Ancient North Eurasian

1167: 1282: 348: 536:, they estimate around 76% West Eurasian ancestry and 24% East Eurasian ancestry for both the Yana and Mal'ta remains. Zhang et al. 2023 summarized that the Ancient North Siberians (Yana remains) are best described to derive 71% ancestry from a West Eurasian lineage and 29% ancestry from an East Eurasian lineage. The Yana remains are closely related to the Mal'ta and Afontova Gora remains, but not identical with them. Vallini et al. 2022/2024 described the Ancient North Eurasians as falling into "an intermediate position between the two axes, the result of a palaeolithic admixture", deriving around 50% from West Eurasian and 50% from East Eurasian sources. Allentoft et al. 2024 modeled the Yana specimens, the Mal'ta sample as well as the Afontova Gora remains as 65% West Eurasian and 35% East Eurasian. 34: 1315: 5670:"Recent paleogenomic studies have shown that migrations of Western steppe herders (WSH) beginning in the Eneolithic (ca. 3300–2700 BCE) profoundly transformed the genes and cultures of Europe and central Asia... The migration of these Western steppe herders (WSH), with the Yamnaya horizon (ca. 3300–2700 BCE) as their earliest representative, contributed not only to the European Corded Ware culture (ca. 2500–2200 BCE) but also to steppe cultures located between the Caspian Sea and the Altai-Sayan mountain region, such as the Afanasievo (ca. 3300–2500 BCE) and later Sintashta (2100–1800 BCE) and Andronovo (1800–1300 BCE) cultures." 71: 1304: 631: 5335:: "The Tarim mummies are among only a few known Holocene populations that derive the majority of their ancestry from Pleistocene ANE groups, who once made up the huntergatherer populations of southern Siberia, and which are represented by individual genomes from the archaeological sites of Mal'ta (MA-1)29 and Afontova Gora (AG3). (...) The Tarim mummies are currently the best representative of the pre-pastoralist ANE-related population that once inhabited Central Asia and southern Siberia (Extended Data Fig. 2A), even though Tarim_EMBA1 postdates these populations in time." 421: 77: 573: 435: 804:, which are specific archaeogenetic lineages, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago. The AB and the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage formed about 25,000 years ago, and subsequently diverged from each other, with the AB staying in the Beringian region, while the Ancestral Native Americans populated the Americas. The ANE genetic contribution to late-Paeolithic Ancestral Native Americans (USR1 specimen, dated to 11,500 BP in 737: 148: 139: 1117: 7877: 562: 4517:

site, dating to 31.6 ka BP (Sikora et al., 2019). ANS is thought to have originated among West Eurasians soon after their divergence from East Eurasians about 43 ka BP. The sample that includes the few Botai crania (No. 24) takes a more "western" position (Fig. 1), forming a pair with the Pit-Comb Ware group of European Russia, and this is supported by archaeological data suggesting that these cultures are related (Mosin, 2003: 97–98)

130: 2218:

ancient and present-day populations in Europe and Asia using f4-statistics (non-normalized version of the D-statistic, Box 1) showed that these individuals were genetically more similar to European hunter-gatherers than to Tianyuan or present-day East and Southeast Asians , which suggests that Upper Paleolithic Siberians were split at an early point from a population that contributed to ancient European hunter-gatherers .

729: 884: 491:

groups associated with Southern Siberian sites. These communities of Southern Siberian and Central Asian hunters belonged to one of the earliest migration waves of anatomically modern humans into Siberia. The authors summarized that "the initial peopling of Northeastern Asia by the anatomically modern humans could have happened both from West to East and from South to North".

