424:
624:
751:
2098:"Supplementary Information page 52: "The derived allele of the KITLG SNP rs12821256 that is associated with – and likely causal for blond hair in Europeans is present in one hunter-gatherer from each of Samara, Motala and Ukraine (I0124, I0014 and I1763), as well as several later individuals with Steppe ancestry. Since the allele is found in populations with EHG but not WHG ancestry, it suggests that its origin is in the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population. Consistent with this, we observe that the earliest known individual with the derived allele (supported by two reads) is the ANE individual Afontova Gora 3, which is directly dated to 16130-15749 cal BCE (14710±60 BP, MAMS-27186: a previously unpublished date that we newly report here). We cannot determine the status of rs12821256 in Afontova Gora 2 and MA-1 due to lack of sequence coverage at this SNP."
222:
63:
210:
704:
2018:, p. 4/28: From Supplementary document S8: "The Karelian individual presents high probabilities of being brown-eyed (0.99), and having a dark hair (0.96). Without speculating about the genetic architecture of skin pigmentation, we suggest an intermediate skin-pigmentation phenotype for the Karelia individual, as it carried the ancestral allele at rs16891982 and the derived allele at rs1426654 (S1 Table). The presence of the rs1426654 light-skin allele, in addition to five additional C11-associated alleles at haplotype defining SNPs (S1 Table) suggests that the Karelian individual carried the C11 light-skin haplotype."
716:
732:
967:
Damgaard et al., 2018). They passed EHG on to the
Yamnaya people, from whom it was inherited by several filial populations, including Afanasyevans. As early as the Mesolithic, EHG was introduced from northern Russia to Scandinavia, as evidenced by genomes of the Motala people in southern Sweden. Their ancestors had migrated there from the east along the coast of Norway, because the share of EHG in more southern populations, such as the earlier Kunda people of the eastern Baltic, is lower (Haak et al., 2015; Mittnik et al., 2018).
34:
3644:
263:(ANEs) and WHGs. Researchers have proposed various admixture proportion models for EHGs from WHGs and ANEs. Posth et al. (2023) found that most EHG individuals carried c. 70% ANE ancestry and c. 30% WHG ancestry The WHG-like ancestry was most likely not derived from the Oberkassel and Villabruna clusters directly, but from a related and yet unsampled
1659:
Currently, the strongest affinity to
Tianyuan in Holocene European HGs was reported for Eastern European HGs (EHG). This is because the ancestry found in Mal'ta and Afontova Gora individuals (Ancient North Eurasian ancestry) received ancestry from UP East Asian/Southeast Asian populations54, who then
442:
Members of the Kunda culture and Narva culture were also found to be more closely related with WHG, while the Pit–Comb Ware culture was more closely related to EHG. Northern and eastern areas of the eastern Baltic were found to be more closely related to EHG than southern areas. The study noted that
614:
Others have suggested that the Indo-European language family may have originated not in
Eastern Europe, but among CHG-rich West Asian populations South of the Caucasus which later absorbed EHG-rich groups North of the Caucasus. It was noted that haplogroups may not correlate with autosomal ancestry
2198:
ANE makes up the principal share of the EHG (Eastern Hunter-Gatherer) autosomal component, whose content is especially high in the genomes of
Mesolithic and Early Neolithic inhabitants of northeastern Europe buried at Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov, Popovo, Sidelkino, Lebyazhinka IV, etc. (Haak et al., 2015;
1672:
Childebayeva, Ainash; Fricke, Fabian; Rohrlach, Adam
Benjamin; Huang, Lei; Schiffels, Stephan; Vesakoski, Outi; Mannermaa, Kristiina; Semerau, Lena; Aron, Franziska; Solodovnikov, Konstantin; Rykun, Marina; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Kovtun, Igor; Krause, Johannes (June 11, 2024).
1602:
Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de
Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Yu, He; Aron, Franziska; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Cabello, Lidia; Cantalejo Duarte, Pedro; Ramos-Muñoz, José; Posth, Cosimo; Krause, Johannes; Weniger, Gerd-Christian; Haak, Wolfgang (April 2023).
1172:
van de
Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (May 4,
966:
ANE makes up the principal share of the EHG (Eastern Hunter-Gatherer) autosomal component, whose content is especially high in the genomes of
Mesolithic and Early Neolithic inhabitants of northeastern Europe buried at Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov, Popovo, Sidelkino, Lebyazhinka IV, etc. (Haak et al., 2015;
928:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (June 1, 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature.
399:
GĂĽnther et al. (2018) analyzed 13 SHGs and found all of them to be of EHG ancestry. Generally, SHGs from western and northern
Scandinavia had more EHG ancestry (ca 49%) than individuals from eastern Scandinavia (ca. 38%). The authors suggested that the SHGs were a mix of WHGs who had migrated into
647:
to have high probabilities of being brown-eyed and dark haired, with a predicted intermediate skin tone. Another EHG from Samara was predicted to be light skinned, and was determined to have a high probability of being blue-eyed with a light hair shade, with a 75% calculated probability of being
1536:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz
Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise
1323:
Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Pearson, Alice; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Halgren, Alma S.; Macleod, Ruairidh; Demeter, Fabrice; Henriksen, Rasmus A.; Vimala, Tharsika; McColl, Hugh; Vaughn, Andrew H.; Speidel, Leo (January 24, 2024).
1833:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (August 26, 2022).
1228:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (August 26, 2022).
