2208:) mixed with a resinous polymer binder. This is extruded as a sheet and passed over a line of powerful cylindrical permanent magnets. These magnets are arranged in a stack with alternating magnetic poles facing up (N, S, N, S...) on a rotating shaft. This impresses the plastic sheet with the magnetic poles in an alternating line format. No electromagnetism is used to generate the magnets. The pole-to-pole distance is on the order of 5 mm, but varies with manufacturer. These magnets are lower in magnetic strength but can be very flexible, depending on the binder used.
42:
1330:, rather than just a vector (like the magnetic moment), because different areas in a magnet can be magnetized with different directions and strengths (for example, because of domains, see below). A good bar magnet may have a magnetic moment of magnitude 0.1 A·m and a volume of 1 cm, or 1×10 m, and therefore an average magnetization magnitude is 100,000 A/m. Iron can have a magnetization of around a million amperes per meter. Such a large value explains why iron magnets are so effective at producing magnetic fields.
1339:
74:
2240:
1616:
2820:
2087:
1790:: Vinyl magnet sheets may be attached to paintings, photographs, and other ornamental articles, allowing them to be attached to refrigerators and other metal surfaces. Objects and paint can be applied directly to the magnet surface to create collage pieces of art. Metal magnetic boards, strips, doors, microwave ovens, dishwashers, cars, metal I beams, and any metal surface can be used magnetic vinyl art.
1152:
1605:
1801:
6165:. Chapter 9 discusses magnets and their magnetic fields using the concept of magnetic poles, but it also gives evidence that magnetic poles do not really exist in ordinary matter. Chapters 10 and 11, following what appears to be a 19th-century approach, use the pole concept to obtain the laws describing the magnetism of electric currents.
4485:
1160:
1699:. Dynamic microphones employ the same concept, but in reverse. A microphone has a diaphragm or membrane attached to a coil of wire. The coil rests inside a specially shaped magnet. When sound vibrates the membrane, the coil is vibrated as well. As the coil moves through the magnetic field, a voltage is
2355:
The current cheapest permanent magnets, allowing for field strengths, are flexible and ceramic magnets, but these are also among the weakest types. The ferrite magnets are mainly low-cost magnets since they are made from cheap raw materials: iron oxide and Ba- or Sr-carbonate. However, a new low cost
1851:
Magnets are found in process industries, food manufacturing especially, in order to remove metal foreign bodies from materials entering the process (raw materials) or to detect a possible contamination at the end of the process and prior to packaging. They constitute an important layer of protection
1355:
Although for many purposes it is convenient to think of a magnet as having distinct north and south magnetic poles, the concept of poles should not be taken literally: it is merely a way of referring to the two different ends of a magnet. The magnet does not have distinct north or south particles on
1944:
has been shown to increase the effect. Ferrous materials aligned with the Earth's magnetic field that are subject to vibration (e.g., frame of a conveyor) have been shown to acquire significant residual magnetism. Likewise, striking a steel nail held by fingers in a N-S direction with a hammer will
1883:
Because human tissues have a very low level of susceptibility to static magnetic fields, there is little mainstream scientific evidence showing a health effect associated with exposure to static fields. Dynamic magnetic fields may be a different issue, however; correlations between electromagnetic
1735:: Some electric motors rely upon a combination of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet, and, much like loudspeakers, they convert electric energy into mechanical energy. A generator is the reverse: it converts mechanical energy into electric energy by moving a conductor through a magnetic field.
2404:
If the coil of wire is wrapped around a material with no special magnetic properties (e.g., cardboard), it will tend to generate a very weak field. However, if it is wrapped around a soft ferromagnetic material, such as an iron nail, then the net field produced can result in a several hundred- to
2161:
and small amounts of other elements added to enhance the properties of the magnet. Sintering offers superior mechanical characteristics, whereas casting delivers higher magnetic fields and allows for the design of intricate shapes. Alnico magnets resist corrosion and have physical properties more
1912:) generate enormous magnetic fields, and therefore rooms intended to hold them exclude ferrous metals. Bringing objects made of ferrous metals (such as oxygen canisters) into such a room creates a severe safety risk, as those objects may be powerfully thrown about by the intense magnetic fields.
1281:
tending to orient the magnetic moment parallel to the field. The amount of this torque is proportional both to the magnetic moment and the external field. A magnet may also be subject to a force driving it in one direction or another, according to the positions and orientations of the magnet and
2290:
In the 1990s, it was discovered that certain molecules containing paramagnetic metal ions are capable of storing a magnetic moment at very low temperatures. These are very different from conventional magnets that store information at a magnetic domain level and theoretically could provide a far
3228:
The pole description is useful to the engineers designing real-world magnets, but real magnets have a pole distribution more complex than a single north and south. Therefore, implementation of the pole idea is not simple. In some cases, one of the more complex formulae given below will be more
2310:
Most SMMs contain manganese but can also be found with vanadium, iron, nickel and cobalt clusters. More recently, it has been found that some chain systems can also display a magnetization that persists for long times at higher temperatures. These systems have been called single-chain magnets.
1472:
is typically reserved for objects that produce their own persistent magnetic field even in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Only certain classes of materials can do this. Most materials, however, produce a magnetic field in response to an applied magnetic field – a phenomenon known as
1276:
A magnet both produces its own magnetic field and responds to magnetic fields. The strength of the magnetic field it produces is at any given point proportional to the magnitude of its magnetic moment. In addition, when the magnet is put into an external magnetic field, produced by a different
1847:
Magnets can be used in scrap and salvage operations to separate magnetic metals (iron, cobalt, and nickel) from non-magnetic metals (aluminum, non-ferrous alloys, etc.). The same idea can be used in the so-called "magnet test", in which a car chassis is inspected with a magnet to detect areas
2268:(which can accommodate up to 14 electrons). The spin of these electrons can be aligned, resulting in very strong magnetic fields, and therefore, these elements are used in compact high-strength magnets where their higher price is not a concern. The most common types of rare-earth magnets are
2831:
characterized by its total magnetic moment. This is true regardless of the shape of the magnet, so long as the magnetic moment is non-zero. One characteristic of a dipole field is that the strength of the field falls off inversely with the cube of the distance from the magnet's center.
2078:(when at a very low temperature). Such naturally occurring ferromagnets were used in the first experiments with magnetism. Technology has since expanded the availability of magnetic materials to include various man-made products, all based, however, on naturally magnetic elements.
2378:
The maximum usable temperature is highest for alnico magnets at over 540 °C (1,000 °F), around 300 °C (570 °F) for ferrite and SmCo, about 140 °C (280 °F) for NIB and lower for flexible ceramics, but the exact numbers depend on the grade of material.
1409:
flowing around the surface, with local flow direction normal to the cylinder axis. Microscopic currents in atoms inside the material are generally canceled by currents in neighboring atoms, so only the surface makes a net contribution; shaving off the outer layer of a magnet will
2347:(ARPA-E) has sponsored a Rare Earth Alternatives in Critical Technologies (REACT) program to develop alternative materials. In 2011, ARPA-E awarded 31.6 million dollars to fund Rare-Earth Substitute projects. Iron nitrides are promising materials for rare-earth free magnets.
4252:
2397:. When electric current flows through the wire, a magnetic field is generated. It is concentrated near (and especially inside) the coil, and its field lines are very similar to those of a magnet. The orientation of this effective magnet is determined by the
1491:
materials are the ones normally thought of as magnetic; they are attracted to a magnet strongly enough that the attraction can be felt. These materials are the only ones that can retain magnetization and become magnets; a common example is a traditional
3723:
Note that all these formulations are based on
Gilbert's model, which is usable in relatively great distances. In other models (e.g., Ampère's model), a more complicated formulation is used that sometimes cannot be solved analytically. In these cases,
2356:
magnet, Mn–Al alloy, has been developed and is now dominating the low-cost magnets field. It has a higher saturation magnetization than the ferrite magnets. It also has more favorable temperature coefficients, although it can be thermally unstable.
1268:
that characterizes the magnet's overall magnetic properties. For a bar magnet, the direction of the magnetic moment points from the magnet's south pole to its north pole, and the magnitude relates to how strong and how far apart these poles are. In
1530:, are weakly attracted to either pole of a magnet. This attraction is hundreds of thousands of times weaker than that of ferromagnetic materials, so it can only be detected by using sensitive instruments or using extremely strong magnets. Magnetic
1163:
1169:
1162:
1137:
further developed the electromagnet into a commercial product in 1830–1831, giving people access to strong magnetic fields for the first time. In 1831 he built an ore separator with an electromagnet capable of lifting 750 pounds (340 kg).
1167:
1166:
1161:
1168:
951:. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other types of
2184:
and magnetic powders, allowing parts of complex shapes to be manufactured by injection molding. The physical and magnetic properties of the product depend on the raw materials, but are generally lower in magnetic strength and resemble
1560:. All substances not possessing one of the other types of magnetism are diamagnetic; this includes most substances. Although force on a diamagnetic object from an ordinary magnet is far too weak to be felt, using extremely strong
1405:, also called Ampèrian currents, throughout the material. For a uniformly magnetized cylindrical bar magnet, the net effect of the microscopic bound currents is to make the magnet behave as if there is a macroscopic sheet of
2009:
Demagnetization progressively occurs if the magnet is subjected to cyclic fields sufficient to move the magnet away from the linear part on the second quadrant of the B–H curve of the magnetic material (the demagnetization
3337:
2846:
At close range, many different fields are possible. For example, for a long, skinny bar magnet with its north pole at one end and south pole at the other, the magnetic field near either end falls off inversely with
1165:
1086:. The earliest known surviving descriptions of magnets and their properties are from Anatolia, India, and China around 2,500 years ago. The properties of lodestones and their affinity for iron were written of by
3975:
6136:"The Early History of the Permanent Magnet". Edward Neville Da Costa Andrade, Endeavour, Volume 17, Number 65, January 1958. Contains an excellent description of early methods of producing permanent magnets.
