39:
133:
237:
2953:
2966:
293:. This instrument was the cheapest of any of the instruments produced at the time, but like all needle telegraphs, was slower than audible systems due to the operator having to continually look up at the instrument while transcribing the message. Some companies moved to needle instruments with endstops making two different sounds when the needle struck them (an innovation of
538:, or in built up areas, from rooftop to rooftop. Partly, the Magnetic buried cables for better protection from the elements. However, a more pressing reason was that many railway companies had exclusive agreements with the Electric, which shut out the Magnetic. Further, the British Telegraph Company, had exclusive rights for overhead lines on public roads, and the
360:. For the 1866 cable, it was planned to use the Magnetic's opposite polarity pulse method, but doubts were expressed over whether it would work over such a great distance. Magnetic connected together various of their British underground cables to provide a total line length of over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) for
499:, in the autumn of 1852. The cable was too taut as she sailed from Portpatrick, resulting in the test instruments being dragged into the sea. Several delays caused by broken iron wires as the cable was laid, resulted in the ship drifting off course and running out of cable and this attempt too was abandoned.
640:
at the
Magnetic's Liverpool headquarters in November 1856. Brett was one of the founders of this company and the Magnetic's shareholders were inclined to invest because they expected that the transatlantic traffic would mean more business for the Magnetic's Irish lines. This was because the landing
420:
works with the intention of being first to get a telegraph connection to
Ireland. This Newall cable was only lightly armoured with an open 'bird-cage' structure of the iron wires, there was no cushioning layer between the core and the armour, and the insulation was not properly tested before laying
194:
to Europe. From about 1857, the
Magnetic had an agreement with them that all their submarine cables were to be used only with the landlines of the Magnetic. The Magnetic also had control of the first cable to Ireland. This control of international traffic gave them a significant advantage in the
566:
Wires on poles do not need to be electrically insulated (although they may have a protective coating). This is not so with underground lines. These must be insulated from the ground and from each other. The insulation must also be waterproof. Good insulating materials were not available in the
284:
which caused a deflection of the corresponding needle at both ends of the line. The needles were magnetised and so arranged that they were held in position by the permanent magnet after deflection. The operator was able to apply a current in the reverse direction so that there were two positions
513:
per mile. At over 180 fathoms (330 m) down, it was the deepest cable laid to that date. Repairs to the cable in 1861 required 128 splices. Tests on pieces of retrieved cable found that the copper wire used was very impure, containing less than 50% copper, despite the Gutta Percha
Company
332:
making the transmission unintelligible unless messages are sent at a much slower speed. The
Magnetic found that if they generated pulses of opposite polarity to the main pulse and slightly delayed from it, the retarded signal was sufficiently cancelled to make the line usable at normal operator
623:
in the gutta-percha evaporating, leaving just a porous, woody residue. Bright tried to overcome this by reinjecting the oils, but with limited success. This problem was the main driver for acquiring the unprofitable
British Telegraph Company—so that the Magnetic inherited their overhead cable
459:
on the
Portpatrick to Donaghadee route. This construction proved problematic because it floated (the Submarine Telegraph Company's Dover to Calais cable in 1850 was also lightweight, having no protection at all other than the insulation, but they had taken the precaution of adding periodic lead
579:
in the 1930s, and it was not used for submarine cables until the 1940s. On cooling, gutta-percha is hard, durable, and waterproof, making it suitable for underground (and later submarine) cables. This was the cable chosen by the
Magnetic for its underground lines.
214:. It promoted its agency by offering lower rates to customers who used it than the rates for customers who wanted connections to rival agencies. In 1870, The Magnetic, along with several other telegraph companies including the Electric, were
2770:
317:. They are so arranged that the right and left bells are struck according to whether a positive or negative pulse of current is received on the telegraph line. Such bells make a much louder sound than the clicking of a needle.
588:. Once the submarine link was in place, Dublin could be connected to London via Manchester and Liverpool. In the west of Ireland, by 1855 they had laid cables that stretched down the entire length of the island on the route
206:
service within London only. They shared headquarters and directors with the
Magnetic. The Magnetic installed their lines and trained their staff in return for the District passing on traffic for the Magnetic outside London.
470:
For their cable, Magnetic were more careful in testing the insulation of batches of cable than Newall. Coils of cable were hung over the side of the dock and left to soak before testing. They used a new type of battery for
467:, assisted by tugs. The strong sea currents in the Irish Sea, much deeper than the English Channel, dragged the cable into a large bow and there was consequently insufficient length to land it. The attempt was abandoned.