494:, which mostly belonged to the Kunda culture and Narva culture in the eastern Baltic, were analyzed. These individuals were mostly of WHG descent in the earlier phases, but over time EHG ancestry became predominant. The Y-DNA of this site belonged almost exclusively to haplotypes of
454:
Mathieson et al. (2018) analyzed the genetics of a large number of skeletons of prehistoric Eastern Europe. Thirty-seven samples were from Mesolithic and Neolithic Ukraine (9500-6000 BC). These were classified as intermediate between EHG and SHG. The males belonged exclusively to
1454:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael (June 2015).
1980:"Interestingly, eastern and Scandinavian hunter-gatherers had light skin, in contrast to Baltic hunter-gatherers who kept their dark skin only until 3800 years ago when farming was introduced in this region by the Bronze Age expansion of people of Russian steppe origin."
827:
Lazaridis et al. (2016) found SHGs to be a mix of EHGs and WHGs: "Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG) derive 3/4 of their ancestry from the ANE... Scandinavian hunter-gatherers (SHG) are a mix of EHG and WHG; and WHG are a mix of EHG and the Upper Paleolithic Bichon from
1074:: "Earlier aDNA studies suggest the presence of three genetic groups in early postglacial Europe: Western hunter–gatherers (WHG), Eastern hunter–gatherers (EHG), and Scandinavian hunter–gatherers (SHG)4. The SHG have been modelled as a mixture of WHG and EHG."
380:(PCW/CCC) of the eastern Baltic bear 65% EHG ancestry. This is in contrast to earlier hunter-gatherers in the area, who were more closely related to WHG. This was demonstrated using a sample of Y-DNA extracted from a Pit–Comb Ware individual. This belonged to
703:
603:(EEF) ancestry. Both Dnieper-Donets males and Yamnaya males carry the same paternal haplogroups (R1b and I2a), suggesting that the CHG and EEF admixture among the Yamnaya came through EHG males mixing with EEF and CHG females. Based on this,
275:
and other East/Southeast Asians, which can be explained by geneflow from a Tianyuan-related source into the ANE lineage (represented by Malta and Afontova Gora 3), which later substantially contributed to the formation of the EHG.
774:. This technological spread was much faster than the spread of agriculture itself, and mainly occurred through technology transfer between hunter-gatherer groups, rather than through the demic diffusion of agriculturalists.
750:
3051:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo (2015).
2040:
Sulem, Patrick; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.; Stacey, Simon N.; Helgason, Agnar; Rafnar, Thorunn; Magnusson, Kristinn P.; Manolescu, Andrei; Karason, Ari; Palsson, Arnar; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; et al. (December 2007).
2316:
Although demic diffusion may have a role, on the basis of its speed we argue that pottery production was rapidly disseminated through knowledge transfer across established networks between dispersed hunter-gatherer
1096:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (June 1, 2015).
766:
As hunter-gatherers, the EHGs initially relied on stone tools and artifacts derived from ivory, horns or antlers. From circa 5,900 BC, they started to adopt pottery in the area of the northern
731:
2030:, p. 4/28: From Supplementary document S8: "The Samaran individual exhibits high probabilities of being blue-eyed (0.88), light hair shade (0.99); most likely being blond (0.75)."
715:
568:
1521:
Haak et al. (2015): 38–40% ANE (MA-1), 60–62% WHG (Fig S8.6). (Alternative topologies where EHG and ANE are unadmixed sister lineages, with WHG being admixed, are not rejected)
1994:
Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation S8 Text. Functional variation in ancient samples.
127:(WHG). Still, the relationship between the ANE and EHG ancestral components is not yet well understood due to lack of samples that could bridge the spatiotemporal gap.
259:. The authors of the study also identified a WHG cluster and an SHG cluster, intermediate between WHG and EHG. They suggested that EHGs harbored mixed ancestry from
330:
were found to be a mix of EHG and a "Near Eastern related population". During the 3rd millennium BC, the Yamnaya people embarked on a massive expansion throughout
709:
Reconstruction of burial No. 132 of the Oleneostrovsky burial ground (Yuzhni Oleny island, Lake Onega). Exhibit of the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia.
643:
and light skin, with "intermediate frequencies of the blue-eye variants" and "high frequencies of the light-skin variants." An EHG from Karelia was determined by
982:
Feldman, Michal; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido A.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Posth, Cosimo (2021). "Where Asia meets Europe – recent insights from ancient human genomics".
3607:
3472:
423:
2836:
770:, or possibly from beyond the Ural. In barely three or four centuries, pottery spread over a distance of about 3,000 kilometers, reaching as far as the
697:(ANE) ancestry is by far the main component of the Yuzhny Oleny group, and is among the highest within the rest of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG).
279:
The formation of the EHG ancestral component is estimated to have happened 13,000–15,000 years BP. EHG associated remains belonged primarily to the
1025:
Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke (2022). "Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past".
623:
3115:
754:
Adoption of pottery among East European hunter-gatherers, during the 6th millennium BC (from the first adoption circa 5900 BC in the North
1605:"A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum"
737:
3353:
944:"Patterns in the Population History of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age, Based on Craniometry and Genetics"
267:
population. The high contribution from Ancient North Eurasians is also visible in a subtle affinity of the EHG to the 40,000-year-old
3235:
2564:"Ancient DNA from mastics solidifies connection between material culture and genetics of mesolithic hunter–gatherers in Scandinavia"
3409:
3195:
3346:
405:
3690:
847:
2393:"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation"
3592:
3404:
409:
221:
2931:"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions Eurasia"
62:
682:, suggesting that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population, before spreading to western Eurasia.