1844:
Magnets can pick up magnetic items (iron nails, staples, tacks, paper clips) that are either too small, too hard to reach, or too thin for fingers to hold. Some screwdrivers are magnetized for this purpose.
1959:
Electric
Current: The magnetic field produced by passing an electric current through a coil can get domains to line up. Once all of the domains are lined up, increasing the current will not increase the
3155:
1683:: Most speakers employ a permanent magnet and a current-carrying coil to convert electric energy (the signal) into mechanical energy (movement that creates the sound). The coil is wrapped around a
2878:
objects. The pull force exerted by either an electromagnet or a permanent magnet with no air gap (i.e., the ferromagnetic object is in direct contact with the pole of the magnet) is given by the
2401:. The magnetic moment and the magnetic field of the electromagnet are proportional to the number of loops of wire, to the cross-section of each loop, and to the current passing through the wire.
1902:), care should be taken to keep it away from magnetic fields. It is for this reason that a patient with the device installed cannot be tested with the use of a magnetic resonance imaging device.
1987:
and then either slowly drawing the magnet out or slowly decreasing the magnetic field to zero. This is the principle used in commercial demagnetizers to demagnetize tools, erase credit cards,
1099:
In 11th century China, it was discovered that quenching red hot iron in the Earth's magnetic field would leave the iron permanently magnetized. This led to the development of the navigational
3717:
3052:
4480:{\displaystyle F(x)={\frac {3\pi \mu _{0}}{2}}M^{2}R^{4}L^{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}={\frac {3\mu _{0}}{2\pi }}M^{2}V^{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}={\frac {3\mu _{0}}{2\pi }}m_{1}m_{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}}
2940:
4748:
4118:
2495:
also produces a deflection force on moving charged particles (as in TV tubes). The tesla is equivalent to the magnetic flux (in webers) per unit area (in meters squared), thus giving
2835:
Closer to the magnet, the magnetic field becomes more complicated and more dependent on the detailed shape and magnetization of the magnet. Formally, the field can be expressed as a
1937:, allowing it to cool in a magnetic field and hammering it as it cools. This is the most effective method and is similar to the industrial processes used to create permanent magnets.
1658:
cards: All of these cards have a magnetic strip on one side. This strip encodes the information to contact an individual's financial institution and connect with their account(s).
1375:. This is a mathematical convenience and does not imply that there are actually monopoles in the magnet. If the magnetic-pole distribution is known, then the pole model gives the
2360:
magnets are among the strongest. These cost more per kilogram than most other magnetic materials but, owing to their intense field, are smaller and cheaper in many applications.
965:, which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials such as
3624:
2291:
denser storage medium than conventional magnets. In this direction, research on monolayers of SMMs is currently under way. Very briefly, the two main attributes of an SMM are:
1717:. This is different from the principle behind the speaker and dynamic microphone because the vibrations are sensed directly by the magnet, and a diaphragm is not employed. The
6194:
4215:
1905:
Children sometimes swallow small magnets from toys, and this can be hazardous if two or more magnets are swallowed, as the magnets can pinch or puncture internal tissues.
2763:
Caution: in part because there are not enough Roman and Greek symbols, there is no commonly agreed-upon symbol for magnetic pole strength and magnetic moment. The symbol
1841:
Magnets can be used to make jewelry. Necklaces and bracelets can have a magnetic clasp, or may be constructed entirely from a linked series of magnets and ferrous beads.
3240:
The mechanical force between two nearby magnetized surfaces can be calculated with the following equation. The equation is valid only for cases in which the effect of
1164:
1508:, are similar to but weaker than ferromagnetics. The difference between ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials is related to their microscopic structure, as explained in
4244:
3800:
3403:
981:
of the respective material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have low coercivity. The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its
4045:
4153:
4176:
4065:
4018:
3998:
3774:
3754:
631:
5388:
2013:
Hammering or jarring: mechanical disturbance tends to randomize the magnetic domains and reduce magnetization of an object, but may cause unacceptable damage.
1870:
device for some cable connections. For example, the power cords of some laptops are magnetic to prevent accidental damage to the port when tripped over. The
1360:
of which has both a north and south pole. However, a version of the magnetic-pole approach is used by professional magneticians to design permanent magnets.
5131:
1446:
of a magnet is north and which is south, it is not necessary to use the Earth's magnetic field at all. For example, one method would be to compare it to an
977:
structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applied, and this threshold depends on
5418:
923:
used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called
604:
1796:: Many topic questions are based on magnets, including the repulsion of current-carrying wires, the effect of temperature, and motors involving magnets.
4641:
616:
1534:, although they are made of tiny ferromagnetic particles suspended in liquid, are sometimes considered paramagnetic since they cannot be magnetized.
1356:
opposing sides. If a bar magnet is broken into two pieces, in an attempt to separate the north and south poles, the result will be two bar magnets,
4745:
1418:
tells which direction positively-charged current flows. However, current due to negatively-charged electricity is far more prevalent in practice.
6204:
6014:
2002:
Some demagnetization or reverse magnetization will occur if any part of the magnet is subjected to a reverse field above the magnetic material's
4857:
3250:
5342:
2533:
is the oersted (Oe). One A/m equals 10 emu/cm. A good permanent magnet can have a magnetization as large as a million amperes per meter.
1107:
in 1088. By the 12th to 13th centuries AD, magnetic compasses were used in navigation in China, Europe, the
Arabian Peninsula and elsewhere.
5702:
1891:
If a ferromagnetic foreign body is present in human tissue, an external magnetic field interacting with it can pose a serious safety risk.
6071:
1454:. The magnetic field lines of a magnet are considered by convention to emerge from the magnet's north pole and reenter at the south pole.
6652:
6396:
6000:
5658:
5293:
5262:
3808:
2343:
has identified a need to find substitutes for rare-earth metals in permanent-magnet technology, and has begun funding such research. The
1414:
destroy its magnetic field, but will leave a new surface of uncancelled currents from the circular currents throughout the material. The
5742:
Della Torre, E.; Bennett, L.; Watson, R. (2005). "Extension of the Bloch T Law to
Magnetic Nanostructures: Bose-Einstein Condensation".
5231:
5200:
4874:
2119:. Given the low cost of the materials and manufacturing methods, inexpensive magnets (or non-magnetized ferromagnetic cores, for use in
1859:, is a form of transportation that suspends, guides and propels vehicles (especially trains) through electromagnetic force. Eliminating
3241:
2711:
is the magnetic permeability. Both hard and soft magnets have a more complex, history-dependent, behavior described by what are called
1898:
has been embedded in a patient's chest (usually for the purpose of monitoring and regulating the heart for steady electrically induced
867:
636:
5892:
5482:
2767:
has been used for both pole strength (unit A•m, where here the upright m is for meter) and for magnetic moment (unit A•m). The symbol
6241:
2491:
is the magnetic field whose time variation produces, by
Faraday's Law, circulating electric fields (which the power companies sell).
5448:
5319:
4584:
1820:: Given their ability to counteract the force of gravity at close range, magnets are often employed in children's toys, such as the
6191:
5611:
2344:
646:
5814:
6214:
5791:
6208:
5720:
3084:
471:
6042:
5922:
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1476:
The overall magnetic behavior of a material can vary widely, depending on the structure of the material, particularly on its
888:. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other
486:
481:
108:
4899:
Müller, Karl-Hartmut; Sawatzki, Simon; Gauß, Roland; Gutfleisch, Oliver (2021), Coey, J. M. D.; Parkin, Stuart S.P. (eds.),
4618:
2827:
Far away from a magnet, the magnetic field created by that magnet is almost always described (to a good approximation) by a
2372:, it loses all of its magnetism, even after cooling below that temperature. The magnets can often be remagnetized, however.
2518:
is produced by a current-carrying wire, its value is proportional to the number of turns of that wire. In CGS, the unit of
1885:
496:
5522:
5505:
1426:
The north pole of a magnet is defined as the pole that, when the magnet is freely suspended, points towards the Earth's
2340:
4746:
Pliny the Elder, The
Natural History, BOOK XXXIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS., CHAP. 42.—THE METAL CALLED LIVE IRON
3670:
2994:
1314:
The magnetization of a magnetized material is the local value of its magnetic moment per unit volume, usually denoted
6177:
6162:
5994:
5652:
5372:
5287:
5256:
5225:
5030:
3070:
2031:. When the spins interact with each other in such a way that the spins align spontaneously, the materials are called
1780:: A compass (or mariner's compass) is a magnetized pointer free to align itself with a magnetic field, most commonly
1540:
means repelled by both poles. Compared to paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, diamagnetic substances, such as
1282:
source. If the field is uniform in space, the magnet is subject to no net force, although it is subject to a torque.
1021:
98:
30:
This article is about objects and devices that produce magnetic fields. For a description of magnetic materials, see
2888:
366:
6832:
5396:
1940:
Placing the item in an external magnetic field will result in the item retaining some of the magnetism on removal.
17:
4073:
6389:
5138:
3204:
281:
6781:
5426:
4805:
1394:. An extension of this method that allows for internal magnetic charges is used in theories of ferromagnetism.