583:
In
Ireland too, the Magnetic developed an extensive network of underground cables. In 1851, in anticipation of the submarine cable connection being laid to Donaghadee, the Magnetic laid an underground cable to
542:
had exclusive rights along canals. The Magnetic had a particular problem in reaching London. Their solution was to run buried cables along major roads. Ten wires were installed in this way along the route
288:
In later years, the Magnetic used other telegraph systems. After the takeover of the British Telegraph Company, the Magnetic acquired the rights to the needle telegraph instrument of that company's founder,
1941:
612:. The relationship of the Magnetic with Irish railway companies was the exact opposite of that in Britain. The Magnetic obtained exclusive agreements with many railways, including in 1858 with the
3028:
571:
sent samples of gutta-percha to Europe in 1843, the Gutta Percha Company started making gutta-percha insulated electrical cable from 1848 onwards. Gutta-percha is a natural rubber that is
2655:
2993:
2825:
356:, including Pender. Dispersion on the 1858 Atlantic cable had been so severe that it was almost unusable: it was destroyed by misguided attempts to solve the problem using high
1934:
328:
travels at different speeds on the cable. Part of the pulse appears to be 'retarded', arriving later than the rest at the destination. This 'smearing out' of the pulse
1927:
2998:
2971:
430:
164:
through a merger of the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company and the British Telegraph Company (originally known as the British Electric Telegraph Company).
2691:
1888:
38:
1751:
534:. The Magnetic developed an extensive underground cable network from 1851 onwards. This was in contrast to other companies who used wires suspended between
2696:
1783:
3023:
381:
The company's first objective, in 1852, was to provide the first telegraph service between Great Britain and Ireland by means of a submarine cable between
160:
in connecting England with France with the first ocean cable to be put in service. The British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed in 1857 in
3013:
3008:
2830:
3003:
2958:
1650:
2775:
483:). The new 'sand battery' comprised a moulded gutta-percha case filled with sand saturated with electrolyte, making it virtually unspillable. 144
433:
as engineer, and thence to Dublin via underground cable along the railway line. Laying of the submarine cable was completed on 1 June 1852 by the
244:
The telegraph system of the Magnetic was somewhat different from other companies. This was largely because the Electric held the patents for the
324:
on long submarine telegraph cables. The poorly understood phenomenon at that time was called retardation because different parts of a telegraph
81:. This system was problematic because of the limitations of insulation materials available at the time, but the Magnetic was constrained by the
3018:
2858:
1908:
575:, so is good for continuous processes like cable making. Synthetic thermoplastic insulating material was not available until the invention of
2893:
309:) known as Bright's bells. In this system, two bells placed either side of the operator are rung with a hammer made to strike the bell by a
1966:
172:
530:
along railways in its home area. One of their first lines was ten unarmoured wires buried in the space between two railway tracks of the
1792:
187:
in London, in recognition that they were no longer a regional company. They shared these premises with the Submarine Telegraph Company.
2815:
2785:
17:
2650:
1776:
285:
that the needle could be held in. The code consisted of various combinations of successive needle deflections to the left or right.
2780:
1950:
2928:
2903:
2380:
190:
The company had a close relationship with the Submarine Telegraph Company who laid the first cable to France and many subsequent
2760:
2800:
2660:
112:
and for a while had a monopoly on underwater, and hence, international communication. They also closely cooperated with the
77:
The Magnetic's telegraph system differed from other telegraph companies. They favoured underground cables rather than wires
1769:
502:
Magnetic were successful with a new cable in 1853 over the same route, with Newall this time using the chartered Newcastle
156:
was the chief engineer. The company's initial objective was to connect Britain with Ireland following the success of the
70:(the Electric), and became the leading company in Ireland. The two companies dominated the market until the telegraph was
2863:
2495:
1831:
1377:
Ash, Stewart, "The development of submarine cables", ch. 1 in, Burnett, Douglas R.; Beckman, Robert; Davenport, Tara M.,
434:
416:
Despite having the contract to lay the Magnetic company's cable, Newall also secretly constructed another cable at their
619:
In 1856, the Magnetic discovered that the insulation of cables laid in dry soil was deteriorating. This was due to the
2938:
2820:
2142:
1816:
2430:
1821:
1386:
624:
rights. From this point, the Magnetic avoided laying new underground cables except where it was essential to do so.