3675:
3582:
3365:
3341:
3264:
3041:
2381:
296:
3627:
3554:
3336:
3331:
280:
3670:
3002:
2342:
675:
from Siberia dated to around 17,000 BP, is found in three Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from Samara, Motala and Ukraine
322:
EHGs may have mixed with "an Armenian-like Near Eastern source", which formed the Yamnaya culture, as early as the
334:, which significantly altered the genetic landscape of the continent. The expansion gave rise to cultures such as
3426:
3377:
3321:
3026:(2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.).
2366:(2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.).
3680:
3602:
3438:
3326:
3029:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
2369:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
561:
209:
51:
3685:
3512:
2715:
Mathieson, Iain; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Posth, Cosimo; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; et al. (March 2018).
2199:
Damgaard et al., 2018).", "Mesolithic, northern Russian Plain, Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov (Alekseyev, Gokhman, 1984)
3617:
3587:
3572:
3522:
3188:
241:
143:
400:
Scandinavia from the south, and EHGs who had later migrated into Scandinavia from the northeast along the
3527:
3507:
3252:
3230:
1675:"Bronze age Northern Eurasian genetics in the context of development of metallurgy and Siberian ancestry"
554:
550:
515:
511:
507:
484:
480:
393:
389:
385:
185:(CHGs) with the resulting population, almost half-EHG and half-CHG, forming the genetic cluster known as
68:
Hunter-gatherers in Europe between 14 ka and 9 ka, with the main area of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG,
3544:
3460:
3245:
592:
229:
Haak et al. (2015) identified the EHG as a distinct genetic cluster in two males only. The EHG male of
3110:
1390:
685:
Many remains of East Hunter-Gatherers dated to circa 8,100 BP (6,100 BCE) have also been excavated at
3517:
3389:
3316:
3296:
591:(or closely related groups), which are associated with speakers of Proto-Indo-European, the EHG-rich
564:
were found to harbor about 20% hunter-gatherer ancestry, which was intermediate between EHG and WHG.
377:
139:
2178:"Patterns in the population history of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age"
150:(WHG), the EHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early
3567:
3562:
3537:
3414:
3382:
596:
584:
369:
for a period of 4,000 years. The Ukrainian samples belonged exclusively to the maternal haplogroup
194:
182:
1713:
We then modeled gene flow from the lineage leading to CHB to the EEHG at 9.4% (95% CI 4.4%–14.7%).
529:
were estimated to be of 85% WHG and 15% EHG descent. The males at these sites carried exclusively
3648:
3549:
3532:
3443:
3399:
3370:
3259:
3181:
608:
580:
491:
365:
were found to cluster tightly together between WHG and EHG, suggesting genetic continuity in the
339:
198:
147:
124:
2507:"The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers"
319:. Geneflow from an East Asian-like source towards the EHG contributed around 9.4% (4.4%–14.7%).
3448:
3431:
3394:
3284:
1175:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations"
783:
694:
632:
495:
260:
214:
186:
116:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
571:(WSHG). WSHGs contained about 20% EHG ancestry, 73% ANE ancestry, and 6% East Asian ancestry.
3502:
3269:
2935:
2774:
600:
530:
522:
308:
304:
300:
3465:
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3065:
2944:
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2840:
2783:
2730:
2677:
2624:
2524:
2467:
2121:
1718:
1616:
1550:
1478:
1337:
1186:
1120:
877:
788:
546:
503:
476:
456:
370:
316:
312:
288:
256:
244:
8:
3489:
3289:
2193:
960:
929:
522 (7555): 207–211. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
793:
335:
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2528:
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1868:
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1604:
1579:
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1325:
1265:
1230:
1190:
1124:
881:
3154:
3128:
3097:
2967:
2930:
2863:
2822:
2804:
2769:
2751:
2716:
2698:
2663:
2645:
2610:
2592:
2563:
2545:
2506:
2488:
2457:
2443:
2425:
2392:
2302:
2269:
2245:
2212:
2150:
2109:
2078:
1971:
1922:
1507:
1468:
1456:
1436:
1402:
1278:
1149:
1110:
1098:
1007:
906:
865:
428:
2444:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
2002:
1457:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
1174:
1099:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
3477:
3453:
3358:
3279:
3274:
3146:
3089:
3081:
3037:
2972:
2917:
2882:"Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe"
2868:
2827:
2809:
2756:
2703:
2650:
2597:
2550:
2493:
2430:
2377:
2307:
2289:
2250:
2232:
2155:
2137:
2070:
2062:
1975:
1963:
1926:
1914:
1873:
1855:
1694:
1674:
1650:
1632:
1584:
1566:
1512:
1494:
1428:
1420:
1371:
1353:
1282:
1270:
1252:
1210:
1202:
1154:
1136:
1042:
1011:
999:
943:
911:
893:
808:
538:
534:
499:
472:
468:
443:
EHGs, like SHGs and Baltic hunter-gatherers, carried high frequencies of the derived
292:
178:
39:
Artifacts and forensic reconstruction of an eastern hunter-gatherer from the site of
3158:
2270:"The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter-gatherers"
2213:"The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter-gatherers"
2082:
1440:
3138:
3101:
3073:
3033:
3023:
2993:
2962:
2952:
2907:
2858:
2850:
2799:
2791:
2746:
2738:
2721:
2693:
2685:
2668:
2640:
2632:
2615:
2587:
2579:
2540:
2532:
2483:
2475:
2448:
2420:
2410:
2373:
2363:
2333:
2297:
2281:
2240:
2224:
2189:
2145:
2129:
2054:
1997:
1953:
1904:
1863:
1847:
1702:
1686:
1640:
1624:
1574:
1558:
1502:
1486:
1412:
1361:
1345:
1260:
1242:
1194:
1144:
1128:
1034:
991:
955:
901:
885:
656:
604:
404:
coast. SHGs displayed higher frequences of genetic variants that cause light skin (
357:
were a mix of WHG and EHG, showing the closest affinity with WHG. Samples from the
995:
740:
depicting 5 skiers and a reindeer. These petroglyphs date to 7,000~6,000 years BP.