1118:
in 1743. A horseshoe magnet avoids demagnetization by returning the magnetic field lines to the opposite pole.
973:
that are subjected to special processing in a strong magnetic field during manufacture to align their internal
860:
626:
103:
5962:
4645:
2162:
forgiving than ferrite, but not quite as desirable as a metal. Trade names for alloys in this family include:
1948:
Stroking: An existing magnet is moved from one end of the item to the other repeatedly in the same direction (
6566:
6234:
1980:; the molecular motion destroys the alignment of the magnetic domains. This always removes all magnetization.
1863:
increases efficiency. The maximum recorded speed of a maglev train is 581 kilometers per hour (361 mph).
1700:
641:
346:
1695:
feels a magnetic force and in response, moves the cone and pressurizes the neighboring air, thus generating
6914:
6329:
2974:
2328:
1632:. The information that makes up the video and sound is encoded on the magnetic coating on the tape. Common
506:
246:
113:
2771:
has been used in some texts for magnetic permeability and in other texts for magnetic moment. We will use
2393:
An electromagnet, in its simplest form, is a wire that has been coiled into one or more loops, known as a
236:
6924:
6637:
6610:
5096:
799:
674:
571:
546:
466:
3411:
1703:
across the coil. This voltage drives a current in the wire that is characteristic of the original sound.
1556:, are even more weakly repelled by a magnet. The permeability of diamagnetic materials is less than the
6934:
6929:
6382:
3058:
2417:
2269:
1909:
1749:
1742:
1004:
passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a
299:
6018:
2299:), which is provided by ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic coupling between the paramagnetic metal centres
1691:
and carries the signal as changing current that interacts with the field of the permanent magnet. The
7050:
7040:
7009:
6627:
6605:
6142:
5938:
4832:
3776:, with their magnetic dipole aligned, the force can be asymptotically approximated at large distance
1781:
853:
814:
341:
331:
271:
266:
206:
5889:
4970:
4020:
is the gap between the magnets. A measurement of the magnetic flux density very close to the magnet
2631:
is the (dimensionless) magnetic susceptibility. Most non-magnetic materials have a relatively small
2420:
machines. Some applications involve configurations more than a simple magnetic dipole; for example,
1110:
A straight iron magnet tends to demagnetize itself by its own magnetic field. To overcome this, the
6878:
6732:
6227:
1655:
351:
6979:
5339:
4181:
3244:
is negligible and the volume of the air gap is much smaller than that of the magnetized material:
1122:
784:
286:
6919:
6470:
6286:
6147:
5744:
5698:
5165:
Philosophy of the
Mechanics of Nature, and the Source and Modes of Action of Natural Motive-Power
1473:
magnetism. There are several types of magnetism, and all materials exhibit at least one of them.
1398:
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664:
191:
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35:
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5011:
789:
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1633:
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959:
889:
611:
381:
156:
5984:
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5215:
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field to hold objects. Magnets are also used in other types of fastening devices, such as the
6873:
6737:
6475:
6455:
6435:
4515:
4505:
2860:
2127:) of various shapes can be easily mass-produced. The resulting magnets are non-corroding but
1969:
Magnetized ferromagnetic materials can be demagnetized (or degaussed) in the following ways:
1688:
1129:
showed that iron can be magnetized by inserting it in an electrically fed solenoid. This led
1125:
discovered that a compass needle is deflected by a nearby electric current. In the same year
709:
396:
386:
336:
326:
5878:
An
Overview of MnAl Permanent Magnets with a Study on Their Potential in Electrical Machines
5169:
4223:
3779:
3382:
3379:
The force between two identical cylindrical bar magnets placed end to end at large distance
6868:
6761:
6510:
6485:
6105:
5753:
5478:
5105:
4023:
2409:
2120:
1732:
1480:. Several forms of magnetic behavior have been observed in different materials, including:
1438:). Since opposite poles (north and south) attract, the North Magnetic Pole is actually the
1435:
834:
734:
699:
451:
316:
216:
201:
136:
4129:
2368:
Temperature sensitivity varies, but when a magnet is heated to a temperature known as the
73:
8:
6974:
6677:
6672:
6417:
6324:
5456:
5311:
4605:
3075:
2836:
2712:
2113:
1831:
1771:
1755:
1557:
1493:
1427:
1230:), which is proportional to how strongly the compass needle orients along that direction.
920:
794:
774:
769:
576:
561:
446:
416:
311:
241:
41:
6109:
5757:
5619:
5109:
1983:
Placing the magnet in an alternating magnetic field with intensity above the material's
1401:
model, where all magnetization is due to the effect of microscopic, or atomic, circular
1347:
1273:
units, the magnetic moment is specified in terms of A·m (amperes times meters squared).
7045:
6999:
6893:
6848:
6786:
6756:
6710:
6533:
6520:
6309:
6281:
5914:
5578:
5535:
4958:
4926:
4728:
4720:
4685:
4161:
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4003:
3983:
3759:
3739:
2848:
1860:
1856:
1821:
1585:
1092:
944:
669:
409:
211:
171:
5677:
2562:
is the permeability of space, which equals 4π×10 T•m/A. In CGS, it is written as
2124:
1443:
491:
6959:
6863:
6791:
6583:
6571:
6561:
6269:
6173:
6158:
5990:
5918:
5859:
5769:
5648:
5570:
5527:
5368:
5283:
5252:
5221:
5190:
5074:
5036:
5026:
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4916:
4787:
4777:
4732:
4689:
3725:
2978:
2458:
2421:
2252:
2173:
2027:
Many materials have unpaired electron spins, and the majority of these materials are
1977:
1934:
1884:
radiation and cancer rates have been postulated due to demographic correlations (see
1589:
1431:
1372:
1265:
1104:
729:
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6170:
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5582:
5553:
Oestreich AE (2008). "Worldwide survey of damage from swallowing multiple magnets".
5539:
1894:
A different type of indirect magnetic health risk exists involving pacemakers. If a
1713:
to transduce the vibration of guitar strings into electric current that can then be
7014:
7004:
6944:
6888:
6858:
6806:
6702:
6692:
6682:
6632:
6495:
6465:
6405:
6356:
6113:
5851:
5761:
5562:
5517:
5113:
5070:
4908:
4847:
4712:
4677:
4601:
4545:
4520:
2879:
2425:
2357:
2273:
2109:
2098:
2039:
1996:
1714:
1706:
1670:
1666:
1497:
1406:
1290:
1260:
A magnet's magnetic moment (also called magnetic dipole moment and usually denoted
1204:
1130:
1115:
1111:
1083:
1001:
970:
829:
744:
704:
694:
581:
536:
519:
436:
371:
141:
65:
50:
6949:
6091:
6046:
5855:
5765:
5163:
4579:
6989:
6939:
6801:
6622:
6600:
6588:
6556:
6460:
6198:
5963:"Magnetic Pull Force Explained - What is Magnet Pull Force? | Dura Magnetics USA"
5896:
5346:
4912:
4752:
4610:
4588:
4535:
2429:
2398:
2279:
1793:
1608:
1573:
1451:
1415:
1255:
1087:
982:
764:
689:
684:
551:
426:
391:
251:
151:
6964:
5876:
5839:
4984:
1338:
804:
6984:
6883:
6853:
6715:
6667:
6615:
6543:
6480:
6423:
6346:
6319:
6314:
6304:
6118:
6093:
5364:
4900:
4668:
2875:
2454:
2444:
2413:
2265:
2228:
2091:
1767:
1728:
1376:
1184:
1178:
1047:
958:
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materials like
924:
885:
724:
719:
541:
431:
356:
306:
256:
229:
186:
161:
131:
124:
6207:, Bulletin of the IAPT, Volume 4, No. 6, 145 (June 2012). (Publication of the
5566:
2375:
Additionally, some magnets are brittle and can fracture at high temperatures.
1155:
Iron filings that have oriented in the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet
989:
it produces. The local strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its
7034:
6994:
6662:
6341:
6336:
6276:
6094:"Magnetostatic interactions and forces between cylindrical permanent magnets"
5863:
5018:
4791:
4525:
4500:
3168:
2954:
2473:
2432:
2388:
2201:
2035:(what is often loosely termed as magnetic). Because of the way their regular
2032:
1926:
1899:
1871:
1763:
1718:
1710:
1629:
1593:
1488:
1484:
1447:
1402:
1309:
1058:
1027:
1005:
997:
990:
986:
928:
839:
824:
809:
749:
461:
376:
361:
276:
261:
166:
5040:
1352:
Two different models exist for magnets: magnetic poles and atomic currents.
7019:
6954:
6642:
6264:
5773:
5574:
5531:
5248:
Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the
Evolution of Life and Environment
3208:
3194:
2239:
2205:
2028:
1809:
1759:
1515:
1327:
1243:
1196:
1134:
819:
714:
679:
621:
556:
476:
441:
321:
196:
4771:
2453:(Système International) units are commonly used. Two other sets of units,
6796:
6727:
4810:
Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa
4560:
3332:{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu _{0}H^{2}A}{2}}={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}}
3232:
2461:, are the same for magnetic properties and are commonly used in physics.
2369:
2036:
1941:
1676:
1647:
1637:
1537:
1442:
pole of the Earth's magnetic field. As a practical matter, to tell which
974:
739:
591:
421:
83:
4490:
which matches the expression of the force between two magnetic dipoles.
3719:
relates the flux density at the pole to the magnetization of the magnet.