651:

penetration of posterior "Neo-Siberian" migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of ANE ancestry found in Inuit and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5,000 years ago. Estimates for ANE ancestry among first wave Native Americans show higher percentages, such as 41% (36-45%) for those belonging to the

532:' geneflow (c. 11%). This scenario is questioned by Maier et al. 2023, who state that this conclusion is contradicted by other published articles, and that the direction of gene flow as well as observed affinity between ANE and CHG populations cannot be demonstrated by analysis of admixture graphs, but need further investigation. By using a newly developed version of 523:, contributing around 32% ancestry, while finding no evidence for a reversed geneflow from ANE/ANS into Tianyuan or modern East Asians. Mao et al. 2021 models both Yana and Afontova Gora remains with around 73% West Eurasian and 27% East Eurasian ancestry. Sikora et al. 2019 analyzed the genetic remains of the 903:(ANA) of the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age period, Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while the rest of their ancestry was derived from ANA. Fofonovo_EN near by Lake Baikal were mixture of 12-17% ANE ancestry and 83-87% ANA ancestry. 528:

Eurasians (Malta and Afontova Gora individuals) are unlikely to be direct descendants of the 'Ancient North Siberian' Yana population; rather, the study argues, both are sister lineages sharing a common ancestor. According to Sikora et al., the Malta sample may additionally also have received some 'early

2217:

Two individuals (Yana 1 and 2) were sampled in northeastern Siberia at the Yana Rhinoceros Horn site off the Yana River dating to 31,000 years ago , and another three (Mal'ta 1 and Afontova Gora 2/3), dating to 24,000–17,000 years ago, were sampled in south central Siberia (Figure 1B). Comparison to

363:

The Ancient North Eurasians represent a Paleolithic Siberian cluster, more closely related to European hunter-gatherers than to East and Southeast Asian populations. It is suggested that the ANE ancestry found among modern human populations was largely contributed from a population linked to Afontova

4516:

Judging by the huge distribution area of ANE, it was a legacy of early Homo sapiens, members of the Boreal meta-population (Biasutti, 1941: 275; Kozintsev, 2013, 2014) The ancestor of ANE was the ANS (Ancient North Siberian) autosomal component, represented in a male from the Upper Paleolithic Yana

591:

By c. 32kya, populations carrying ANE-related ancestry were probably widely distributed across northeast Eurasia. They may have expanded as far as Alaska and the Yukon, but were forced to abandon high latitude regions following the onset of harsher climatic conditions that came with the Last Glacial

527:

and found them to be closely related to the Ancient North Eurasians. The collectively named both populations as Ancient North Siberian. They modeled the ANE/ANS to derived between 71–78% West Eurasian ancestry and between 22–29% East Eurasian ancestry. Sikora et al. also notes that the Ancient North

490:

Overall, Ancient North Eurasians are best described as admixture between an Ancient West Eurasian lineage (71%), with approximately 29% geneflow from an East Eurasian source. Grebenyuk et al. argues that 'Ancient North Eurasians' were "Early Upper Paleolithic tribes of hunters" and linked to similar

1265:

gene for blond hair probably entered continental Europe in a population migration wave from the Eurasian steppe, by a population carrying substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry. Hanel and Carlberg (2020) likewise report that populations derived Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, specifically the

749:

ancestral populations. However, the exact location where the admixture took place is unknown, and the migratory movements that united the two populations are a matter of debate. Vallini et al. 2024 notes that the "position of Native Americans suggests a primarily East Asian ancestry, with a smaller

1052:(WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated westward from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gatherers and other West Eurasian populations as well. 698:

was found to be primarily derived from Ancient North Eurasians with some additional Neolithic Iranian-related inputs. The sample is closely related to Afontova Gora 3 (AG3) and Mal’ta 1, as well as to the West Siberian hunter-gatherers (Tyumen and Sosnoviy). While the sample also displays affinity

1326:

centrally perforated ivory plaques with abstract circles, and three snakes According to archeologist Don Hitchcock "the snake is rare in northern hemisphere Paleolithic art, presumably because the cold conditions precluded a wide distribution of snakes. In addition, it can be seen that the snakes

1138:

Han Kangxin (1994) Described the mummies found in the cemetery of Gumugou as possessing "clear western racial characteristics" approximating those of a so-called "proto-european type". Whereas he asserted that among the seven mummies in the suburbs of Loulan cemetery six possessed "clear European

952:

and Afontova Gora populations), despite their distance in time (around 14,000 years). Having survived in a type of "genetic bottleneck" in the Tarim basin where they preserved and perpetuated their ANE ancestry, the Tarim mummies, more than any other ancient populations, can be considered as "the