3306:
3027:
2886:
2575:
2511:
2415:
2367:
758:-or possibly from beyond the Ural area-, to final diffusion circa 5500 BC in the
588:
327:
190:
105:
86:
1836:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
1231:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
3204:
2957:
2795:
2714:
2285:
2228:
2133:
2095:
1733:
1690:
1628:
1562:
1349:
889:
803:
464:
460:
381:
366:
272:
252:
237:
109:
3142:
3053:
2912:
2881:
2583:
2536:
1601:
1416:
3664:
3085:
2293:
2236:
2141:
2066:
2042:
1859:
1698:
1636:
1570:
1498:
1424:
1357:
1256:
1206:
1140:
897:
866:"Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers"
672:
628:
350:
346:
284:
264:
230:
2854:
1851:
1247:
1198:
3218:
3150:
3093:
2976:
2921:
2872:
2813:
2760:
2707:
2654:
2601:
2554:
2497:
2434:
2397:
2311:
2254:
2159:
2074:
1967:
1918:
1877:
1654:
1588:
1516:
1432:
1375:
1274:
1214:
1158:
1046:
1003:
915:
722:
686:
268:
234:
40:
2998:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
2338:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
1535:
33:
767:
755:
3077:
2742:
2689:
2636:
2479:
2108:
Mittnik, Alissa; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Pfrengle, Saskia (January 30, 2018).
1490:
1322:
1171:
1132:
579:
The EHG have been argued by some to represent a possible source for the
373:, which is found in around 80% of all European hunter-gatherer samples.
2895:
2520:
2058:
1832:
1227:
1038:
771:
759:
690:
660:
640:
448:
354:
323:
225:
Genetically, the EHG (red) were most closely related to the ANE (pink).
174:
163:
131:
102:
2611:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
2043:"Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans"
1958:
1941:
1909:
1892:
130:
During the Mesolithic, the EHGs inhabited an area stretching from the
413:
362:
170:
2997:
2337:
2177:
627:
The mutation for blond hair is thought to have originated among the
154:
Europe. The border between WHGs and EHGs ran roughly from the lower
3133:
3124:
2845:
2462:
1473:
1407:
1115:
981:
798:
151:
115:
The eastern hunter-gatherer genetic profile is mainly derived from
427:
Residual genetic ancestry of European hunter-gatherers during the
3173:
1326:"The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians"
664:
526:
444:
384:. The four samples of mtDNA extracted constituted two samples of
358:
248:
159:
120:
574:
3050:
2039:
1671:
721:
Artifacts and reconstruction of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from
652:
401:
331:
155:
2823:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
1453:
1095:
668:
542:
135:
2664:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
567:
Narasimshan et al. (2019) coined a new ancestral component,
213:
Schematic formation of the EHGs, through a main ancestry of
189:(WSH). WSH populations closely related to the people of the
74:). Individual numbers correspond to calibrated sample dates.
2406:
417:
2268:
Dolbunova, Ekaterina; Lucquin, Alexandre (February 2023).
2211:
Dolbunova, Ekaterina; Lucquin, Alexandre (February 2023).
3111:"The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe"
1814:
1391:"The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe"
611:
were initially spoken by EHGs living in Eastern Europe.
1802:
1790:
1768:
1766:
864:
Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Ghalichi, Ayshin (March 2023).
16:
Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component
1539:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia"
1289:
1077:
1053:
338:, and was possibly the source of the distribution of
123:, with a secondary and smaller admixture of European
1024:
948:
Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia
475:). Mitochondrial DNA belonged almost exclusively to
101:, is a distinct ancestral component that represents
2837:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2107:
1778:
1763:
1306:
1304:
2182:Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia
1065:
2770:"The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region"
2110:"The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region"
1891:Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (July 3, 2020).
1739:
1595:
251:(dated to ca. 5500-5000 BC) carried Y-haplogroup
3662:
2267:
2210:
1751:
1301:
863:
615:components and historical language dispersals.
447:for SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, which are codings for
3189:
3116:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2821:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (September 6, 2019).
1988:
1986:
1939:
1890:
1395:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
575:Possible association with Early Indo-European
181:EHGs on the Pontic–Caspian steppe mixed with
158:, northward along the western forests of the
2717:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe"
3054:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
859:
857:
855:
3196:
3182:
2820:
1983:
1796:
639:The EHGs are suggested to have had mostly
521:Forty individuals from three sites of the
119:(ANE) ancestry, which was introduced from
3132:
3108:
2966:
2956:
2911:
2862:
2844:
2803:
2750:
2697:
2661:
2644:
2608:
2591:
2544:
2487:
2461:
2424:
2414:
2301:
2244:
2175:
2149:
2001:
1957:
1940:Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (2020).
1908:
1867:
1706:
1644:
1578:
1506:
1472:
1406:
1388:
1365:
1295:
1264:
1246:
1148:
1114:
977:
975:
959:
941:
905:
2362:
2332:
2176:Kozintsev, Alexander (January 1, 2021).