1615:
1042:
919:
and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a
6687:
6657:
6528:
6490:
6351:
2840:
2258:
2198:
2075:
2071:
2003:
1984:
1692:
1680:
1662:
1651:
1581:
1576:
repel magnetic fields from their interior and are strongly diamagnetic.
1531:
1364:
1009:
978:
456:
4852:
4724:
2616:
Materials that are not permanent magnets usually satisfy the relation
2464:
In all units, it is convenient to employ two types of magnetic field,
1952:
method) or two magnets are moved outwards from the center of a third (
6969:
6722:
6500:
6250:
2529:
is given in SI units of amperes per meter (A/m). In CGS, the unit of
2212:
2146:
2142:
2059:
2055:
1992:
1988:
1921:
1895:
1867:
1722:
1641:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1463:
1037:
1033:
952:
948:
916:
779:
754:
566:
88:
46:
31:
6374:
5640:
5117:
4703:
Li Shu-hua (1954). "Origine de la Boussole II. Aimant et Boussole".
2819:
6751:
6595:
6551:
6361:
5479:"Neodymium Magnets : Strength, design for tramp metal removal"
4716:
4681:
4510:
3970:{\displaystyle F(z)\simeq {\frac {\pi \mu _{0}}{4}}M^{2}R^{4}\left}
2394:
2244:
2102:
2051:
1835:
1825:
1738:
1523:
1519:
1071:
531:
526:
146:
2870:
The strength of a given magnet is sometimes given in terms of its
2086:
1012:, which greatly enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil.
6827:
6822:
6092:
David Vokoun; Marco Beleggia; Ludek Heller; Petr Sittner (2009).
5815:"Iron Nitrides: Powerful Magnets Without The Rare Earth Elements"
5523:
10.1002/1522-2586(200007)12:1<2::AID-JMRI2>3.0.CO;2-V
4540:
2186:
2177:
2128:
2116:
1777:
1553:
1216:
1100:
501:
5641:
Brady, George Stuart; Henry R. Clauser; John A. Vaccari (2002).
4666:
Vowles, Hugh P. (1932). "Early Evolution of Power Engineering".
4642:"Historical Beginnings of Theories of Electricity and Magnetism"
2639:
on the order of hundreds or thousands. For materials satisfying
2302:
a negative value of the anisotropy of the zero field splitting (
1745:
to spot problems in a patient's organs without invasive surgery.
1500:
and the longest used and naturally occurring magnetic materials
6505:
3215:
2828:
2510:
is given in SI units of ampere-turns per meter (A-turn/m). The
2324:
2154:
2150:
2134:
2067:
2063:
1684:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1319:
1278:
1079:
1075:
966:
940:
936:
905:
901:
586:
93:
2327:, that coalesce into a common ground state in the manner of a
2280:
Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) and single-chain magnets (SCMs)
1040:) which are naturally magnetized pieces of iron ore. The word
3211:
2963:
is the cross section of the area of the pole in square meters
2823:
Field lines of cylindrical magnets with various aspect ratios
2224:
2181:
2105:
2043:
1838:, or simply to hold a note or photo to the refrigerator door.
1696:
1549:
1323:
1151:
1061:
1051:
897:
6219:
5741:
5094:
Boyer, Timothy H. (1988). "The Force on a Magnetic Dipole".
5053:
Knight, Jones, & Field, "College Physics" (2007) p. 815.
4898:
1604:
1082:). Lodestones, suspended so they could turn, were the first
5062:
3639:
is the magnetic flux density very close to each pole, in T,
3364:
is the permeability of space, which equals 4π×10 T•m/A
2320:
2218:
2158:
1973:
1805:
1565:
1173:
Detecting magnetic field with compass and with iron filings
962:
932:
893:
5899:. Magnet sales & Mfct Co Inc. Retrieved on 2011-10-08.
3071:
Magnetic moment § Forces between two magnetic dipoles
2703:
is the (dimensionless) relative permeability and μ =μ
1874:
power connection to the Apple MacBook is one such example.
1808:. M-tic uses magnetic rods connected to metal spheres for
1207:
at a given point in space is specified by two properties:
1000:
is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet when an
6150:, 2004. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
4953:. Vol. 1. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 142–149.
4907:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 1391,
3150:{\displaystyle F={{\mu q_{m1}q_{m2}} \over {4\pi r^{2}}}}
2635:(on the order of a millionth), but soft magnets can have
2449:
For most engineering applications, MKS (rationalized) or
2047:
2046:
are ferromagnetic when found in their natural states, as
1817:
1787:
1673:
employ an electromagnet to guide electrons to the screen.
1625:
5788:"Research Funding for Rare Earth Free Permanent Magnets"
5349:. Livescience.com (2009-09-09). Retrieved on 2011-10-08.
3731:
2977:, which assumes that the pole of magnet is charged with
1800:
4776:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–3.
2779:
for magnetic moment. For pole strength, we will employ
2450:
1270:
1235:
5318:. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ.
5419:"Electromagnetic deflection in a cathode ray tube, I"
4255:
4226:
4184:
4178:
is the volume of the magnet. For a cylinder, this is
4164:
4132:
4076:
4053:
4026:
4006:
3986:
3811:
3782:
3762:
3742:
3673:
3414:
3385:
3253:
3233:
Force between two nearby magnetized surfaces of area
3087:
2997:
2984:
If a magnet is acting vertically, it can lift a mass
2891:
1852:
for the process equipment and for the final consumer.
1636:
also rely on magnetic tape. Similarly, in computers,
1342:
Field of a cylindrical bar magnet computed accurately
6653:
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
5909:
Ruskell, Todd; Tipler, Paul A.; Mosca, Gene (2007).
3078:, the force between two magnetic poles is given by:
2811:
can be thought of as a pole strength per unit area.
2334:
1580:
There are various other types of magnetism, such as
3064:
2981:that induces the same in the ferromagnetic object.
1929:materials can be magnetized in the following ways:
6172:Academic Press Series in Electromagnetism (2001).
5908:
5213:
5010:
4833:"Two Early Arabic Sources On The Magnetic Compass"
4479:
4238:
4209:
4170:
4147:
4112:
4059:
4039:
4012:
3992:
3969:
3794:
3768:
3748:
3711:
3618:
3397:
3331:
3149:
3046:
2934:
2522:is the oersted (Oe). One A-turn/m equals 4π×10 Oe.
2479:, defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume.
2231:corrosion problem it gives additional protection.
1390:, while inside the magnetization must be added to
1191:field or just magnetic field, usually denoted by
5678:"Nanostructured Mn-Al Permanent Magnets (patent)"
5093:
4600:The location of Magnesia is debated; it could be
2854:
7032:
5644:Materials Handbook: An Encyclopedia for Managers
5182:
5161:
4123:The effective magnetic dipole can be written as
3712:{\displaystyle B_{0}\,=\,{\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}M}
3663:is the separation between the two magnets, in m.
3374:
3047:{\displaystyle m={{B^{2}A} \over {2\mu _{0}g}},}
2865:
2499:the unit of a flux density. In CGS, the unit of
1371:inside a magnet is treated as a distribution of
1133:to develop an iron-cored electromagnet in 1824.
947:, and some naturally occurring minerals such as
5986:Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference
5305:
5303:
5251:. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 228.
3218:, henry per meter or newton per ampere squared)
3193:are the magnitudes of magnetic poles (SI unit:
2969:is the magnetic induction exerted by the magnet
4246:, the point dipole approximation is obtained,
2935:{\displaystyle F={{B^{2}A} \over {2\mu _{0}}}}
2796:along its axis, the pole strength is given by
2319:Some nano-structured materials exhibit energy
6390:
6235:
5189:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 426.
5137:. Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. Archived from
4901:"Permanent Magnet Materials and Applications"
4875:"The Seven Magnetic Moments - Modern Magnets"
4755:. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 2011-05-17.
2503:is the gauss (G). One tesla equals 10 G.
2022:
2017:
1964:
908:, etc. and attracts or repels other magnets.
861:
6215:A brief history of electricity and magnetism
5840:"Manganese-based permanent magnet materials"
5552:
5300:
4905:Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
4830:
4113:{\displaystyle B_{0}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}M}
1878:
1296:has a magnetic moment of magnitude equal to
1032:Ancient people learned about magnetism from
1015:
6098:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
5837:
5063:Cullity, B. D. & Graham, C. D. (2008).
2988:in kilograms given by the simple equation:
2608:, the magnet. It will agree with the field
1915:
1848:repaired using fiberglass or plastic putty.
6397:
6383:
6242:
6228:
5989:(Second ed.). Springer. p. 493.
5982:
5699:"Press release: Fridge magnet transformed"
5506:"Safety of strong, static magnetic fields"
5503:
4702:
2314:
1619:Magnetic hand separator for heavy minerals
1285:A wire in the shape of a circle with area
915:is an object made from a material that is
868:
854:
72:
6117:
5838:Keller, Thomas; Baker, Ian (2022-02-01).
5647:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 577.
5521:
5358:
5352:
5214:Serway, Raymond A.; Chris Vuille (2006).
5008:
4985:"Joseph Henry – Engineering Hall of Fame"
4851:
3688:
3684:
2438:
2405:thousandfold increase of field strength.
2131:and must be treated like other ceramics.
1496:. Ferrimagnetic materials, which include
1008:of "soft" ferromagnetic material such as
6146:. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson.