514:

Lipson and Reich (2017) modeled the Mal'ta sample to be derived from a West Eurasian source (82%), with additional admixture from a lineage related to East Asians (18%), while also noting the possibility for a reversed geneflow from Mal'ta into East Asians, which however had less support with the

2776:

In the study of Zhong et al. haplogroups O-M175, C-M130, D-M174 and N-M231 still suggests the substantial contribution of the southern route. However, the Central Asia and West Eurasia related haplogroups, such as haplogroups R-M207 and Q-M242, occur primarily in northwestern East Asia and their

1107:

Genomic studies by Raghavan et al. (2014) and Fu et al. (2016) suggested that Mal'ta boy may have had brown eyes, and relatively dark hair and dark skin, while cautioning that this analysis was based on an extremely low coverage of DNA that might not give an accurate prediction of pigmentation.

706:

The Ancient Tianyuan Man and modern East/Southeast Asian populations were found to lack Upper Paleolithic Western Eurasian or ANE-related admixture, suggesting "resistance of those groups to the incoming UP population movements", or alternatively a subsequent reexpansion from a genetically East

547:

was found to display a complex relation to the Yana individuals. While the Yana individuals derived between 25–33% of their ancestry from a Tianyuan-like source, the Salkhit individual derived around 25% ancestry from the Yana lineage and 75% from the Tianyuan lineage, suggesting bi-directional

650:

cultures were found to have a significant ANE-like component at c. 25–50% via their EHG and CHG ancestry. According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 38% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta–Buret' (ANE) population. This difference is caused by the

5619:

model the Yana individuals as 22–29% East Eurasian and the remainder West Eurasian ("Using admixture graphs and outgroup-based estimation of mixture proportions, we find that ANS can be modelled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians").

5648:

model the Yana individuals as 22% East Eurasian and the remainder West Eurasian ("Using admixture graphs and outgroup-based estimation of mixture proportions, we find that ANS can be modelled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians").

772:

However, a third theory, the "Beringian standstill hypothesis", suggests that East Asians instead migrated north to Northeastern Siberia, where they mixed with ANE, and later diverged in Beringia, where distinct Native American lineages formed. This theory is supported by

851:

in Southern Siberia. They originated from the admixture of Paleo-Siberian and Ancient North Eurasian groups and show increased affinity towards Native Americans. Bronze Age groups from North and Inner Asia with significant ANE ancestry (e.g. Lake Baikal hunter-gatherers,

740:

The map shows the origin of the first major wave of Native Americans. Involved are the ANE (Ancestral Northern Eurasian, which are related to Europeans) and the NEA (Northeast Asians, which are an East Asian-related people). The admixture happened somewhere in Northeast

1166: 655:

region in South America. The other gene flow in Native Americans (the remainder of their ancestry) was of an East Asian-related origin, specifically diverged from other East Asians c. 30,000 years ago. Gene sequencing of another south-central Siberian

611:, and some East Asian groups, in order of significance. Lazaridis et al. (2016:10) note "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia". A 2016 study found that the global maximum of ANE ancestry occurs in modern-day 1190:

could be attributed to their Ancient North Eurasian ancestry. Previous craniometric analyses on the early Tarim mummies found that they formed their own cluster, and clustered with neither European-related Steppe pastoralists of the

2777:

frequencies gradually decrease from west to east. In addition, the Y-STR diversities of haplogroups R-M207 and Q-M242 also indicate the existence of northern route migration about 18,000 years ago from Central Asia to North Asia.

259:

populations. It is unknown exactly where this population admixture took place, and two opposing theories have put forth different migratory scenarios that united the Ancient North Eurasians with ancient East Asian populations.

1139:

characteristics" approximating the Saka population of the southern pamirs within the 6th century B.C.E; while one of them possessed "mongoloid" traits. Kozintsev (2020, 2022) argues that the historical Southern Siberian

986:(around 18%) and Ancient East Eurasian (around 10%) sources. The Ancient West Eurasian component associated with Iranian hunter-gatherers is inferred to have diverged from the West Eurasian Core lineage (represented by 660:

dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures to that of Mal'ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum.

