Tilston Bright, Civil Engineer
747:
565:
362:
148:
58:
3415:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
604:
in Wales. The cable was made by Glass, Elliot & Co and laid by
119:. It operated the world's first specialised cable-laying ship, the
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4597:
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4245:
3352:
3347:
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2529:
2468:
2463:
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2143:
1961:
1956:
1866:
1775:
712:
711:. In 1984, British Telecom was privatised and from 1991 traded as
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308:
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285:
260:
172:
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2413:
2021:
1946:
1941:
1936:
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1883:
1835:
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was formed in 1859 for the purpose of providing telegraph to the
620:
was formed in 1857 for the purpose of providing telegraph to the
597:
392:
315:
who became a supervisor. The portion of Great Bell Alley east of
289:
264:
187:, Thomas Boulton, and three other members of the Ricardo family;
108:
81:. The system had been taken up by several railway companies for
4880:
Telecommunications companies disestablished in the 19th century
4715:
4675:
3997:
3311:
3010:
2930:
2750:
2524:
2367:
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1926:
625:
511:
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204:
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2615:
2377:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2016:
985:
586:
230:, and Richard Till, a director of several railway companies.
783:, the ETC was the first to distribute telegraph time signals
672:. The cable was made by Glass, Elliot & Co and laid by
518:. The purpose of this cable was to provide a connection to
368:
A more serious rival came in 1851 with the formation of the
303:
By 1859, growth required the company to relocate its London
171:
as chief engineer. Its headquarters was in Founders Court,
147:
The Electric Telegraph Company was the world's first public
4642:
3382:
1871:
1744:
4845:
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
1490:
The Telecommunications Function of the British Post Office
596:
Another cable was laid to Ireland in 1862, this time from
560:
irreparably broke down on her first cable mission for the
2549:
2544:
692:
along with most other British telegraph companies. The
385:
situation and started laying its own submarine cables.
1714:
India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company
226:
fame and who was chairman of the company in 1857–58),
151:
company, founded in the United Kingdom in 1846 by Sir
1468:
The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History
939:
Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23),
77:
developed a few years earlier in collaboration with
3456:Internet Telephony Services Providers' Association
1375:, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001
940:
2710:Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom
742:system between its London central office and the
636:. The main cable was made by Newall and laid by
4850:Telecommunications companies established in 1846
4836:
1453:The Struggle for Control of Global Communication
1358:Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy
1616:
1483:The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising
938:
403:The Electric Telegraph Company merged with the
3618:British Approvals Board for Telecommunications
1734:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
43:Electric & International Telegraph Company
3758:
2694:
1760:
1697:Cable manufacturing and maintenance companies
1602:
326:
199:purposes, until 1843 when Cooke extended the
33:1854 stamps of the Electric Telegraph Company
2726:Science and technology in the United Kingdom
1637:British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company
1406:Bright, Edward Brailsford; Bright, Charles,
409:Electric and International Telegraph Company
370:English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company
4865:Technology companies disestablished in 1855
4773:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
947:The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
25:Part of a document showing the company seal
4809:
3765:
3751:
3190:London & Provincial District Telegraph
2701:
2687:
1767:
1753:
1609:
1595:
1542:The Case-by-case Approach to Privatization
581:attempted to lay a lightweight cable from
480:engine. She was the first of a series of
4860:Telegraph companies of the United Kingdom
3410:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
2636:British Telecommunications plc v. Prodigy
2631:Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition
2505:Digital Private Network Signalling System
1512:ch. 4, "The Electric Telegraph Company",
4875:British companies disestablished in 1855
3585:South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
452:
36:
28:
20:
3663:Interception of Communications Act 1985
934:
932:
761:
506:Besides the cables to the Netherlands,
352:The first competitor to emerge was the
99:The ETC was heavily involved in laying
4837:
3772:
3451:Internet Service Providers Association
666:Isle of Man Electric Telegraph Company
529:A number of improvements were made to
4870:British companies established in 1846
3746:
3420:International Telecommunication Union
2682:
2520:International Packet Switched Service
1748:
1590:
698:Jersey and Guernsey Telegraph Company
4819:
3724:
3145:British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph
3140:Bonelli's Electric Telegraph Company
2661:
1455:,University of Illinois Press, 2002
1425:, Manchester University Press, 2007
1360:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014
929:
564:(GPO). She was then relegated to a
233:The collaboration between Cooke and
3623:British Telecommunications Act 1981
1657:Universal Private Telegraph Company
1410:, Cambridge University Press, 2012
949:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
398:
300:in 1851 to four shillings in 1855.