6068:"The force produced by a magnetic field"
6037:
6035:
5595:
5244:
4948:
4806:"Four Great Inventions of Ancient China"
4000:is the magnetization of the magnets and
3736:For two cylindrical magnets with radius
2973:This result can be easily derived using
2818:
2345:Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy
2238:
2197:Flexible magnets are composed of a high-
2085:
1799:
1721:used a similar principle, with rotating
1614:
1603:
1564:, diamagnetic objects such as pieces of
1337:
1158:
1150:
884:is a material or object that produces a
40:
5870:
5494:Source on magnets in process industries
5423:National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
5275:
3657:is the radius of each magnet, in m, and
1669:: TV and computer screens containing a
1644:record data on a thin magnetic coating.
1450:, whose poles can be identified by the
1070:) meaning " from Magnesia", a place in
617:Electromagnetism and special relativity
14:
7033:
6209:Indian Association of Physics Teachers
5604:
5220:. USA: Cengage Learning. p. 493.
5056:
4665:
4639:
1752:to characterize synthesized compounds.
1611:record data on a thin magnetic coating
1215:, which is along the orientation of a
6404:
6378:
6223:
6032:
5723:from the original on December 7, 2005
5672:
5670:
5668:
5361:The foundations of magnetic recording
4840:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
3732:Force between two cylindrical magnets
2814:
2594:term in SI must then supplement this
2261:) elements have a partially occupied
2234:
2042:causes their spins to interact, some
1457:
637:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
5911:Physics for Scientists and Engineers
5794:from the original on 10 October 2013
5705:from the original on August 7, 2017.
5309:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4761:
3207:of the intervening medium (SI unit:
2788:. For a bar magnet of cross-section
2612:calculated using Ampèrian currents).
2487:is given in SI units of teslas (T).
1886:Electromagnetic radiation and health
1333:
1238:units, the strength of the magnetic
6017:. Geophysics.ou.edu. Archived from
5168:. D. Appleton and Company. p.
3651:is the length of each magnet, in m,
3224:is the separation (SI unit: meter).
2070:, as well as the rare earth metals
1933:Heating the object higher than its
1074:where lodestones were found (today
24:
5812:
5665:
5066:Introduction to Magnetic Materials
3619:{\displaystyle F\simeq \left\left}
3355:is their magnetizing field, in A/m
2341:United States Department of Energy
2192:
1866:Magnets may be used to serve as a
1855:Magnetic levitation transport, or
1665:(non flat screen) and older large
1249:
25:
7062:
6185:
6155:Electricity, Magnetism, and Light
5186:Electricity, Magnetism, and Light
4758:
4591:, Meyer and Zeller, 1839, p. 989.
3349:is the area of each surface, in m
2604:to give the correct field within
2382:
2335:Rare-earth-free permanent magnets
2295:a large ground state spin value (
1834:are used to adorn kitchens, as a
1146:
1022:History of electromagnetic theory
943:and their alloys, some alloys of
6003:from the original on 2016-12-24.
5661:from the original on 2016-12-24.
5453:The Exploratorium Science Snacks
5296:from the original on 2016-12-24.
5265:from the original on 2016-12-24.
5234:from the original on 2013-06-04.
5203:from the original on 2014-06-27.
4863:from the original on 2012-05-24.
4773:Magnetism and magnetic materials
4621:from the original on 19 May 2012
3065:Force between two magnetic poles
2408:Uses for electromagnets include
1430:in the Arctic (the magnetic and
1382:. Outside the magnet, the field
1303:
27:Object that has a magnetic field
6085:
6074:from the original on 2010-03-17
6060:
6007:
5976:
5955:
5931:
5902:
5883:
5831:
5806:
5780:
5735:
5709:
5691:
5634:
5589:
5546:
5497:
5485:from the original on 2017-05-10
5471:
5455:. Exploratorium. Archived from
5441:
5411:
5381:
5333:
5322:from the original on 2011-04-08
5282:. USA: CRC Press. p. 148.
5269:
5238:
5207:
5176:
5155:
5132:"Units for Magnetic Properties"
5124:
5087:
5047:
5013:Introduction to Electrodynamics
5002:
4977:
4942:
4892:
4867:
4831:Schmidl, Petra G. (1996–1997).
3645:is the area of each pole, in m,
2843:, plus an octupole field, etc.
2243:Ovoid-shaped magnets (possibly
2164:Alni, Alcomax, Hycomax, Columax
1945:temporarily magnetize the nail.
1908:Magnetic imaging devices (e.g.
6782:Timeline of the electric motor
5939:"How Much Will a Magnet Hold?"
4824:
4798:
4739:
4696:
4659:
4633:
4594:
4573:
4265:
4259:
3950:
3937:
3916:
3900:
3821:
3815:
3599:
3586:
3565:
3549:
2855:Calculating the magnetic force
2775:for magnetic permeability and
2363:
2189:in their physical properties.
1599:
931:). These include the elements
13:
1:
6567:Dahlander pole changing motor
6249:
6129:
5983:Cardarelli, François (2008).
5856:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100872
5844:Progress in Materials Science
5766:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.147210
5389:"The stripe on a credit card"
5217:Essentials of college physics
4602:the region in mainland Greece
4067:approximately by the formula
3375:Force between two bar magnets
2866:Pull force of a single magnet
2483:The magnetic induction field
2211:For magnetic compounds (e.g.
2081:
1057:"lodestone", ultimately from
985:or, alternatively, the total
642:Relativistic electromagnetism
6330:ferromagnetic superconductor
6043:"Magnetic Fields and Forces"
5717:"Nanomagnets Bend The Rules"
5279:Static Fields and Potentials
5009:Griffiths, David J. (1999).
4913:10.1007/978-3-030-63210-6_29
4210:{\displaystyle V=\pi R^{2}L}
1572:, so they float in mid-air.
7:
6611:Brushless DC electric motor
5596:McKenzie, A. E. E. (1961).
5359:Mallinson, John C. (1987).
5097:American Journal of Physics
4493:
2792:with uniform magnetization
2574:. (The pole approach gives
2247:), one hanging from another
2227:) that are vulnerable to a
2108:of powdered iron oxide and
1421:
1277:source, it is subject to a
10:
7067:
6119:10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.07.030
5890:Frequently Asked Questions
5600:. Cambridge. pp. 3–4.
5340:Mice levitated in NASA lab
3370:is the flux density, in T.
3068:
3059:gravitational acceleration
2858:
2849:the square of the distance
2536:In SI units, the relation
2442:
2418:magnetic resonance imaging
2386:
2358:Neodymium–iron–boron (NIB)
2283:
2274:neodymium–iron–boron (NIB)
2250:
2125:portable AM radio antennas
2023:Magnetic metallic elements
2018:Types of permanent magnets
1965:Demagnetizing ferromagnets
1919:
1804:Magnets have many uses in
1750:nuclear magnetic resonance
1743:magnetic resonance imaging
1624:Magnetic recording media:
1461:
1345:
1307:
1253:
1176:
1141:
1062:
1025:
1019:
367:Liénard–Wiechert potential
49:rock is being pulled by a
29:
6902:
6841:
6815:
6770:
6701:
6628:Switched reluctance (SRM)
6606:Brushed DC electric motor
6542:
6519:
6444:
6412:
6297:
6257:
6143:Oxford English Dictionary
5701:. Riken. March 11, 2011.
5612:"Ferromagnetic Materials"
5598:Magnetism and electricity
5567:10.1007/s00247-008-1059-7
5245:Emiliani, Cesare (1992).
5183:Saslow, Wayne M. (2002).
5162:Allen, Zachariah (1852).
2839:: A dipole field, plus a
1879:Medical issues and safety
1348:Two definitions of moment
1016:Discovery and development
632:Mathematical descriptions
342:Electromagnetic radiation
332:Electromagnetic induction
272:Magnetic vector potential
267:Magnetic scalar potential
6816:Experimental, futuristic
6733:Variable-frequency drive
5449:"Snacks about magnetism"
4640:Fowler, Michael (1997).
4567:
2350:
2329:Bose–Einstein condensate
2101:, magnets are made of a
1916:Magnetizing ferromagnets
1748:Chemistry: Chemists use
1687:attached to the speaker
1656:automatic teller machine
1628:tapes contain a reel of
1558:permeability of a vacuum
6833:Superconducting machine
6471:Coil winding technology
6287:Van Vleck paramagnetism
6148:Oxford University Press
5745:Physical Review Letters
4949:Delaunay, Jean (2008).
4770:Coey, J. M. D. (2009).
2416:, junkyard cranes, and
2315:Nano-structured magnets
1562:superconducting magnets
1367:of the magnetization ∇·
1096:in the 1st century AD.
890:ferromagnetic materials
182:Electrostatic induction
177:Electrostatic discharge
36:Magnet (disambiguation)
5310:Nave, Carl R. (2010).
4879:Trinity College Dublin
4556:Single-molecule magnet
4551:Molecule-based magnets
4531:Magnetic nanoparticles
4481:
4240:
4239:{\displaystyle z\gg L}
4211:
4172:
4149:
4114:
4061:
4041:
4014:
3994:
3971:
3796:
3795:{\displaystyle z\gg R}
3770:
3750:
3713:
3620:
3399:
3398:{\displaystyle z\gg R}
3333:
3151:
3048:
2936:
2874:— its ability to pull
2824:
2699: = 1 +
2439:Units and calculations
2286:Single-molecule magnet
2248:
2094:
1813:
1782:Earth's magnetic field
1620:
1612:
1478:electron configuration
1363:In this approach, the
1343:
1187:(also called magnetic
1174:
1156:
612:Electromagnetic tensor
54:
34:. For other uses, see
6874:Power-to-weight ratio
6738:Direct torque control
6205:Floating Ring Magnets
6015:"Basic Relationships"
5276:Manners, Joy (2000).