1820:
1808:
1083:
1059:
937:
935:
852:
749:
622:
422:
220:
208:
2992:
2767:
2561:
2390:
2027:
2015:
1784:
1772:
1071:
644:
490:A large number of individuals from the
217:(ANE), and a smaller admixture of WHGs
3663:
1942:"Skin Colour and Vitamin D: An update"
1893:"Skin colour and vitamin D: An update"
972:
618:
471:haplotypes (particularly subclades of
459:haplotypes (particularly subclades of
3177:
2929:Wang, Chuan-Chao (February 4, 2019).
2662:Mathieson, Iain (November 23, 2015).
2505:Jones, Eppie R. (February 20, 2017).
2504:
2391:GĂĽnther, Thorsten (January 1, 2018).
2171:
2169:
1745:
1531:
1529:
1389:Lazaridis, Iosif (December 1, 2018).
932:
635:(ANE) cline of south-central Siberia.
2928:
2879:
2441:
2194:10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.4.140-151
1757:
1310:
961:10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.4.140-151
942:Kozintsev, A. G. (January 4, 2022).
667:synthesis, which is associated with
502:. The mtDNA belonged exclusively to
233:(dated to ca. 5650–5550 BC) carried
2768:Mittnik, Alisa (January 30, 2018).
2089:
1660:contributed substantially to EHG55.
1027:Journal of Anthropological Sciences
745:
201:throughout large parts of Eurasia.
193:are supposed to have embarked on a
13:
3265:Blood type distribution by country
3203:
3109:Lazaridis, Iosif (December 2018).
2985:
2609:Lazaridis, Iosif (July 25, 2016).
2562:Kashuba, Natalija (May 15, 2019).
2166:
1526:
848:National Museum of Karelia exhibit
326:(5200-4000 BC). The people of the
14:
3702:
2003:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703.s013
3643:
3642:
3003:Journal of Indo-European Studies
2442:Haak, Wolfgang (June 11, 2015).
2343:Journal of Indo-European Studies
730:
714:
702:
581:Pre-Proto-Indo-European language
247:. The other EHG male, buried in
99:eastern European hunter-gatherer
61:
32:
2325:
2261:
2204:
2101:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1933:
1884:
1826:
1665:
1447:
1382:
1316:
1221:
1165:
1089:
821:
69:
1609:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1018:
922:
841:
431:, between 7.5 ka and 5 ka BP (
1:
3691:Mesolithic cultures of Europe
2880:Saag, Lehti (July 24, 2017).
1397:. Genetics of Human Origins.
996:10.1080/03014460.2021.1949039
835:
676:
593:Dnieper–Donets culture people
569:West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer
432:
345:The people of the Mesolithic
144:Scandinavian hunter-gatherers
95:east European hunter-gatherer
91:eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG)
54:. National Museum of Karelia.
44:
2416:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703
1537:Schjellerup (January 2024).
287:, with a lower frequency of
7:
777:
549:(particularly subclades of
506:(particularly subclades of
479:(particularly subclades of
204:
10:
3707:
3246:Neanderthal genome project
2958:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8
2796:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9
2286:10.1038/s41562-022-01491-8
2229:10.1038/s41562-022-01491-8
2134:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9
1691:10.1038/s42003-024-06343-x
1629:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0
1563:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0
1350:10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1
890:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0
562:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
3676:Genetic history of Europe
3638:
3488:
3305:
3211:
3143:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007
2913:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022
2584:10.1038/s42003-019-0399-1
2537:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060
1417:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007
607:, this suggests that the
297:mitochondrial chromosomes
197:leading to the spread of
183:Caucasus hunter-gatherers
26:
3383:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
1946:Experimental Dermatology
1897:Experimental Dermatology
814:
671:hair and first found in
597:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer
585:Father Tongue hypothesis
148:western hunter-gatherers
125:western hunter-gatherers
3671:Archaeogenetic lineages
3444:Ancient Northeast Asian
3420:Eastern hunter-gatherer
3400:Western hunter-gatherer
3371:Early Anatolian farmers
2855:10.1126/science.aat7487
2336:(Spring–Summer 2019a).
1852:10.1126/science.abm4247
1248:10.1126/science.abm4247
1199:10.1126/science.aar8380
984:Annals of Human Biology
609:Indo-European languages
492:Zvejnieki burial ground
420:), than WHGs and EHGs.
340:Indo-European languages
261:Ancient North Eurasians
215:Ancient North Eurasians
199:Indo-European languages
22:Eastern hunter-gatherer
3449:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
3432:Ancient North Eurasian
3395:Early European Farmers
2996:(Spring–Summer 2019).
2568:Communications Biology
2274:Nature Human Behaviour
2217:Nature Human Behaviour
1679:Communications Biology
784:Dnieper-Donets culture
763:
695:Ancient North Eurasian
636:
633:Ancient North Eurasian
589:Yamnaya culture people
439:
299:belonged primarily to
226:
218:
117:Ancient North Eurasian
3681:Peopling of the world
3270:Genealogical DNA test
3231:Evolutionary genetics
2936:Nature Communications
2775:Nature Communications
2114:Nature Communications
2096:Mathieson et al. 2018
1734:Mathieson et al. 2018
753:
626:
601:Early European Farmer
537:(mostly subclades of
523:Iron Gates Mesolithic
436: 5,500~3,000 BC
426:
378:Pit–Comb Ware culture
224:
212:
187:Western Steppe Herder
140:Pontic–Caspian steppe
138:and downwards to the
3686:Last Glacial Maximum
3241:Neanderthal genetics
3224:Human Genome Project
789:Comb Ceramic culture
725:island by Gerasimov.