334:
264:
and came in double-needle or single-needle versions. The machine was worked by the operator pushing pedal keys. An
199:
113:
690:
as a 254 ton barque with an added steam engine, built in 1827 at Yarmouth; no source to support this has been found.
2933:
2810:
2750:
1826:
1394:
Girdle Round the Earth: The Story of Cable and Wireless and Its Predecessors to Mark the Group's Jubilee, 1929–1979
539:
531:
352:. Magnetic were strongly connected with this project; Bright promoted it and shares were sold largely to Magnetic
409:. Before this could be achieved, two other companies attempted to be the first to make the connection across the
2790:
2711:
491:). Several suspect portions of insulation were removed and repaired, by opening up the iron wire armouring with
1142:
1098:
1045:
1019:
2908:
2795:
2745:
2598:
2573:
1728:
1597:
1567:
1552:
1537:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1442:
1427:
1409:
475:
that was capable of being used at sea. Previously, the test batteries had been lined wooden cases with liquid
294:
245:
2765:
2670:
2395:
2084:
1961:
637:
613:
345:
2740:
455:
In July of the same year, the Electric Telegraph Company of Ireland tried using an insulated cable inside a
2805:
2732:
641:
point for the cable was in Ireland and traffic would therefore have to pass through the Magnetic's lines.
2754:
2645:
2480:
2470:
1883:
1852:
1662:
1658:
157:
109:
522:
The Magnetic's network was centred on northern England, Scotland, and Ireland, with its headquarters in
2440:
2400:
2370:
1898:
1857:
1806:
653:. They were paid according to the speed with which they could send messages, up to the maximum of ten
633:
349:
168:
67:
66:. The Magnetic became the principal competitor to the largest telegraph company in the United Kingdom,
1149:. No. XXIV/6. The British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). 24 September 1852. p. 1
30:
2868:
2001:
1862:
1635:
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics
325:
253:
191:
108:
to Ireland and developed an extensive telegraph network there. They had a close connection with the
105:
98:
90:
1919:
421:
because of the great hurry to get the job done before Magnetic was ready. This cable was laid from
2878:
2706:
2475:
2132:
329:
176:
2835:
1691:
1671:
2888:
2390:
2098:
1893:
2213:
132:
2583:
2435:
1755:
1688:
Catalogue of the Special Loan Collection of Scientific Apparatus at the South Kensington Museum
1607:
1448:
1105:. No. 5247. The British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). 30 July 1852. p. 4
402:
298:
153:
1734:
1052:. No. 5222. The British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). 2 June 1852. p. 2
1026:. No. 5221. The British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). 31 May 1852. p. 2
2308:
1996:
1720:
Dot-Dash to Dot.Com: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet
661:
was achieved. It was a popular job with unmarried women who otherwise had few good options.
265:
257:
2420:
1878:
1611:
1485:
A Victorian Scientist and Engineer: Fleeming Jenkin and the Birth of Electrical Engineering
484:
394:
269:
59:
2119:
248:. The name of the company refers to the fact that their telegraph system did not require
89:
which were required on other systems. Instead the operator generated the necessary power
8:
2460:
2415:
2061:
1836:
568:
321:
302:
184:
1701:
1630:
495:. Newall attempted to lay the Sunderland-made cable, again using the chartered steamer
2923:
2918:
2727:
2716:
2618:
2500:
2091:
472:
361:
219:
145:
63:
301:
on its more busy lines. This was the acoustic telegraph (not to be confused with the
93:. The coded message was sent by the operator moving handles which moved coils past a
2898:
2206:
1724:
1707:
1679:
1619:
1593:
1578:
1563:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1458:
1438:
1423:
1405:
1397:
1382:
609:
445:
236:
2445:
2425:
2163:
2036:
1697:
616:. In Ireland, it was the Electric's turn to be forced on to the roads and canals.
492:
281:
277:
261:
249:
94:
86:
1718:
1616:
Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867
2686:
2578:
2281:
2137:
1452:
338:
215:
179:. By the end of the 1850s, the Electric and Magnetic companies were virtually a
71:
297:
in 1845) to solve this problem. The Magnetic instead used an 1854 invention of
2264:
2200:
535:
503:
438:
398:
273:
85:
owned by other companies on better routes. They were also unique in not using
78:
1761:
2987:
2913:
2853:
2568:
2410:
2375:
2365:
2187:
2031:
620:
572:
509:. This was a six-core cable and heavier than the 1852 cable, weighing seven
452:. However, the cable failed a few days later and was never put into service.