45:telegram and envelope, 28 July 1868
13:
2500:Digital Access Signalling System 1
2454:Digital Access Signalling System 2
2194:National Network Management Centre
1642:British Electric Telegraph Company
982:East London & City Pub History
729:Wheatstone automatic duplex system
683:
611:
354:British Electric Telegraph Company
267:but the traffic was light (mainly
14:
4901:
4890:1855 disestablishments in England
2510:Fixed-Mobile Convergence Alliance
2204:Zouches Farm transmitting station
2199:Peterborough transmitting station
1647:London District Telegraph Company
1556:
1519:ch. 5, "Competitors and allies",
781:Time signal § United Kingdom
618:Channel Islands Telegraph Company
4855:Companies disestablished in 1855
4818:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4787:
4408:Free-space optical communication
3723:
3711:
3710:
3693:UK telephone code misconceptions
2660:
2649:
2648:
1974:
1652:United Kingdom Telegraph Company
1544:, World Bank Publications, 1998
1395:, London: Crosby Lockwood, 1898
1917:Concert Communications Services
1481:McDonough, John; Egolf, Karen,
1438:Cableships and Submarine Cables
1350:
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556:After nationalisation in 1870,
405:International Telegraph Company
123:. A private line was laid for
4885:1846 establishments in England
3530:British Indian Ocean Territory
3155:Cable & Wireless Worldwide
1932:International Network Services
1100:Bright & Bright, pp. 73–74
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
705:Post Office Telecommunications
659:
490:The cable laying equipment of
347:
253:
239:Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph
71:Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph
1:
3430:Phone-paid Services Authority
2844:BT Business and Public Sector
2721:Economy of the United Kingdom
2449:Digital Access Carrier System
1806:BT Business and Public Sector
1537:, Pudney & Russell, 1859.
787:
4794:Telecommunication portal
4575:Telecommunications equipment
3492:British Overseas Territories
2611:BT Sport Action Woman Awards
2328:Post Office Research Station
2189:Madley Communications Centre
2184:Guardian Exchange Manchester
1774:
1529:Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston
738:In 1854 the ETC installed a
718:
407:(ITC) in 1854 to become the
142:
7:
4311:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3514:British Antarctic Territory
3405:Broadband Stakeholder Group
3255:Universal Private Telegraph
2298:Kingsway telephone exchange
1724:Glass, Elliot & Company
1678:Submarine Telegraph Company
1618:British telegraph companies
1436:Haigh, Kenneth Richardson,
774:
382:Submarine Telegraph Company
61:company founded in 1846 by
10:
4906:
4015:Telecommunications history
3200:National Telephone Company
3160:Electric Telegraph Company
3130:Atlantic Telegraph Company
2580:Electric Telegraph Company
2244:Wotton-under-Edge BT Tower
1683:Atlantic Telegraph Company
1632:Electric Telegraph Company
1470:, David and Charles, 1973
1316:Welch & Frémond, p. 16
1307:Welch & Frémond, p. 16
664:A subsidiary company, the
616:A subsidiary company, the
571:
522:, the summer residence of
446:
425:submarine telegraph cables
356:(BETC), formed in 1849 by
327:Government reserved powers
183:with the largest holding,
101:submarine telegraph cables
90:Magnetic Telegraph Company
51:Electric Telegraph Company
4782:
4724:
4661:
4623:Public Switched Telephone
4583:
4547:
4504:
4445:
4435:telecommunication circuit
4396:Fiber-optic communication
4379:
4141:Francis Blake (telephone)
4088:
3936:Optical telecommunication
3780:
3706:
3628:British telephone sockets
3603:
3484:
3438:
3395:
3370:
3320:
3279:
3272:
3117:
2813:
2804:
2761:BT Wholesale and Ventures
2741:
2734:
2716:
2644:
2588:
2562:
2492:
2406:
2395:
2323:Sheffield Telephone House
2303:Leafield Technical Centre
2275:Anchor telephone exchange
2267:
2121:
2110:
2040:
1994:
1983:
1972:
1854:
1816:BT Wholesale and Ventures
1793:
1782:
1696:
1688:Eastern Telegraph Company
1671:Submarine cable companies
1670:
1624:
1563:BT Archives official site
191:, Albert, and Frederick.