2165:

Fig. 2 Simplified demographic model including the Salkhit individual and other Eurasians older than 30,000 years: 25-33% geneflow from Salkhit to Yana, but Salkhit already had 22-26% gene flow from Ancient West

981:

A model has been presented by Vallini et al. 2024, suggesting that Ancient Iranians (Iranian hunter-gatherers) formed from a deep Ancient West Eurasian lineage (WEC2, around 72%), and from minor geneflow from

5653:: "In agreement with previous results (10), the Yana individuals are estimated to have about one-third of their ancestry from early East Eurasians and the remaining two-thirds from the early West Eurasians." 5624:: "In agreement with previous results (10), the Yana individuals are estimated to have about one-third of their ancestry from early East Eurasians and the remaining two-thirds from the early West Eurasians." 879:

stretched from Central Europe to Siberia and was already established 10,000 years ago, including the West Siberian hunter-gatherers, all deriving their ancestry primarily from Paleolithic Siberians (ANE).

343:

samples, and Afontova Gora individuals, they are collectively referred to as 'Ancient North Siberians', although 'Ancient North Eurasian' is also used as collective name for both MA-1 and Yana remains.

1345:

have argued that they probably shared myths and beliefs that could be reconstructed via the comparison of stories attested within cultures that were not in contact for millennia and stretched from the

745:

According to Jennifer Raff, the Ancient North Eurasian population mixed with a daughter population of ancient East Asians, who they encountered around 25,000 years ago, which led to the emergence of

3211:

Svensson E, Günther T, Hoischen A, Hervella M, Munters AR, Ioana M, et al. (26 July 2021). "Genome of Peştera Muierii skull shows high diversity and low mutational load in pre-glacial Europe".

1400:

believed in a guardian-of-the-afterlife dog and a spirit dog that would absorb the dead man's soul and act as a guide in the afterlife. In Indo-European myths, the figure of the dog is embodied by

240:) who arrived in Siberia via the "northern route", but also derive a significant amount of their ancestry (c. 1/3) from an East Eurasian source, having arrived to Siberia via the "southern route". 6489:

Diyendo Massilani, Laurits Skov, Mateja Hajdinjak, Byambaa Gunchinsuren, Damdinsuren Tseveendorj, Seonbok Yi, et al. (2020). "Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians".

1576: 1016:

Lazaridis et al. (2014) detected ANE ancestry among modern European populations in proportions up to 20%. In ancient European populations, the ANE genetic component is visible in tests of the

668:, long after the Paleolithic. It is reported in modern-day Europeans (10%–20%). Earlier ANE ancestry is found in European hunter-gatherer populations through Paleolithic interactions with 793:

DNA evidence, which may reflect different population histories for paternal and maternal lineages in Native Americans, which is not uncommon and has been observed in other populations.

831:

population of Japan, mainly derived their ancestry from East Asian lineages, but also received geneflow from the ANE-related "Ancient North Siberians" (represented by samples from the

781:

evidence. According to Grebenyuk, after 20,000 BP, a branch of Ancient East Asians migrated to Northeastern Siberia, and mixed with descendants of the ANE, leading to the emergence of

3065:

Grebenyuk PS, Fedorchenko AY, Dyakonov VM, Lebedintsev AI, Malyarchuk BA (2022), Bocharnikov VN, Steblyanskaya AN (eds.), "Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia",

1108:

Mathieson, et al. (2018) could not determine if Mal'ta 1 boy had the derived allele associated with blond hair in ANE descendants, as they could obtain no coverage for this SNP.

310:. It has been suggested that their mythology may have featured narratives shared by both Indo-European and some Native American cultures, such as the existence of a metaphysical 703:(EHGs), AG3 was found to be closer to EHGs than Tutkaul1, who instead may be a good proxy for ANE-related ancestry among ancient populations from the Iran and the Turan region. 835:) prior to the migration from the Asian mainland to the Japanese archipelago. Jōmon ancestry is still found among the inhabitants of present-day Japan: most markedly among the 6249:

Kurbel S (2019). "Was the Last Ice Age dusty climate instrumental in spreading of the three "Celtic" diseases (hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis and palmar fibromatosis)?".