290:
699:
Huurdeman, p. 129, credits the laying of this cable to the Magnetic Company.
183:
in Britain. In 1859, the Magnetic moved its headquarters from Liverpool to
2527:
2349:
2301:
2233:
2228:
2113:
1903:
1711:
1603:
1415:
650:
576:
480:
390:
365:
306:
211:
121:
1683:
1623:
1608:"Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy"
1582:
1522:
1462:
120:
service in London. The Magnetic was amongst the first to employ women as
2873:
2490:
2324:
2238:
2220:
2077:
2066:
476:
382:
353:
223:
149:
1641:
1401:
2537:
2485:
2344:
2331:
2176:
2157:
2011:
552:
548:
527:
406:
386:
2450:
2181:
2026:
2021:
2006:
1949:
1470:
The Life Story of the Late Sir Charles Tilston Bright, Civil Engineer
523:
456:
444:
of 1825, usually used as a cattle ship, and with assistance from the
417:
410:
161:
29:"Magnetic Telegraph Company" redirects here. For the US company, see
2656:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
364:
testing. Dispersion was not eliminated from submarine cables until
344:
The Magnetic played a part in solving the dispersion problem on the
2593:
2588:
2542:
2339:
2318:
2294:
2259:
2244:
2152:
2127:
2071:
2016:
654:
601:
589:
560:
526:. Like most other telegraph companies, it ran its major telegraph
461:
422:
310:
203:
117:
82:
2547:
2405:
2287:
2147:
2105:
556:
357:
677:
Hills, p. 294, citing Barty-King, p. 11, says the date was 1856.
3029:
Telecommunications companies disestablished in the 19th century
2552:
2251:
2171:
1991:
605:
597:
585:
544:
202:(the District), formed in 1859. The District provided a cheap
180:
2883:
2701:
2665:
2532:
2465:
2455:
2195:
593:
426:
314:
1752:
Henley's magneto electric double needle telegraph, 1848–1852
2623:
2994:
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
144:(which was also known as the Magnetic) was established by
658:
649:
The Magnetic was an early advocate of employing women as
510:
320:
The Magnetic found a method of overcoming the problem of
136:
Stamp of the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company
240:
Plan view of the Henley and Foster two-needle telegraph
62:
services and infrastructure. It was founded in 1850 by
1889:
India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company
1575:
The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History
1637:, vol. 76, iss. 4, pp. 478–482, September 1957.
1046:"The Submarine Telegraph between Holyhead and Howth"
1020:"The Submarine Telegraph between Holyhead and Howth"
333:
speeds. This system was developed theoretically by
2697:Internet Telephony Services Providers' Association
1437:, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001
198:Another company with a close relationship was the
1951:Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom
2999:Telecommunications companies established in 1857
2985:
1530:The Struggle for Control of Global Communication
1379:Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy
1791:
460:weights to sink the cable). It was laid from a
2859:British Approvals Board for Telecommunications
1909:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
1703:The Rise and Extension of Submarine Telegraphy
1618:, vol. 4, US Government Printing Office, 1870
376:
368:started to be used on them from 1906 onwards.
31:Samuel Morse § Magnetic Telegraph Company
1935:
1872:Cable manufacturing and maintenance companies
1777:
1590:The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology
252:. Power for the transmissions was generated
1967:Science and technology in the United Kingdom
1812:British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company
1468:Bright, Edward Brailsford; Bright, Charles,
1422:, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001
173:Electric and International Telegraph Company
167:The main competitor of the Magnetic was the
142:English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company
48:British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company
3024:Technology companies disestablished in 1870
1560:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
2431:London & Provincial District Telegraph
1942:
1928:
1784:
1770:
1741:, vol. 12, pp. 110–113, 10 June 1875.