103:, including lines to the
4534:Orbital angular-momentum
3971:Satellite communications
3810:Communications satellite
3638:BT site engineering code
3590:Turks and Caicos Islands
3466:London Internet Exchange
3150:Cable & Wireless plc
2444:Advanced Mobile Location
2429:British telephone socket
2419:BT site engineering code
1709:Hooper's Telegraph Works
1509:, distantwriting.co.uk,
1172:Haigh, pp. 204, 206, 211
153:William Fothergill Cooke
63:William Fothergill Cooke
4413:Molecular communication
4236:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4065:Undersea telegraph line
3800:Cable protection system
3688:Telephone numbers in UK
3648:Communications Act 2003
2606:BT Digital Music Awards
2439:Customer Service System
1719:R.S. Newall and Company
1423:Chartism: A New History
1418:(first published 1898).
1387:Bright, Charles Tilston
1280:Kieve, pp. 149–159, 160
543:R.S. Newall and Company
395:until nationalisation.
4555:Communication protocol
4341:Charles Sumner Tainter
4156:Walter Houser Brattain
4101:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3909:Information revolution
3535:British Virgin Islands
3343:Marconi Communications
2338:Criggion Radio Station
2239:Tolsford Hill BT Tower
2229:Sutton Common BT Tower
955:10.1093/ref:odnb/56280
536:Frederick Charles Webb
460:
437:Glass, Elliot & Co
46:
34:
26:
4529:Polarization-division
4261:Narinder Singh Kapany
4226:Erna Schneider Hoover
4146:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4126:Alexander Graham Bell
3857:online video platform
3500:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3068:Virgin Media Business
2756:Babcock International
2224:Stokenchurch BT Tower
2149:BT Tower (Birmingham)
1440:, Adlard Coles, 1968
1373:History of Telegraphy
744:London Stock Exchange
456:
307:to Great Bell Alley,
272:the telegraph at the
201:Great Western Railway
92:(commonly called the
40:
32:
24:
4371:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4331:Almon Brown Strowger
4301:Charles Grafton Page
3956:Prepaid mobile phone
3884:Electrical telegraph
3653:Earth stations in UK
3180:Gutta Percha Company
2902:Cable & Wireless
2821:Andrews & Arnold
2535:Packet Switch Stream
2209:Heaton Park BT Tower
1704:Gutta Percha Company
1534:The Telegraph Manual
1492:, Saxon House, 1980
1392:Submarine Telegraphs
762:Historical documents
181:George Parker Bidder
75:electrical telegraph
4321:Johann Philipp Reis
4080:Wireless revolution
4042:The Telephone Cases
3899:Hydraulic telegraph
3240:Submarine Telegraph
3175:General Post Office
2575:General Post Office
2343:Rugby Radio Station
2313:Stag Lane Aerodrome
2169:Charwelton BT Tower
1662:General Post Office
1466:Kieve, Jeffrey L.,
725:printing telegraphs
562:General Post Office
203:'s telegraph on to
137:General Post Office
131:. The company was
4519:Frequency-division
4496:Telephone exchange
4366:Charles Wheatstone
4296:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4271:Innocenzo Manzetti
4206:Reginald Fessenden
3941:Optical telegraphy
3774:Telecommunications
3698:Web blocking in UK
3683:Telegraph Act 1885
3678:Telegraph Act 1868
3487:Crown Dependencies
3476:Symbian Foundation
3378:Carphone Warehouse
2851:BT Global Services
2254:KX telephone boxes
2219:Pye Green BT Tower
2179:Goonhilly Cornwall
2159:BT Riverside Tower
2154:BT Tower (Swansea)
2063:BT Superfast Fibre
1811:BT Global Services
1580:2011-09-06 at the
1575:The BT Family Tree
1568:2011-02-19 at the
1488:Pitt, Douglas C.,
1253:Haigh, pp. 195–196
1208:Haigh, pp. 196–197
1019:Chase, pp. 298–303
694:Telegraph Act 1870
690:Telegraph Act 1868
482:cable ships named
461:
237:in developing the
235:Charles Wheatstone
210:Samuel Morton Peto
169:Cromwell F. Varley
157:John Lewis Ricardo
79:Charles Wheatstone
47:
35:
27:
4832:
4831:
4570:Store and forward
4565:Data transmission
4479:Network switching
4430:Transmission line
4276:Guglielmo Marconi
4241:Internet pioneers
4106:Mohamed M. Atalla
4075:Whistled language
3740:
3739:
3658:Hull Colour Pages
3398:regulatory bodies
3391:
3390:
3366:
3365:
3268:
3267:
3093:
3086:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3035:
3030:
3013:
3006:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2949:
2925:
2881:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2676:
2675:
2558:
2557:
2424:BT Speaking Clock
2391:
2390:
2348:Microwave network
2249:Red telephone box
2234:Tinshill BT Tower
2144:BT Tower (London)
2106:
2105:
1970:
1969:
1886:
1742:
1741:
1503:Roberts, Steven,
992:16 February 2019.