595:show no evidence of
392:, and one sample of
177:, likely during the
162:towards the western
3624:Sub-Saharan Africa
3593:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
3490:Population genetics
3297:Genetic enhancement
3290:Surname DNA project
3078:10.1038/nature14507
3070:2015Natur.522..167A
2949:2019NatCo..10..590W
2904:2017CBio...27E2185S
2788:2018NatCo...9..442M
2743:10.1038/nature25778
2735:2018Natur.555..197M
2690:10.1038/nature16152
2682:2015Natur.528..499M
2637:10.1038/nature19310
2629:2016Natur.536..419L
2529:2017CBio...27..576J
2480:10.1038/nature14317
2472:2015Natur.522..207H
2126:2018NatCo...9..442M
1621:2023NatEE...7..597V
1555:2024Natur.625..301A
1491:10.1038/nature14317
1483:2015Natur.522..207H
1342:2024Natur.625..312I
1191:2018Sci...360..548V
1133:10.1038/nature14317
1125:2015Natur.522..207H
882:2023Natur.615..117P
794:Sredny Stog culture
738:Karelian Petroglyph
659:gene that controls
619:Physical appearance
545:belonged mostly to
41:Yuzhny Oleny island
23:
3036:. pp. 21–54.
2376:. pp. 21–54.
2059:10.1038/ng.2007.13
1846:(6609): eabm4247.
1241:(6609): eabm4247.
1039:10.4436/jass.10017
764:
637:
631:population of the
496:haplogroup R1b1a1a
440:
429:European Neolithic
376:The people of the
281:human Y-chromosome
227:
219:
21:
3658:
3657:
3478:Ancient Beringian
3280:Race and genetics
3275:Genetic genealogy
3260:Genetic variation
3064:(7555): 167–172.
3024:Anthony, David W.
2729:(7695): 197–203.
2676:(7583): 499–503.
2623:(7617): 419–424.
2456:(7555): 207–211.
2364:Anthony, David W.
2053:(12): 1443–1452.
1959:10.1111/exd.14142
1910:10.1111/exd.14142
1823:, pp. 7, 14.
1549:(7994): 301–311.
1467:(7555): 207–211.
1336:(7994): 312–320.
1185:(6388): 548–552.
1109:(7555): 207–211.
876:(7950): 117–126.
809:Khvalynsk culture
255:and mt-haplogoup
195:massive migration
179:4th millennium BC
83:
82:
3698:
3646:
3645:
3347:African diaspora
3337:Eastern Africa‎‎
3285:Recent evolution
3236:Human-chimp MRCA
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3136:
3105:
3047:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2925:
2915:
2876:
2866:
2848:
2817:
2807:
2764:
2754:
2711:
2701:
2658:
2648:
2605:
2595:
2558:
2548:
2501:
2491:
2465:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2387:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2320:
2319:
2305:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1961:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1912:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1648:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1510:
1476:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1410:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1250:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1118:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1033:(100): 193–230.
1022:
1016:
1015:
979:
970:
969:
963:
939:
930:
926:
920:
919:
909:
861:
850:
845:
829:
825:
746:Material culture
734:
718:
706:
681:
680: 10,000 BP
678:
663:development and
605:David W. Anthony
437:
434:
388:, one sample of
106:hunter-gatherers
73:
72:
65:
49:
46:
36:
24:
20:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3634:
3614:Southeast Asia
3492:
3484:
3342:Southern Africa
3309:
3307:Genetic history
3301:
3207:
3202:
3172:
3163:
3161:
3044:
3022:
3013:
3011:
2988:
2986:Further reading
2983:
2887:Current Biology
2576:Nature Research
2512:Current Biology
2384:
2353:
2351:
2328:
2323:
2266:
2262:
2209:
2205:
2174:
2167:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2047:Nature Genetics
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1938:
1934:
1889:
1885:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1797:Narasimhan 2019
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1719:
1670:
1666:
1600:
1596:
1534:
1527:
1452:
1448:
1387:
1383:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1226:
1222:
1170:
1166:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1023:
1019:
980:
973:
940:
933:
927:
923:
862:
853:
846:
842:
838:
833:
832:
826:
822:
817:
780:
748:
741:
735:
726:
719:
710:
707:
679:
651:The rs12821256
621:
577:
435:
361:Mesolithic and
353:of the eastern
328:Yamnaya culture
207:
191:Yamnaya culture
87:archaeogenetics
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
66:
57:
56:
55:
52:M. M. Gerasimov
48: 8,100 BP
47:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3461:Southeast Asia
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Central Africa
3329:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:Human genetics
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3106:
3048:
3043:978-9004416192
3042:
3020:
2994:Anthony, David
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2926:
2877:
2846:10.1101/292581
2818:
2765:
2712:
2659:
2606:
2559:
2502:
2439:
2388:
2383:978-9004416192
2382:
2360:
2334:Anthony, David
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2280:(2): 171–183.
2260:
2223:(2): 171–183.
2203:
2188:(4): 140–151.
2165:
2100:
2088:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1982:
1952:(9): 864–875.
1932:
1903:(9): 864–875.
1883:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1717:
1664:
1615:(4): 597–609.
1594:
1525:
1446:
1381:
1315:
1300:
1296:Lazaridis 2016
1288:
1220:
1164:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1017:
990:(3): 191–202.