859:

West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG) is a specific archaeogenetic lineage that was first reported by Narasimhan et al. (2019). It can be modeled as 20% EHG, 73% ANE and 6%

732:

The "Ancient North Eurasian" (ANE) network, consisted of several Paleolithic Siberian samples and contributed ancestry towards a wide variety of populations across Eurasia.

511:

site (AG2/3), can be modeled to derive their ancestry from an Ancient West Eurasian lineage, with significant amounts of admixture from an East Eurasian lineage (22–50%).

290:, and more than half of the world's population today derives between 5 and 42% of their genomes from the Ancient North Eurasians. Significant ANE ancestry can be found in 5685:

Anthony DW, Brown DR (2019). "Late Bronze Age midwinter dog sacrifices and warrior initiations at Krasnosamarskoe, Russia". In Olsen BA, Olander T, Kristiansen K (eds.).

1439:

in Kazakhstan, dated to 3500 BC, which might represent the dog as absorber of illness and guardian of the household against disease and evil. In Mesopotamia, the goddess

1143:, and other Paleo-Siberians, which derive high amounts of their ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians, as possessing a distinct craniometric phenotype, which he dubbed " 1443:, associated with healing, was accompanied or symbolized by dogs. Similar absorbent-puppy healing and sacrifice rituals were practiced in Greece and Italy, among the 5749:

Dolitsky AB, Ackerman RE, Aigner JS, Bryan AL, Dennell R, Guthrie RD, et al. (June 1985). "Siberian Paleolithic Archaeology: Approaches and Analytic Methods ".

723: 816:, populations represented by the Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal Ust'Kyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP. They carried 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry. 926:

individual represented about 72% of the ancestry of the Tarim mummies, while the remaining 28% of their ancestry was derived from a population represented by the

1059:(EHG) to the Ancient North Eurasians, and also found a low affinity to the Tianyuan man, explained by them having received significant amounts of ANE ancestry. 5644:

model the ANA as 18% East Eurasian and the remainder West Eurasian. Posth et al. 2018 models the Mal'ta boy as 16% East Eurasian and remainder West Eurasian.

7840: 7705: 1227:, the mutated allele rs12821256 of the KITLG gene. The earliest known individual with this allele is a female south-central Siberian ANE individual from the 596: 440:

A qpGraph model by Maier et al. 2023, showing the possible formation of Ancient North Siberians/Eurasians (ANS/ANE) and their subsequent contribution to the

5410: 1028:(EHG) lineage which derived significant ancestry from the ANE, c. 70%, with the remaining ancestry from a group more closely related to, but distinct from, 871:

dated ca. 5,000 BCE, high-levels of WSHG-like ancestry can be detected in various populations of Central Asia until the Bronze Age. The population of the

6827: 515:

available data. Yang et al. 2020 modeled both the Yana specimens and the Mal'ta sample as a merger of a sister lineage of the 'European hunter-gatherer'

5615:

model the ANE as 18% East Asian and the remainder West Eurasian. Posth et al. 2018 models the Mal'ta boy as 16% East Asian and remainder West Eurasian.

2843: 1335:

localities." It has yet to be clarrified how the creators of these ivory plaques know snakes, or if there are other possible interpretations for these.

839:, who are considered the direct descendants of the Jōmon people, and to a small, but significant degree among the majority of the Japanese population. 3823:

Similarly, Mal'ta and Yana fall in an intermediate position between the two axes, the result of a palaeolithic admixture between EEC and WEC groups18.

1435:

myths are prone to associate dogs with healing and generally categorised dogs as impure. A similar myth-pattern is assumed for the Eneolithic site of

7212: 1427:

A second canid-related series of beliefs, myths and rituals connected dogs with healing rather than death. For instance, Ancient Near Eastern and

1254:. Mathieson, et al. (2018) thus argued that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population, before spreading to western Eurasia. 1281: 70: 1048:, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya, as well as individuals from Sidelkino and Popovo. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the 4198:

Grebenyuk PS, Fedorchenko AY, Dyakonov VM, Lebedintsev AI, Malyarchuk BA (2022). "Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia".