3014:1857 establishments in the United Kingdom
3009:Telegraph companies of the United Kingdom
2651:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
1735:"The progress of the telegraph: part VII"
3004:British companies disestablished in 1870
2826:South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
871:Shaffner, vol. 1, p. 201; vol. 2, p. 369
235:
131:
37:
2904:Interception of Communications Act 1985
1706:, London: J.S. Virtue & Co., 1891
14:
2986:
2692:Internet Service Providers Association
632:Brett started the fundraising for the
3019:British companies established in 1857
2661:International Telecommunication Union
1923:
1765:
1420:Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS: 1802-1875
1143:"Progress of the Submarine Telegraph"
1099:"The Anglo-Irish Submarine Telegraph"
2965:
2386:British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph
2381:Bonelli's Electric Telegraph Company
1532:,University of Illinois Press, 2002
1381:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014
883:Shaffner (1855), vol. 2, pp. 163–166
567:early days of telegraphy, but after
371:
175:(the Electric for short) founded by
2864:British Telecommunications Act 1981
1832:Universal Private Telegraph Company
1592:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006
1502:, Cambridge University Press, 2009
1472:, Cambridge University Press, 2012
435:City of Dublin Steam Packet Company
330:interferes with neighbouring pulses
229:
24:
1817:British Electric Telegraph Company
393:insulated copper wire made by the
127:
25:
3040:
1822:London District Telegraph Company
1745:
1678:, vol. 2, pp. 162–167, 1855
1649:ch. 5, "Competitors and allies",
1547:, Cornell University Press, 2005
627:
260:and George Foster in 1848, was a
200:London District Telegraph Company
114:London District Telegraph Company
2964:
2952:
2951:
2934:UK telephone code misconceptions
1827:United Kingdom Telegraph Company
1631:"Loading coils for ocean cables"
1457:, London: Crosby Lockwood, 1898
644:
540:United Kingdom Telegraph Company
532:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
389:in Ireland. The cable core was
1515:Cableships and Submarine Cables
1371:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1091:
1082:
1064:
1038:
1012:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
904:
895:
874:
865:
856:
847:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
693:
680:
517:
268:connected to the key moved two
2771:British Indian Ocean Territory
2396:Cable & Wireless Worldwide
1676:Shaffner's Telegraph Companion
1670:Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston,
1347:Bright & Bright, pp. 72–73
1266:Bright & Bright, pp. 74–75
913:Bright & Bright, pp. 67–71
799:Bright & Bright, pp. 73–74
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
712:
671:
246:Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph
13:
1:
2671:Phone-paid Services Authority
2085:BT Business and Public Sector
1962:Economy of the United Kingdom
1667:, Pudney & Russell, 1859.
706:
638:transatlantic telegraph cable
614:Midland Great Western Railway
346:transatlantic telegraph cable
280:. This generated a pulse of
210:The Magnetic founded its own
171:, later, after a merger, the
2733:British Overseas Territories
1659:Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston
487:were used in series (around
337:and demonstrated to work by
104:The Magnetic laid the first
7:
2755:British Antarctic Territory
2646:Broadband Stakeholder Group
2496:Universal Private Telegraph
1899:Glass, Elliot & Company
1853:Submarine Telegraph Company
1793:British telegraph companies
1513:Haigh, Kenneth Richardson,
1500:Radio-Frequency Electronics
377:First connection to Ireland
256:. The system, invented by
158:Submarine Telegraph Company
110:Submarine Telegraph Company
10:
3045:
2441:National Telephone Company
2401:Electric Telegraph Company
2371:Atlantic Telegraph Company
1858:Atlantic Telegraph Company
1807:Electric Telegraph Company
1672:"Magneto-electric battery"
1577:, David and Charles, 1973
1396:, London: Heinemann, 1979
1248:Bright & Bright, p. 73
841:Bright & Bright, p. 74
634:Atlantic Telegraph Company
350:Atlantic Telegraph Company
192:submarine telegraph cables
169:Electric Telegraph Company
97:thus generating telegraph
68:Electric Telegraph Company
52:Magnetic Telegraph Company
28:
18:Magnetic Telegraph Company
2947:
2869:British telephone sockets
2844:
2725:
2679:
2636:
2611:
2561:
2520:
2513:
2358:
2054:
2045:
2002:BT Wholesale and Ventures
1982:
1975:
1957:
1871:
1863:Eastern Telegraph Company
1846:Submarine cable companies
1845:
1799:
152:also had an interest and
106:submarine telegraph cable
2879:BT site engineering code
2831:Turks and Caicos Islands
2707:London Internet Exchange
2391:Cable & Wireless plc
1884:Hooper's Telegraph Works
1646:, distantwriting.co.uk,
686:Haigh, p. 36, describes
664:
636:'s project to build the
403:R. S. Newall and Company
399:armoured with iron wires
177:William Fothergill Cooke
2929:Telephone numbers in UK
2889:Communications Act 2003
1894:R.S. Newall and Company
1480:(first published 1898).