971:
931:
921:
851:
839:
837:
834:
831:
830:
819:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
806:
804:Samara culture
801:
796:
791:
786:
779:
776:
747:
744:
743:
742:
736:
729:
727:
720:
713:
711:
708:
701:
648:blond-haired.
645:GĂĽnther (2018)
620:
617:
587:). Unlike the
576:
573:
560:People of the
541:) haplotypes.
367:Dnieper Rapids
273:Northern China
206:
203:
110:Eastern Europe
81:
80:
67:
60:
59:
58:
38:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3703:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:British Isles
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:West Africa‎‎
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:: 2185–2193.
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
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2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:(1): Fig. 1.
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1821:Anthony 2019a
1817:
1811:, p. 14.
1810:
1809:Anthony 2019a
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1086:, p. 28.
1085:
1084:Anthony 2019b
1080:
1073:
1068:
1062:, p. 27.
1061:
1060:Anthony 2019b
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
976:
968:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
936:
925:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
856:
849:
844:
840:
828:Switzerland."
824:
820:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
775:
773:
769:
761:
757:
752:
739:
733:
728:
724:
717:
712:
705:
700:
699:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
674:
673:an individual
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
634:
630:
629:Afontova Gora
625:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
572:
570:
565:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
452:
450:
446:
430:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Narva culture
348:
347:Kunda culture
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
311:, as well as
310:
306:
302:
301:haplogroup U2
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
266:
265:Epigravettian
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
242:mt-haplogroup
239:
236:
232:
223:
216:
211:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:. Along with
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
64:
53:
42:
35:
25:
19:
3647:
3545:Azerbaijanis
3427:Central Asia
3419:
3322:North Africa
3219:Human genome
3162:. Retrieved
3120:
3114:
3061:
3057:
3028:
3012:. Retrieved
3007:
3001:
2940:
2934:
2891:
2885:
2839:: eaat7487.
2832:
2826:
2779:
2773:
2726:
2720:
2673:
2667:
2620:
2614:
2571:
2567:
2516:
2510:
2453:
2447:
2409:: e2003703.
2402:
2398:PLOS Biology
2396:
2368:
2352:. Retrieved
2347:
2341:
2326:Bibliography
2315:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2091:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2028:GĂĽnther 2018
2023:
2016:GĂĽnther 2018
2011:
1993:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1785:Mittnik 2018
1780:
1773:GĂĽnther 2018
1753:
1741:
1712:
1682:
1678:
1667:
1658:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1546:
1542:
1520:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1291:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1182:
1178:
1167:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1079:
1072:Kashuba 2019
1067:
1055:
1030:
1026:
1020:
987:
983:
965:
951:
947:
924:
873:
869:
843:
823:
765:
723:Yuzhny Oleny
687:Yuzhny Oleny
684:
650:
638:
613:
578:
566:
559:
520:
504:haplogroup U
489:
453:
441:
398:
375:
344:
321:
289:haplogroup J
283:haplogroups
278:
269:Tianyuan man
235:Y-haplogroup
228:
168:
129:
114:
98:
94:
93:, sometimes
90:
84:
18:
3603:Han Chinese
3579:South Asia
3366:Middle East
2523:: 576–582.
2317:communities
1685:(1): 1–12.
768:Caspian Sea
756:Caspian Sea
382:R1a15-YP172
342:in Europe.
336:Corded Ware
169:During the
3665:Categories
3628:Hutu/Tutsi
3599:East Asia
3513:Bulgarians
3354:South Asia
3212:Sub-topics
3134:1805.01579
3014:January 9,
2943:(1): 590.
2896:Cell Press
2782:(1): 442.
2521:Cell Press
2463:1502.02783
2354:January 9,
1746:Jones 2017
1474:1502.02783
1408:1805.01579
1116:1502.02783
954:(4): 141.
836:References
772:Baltic Sea
691:Lake Onega
689:island in
661:melanocyte
641:brown eyes
583:(see also
449:light skin
414:light eyes
324:Eneolithic
175:Eneolithic
173:and early
164:Baltic Sea
146:(SHG) and
132:Baltic Sea
103:Mesolithic
3618:Filipinos
3588:Sinhalese
3583:Gujaratis
3573:Moroccans
3568:Egyptians
3523:Romanians
3439:East Asia
3310:by region
3127:: 21–27.
3086:1476-4687
2294:2397-3374
2237:2397-3374
2142:2041-1723
2067:1546-1718
1976:220335539
1927:220335539
1860:0036-8075
1758:Saag 2017
1699:2399-3642
1637:2397-334X
1571:1476-4687
1499:1476-4687
1425:0959-437X
1401:: 21–27.
1358:1476-4687
1311:Haak 2015
1283:251843620
1257:0036-8075
1207:0036-8075
1141:1476-4687
1012:237348859
898:1476-4687
599:(CHG) or
418:OCA/Herc2
402:Norwegian
363:Neolithic
359:Ukrainian
171:Neolithic
3649:Category
3608:Japanese
3528:Russians
3508:Bosniaks
3493:by group
3466:Thailand
3378:Caucasus
3253:Timeline
3164:July 15,
3159:19158377
3151:29960127
3125:Elsevier
3094:26062507
2977:30713341
2922:28712569
2873:31488661
2835:(6457).