4516:Electromagnetic field
4482:
4241:
4212:
4173:
4150:
4115:
4062:
4042:
4040:{\displaystyle B_{0}}
4015:
3995:
3972:
3797:
3771:
3751:
3714:
3621:
3400:
3334:
3152:
3069:Further information:
3049:
2937:
2861:Force between magnets
2822:
2756:, and μ = μ
2410:particle accelerators
2242:
2121:electronic components
2089:
1803:
1618:
1607:
1568:and even mice can be
1434:do not coincide, see
1397:Another model is the
1341:
1185:magnetic flux density
1172:
1154:
1123:Hans Christian Ørsted
605:Covariant formulation
397:Synchrotron radiation
337:Electromagnetic pulse
327:Electromagnetic field
44:
6869:Open-loop controller
6762:Ward Leonard control
6486:DC injection braking
6192:How magnets are made
5510:J Magn Reson Imaging
4608:. See, for example,
4253:
4224:
4182:
4162:
4148:{\displaystyle m=MV}
4130:
4074:
4051:
4024:
4004:
3984:
3809:
3780:
3760:
3740:
3671:
3412:
3383:
3251:
3085:
2995:
2889:
2715:, which give either
2650:, we can also write
2514:appear because when
2180:of various types of
2137:magnets are made by
1995:used to demagnetize
1832:Refrigerator magnets
1828:, to amusing effect.
1518:substances, such as
1436:magnetic declination
1090:in his encyclopedia
647:Stress–energy tensor
572:Reluctance (complex)
317:Displacement current
6772:History, education,
6418:Alternating current
6357:amorphous magnetism
6325:superferromagnetism
6168:Edward P. Furlani,
6157:, Academic (2002).
6139:"positive pole n".
6110:2009JMMM..321.3758V
5943:www.kjmagnetics.com
5758:2005PhRvL..94n7210D
5504:Schenck JF (2000).
5110:1988AmJPh..56..688B
4951:Ampère, André-Marie
4606:Magnesia ad Sipylum
3442:
3405:is approximately:,
3167:is force (SI unit:
2953:is force (SI unit:
2837:multipole expansion
2506:The magnetic field
2114:strontium carbonate
1772:refrigerator magnet
1725:instead of strings.
1494:refrigerator magnet
1428:North Magnetic Pole
1386:is proportional to
921:refrigerator magnet
562:Magnetomotive force
447:Electromotive force
417:Alternating current
352:Jefimenko equations
312:Cyclotron radiation
6935:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
6894:Voltage controller
6849:Blocked-rotor test
6787:Ball bearing motor
6757:Motor soft starter
6711:AC-to-AC converter
6572:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
6534:Electric generator
6310:antiferromagnetism
6282:superparamagnetism
6197:2013-03-16 at the
5915:Palgrave Macmillan
5895:2008-03-12 at the
5616:Phares Electronics
5345:2011-02-09 at the
4989:Edison Tech Center
4751:2011-06-29 at the
4587:2018-01-14 at the
4506:Earnshaw's theorem
4477:
4236:
4207:
4168:
4145:
4110:
4057:
4037:
4010:
3990:
3967:
3792:
3766:
3746:
3709:
3616:
3428:
3395:
3329:
3147:
3044:
2979:magnetic monopoles
2932:
2825:
2815:Fields of a magnet
2525:The magnetization
2249:
2235:Rare-earth magnets
2204:compound (usually
2095:
1976:a magnet past its
1861:rolling resistance
1822:Magnet Space Wheel
1814:
1621:
1613:
1586:superparamagnetism
1458:Magnetic materials
1373:magnetic monopoles
1344:
1242:field is given in
1175:
1157:
1127:André-Marie Ampère
1103:, as described in
1093:Naturalis Historia
1084:magnetic compasses
410:Electrical network
247:Gauss magnetic law
212:Static electricity
172:Electric potential
55:
7028:
7027:
6864:Open-circuit test
6703:Motor controllers
6584:Synchronous motor
6406:Electric machines
6372:
6371:
6270:superdiamagnetism
6258:Magnetic response
6153:Wayne M. Saslow,
6104:(22): 3758–3763.
5965:. 19 October 2016
5924:978-1-4292-0410-1
5813:By (2022-09-01).
5196:978-0-12-619455-5
5080:978-0-471-47741-9
4922:978-3-030-63210-6
4853:10.5617/jais.4547
4783:978-0-511-68515-6
4615:Language Hat blog
4475:
4438:
4408:
4371:
4341:
4294:
4171:{\displaystyle V}
4105:
4060:{\displaystyle M}
4013:{\displaystyle z}
3993:{\displaystyle M}
3960:
3926:
3889:
3847:
3769:{\displaystyle L}
3749:{\displaystyle R}
3726:numerical methods
3704:
3609:
3575:
3538:
3512:
3327:
3290:
3145:
3039:
2930:
2472:, as well as the
2426:sextupole magnets
2253:Rare-earth magnet
2145:a combination of
1978:Curie temperature
1935:Curie temperature
1667:computer monitors
1590:superdiamagnetism
1334:Modelling magnets
1170:
1105:Dream Pool Essays
1028:Magnetism history
945:rare-earth metals
878:
877:
577:Reluctance (real)
547:Gyrator–capacitor
492:Resonant cavities
382:Maxwell equations
16:(Redirected from
7058:
7051:Metallic objects
7041:Types of magnets
6879:Two-phase system
6859:Electromagnetism
6807:Mouse mill motor
6774:recreational use
6648:Permanent magnet
6577:Linear induction
6430:Permanent magnet
6399:
6392:
6385:
6376:
6375:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6221:
6220:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6045:. Archived from
6039:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5906:
5900:
5887:
5881:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5674:
5663:
5662:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5618:. Archived from
5608:
5602:
5601:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5525:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5425:. Archived from
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5395:. Archived from
5385:
5379:
5378:
5363:(2nd ed.).
5356:
5350:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5071:Wiley-IEEE Press
5060:
5054:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5017:(3rd ed.).
5016:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4855:
4837:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4767:
4756:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4644:. Archived from
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4598:
4592:
4577:
4546:Magnetochemistry
4521:Electromagnetism
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4272:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3868:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3828:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3467:
3466:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3095:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3005:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2880:Maxwell equation
2851:from that pole.
2841:quadrupole field
2713:hysteresis loops
2174:Injection-molded
2050:. These include
2040:atomic structure
1993:degaussing coils
1794:Science projects
1758:are used in the
1741:: Hospitals use
1707:Electric guitars
1671:cathode ray tube
1609:Hard disk drives
1432:geographic poles
1407:electric current
1171:
1131:William Sturgeon
1116:Daniel Bernoulli
1114:was invented by
1112:horseshoe magnet
1065:
1064:
1002:electric current
975:microcrystalline
913:permanent magnet
870:
863:
856:
537:Electric machine
520:Magnetic circuit
482:Parallel circuit
472:Network analysis
437:Electric current
372:London equations
217:Triboelectricity
207:Potential energy
76:
66:Electromagnetism
57:
56:
51:neodymium magnet
21:
18:Permanent magnet
7066:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7024:
6898:
6837:
6811:
6802:Mendocino motor
6775:
6773:
6766:
6697:
6557:Induction motor
6538:
6515:
6461:Braking chopper
6449:
6447:
6440:
6408:
6403:
6373:
6368:
6298:Magnetic states
6293:
6253:
6248:
6199:Wayback Machine
6188:
6183:
6132:
6127:
6090:
6086:
6077:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6052:
6050:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6024:
6022:
6013:
6012:
6008:
5997:
5981:
5977:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5947:
5945:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5907:
5903:
5897:Wayback Machine
5888:
5884:
5875:
5871:
5836:
5832:
5823:
5821:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5795:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5666:
5655:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5623:
5622:on 27 June 2015
5610:
5609:
5605:
5594:
5590:
5551:
5547:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5459:on 7 April 2013
5447:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5429:on 3 April 2012
5417:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5393:How Stuff Works
5387:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5357:
5353:
5347:Wayback Machine
5338:
5334:
5325:
5323:
5308:
5301:
5290:
5274:
5270:
5259:
5243:
5239:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5197:
5181:
5177:
5160:
5156:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5118:10.1119/1.15501
5092:
5088:
5081:
5073:. p. 103.
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5033:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4966:
4965:
4956:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4933:
4923:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4860:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4784:
4768:
4759:
4753:Wayback Machine
4744:
4740:
4701:
4697:
4676:(2): 412–420 .
4664:
4660:
4651:
4649:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4617:. 28 May 2005.