908:Kieve, pp. 49, 52
472:built in 1830 at
342:Kennington Common
333:Act of Parliament
218:Robert Stephenson
4897:
4822:
4821:
4812:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4663:Notable networks
4653:Wireless network
4593:Cellular network
4585:Types of network
4560:Computer network
4447:Network topology
4361:Thomas A. Watson
4216:Oliver Heaviside
4201:Philo Farnsworth
4176:Daniel Davis Jr.
4151:Charles Bourseul
4111:John Logie Baird
3820:Data compression
3815:Computer network
3767:
3760:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3713:
3595:Tristan da Cunha
3575:Pitcairn Islands
3545:Falkland Islands
3520:Ascension Island
3277:
3276:
3089:
3082:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3033:
3028:
3009:
3002:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2945:
2923:Eclipse Internet
2921:
2897:The Co-operative
2877:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2811:
2810:
2796:Telehouse Europe
2739:
2738:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2651:
2404:
2403:
2333:Portishead Radio
2214:Purdown BT Tower
2174:Faraday Building
2119:
2118:
1992:
1991:
1978:
1881:
1791:
1790:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1625:Inland companies
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1421:Chase, Malcolm,
1371:Beauchamp, Ken,
1344:
1341:
1335:
1334:Kieve, pp. 81–82
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:Beauchamp, p. 74
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1073:Beauchamp, p. 77
1071:
1065:
1064:Kieve, pp. 50–51
1062:
1056:
1055:Shaffner, p. 296
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
979:
973:
970:
964:
963:
962:
961:
944:
936:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
882:
879:
873:
870:
864:
863:Kieve, pp. 40–44
861:
855:
852:
846:
845:Kieve, pp. 44–45
843:
837:
836:Kieve, pp. 31–32
834:
828:
825:
819:
816:
810:
807:
801:
798:
654:Isle of Portland
474:Thornton-on-Tees
429:diversity scheme
399:Submarine cables
57:) was a British
4905:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4788:
4786:
4778:
4720:
4657:
4579:
4543:
4500:
4449:
4441:
4382:
4375:
4281:Robert Metcalfe
4136:Tim Berners-Lee
4084:
3904:Information Age
3776:
3771:
3741:
3736:
3702:
3605:
3599:
3490:
3480:
3446:GSM Association
3439:Industry bodies
3434:
3397:
3387:
3362:
3338:Marconi Company
3316:
3264:
3113:
3041:Virgin Media O2
2806:
2800:
2743:
2730:
2712:
2707:
2677:
2672:
2640:
2621:Connected Earth
2584:
2554:
2488:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2263:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2036:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1966:
1850:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1743:
1738:
1692:
1666:
1620:
1615:
1582:Wayback Machine
1570:Wayback Machine
1559:
1506:Distant Writing
1353:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
988:, accessed and
980:
976:
971:
967:
959:
957:
937:
930:
925:
921:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
858:
853:
849:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
817:
813:
808:
804:
799:
795:
790:
777:
764:
721:
709:British Telecom
686:
684:Nationalisation
662:
622:Channel Islands
614:
612:Channel Islands
574:
549:in Scotland to
451:
401:
389:Other companies
350:
329:
317:Moorgate Street
256:
177:Bank of England
145:
113:Channel Islands
17:
16:British Company
12:
11:
5:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4806:
4796:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:Space-division
4510:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4351:Camille Tissot
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4326:Claude Shannon
4323:
4318:
4316:Tivadar Puskás
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4286:Antonio Meucci
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Charles K. Kao
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4231:Harold Hopkins
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Emile Berliner
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:Videotelephony
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3966:Radiotelephone
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Internet video
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3721:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Internet in UK
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Cayman Islands