1723:

Grebenyuk PS, Fedorchenko AY, Dyakonov VM, Lebedintsev AI, Malyarchuk BA (2022). "Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia".

875:, while probably not directly descended from WSHG, displays a high affinity with the WSHG lineage. The European-Siberian cline defined by 5013:"A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum" 3282:"A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum" 1758:"A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum" 1200: 3705:

Maier R, Flegontov P, Flegontova O, Işıldak U, Changmai P, Reich D (14 April 2023). Nordborg M, Przeworski M, Balding D, Wiuf C (eds.).

3001:

Maier R, Flegontov P, Flegontova O, Işıldak U, Changmai P, Reich D (14 April 2023). Nordborg M, Przeworski M, Balding D, Wiuf C (eds.).

7586: 7314: 7254: 4792:"Fine-scale north-to-south genetic admixture profile in Shaanxi Han Chinese revealed by genome-wide demographic history reconstruction" 4698:"Fine-scale north-to-south genetic admixture profile in Shaanxi Han Chinese revealed by genome-wide demographic history reconstruction" 4486:"Patterns in the Population History of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age, Based on Craniometry and Genetics" 7468: 2790: 691:, and dated to circa 24,700 years before present. She is closely related to Mal'ta and Afontova Gora specimens, found further east. 7642: 7428: 463:' via the 'southern route'. The West Eurasian source was distantly related to the Upper Paleolithic remains in Europe, such as the 7579: 7394: 7329: 7304: 7278: 6586: 6420: 4821: 4727: 6761: 5876:"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation" 347: 5696: 5556: 5529: 4215: 3938: 3082: 2769: 2298: 1740: 1125: 160: 155: 7825: 7637: 7299: 7205: 7047:"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions Eurasia" 7002:"Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa" 7908: 7815: 7598: 7574: 7497: 786: 746: 620: 291: 1640:"Willerslev, E., Meltzer, D.J. Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics. Nature 594, 356–364 (2021)" 7918: 7860: 7787: 7569: 7564: 7389: 7324: 7273: 6526:

Mathieson I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Posth C, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (21 February 2018).

2094: 973:(2–5%). Ancient North Eurasian admixture is more dominant among Shaanxi Han Chinese compared to other Han subgroups. 669: 368: 7903: 7269: 6708:

Moreno-Mayar JV, Vinner L, de Barros Damgaard P, de la Fuente C, Chan J, Spence JP, et al. (7 December 2018).

1147:", which represents the variation of the first humans in Siberia and should not be associated solely with ancient 1077:

from the south, and received later admixture from EHG who entered Scandinavia from the north through the coast of

7659: 7610: 7554: 7198: 2844:"Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data | David Reich Lab" 1323: 604: 504: 199: 83: 39: 5815:"Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry" 3835:

Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Refoyo-Martínez A, Irving-Pease EK, Fischer A, Barrie W, et al. (10 January 2024).

7913: 7835: 7671: 7559: 1314: 1224: 5813:

Flegontov P, Changmai P, Zidkova A, Logacheva MD, Altınışık NE, Flegontova O, et al. (11 February 2016).

1095:. This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry, and was formed from EHG and CHG ( 7923: 7745: 2023:

Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Refoyo-Martínez A, Irving-Pease EK, Fischer A, Barrie W, et al. (January 2024).

1365: 1341:

Since the term 'Ancient North Eurasian' refers to a genetic bridge of connected mating networks, scholars of

608: 1756:

Villalba-Mouco V, van de Loosdrecht MS, Rohrlach AB, Fewlass H, Talamo S, Yu H, et al. (1 March 2023).