4609:
4599:
4595:
4589:Wayback Machine
4578:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4536:Magnetic switch
4496:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4198:
4194:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3953:
3949:
3936:
3931:
3919:
3915:
3899:
3894:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3637:
3602:
3598:
3585:
3580:
3568:
3564:
3548:
3543:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3363:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3192:
3182:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3057:where g is the
3029:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2817:
2801:
2787:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2681:
2675:
2661:(1 +
2660:
2600:
2590:
2584:in SI units. A
2580:
2570: + 4π
2561:
2555:) holds, where
2546:
2447:
2441:
2414:electric motors
2399:right hand rule
2391:
2385:
2366:
2353:
2337:
2317:
2288:
2282:
2270:samarium–cobalt
2255:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2195:
2193:Flexible magnet
2092:ferrite magnets
2084:
2025:
2020:
1967:
1924:
1918:
1881:
1729:Electric motors
1661:Older types of
1634:audio cassettes
1602:
1574:Superconductors
1466:
1460:
1452:right-hand rule
1424:
1416:right-hand rule
1350:
1336:
1312:
1306:
1258:
1256:Magnetic moment
1252:
1250:Magnetic moment
1199:. The magnetic
1181:
1159:
1149:
1144:
1088:Pliny the Elder
1046:was adopted in
1030:
1024:
1018:
983:magnetic moment
874:
845:
844:
660:
652:
651:
607:
597:
596:
552:Induction motor
522:
512:
511:
427:Current density
412:
402:
401:
392:Poynting vector
302:
300:Electrodynamics
292:
291:
287:Right-hand rule
252:Magnetic dipole
242:Biot–Savart law
232:
222:
221:
157:Electric dipole
152:Electric charge
127:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7064:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6884:Inchworm motor
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6854:Circle diagram
6851:
6845:
6843:
6842:Related topics
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6792:Barlow's wheel
6789:
6784:
6778:
6776:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6743:Vector control
6740:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6716:Cycloconverter
6707:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6548:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6481:Damper winding
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6452:
6450:
6446:Components and
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6424:Direct current
6420:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6402:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6349:
6347:mictomagnetism
6344:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6320:ferromagnetism
6317:
6315:ferrimagnetism
6312:
6307:
6305:altermagnetism
6301:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6202:
6187:
6186:External links
6184:
6182:
6181:
6166:
6151:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6084:
6059:
6031:
6006:
5995:
5975:
5954:
5930:
5923:
5913:(6 ed.).
5901:
5882:
5869:
5830:
5805:
5779:
5752:(14): 147210.
5734:
5708:
5690:
5664:
5653:
5633:
5603:
5588:
5555:Pediatr Radiol
5545:
5496:
5470:
5440:
5410:
5380:
5373:
5365:Academic Press
5351:
5332:
5299:
5288:
5268:
5257:
5237:
5226:
5206:
5195:
5175:
5154:
5123:
5104:(8): 688–692.
5086:
5079:
5069:(2 ed.).
5055:
5046:
5031:
5001:
4976:
4941:
4921:
4891:
4866:
4823:
4797:
4782:
4757:
4738:
4717:10.1086/348315
4711:(2): 175–196.
4695:
4682:10.1086/346662
4658:
4632:
4593:
4581:Platonis Opera
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4453:
4447:
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4433:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4167:
4156:
4155:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4121:
4120:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4056:
4047:is related to
4034:
4030:
4009:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3965:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3765:
3745:
3733:
3730:
3728:must be used.
3721:
3720:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3198:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3158:
3157:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3066:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2944:
2943:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2867:
2864:
2859:Main article:
2856:
2853:
2816:
2813:
2799:
2783:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2679:
2673:
2658:
2614:
2613:
2598:
2588:
2578:
2559:
2544:
2534:
2523:
2504:
2445:Magnetostatics
2443:Main article:
2440:
2437:
2433:particle beams
2387:Main article:
2384:
2383:Electromagnets
2381:
2365:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2336:
2333:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2284:Main article:
2281:
2278:
2266:electron shell
2251:Main article:
2236:
2233:
2229:grain boundary
2221:
2215:
2194:
2191:
2176:magnets are a
2083:
2080:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1981:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:magnetization.
1957:
1946:
1938:
1917:
1914:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1829:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1768:magnetic clamp
1753:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1704:
1674:
1659:
1645:
1601:
1598:
1578:
1577:
1535:
1513:
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1423:
1420:
1403:bound currents
1377:magnetic field
1335:
1332:
1308:Main article:
1305:
1302:
1254:Main article:
1251:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1217:compass needle
1179:Magnetic field
1177:Main article:
1148:
1147:Magnetic field
1145:
1143:
1140:
1078:in modern-day
1048:Middle English
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
886:magnetic field
876:
875:
873:
872:
865:
858:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
627:Four-potential
624:
619:
614:
608:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
542:Electric motor
539:
534:
529:
523:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
497:Series circuit
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
467:Kirchhoff laws
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Direct current
429:
424:
419:
413:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
389:
387:Maxwell tensor
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
357:Larmor formula
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
307:Bremsstrahlung
303:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
257:Magnetic field
254:
249:
244:
239:
233:
230:Magnetostatics
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
162:Electric field
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
132:Charge density
128:
125:Electrostatics
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
78:
77:
69:
68:
62:
61:
60:Articles about
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7063:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:Piezoelectric
6676:
6674:
6673:Electrostatic
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6443:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:metamagnetism
6340:
6338:
6337:helimagnetism
6335:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6277:paramagnetism
6275:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6179:
6178:0-12-269951-3
6175:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6163:0-12-619455-6
6160:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6049:on 2012-02-20
6048:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6021:on 2010-07-09
6020:
6016:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5996:9781846286681
5992:
5988:
5987:
5979:
5964:
5958:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5926:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5660:
5656:
5654:0-07-136076-X
5650:
5646:
5645:
5637:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5599:
5592:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5399:on 2011-06-24
5398:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5376:
5374:0-12-466626-4
5370:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5304:
5295:
5291:
5289:0-7503-0718-8
5285:
5281:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5258:0-521-40949-7
5254:
5250:
5249:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5227:0-495-10619-4
5223:
5219:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5158:
5144:on 2011-07-14
5140:
5133:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5059:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5032:0-13-805326-X
5028:
5024:
5020:
5019:Prentice Hall
5015:
5014:
5005:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4972:
4960:
4952:
4945:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4662:
4648:on 2008-03-15
4647:
4643:
4636:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Halbach array
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Dipole magnet
4499:
4498:
4491:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4431:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4218:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4165:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4054:
4032:
4028:
4007:
3987:
3963:
3954:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3763:
3743:
3729:
3727:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3612:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3041:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:Gilbert model
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:ferromagnetic
2873:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:in SI, where
2626:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2551: +
2550:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:magnetization
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2389:Electromagnet
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:ferromagnetic
2200:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:ferromagnetic
2030:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:Ferromagnetic
1923:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:magnetic base
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:Hammond organ
1716:
1712:
1709:use magnetic
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:magnetic tape
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1594:metamagnetism
1591:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:ferrimagnetic
1486:
1485:Ferromagnetic
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:electromagnet
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:, with units
1317:
1311:
1310:Magnetization
1304:Magnetization
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:and carrying
1288:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1226:(also called
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1153:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:electromagnet
994:
992:
991:magnetization
988:
987:magnetic flux
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:ferrimagnetic
926:
925:ferromagnetic
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
871:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
851:
849:
848:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
656:
655:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
606:
601:
600:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
521:
516:
515:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
462:Joule heating
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
406:
405:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Lorentz force
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
301:
296:
295:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
277:Magnetization
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Magnetic flux
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
231:
226:
225:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Electric flux
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
126:
121:
120:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
104:Computational
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6429:
6265:diamagnetism
6169:
6154:
6141:The Concise
6140:
6101:
6097:
6087:
6076:. Retrieved
6062:
6051:. Retrieved
6047:the original
6023:. Retrieved
6019:the original
6009:
5985:
5978:
5967:. Retrieved
5957:
5946:. Retrieved
5942:
5933:
5910:
5904:
5885:
5877:
5872:
5847:
5843:
5833:
5822:. Retrieved
5818:
5808:
5796:. Retrieved
5782:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5727:November 14,
5725:. Retrieved
5711:
5693:
5681:. Retrieved
5643:
5636:
5624:. Retrieved
5620:the original
5615:
5606:
5597:
5591:
5561:(2): 142–7.
5558:
5554:
5548:
5513:
5509:
5499:
5487:. Retrieved
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5457:the original
5452:
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5427:the original
5422:
5413:
5401:. Retrieved
5397:the original
5392:
5383:
5360:
5354:
5335:
5324:. Retrieved
5316:Hyperphysics
5315:
5312:"Bar Magnet"
5278:
5271:
5247:
5240:
5216:
5209:
5185:
5178:
5164:
5157:
5146:. Retrieved
5139:the original
5126:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5065:
5058:
5049:
5012:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4988:
4979:
4950:
4944:
4934:, retrieved
4904:
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4878:
4869:
4843:
4839:
4826:
4814:. Retrieved
4812:. 2004-12-13
4809:
4800:
4772:
4741:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4650:. Retrieved
4646:the original
4635:
4623:. Retrieved
4614:
4596:
4580:
4575:
4489:
4219:
4157:
4122:
3979:
3735:
3722:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3633:
3628:
3378:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3341:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3221:
3205:permeability
3200:
3195:ampere-meter
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3074:
3056:
2985:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2871:
2869:
2845:
2834:
2829:dipole field
2826:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2428:are used to
2407:
2403:
2392:
2377:
2374:
2367:
2354:
2338:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2262:
2257:Rare earth (
2256:
2210:
2206:ferric oxide
2196:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2133:
2097:Ceramic, or
2096:
2029:paramagnetic
2026:
1968:
1954:double touch
1953:
1950:single touch
1949:
1925:
1907:
1904:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1810:construction
1760:metalworking
1638:floppy disks
1579:
1516:Paramagnetic
1475:
1469:
1467:
1439:
1425:
1411:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1328:vector field
1315:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1261:
1259:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1200:
1197:vector field
1192:
1188:
1182:
1135:Joseph Henry
1120:
1109:
1098:
1091:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1031:
995:
957:
912:
910:
881:
879:
622:Four-current
557:Linear motor
442:Electrolysis
322:Eddy current
282:Permeability
202:Polarization
197:Permittivity
6797:Lynch motor
6562:Shaded-pole
6448:accessories
5516:(1): 2–19.