1449:Bright, Charles Tilston
431:William Henry Woodhouse
42:Company telegraph stamp
2776:British Virgin Islands
2584:Marconi Communications
1756:Science Museum, London
299:Charles Tilston Bright
241:
154:Charles Tilston Bright
137:
43:
2741:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2309:Virgin Media Business
1997:Babcock International
1612:Blake, William Phipps
1558:Huurdeman, Anton A.,
1517:, Adlard Coles, 1968
1435:History of Telegraphy
258:William Thomas Henley
239:
135:
116:who provided a cheap
41:
2894:Earth stations in UK
2421:Gutta Percha Company
2143:Cable & Wireless
2062:Andrews & Arnold
1879:Gutta Percha Company
1664:The Telegraph Manual
1454:Submarine Telegraphs
1147:Londonderry Sentinel
395:Gutta Percha Company
295:Cooke and Wheatstone
58:) was a provider of
2481:Submarine Telegraph
2416:General Post Office
1837:General Post Office
1573:Kieve, Jeffrey L.,
1103:Dublin Evening Mail
1050:Dublin Evening Mail
1024:Dublin Evening Mail
901:Bowers, pp. 150–151
651:telegraph operators
569:William Montgomerie
429:, near Dublin with
303:acoustic telegraphy
254:electromagnetically
185:Threadneedle Street
122:telegraph operators
91:electromagnetically
2939:Web blocking in UK
2924:Telegraph Act 1885
2919:Telegraph Act 1868
2728:Crown Dependencies
2717:Symbian Foundation
2619:Carphone Warehouse
2092:BT Global Services
1483:Cookson, Gillian,
1392:Barty-King, Hugh,
1356:Kieve, pp. 106–107
1221:Smith, pp. 302–303
928:Hagen, pp. 300–311
916:Morse, pp. 116–117
493:Spanish windlasses
473:insulation testing
405:at their works in
362:proof of principle
242:
220:Telegraph Act 1868
138:
79:suspended on poles
44:
2981:
2980:
2899:Hull Colour Pages
2639:regulatory bodies
2632:
2631:
2607:
2606:
2509:
2508:
2334:
2327:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2276:
2271:
2254:
2247:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2190:
2166:
2122:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
1917:
1916:
1723:, Springer, 2011
1698:Smith, Willoughby
1640:Roberts, Steven,
1076:Bright, pp. 13–14
1006:Bright, pp. 13–14
973:Bright, pp. 25–26
955:Bright, pp. 31–32
745:Huurdeman, p. 129
721:Huurdeman, p. 129
657:per week when 10
372:Telegraph network
195:domestic market.
50:(also called the
16:(Redirected from
3036:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2836:Tristan da Cunha
2816:Pitcairn Islands
2786:Falkland Islands
2761:Ascension Island
2518:
2517:
2330:
2323:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2274:
2269:
2250:
2243:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2186:
2164:Eclipse Internet
2162:
2138:The Co-operative
2118:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2052:
2051:
2037:Telehouse Europe
1980:
1979:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1800:Inland companies
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1543:Hunt, Bruce J.,
1498:Hagen, John B.,
1487:, Ashgate, 2000
1433:Beauchamp, Ken,
1366:
1365:Beauchamp, p. 77
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:Beauchamp, p. 77
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:Haigh, pp. 26–27
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1239:Beauchamp, p. 77
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:Beauchamp, p. 77
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1185:Haigh, pp. 36–37
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:Smith, pp. 22–23
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1073:Smith, pp. 21–22
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1016:
1010:
1003:Smith, pp. 21–22
998:
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989:
983:
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974:
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953:
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935:
929:
926:
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902:
899:
893:
878:
872:
869:
863:
862:Beauchamp, p. 77
860:
854:
851:
845:
833:
827:
824:
818:
817:Kieve, pp. 56–59
815:
809:
808:Hills, pp. 62–63
806:
800:
797:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
772:Beauchamp, p. 77
770:
764:
761:
755:
752:
746:
743:
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734:
728:
716:
700:
697:
691:
684:
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675:
514:specifying 85%.