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3396:Government and
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3057:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3024:Trunk Networks
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3007:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2742:Infrastructure
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
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2068:BT Versatility
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2019:
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1557:External links
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811:
809:Bright, p. 246
802:
792:
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740:pneumatic tube
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470:paddle steamer
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305:central office
269:stock exchange
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244:electric relay
214:Thomas Brassey
185:Benjamin Hawes
165:Stoke-on-Trent
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125:Queen Victoria
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4450:and switching
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4391:Coaxial cable
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4196:Lee de Forest
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4191:Thomas Edison
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4181:Donald Davies
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4010:Smoke signals
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3135:Be Un Limited
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2791:TelecityGroup
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2309:
2308:Mondial House
2306:
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2293:Horwood House
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2164:Stadium House
2162:
2160:
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2147:
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2137:
2135:
2134:Baynard House
2132:
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2129:Adastral Park
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1451:Hills, Jill,
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1271:Haigh, p. 198
1268:
1262:Haigh, p. 196
1259:
1250:
1244:Haigh, p. 196
1241:
1235:Haigh, p. 195
1232:
1226:Bright, p. 14
1223:
1217:Haigh, p. 198
1214:
1205:
1199:Haigh, p. 197
1196:
1190:Haigh, p. 195
1187:
1181:Haigh, p. 196
1178:
1169:
1163:Haigh, p. 196
1160:
1154:Haigh, p. 195
1151:
1145:Haigh, p. 195
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1010:Chase, p. 174
1007:
998:
991:
987:
983:
978:
969:
956:
952:
948:
943:
942:"Maria Craig"
935:
933:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
800:Haigh, p. 195
797:
793:
782:
779:
778:
772:
770:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
716:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
651:
650:Portland Bill
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
532:
527:
525:
521:
520:Osborne House
517:
516:Isle of Wight
513:
509:
504:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
485:
479:
475:
471:
466:
459:
455:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
396:
394:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
359:
358:Henry Highton
355:
345:
343:
338:
334:
324:
322:
321:The Telegraph
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
277:
275:
270:
266:
262:
251:
249:
245:
240:
236:
231:
229:
228:Joseph Paxton
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:, behind the
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
140:
138:
134:
130:
129:Isle of Wight
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
31:
23:
19:
4506:Multiplexing
4381:Transmission
4346:Nikola Tesla
4336:Henry Sutton
4291:Samuel Morse
4221:Robert Hooke
4186:Amos Dolbear
4121:John Bardeen
4040:
4020:Telautograph
3924:Mobile phone
3879:Edholm's law
3862:social media
3795:Broadcasting
3729:
3716:
3580:Saint Helena
3287:Arm Holdings
3159:
3109:Zen Internet
3061:Virgin Media
2988:Telecom Plus
2873:China Mobile
2666:
2654:
2579:
2515:Go!Messenger
2383:UK-Belgium 5
2286:
2098:Merlin M4000
2093:Micronet 800
2088:Telecom Gold
2027:BT Smart Hub
2007:EE Broadband
2002:BT Broadband
1907:O2 (Germany)
1902:O2 (Ireland)
1892:Manx Telecom
1882:merged into
1787:subsidiaries
1729:W. T. Henley
1631:
1541:
1533:
1523:1 July 2016.