2814:29382937
2761:29466330
2708:26595274
2655:27459054
2602:31123709
2555:28162894
2498:25731166
2435:29315301
2312:36550220
2255:36550220
2160:29382937
2083:19313549
2075:17952075
1968:32621306
1919:32621306
1878:36007055
1869:10064553
1708:11166947
1655:36859553
1646:10089921
1589:38200295
1580:10781627
1517:25731166
1441:19158377
1433:29960127
1376:38200293
1367:10781624
1275:36007055
1266:10064553
1215:29545507
1159:25731166
1047:36576953
1004:34459345
916:36859578
799:Deriivka
778:See also
349:and the
295:. Their
238:R1b1a1a*
205:Research
152:Holocene
3503:Basques
3499:Europe
3473:America
3102:4399103
3066:Bibcode
2968:6360191
2945:Bibcode
2900:Bibcode
2864:6822619
2841:bioRxiv
2828:Science
2805:5789860
2784:Bibcode
2752:6091220
2731:Bibcode
2699:4918750
2678:Bibcode
2646:5003663
2625:Bibcode
2593:6520363
2578:: 185.
2574:(105).
2546:5321670
2525:Bibcode
2489:5048219
2468:Bibcode
2426:5760011
2303:9957732
2246:9957732
2151:5789860
2122:Bibcode
1840:Science
1617:Bibcode
1551:Bibcode
1508:5048219
1479:Bibcode
1338:Bibcode
1235:Science
1187:Bibcode
1179:Science
1173:2018).
1150:5048219
1121:Bibcode
907:9977688
878:Bibcode
665:melanin
655:of the
527:Balkans
525:in the
445:alleles
412:), and
410:SLC24A5
406:SLC45A2
249:Karelia
160:Dnieper
134:to the
121:Siberia
71:
43:(dated
3518:Croats
3410:Iberia
3390:Europe
3317:Africa
3157:
3149:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3058:Nature
3040:
2975:
2965:
2920:
2894:(14).
2871:
2861:
2843:
2812:
2802:
2759:
2749:
2722:Nature
2706:
2696:
2669:Nature
2653:
2643:
2616:Nature
2600:
2590:
2553:
2543:
2496:
2486:
2449:Nature
2433:
2423:
2380:
2310:
2300:
2292:
2253:
2243:
2235:
2158:
2148:
2140:
2081:
2073:
2065:
1974:
1966:
1925:
1917:
1876:
1866:
1858:
1705:
1697:
1653:
1643:
1635:
1587:
1577:
1569:
1543:Nature
1515:
1505:
1497:
1461:Nature
1439:
1431:
1423:
1374:
1364:
1356:
1330:Nature
1281:
1273:
1263:
1255:
1213:
1205:
1157:
1147:
1139:
1103:Nature
1045:
1010:
1002:
914:
904:
896:
870:Nature
760:Baltic
693:. The
653:allele
467:) and
386:U5b1d1
355:Baltic
332:Europe
231:Samara
156:Danube
50:), by
3563:Arabs
3559:MENA
3555:Turks
3538:Serbs
3454:China
3415:Italy
3359:India
3155:S2CID
3129:arXiv
3098:S2CID
3034:BRILL
3010:(1–2)
2519:(4).
2458:arXiv
2405:(1).
2374:BRILL
2350:(1–2)
2079:S2CID
1972:S2CID
1923:S2CID
1469:arXiv
1437:S2CID
1403:arXiv
1279:S2CID
1111:arXiv
1008:S2CID
815:Notes
669:blond
657:KITLG
543:mtDNA
531:R1b1a
390:U5a2d
271:from
245:U5a1d
136:Urals
3550:Jews
3533:Sami
3166:2020
3147:PMID
3090:PMID
3082:ISSN
3038:ISBN
3016:2020
2973:PMID
2918:PMID
2869:PMID
2810:PMID
2757:PMID
2704:PMID
2651:PMID
2598:PMID
2551:PMID
2494:PMID
2431:PMID
2407:PLOS
2378:ISBN
2356:2020
2308:PMID
2290:ISSN
2251:PMID
2233:ISSN
2156:PMID
2138:ISSN
2071:PMID
2063:ISSN
1964:PMID
1915:PMID
1874:PMID
1856:ISSN
1695:ISSN
1651:PMID
1633:ISSN
1585:PMID
1567:ISSN
1513:PMID
1495:ISSN
1429:PMID
1421:ISSN
1372:PMID
1354:ISSN
1271:PMID
1253:ISSN
1211:PMID
1203:ISSN
1155:PMID
1137:ISSN
1043:PMID
1000:PMID
912:PMID
894:ISSN
553:and
533:and
514:and
500:I2a1
498:and
483:and
463:and
461:R1b1
408:and
315:and
291:and
253:R1a1
240:and
3139:doi
3074:doi
3062:522
2963:PMC
2953:doi
2908:doi
2859:PMC
2851:doi
2833:365
2800:PMC
2792:doi
2747:PMC
2739:doi
2727:555
2694:PMC
2686:doi
2674:528
2641:PMC
2633:doi
2621:536
2588:PMC
2580:doi
2541:PMC
2533:doi
2484:PMC
2476:doi
2454:522
2421:PMC
2411:doi
2298:PMC
2282:doi
2241:PMC
2225:doi
2190:doi
2146:PMC
2130:doi
2055:doi
1998:doi
1954:doi
1905:doi
1864:PMC
1848:doi
1844:377
1703:PMC
1687:doi
1641:PMC
1625:doi
1575:PMC
1559:doi
1547:625
1503:PMC
1487:doi
1465:522
1413:doi
1362:PMC
1346:doi
1334:625
1261:PMC
1243:doi
1239:377
1195:doi
1183:360
1145:PMC
1129:doi
1107:522
1035:doi
1031:100
992:doi
956:doi
902:PMC
886:doi
874:615
557:).
539:I2a
518:).
487:).
465:R1a
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