490:
385:in Scotland and
278:permanent magnet
262:needle telegraph
230:Telegraph system
222:and the company
95:permanent magnet
21:
3044:
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2721:
2687:GSM Association
2680:Industry bodies
2675:
2638:
2628:
2603:
2579:Marconi Company
2557:
2505:
2354:
2282:Virgin Media O2
2047:
2041:
1984:
1971:
1953:
1948:
1918:
1913:
1867:
1841:
1795:
1790:
1748:
1717:Wheen, Andrew,
1643:Distant Writing
1588:Mercer, David,
1545:The Maxwellians
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685:
681:
676:
672:
667:
647:
630:
536:telegraph poles
520:
488:
379:
374:
339:Fleeming Jenkin
335:William Thomson
232:
130:
128:Company history
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3042:
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2781:Cayman Islands
2778:
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2316:
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2272:
2265:Trunk Networks
2262:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2198:
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2155:
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2043:
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2039:
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1994:
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1983:Infrastructure
1977:
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1746:External links
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1629:Newell, E.L.,
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1088:Smith, pp. 7–8
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982:Newell, p. 478
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838:Bright, p. 110
835:
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763:Roberts, ch. 5
756:
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621:essential oils
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274:magnetic field
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2501:Virgin Mobile
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2376:Be Un Limited
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2188:Sky Broadband
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2032:TelecityGroup
2030:
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
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1689:
1686:. See also,
1685:
1681:
1677:
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1645:
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1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:Morse, Samuel
1602:
1599:
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1576:
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1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:Hills, Jill,
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
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1490:
1486:
1482:
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1471:
1467:
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1450:
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1444:
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1436:
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1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:Bowers, Brian
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:9789004260320
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1329:Bright, p. 24
1326:
1320:Bright, p. 25
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1203:Smith, p. 101
1200:
1194:Bright, p. 14
1191:
1182:
1173:
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1148:
1144:
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1129:
1120:
1104:
1100:
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1025:
1021:
1015:
1005:
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997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
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943:
937:Bright, p. 26
934:
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769:
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742:
736:Hills, p. 294
733:
724:Hills, p. 294
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696:
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683:
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645:Social issues
642:
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625:
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611:
607:
603:
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581:
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573:thermoplastic
570:
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546:
541:
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512:
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486:
482:
481:Daniell cells
478:
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437:'s chartered
436:
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27:
19:
2970:
2957:
2821:Saint Helena
2528:Arm Holdings
2385:
2350:Zen Internet
2302:Virgin Media
2229:Telecom Plus
2114:China Mobile
1904:W. T. Henley
1811:
1738:
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1702:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1653:1 July 2016.
1642:
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1484:
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1434:
1419:
1393:
1378:
1372:Bibliography
1361:
1352:
1343:
1338:Kieve, p. 54
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1284:Wheen, p. 83
1280:
1275:Bright, p. 5
1271:
1262:
1257:Bright, p. 5
1253:
1244:
1235:
1230:Bright, p. 5
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1167:Smith, p. 24
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1128:
1123:Smith, p. 22
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1084:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1023:
1014:
996:
991:Smith, p. 21
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
906:
897:
886:
876:
867:
858:
853:Mercer, p. 8
849:
831:
826:Hills, p. 66
822:
813:
804:
795:
790:Kieve, p. 55
786:
781:Hills, p. 22
777:
768:
759:
754:Smith, p. 21
750:
741:
732:
714:
695:
687:
682:
673:
648:
631:
618:
582:
577:polyethylene
565:
521:
518:Land network
507:William Hutt
506:
501:
496:
469:
464:
454:
449:
441:
425:in Wales to
415:
397:. This was
391:gutta-percha
380:
354:shareholders
343:
319:
313:driven by a
307:multiplexing
287:
272:through the
243:
233:
216:nationalised
212:press agency
209:
197:
189:
166:
141:
139:
103:
76:
72:nationalised
55:
51:
47:
45:
35:
26:
2874:BT Research
2847:legislation
2801:Isle of Man
2753:(including
2574:GEC Plessey
2476:Sainsbury's
2461:Post Office
2325:Vodafone UK
2078:BT Consumer
2067:Asda Mobile
1692:p. 301
1153:13 February
1109:13 February
1056:13 February
1030:13 February
964:Hunt, p. 64
528:trunk lines
477:electrolyte
383:Portpatrick
150:John Pender
2988:Categories
2811:Montserrat
2751:Antarctica
2538:Metaswitch
2486:Tiscali UK
2345:WightFibre
2332:Talkmobile
2177:Lycamobile
2158:KCOM Group
2133:Colt Group
2012:KCOM Group
1729:1441967605
1712:1079820592
1598:031333207X
1568:0471205052
1553:0801482348
1538:0252027574
1508:052188974X
1493:0754600793
1478:1108052886
1443:0852967926
1428:0852961030
1410:0434049026
1302:Ash, p. 29
1176:Ash, p. 22
707:References
610:Cape Clear
553:Manchester
549:Birmingham
407:Sunderland
387:Donaghadee
322:dispersion
305:method of
218:under the
148:in 1850.