1516:1 July 2016,
1505:
1489:
1482:
1467:
1452:
1437:
1422:
1407:
1391:
1372:
1357:
1351:Bibliography
1343:Kieve, p. 82
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1298:Pitt, p. 154
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1136:Kieve, p. 52
1132:
1127:Hills, p. 22
1123:
1118:Kieve, p. 52
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1082:Bright, p. 5
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1037:Kieve, p. 50
1033:
1028:Kieve, p. 50
1024:
1015:
1006:
1001:Kieve, p. 50
997:
977:
968:
958:, retrieved
946:
926:Kieve, p. 53
922:
917:Kieve, p. 49
913:
904:
899:Kieve, p. 48
895:
890:Kieve, p. 49
886:
881:Kieve, p. 24
877:
868:
859:
854:Kieve, p. 50
850:
841:
832:
827:Kieve, p. 48
823:
814:
805:
796:
765:
754:(1865), and
737:
733:punched tape
722:
702:
687:
673:
663:
637:
617:
615:
605:
595:
590:
585:in Wales to
578:
575:
557:
555:
540:
530:
528:
507:
505:
499:
491:
489:
483:
464:
462:
457:
447:
441:William Cory
440:
439:and laid by
432:
421:Scheveningen
408:
404:
402:
387:
373:
367:
351:
330:
320:
302:
294:
278:
257:
232:
222:
193:
146:
133:nationalised
120:
98:
93:
87:
67:John Ricardo
54:
50:
48:
42:
18:
4706:NPL network
4418:Radio waves
4356:Alfred Vail
4266:Hedy Lamarr
4251:Dawon Kahng
4211:Elisha Gray
4171:Yogen Dalal
4096:Nasir Ahmed
4030:Teleprinter
3894:Heliographs
3633:BT Research
3606:legislation
3560:Isle of Man
3512:(including
3333:GEC Plessey
3235:Sainsbury's
3220:Post Office
3084:Vodafone UK
2837:BT Consumer
2826:Asda Mobile
2596:BT Archives
2078:BT MyDonate
1922:Telecomsoft
1821:BT Research
1801:BT Consumer
769:BT Archives
670:Isle of Man
660:Isle of Man
547:Portpatrick
476:with a 130
413:Netherlands
348:Competitors
313:Maria Craig
254:Early years
248:Edward Davy
117:Isle of Man
105:Netherlands
4839:Categories
4752:Antarctica
4711:Toasternet
4633:Television
4116:Paul Baran
4048:Television
4032:(teletype)
4025:Telegraphy
4003:transistor
3981:Phryctoria
3951:Photophone
3929:Smartphone
3919:Mass media
3570:Montserrat
3510:Antarctica
3297:Metaswitch
3245:Tiscali UK
3104:WightFibre
3091:Talkmobile
2936:Lycamobile
2917:KCOM Group
2892:Colt Group
2771:KCOM Group
2396:Programmes
2115:facilities
2083:BT MyPlace
2073:BT Voyager
2053:BT Highway
2032:TNT Sports
1877:Madasafish
1841:BT Ireland
1461:0252027574
1416:1108052886
1381:0852967926
1109:Ash, p. 22
960:2023-08-05
788:References
756:Manchester
752:Birmingham
678:Whitehaven
646:tidal race
551:Donaghadee
417:Orfordness
274:Box Tunnel
197:signalling
115:, and the
83:signalling
4736:Americas
4725:Locations
4696:Internet2
4457:Bandwidth
4161:Vint Cerf
4058:streaming
4036:Telephone
3976:Semaphore
3867:streaming
3550:Gibraltar
3273:Suppliers
2807:providers
2786:Interxion
2781:Openreach
2766:CityFibre
2744:providers
2735:Companies
2601:BT Museum
2400:standards
2287:Sovereign
2139:BT Centre
2111:Buildings
2058:BT Mobile
2048:BT Fusion
2012:EE Mobile
1862:BT Marine
1846:BT Italia
1826:Openreach
1783:Divisions
1476:655205099
1446:497380538
1401:776529627
748:Liverpool
719:Equipment
566:coal hulk
378:wayleaves
363:Liverpool
298:shillings
149:telegraph
143:Formation
59:telegraph
4804:Category
4691:Internet
4681:CYCLADES
4598:Ethernet
4548:Concepts
4472:terminal
4423:wireless
4246:Bob Kahn
4089:Pioneers
3914:Internet
3805:Cable TV
3718:Category
3604:History,
3555:Guernsey
3505:Anguilla
3358:Standard
3353:PicoChip
3302:Sarantel
3250:T-Mobile
3099:Voipfone
3078:Vodafone
3054:Giffgaff
3029:Leetline
3004:Three UK
2966:Business
2960:TalkTalk
2912:Inmarsat
2887:Claranet
2831:BT Group
2776:Nexfibre
2655:Category
2570:BT Group
2530:N3 (NHS)
2469:ADSL Max
2464:System Y
2459:System X
2373:CANTAT-2
1988:services
1984:Products
1962:Open....
1957:6GMOBILE
1867:dabs.com
1776:BT Group
1578:Archived
1566:Archived
1521:archived
1514:archived
990:archived
775:See also
758:(1865).