5021:. pp.
4967:|work=
4561:Supermagnet
3756:and length
3076:Classically
2370:Curie point
2364:Temperature
2090:A stack of
2037:crystalline
1681:microphones
1663:televisions
1600:Common uses
1538:Diamagnetic
1532:ferrofluids
592:Transformer
422:Capacitance
347:Faraday law
142:Coulomb law
84:Electricity
7035:Categories
6693:Axial flux
6683:Ultrasonic
6658:Servomotor
6638:Doubly fed
6633:Reluctance
6529:Alternator
6521:Generators
6491:Field coil
6476:Commutator
6436:commutated
6434:SC - Self-
6352:spin glass
6130:References
6078:2010-03-09
6053:2009-12-24
6025:2009-10-19
5969:2020-01-20
5948:2020-01-20
5850:: 100872.
5824:2023-11-08
5790:. ARPA-E.
5489:2016-12-05
5326:2011-04-10
5148:2012-11-05
4994:January 8,
4936:2023-01-08
4884:January 8,
4846:: 81–132.
4816:January 8,
4652:2008-04-02
2872:pull force
2807:, so that
2731:. In CGS,
2422:quadrupole
2259:lanthanoid
2199:coercivity
2082:Composites
2076:dysprosium
2072:gadolinium
2004:coercivity
1989:hard disks
1985:coercivity
1920:See also:
1733:generators
1723:tonewheels
1693:voice coil
1642:hard disks
1582:spin glass
1365:divergence
1346:See also:
1326:. It is a
1034:lodestones
1026:See also:
1010:mild steel
979:coercivity
917:magnetized
892:, such as
659:Scientists
507:Waveguides
487:Resistance
457:Inductance
237:Ampère law
7046:Magnetism
7010:Steinmetz
6925:Davenport
6723:Amplidyne
6623:Universal
6601:Homopolar
6589:Repulsion
6501:Slip ring
6251:Magnetism
5864:0079-6425
4969:ignored (
4959:cite book
4931:244736617
4792:664016090
4733:143585290
4690:143949193
4435:π
4421:μ
4368:π
4354:μ
4282:μ
4278:π
4231:≫
4192:π
4094:μ
3929:−
3835:μ
3831:π
3825:≃
3787:≫
3693:μ
3578:−
3493:μ
3489:π
3419:≃
3390:≫
3318:μ
3265:μ
3132:π
3098:μ
3027:μ
2921:μ
2749: = 4
2323:, called
2276:magnets.
2178:composite
2147:aluminium
2143:sintering
2106:composite
2060:lodestone
2056:magnetite
1942:Vibration
1922:Remanence
1896:pacemaker
1868:fail-safe
1778:Compasses
1715:amplified
1570:levitated
1510:Magnetism
1506:lodestone
1502:magnetite
1468:The term
1464:Magnetism
1224:magnitude
1213:direction
1121:In 1820,
1068:magnētis
1063:μαγνῆτις
1038:magnetite
953:magnetism
949:lodestone
815:Steinmetz
745:Kirchhoff
730:Jefimenko
725:Hopkinson
710:Helmholtz
705:Heaviside
567:Permeance
452:Impedance
192:Insulator
187:Gauss law
137:Conductor
114:Phenomena
109:Textbooks
89:Magnetism
47:magnetite
32:Magnetism
7015:Sturgeon
6945:Ferraris
6930:Davidson
6752:Metadyne
6668:Traction
6616:Unipolar
6596:DC motor
6552:AC motor
6456:Armature
6362:spin ice
6195:Archived
6072:Archived
6001:Archived
5893:Archived
5819:Hackaday
5798:23 April
5792:Archived
5774:15904108
5721:Archived
5703:Archived
5659:Archived
5583:21306900
5575:19020871
5540:19976829
5532:10931560
5483:Archived
5463:17 April
5343:Archived
5320:Archived
5294:Archived
5263:Archived
5232:Archived
5201:Archived
5041:40251748
4858:Archived
4749:Archived
4625:22 March
4619:Archived
4611:"Magnet"
4585:Archived
4511:Electret
4494:See also
3242:fringing
3229:useful.
2803: =
2735: =
2692:, where
2685: =
2669: =
2654: =
2643: =
2620: =
2566: =
2540: =
2455:Gaussian
2395:solenoid
2245:hematine
2187:plastics
2123:such as
2103:sintered
2052:iron ore
1956:method).
1836:souvenir
1826:Levitron
1770:and the
1739:Medicine
1677:Speakers
1524:aluminum
1520:platinum
1498:ferrites
1422:Polarity
1228:strength
1072:Anatolia
1055:magnetum
960:annealed
840:Wiechert
795:Poynting
685:Einstein
532:DC motor
527:AC motor
362:Lenz law
147:Electret
7005:Sprague
7000:Siemens
6975:Maxwell
6940:Faraday
6889:Starter
6828:Railgun
6823:Coilgun
6663:Stepper
6511:Winding
6201:(video)
6106:Bibcode
5754:Bibcode
5626:26 June
5433:20 July
5403:19 July
5106:Bibcode
4541:Magneto
3629:where:
3342:where:
3203:is the
2459:CGS-EMU
2325:magnons
2168:Ticonal
2139:casting
2129:brittle
2117:ceramic
2099:ferrite
2010:curve).
1974:Heating
1872:MagSafe
1711:pickups
1701:induced
1554:plastic
1291:current
1264:) is a
1195:) is a
1142:Physics
1101:compass
971:ferrite
825:Thomson
800:Ritchie
790:Poisson
775:Neumann
770:Maxwell
765:Lorentz
760:Liénard
690:Faraday
675:Coulomb
502:Voltage
477:Ohm law
99:History
53:on top.
6995:Saxton
6980:Ørsted
6965:Jedlik
6960:Jacobi
6950:Gramme
6915:Barlow
6903:People
6728:Drives
6643:Linear
6544:Motors
6506:Stator
6176:
6161:
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5862:
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5683:18 Feb
5651:
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4158:Where
3980:where
3216:ampere
3169:newton
3160:where
2955:newton
2946:where
2742:, but
2166:, and
2155:cobalt
2151:nickel
2135:Alnico
2110:barium
2068:nickel
2064:cobalt
2044:metals
1991:, and
1857:maglev
1766:, the
1756:Chucks
1685:bobbin
1654:, and
1648:Credit
1592:, and
1552:, and
1546:copper
1542:carbon
1528:oxygen
1526:, and
1470:magnet
1399:Ampère
1279:torque
1266:vector
1244:teslas
1205:vector
1203:field
1080:Turkey
1076:Manisa
1043:magnet
967:alnico
941:cobalt
937:nickel
906:cobalt
902:nickel
882:magnet
810:Singer
805:Savart
785:Ørsted
750:Larmor
740:Kelvin
695:Fizeau
665:Ampère
587:Stator
94:Optics
7020:Tesla
6990:Pixii
6955:Henry
6920:Botto
6910:Arago
6496:Rotor
6466:Brush
6428:PM -
6422:DC -
6416:AC -
5579:S2CID
5536:S2CID
5142:(PDF)
5135:(PDF)
5023:255–8
4927:S2CID
4861:(PDF)
4836:(PDF)
4729:S2CID
4721:JSTOR
4686:S2CID
4568:Notes
4220:When
3212:meter
3209:tesla
2512:turns
2430:focus
2351:Costs
2321:waves
2182:resin
2157:with
1900:beats
1697:sound
1652:debit
1550:water
1440:south
1059:Greek
1052:Latin
1050:from
898:steel
835:Weber
830:Volta
820:Tesla
735:Joule
720:Hertz
715:Henry
700:Gauss
582:Rotor
6985:Park
6970:Lenz
6688:TEFC
6174:ISBN
6159:ISBN
5991:ISBN
5919:ISBN
5860:ISSN
5800:2013
5770:PMID
5729:2005
5685:2017
5649:ISBN
5628:2015
5571:PMID
5528:PMID
5465:2013
5435:2011
5405:2011
5369:ISBN
5284:ISBN
5253:ISBN
5222:ISBN
5191:ISBN
5075:ISBN
5037:OCLC
5027:ISBN
4996:2023
4971:help
4917:ISBN
4886:2023
4818:2023
4788:OCLC
4778:ISBN
4705:Isis
4669:Isis
4627:2013
3802:by,
3214:per
3183:and
2727:vs.
2719:vs.
2468:and
2457:and
2424:and
2339:The
2272:and
2159:iron
2153:and
2074:and
2066:and
2048:ores
1997:CRTs
1910:MRIs
1824:and
1818:Toys
1806:toys
1731:and
1689:cone
1679:and
1640:and
1566:lead
1504:and
1487:and
1444:pole
1358:each
1222:Its
1211:Its
1183:The
1036:(or
1006:core
969:and
963:iron
939:and
933:iron
927:(or
894:iron
755:Lenz
680:Davy
670:Biot
6114:doi
6102:321
5852:doi
5848:124
5762:doi
5563:doi
5518:doi
5170:252
5114:doi
4909:doi
4848:doi
4713:doi
4678:doi
4604:or
2754:CGS
2723:or
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2062:),
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1888:).
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1626:VHS
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780:Ohm
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