146:John Brett
64:John Brett
2791:Gibraltar
2514:Suppliers
2048:providers
2027:Interxion
2022:Openreach
2007:CityFibre
1985:providers
1976:Companies
1684:191123856
1624:752259860
1583:655205099
1523:497380538
1463:776529627
688:Britannia
655:shillings
524:Liverpool
497:Britannia
457:hemp rope
448:with HMS
446:Admiralty
442:Britannia
418:Gateshead
411:Irish Sea
250:batteries
162:Liverpool
87:batteries
83:wayleaves
74:in 1870.
60:telegraph
2959:Category
2845:History,
2796:Guernsey
2746:Anguilla
2599:Standard
2594:PicoChip
2543:Sarantel
2491:T-Mobile
2340:Voipfone
2319:Vodafone
2295:Giffgaff
2270:Leetline
2245:Three UK
2207:Business
2201:TalkTalk
2153:Inmarsat
2128:Claranet
2072:BT Group
2017:Nexfibre
1651:archived
889:, p. 111
602:Limerick
590:Portrush
561:Carlisle
465:Reliance
462:schooner
450:Prospero
423:Holyhead
311:solenoid
266:armature
224:wound up
204:telegram
118:telegram
56:Magnetic
2972:Commons
2766:Bermuda
2562:Defunct
2548:Spirent
2521:Current
2436:Mercury
2406:Energis
2359:Defunct
2148:Entanet
2106:Plusnet
2055:Current
2046:Service
1754:at the
1694:, 1876.
1402:6809756
557:Glasgow
504:collier
358:voltage
348:of the
282:current
54:or the
2969:
2956:
2806:Jersey
2553:Telent
2471:Rabbit
2451:Orange
2426:Ionica
2411:Family
2275:No One
2252:SMARTY
2214:Mobile
2172:Lebara
2120:CMLink
1992:Arqiva
1739:Nature
1727:
1710:
1682:
1622:
1614:(ed),
1610:, in,
1596:
1581:
1566:
1551:
1536:
1521:
1506:
1491:
1476:
1461:
1441:
1426:
1408:
1400:
1385:
887:Nature
606:Tralee
598:Galway
586:Dublin
545:London
181:cartel
99:pulses
2884:Buzby
2712:MaNAP
2702:LONAP
2666:Ofcom
2612:Other
2533:Icera
2466:Pipex
2456:Ovivo
2239:Three
2234:Tesco
2196:spusu
665:Notes
594:Sligo
489:150 V
485:cells
427:Howth
326:pulse
315:relay
276:of a
270:coils
2624:Hibu
2589:Pace
1725:ISBN
1708:OCLC
1680:OCLC
1620:OCLC
1594:ISBN
1579:OCLC
1564:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1519:OCLC
1504:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1459:OCLC
1439:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1398:OCLC
1383:ISBN
1155:2019
1111:2019
1058:2019
1032:2019
511:tons
140:The
46:The
2730:and
2726:In
2569:CSR
2446:NTL
2366:AOL
2260:Tru
2182:Sky
659:wpm
401:by
2990::
2288:O2
2221:TV
2099:EE
1737:,
1700:,
1690:,
1674:,
1661:,
1633:,
1606:,
1451:,
1418:,
1404:,
1145:.
1101:.
1048:.
1022:.
563:.
413:.
341:.
226:.
124:.
101:.
2757:)
1943:e
1936:t
1929:v
1785:e
1778:t
1771:v
1758:.
1731:.
1714:.
1626:.
1600:.
1585:.
1570:.
1555:.
1540:.
1525:.
1510:.
1495:.
1465:.
1445:.
1430:.
1412:.
1389:.
1157:.
1113:.
1060:.
1034:.
608:–
604:–
600:–
596:–
592:–
559:–
555:–
551:–
547:–
479:(
33:.
20:)
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