750:(1864),
674:Resolute
652:and the
648:between
642:Weymouth
640:between
634:Alderney
630:Guernsey
602:Abermawr
583:Holyhead
415:between
374:Magnetic
337:Chartist
309:Moorgate
286:Plymouth
261:Brussels
173:Lothbury
94:Magnetic
4824:Commons
4814:Outline
4767:Oceania
4686:FidoNet
4671:ARPANET
4484:circuit
4053:digital
3782:History
3731:Commons
3525:Bermuda
3321:Defunct
3307:Spirent
3280:Current
3195:Mercury
3165:Energis
3118:Defunct
2907:Entanet
2865:Plusnet
2814:Current
2805:Service
2667:Commons
2563:History
2540:Prestel
2493:Defunct
2484:YouView
2479:1-5-7-1
2474:Redcare
2414:BT 21CN
2407:Current
2122:Current
2041:Defunct
2022:EE WiFi
1995:Current
1947:LineOne
1942:Telfort
1937:Dialcom
1897:O2 (UK)
1884:Plusnet
1836:Plusnet
1794:Current
606:Berwick
598:Wexford
591:Monarch
579:Monarch
572:Ireland
558:Monarch
531:Monarch
514:to the
508:Monarch
500:Monarch
496:sheaves
492:Monarch
484:Monarch
465:Monarch
458:Monarch
448:Monarch
433:Monarch
393:duopoly
331:In the
290:Bristol
265:Antwerp
167:, with
127:on the
121:Monarch
109:Ireland
4762:Europe
4732:Africa
4716:Usenet
4676:BITNET
4613:Mobile
4489:packet
3998:MOSFET
3993:device
3790:Beacon
3728:
3715:
3565:Jersey
3312:Telent
3230:Rabbit
3210:Orange
3185:Ionica
3170:Family
3034:No One
3011:SMARTY
2973:Mobile
2931:Lebara
2879:CMLink
2751:Arqiva
2626:People
2525:NHSnet
2368:TAT-14
2268:Former
2259:LinkUK
1927:Tymnet
1912:Ribbit
1855:Former
1548:
1496:
1474:
1459:
1444:
1429:
1414:
1399:
1379:
1364:
632:, and
626:Jersey
512:Solent
423:using
282:Exeter
223:Rocket
205:Slough
189:Samson
111:, the
4745:South
4740:North
4701:JANET
4638:Telex
4628:Radio
4467:Nodes
4462:Links
4383:media
3961:Radio
3946:Pager
3874:Drums
3840:video
3835:image
3825:audio
3643:Buzby
3471:MaNAP
3461:LONAP
3425:Ofcom
3371:Other
3292:Icera
3225:Pipex
3215:Ovivo
2998:Three
2993:Tesco
2955:spusu
2616:Buzby
2589:Other
2378:SAT-2
2363:TAT-9
2358:TAT-8
2353:TAT-1
2017:EE TV
986:CAMRA
676:from
587:Howth
323:pub.
246:from
73:, an
4757:Asia
4643:UUCP
4603:ISDN
3383:Hibu
3348:Pace
1872:Hibu
1546:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1472:OCLC
1457:ISBN
1442:OCLC
1427:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1397:OCLC
1377:ISBN
1362:ISBN
638:Elba
463:The
419:and
284:and
220:(of
163:for
155:and
65:and
49:The
4648:WAN
4618:NGN
4608:LAN
3889:Fax
3830:DCT
3489:and
3485:In
3328:CSR
3205:NTL
3125:AOL
3019:Tru
2941:Sky
2550:TXK
2545:TXE
2398:and
2285:CS
2113:and
1986:and
1785:and
951:doi
624:of
263:to
55:ETC
41:An
4841::
3047:O2
2980:TV
2858:EE
1831:EE
1531:,
1389:,
984:,
945:,
931:^
771:.
715:.
713:BT
680:.
628:,
608:.
568:.
526:.
487:.
478:hp
443:.
276:.
216:,
212:,
161:MP
159:,
139:.
107:,
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4771:(
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3752:v
3516:)
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2695:t
2688:v
1768:e
1761:t
1754:v
1610:e
1603:t
1596:v
1552:.
1500:.
1485:,
1478:.
1463:.
1448:.
1433:.
1403:.
1383:.
1368:.
953::
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