664:

Genomic studies also indicate that the ANE component was brought to Western Europe by people related to the

33: 7850: 7820: 7805: 7755: 7421: 7354: 7334: 7264: 4065:"The Origin of the Okunev Population, Southern Siberia: The Evidence of Physical Anthropology and Genetics" 2628:"The Origin of the Okunev Population, Southern Siberia: The Evidence of Physical Anthropology and Genetics" 1062: 1007: 789:

populations in Extreme Northeastern Asia. However, the Beringian standstill hypothesis is not supported by

451:

The formation of the Ancient North Eurasian/Siberian (ANE/ANS) gene pool likely occurred very early by the

244: 217:

in Siberia. Genetic studies also revealed that the ANE are closely related to the remains of the preceding

6760:

Moreno-Mayar JV, Potter BA, Vinner L, Steinrücken M, Rasmussen S, Terhorst J, et al. (January 2018).

6084:

Jeong C, Balanovsky O, Lukianova E, Kahbatkyzy N, Flegontov P, Zaporozhchenko V, et al. (June 2019).

5011:

Villalba-Mouco V, van de Loosdrecht MS, Rohrlach AB, Fewlass H, Talamo S, Yu H, et al. (April 2023).

4292:"Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations" 3280:

Villalba-Mouco V, van de Loosdrecht MS, Rohrlach AB, Fewlass H, Talamo S, Yu H, et al. (April 2023).

2272:以发现于西伯利亚东北部约31.6 kaBP的Yana个体为代表的古西伯利亚北部人群(Ancient North Siberians, ANS)。该人群是具有约71%的欧洲祖源成分和29%的亚洲祖源成分的独立人群。 7760: 7740: 7485: 7463: 7319: 5874:

Günther T, Malmström H, Svensson EM, Omrak A, Sánchez-Quinto F, Kılınç GM, et al. (9 January 2018).

1887: 1087:(WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the 5470: 4233:"Beringia and the global dispersal of modern humans: Beringia and the Global Dispersal of Modern Humans" 672:, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers. Western Hunter-Gatherers of the 7777: 7693: 7478: 6345:

Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Mittnik A, Renaud G, Mallick S, Kirsanow K, et al. (17 September 2014).

3154:

Posth C, Nakatsuka N, Lazaridis I, Skoglund P, Mallick S, Lamnidis TC, et al. (15 November 2018).

6871:

Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, Metspalu M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, et al. (20 November 2013).

2127:

Massilani D, Skov L, Hajdinjak M, Gunchinsuren B, Tseveendorj D, Yi S, et al. (30 October 2020).

1911:"A working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa" 1242:

lacks the sequence coverage to make this determination). The allele then appears later in ANE-derived

7750: 7622: 7549: 7529: 1346: 1212: 1092: 953:

best representatives" of the Ancient North Eurasians among all sampled known Bronze Age populations.

856:) can be successfully modeled with Altai hunter-gatherers as a proximal ANE-derived ancestry source. 832: 524: 500: 455:

dispersal by the admixture of an 'Ancient West Eurasian' population via the 'northern route' through

340: 218: 6709: 5225:

Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, Metspalu M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, et al. (2 January 2014).

2243:[Ancient genomes reveal the complex genetic history of Prehistoric Eurasian modern humans]. 1966:

Posth C, Nakatsuka N, Lazaridis I, Skoglund P, Mallick S, Lamnidis TC, et al. (November 2018).

1364:

possibly stems from an older Ancient North Eurasian belief, as suggested by similar motifs found in

7800: 7795: 7770: 7647: 7615: 7369: 6206:

Kanzawa-Kiriyama H, Kryukov K, Jinam TA, Hosomichi K, Saso A, Suwa G, et al. (February 2017).

6023:

Jeong C, Wilkin S, Amgalantugs T, Bouwman AS, Taylor WT, Hagan RW, et al. (27 November 2018).

5308: 4541:

Mattila TM, Svensson EM, Juras A, Günther T, Kashuba N, Ala-Hulkko T, et al. (9 August 2023).

1369: 1258: 1151:. The Ancient North Eurasians themselves originated among Ancient West Eurasians, and represent a " 1096: 595:

Populations genetically similar to MA-1 and Afontova Gora were an important genetic contributor to

529: 272: 4416:

Wang K, Yu H, Radzevičiūtė R, Kiryushin YF, Tishkin AA, Frolov YV, et al. (12 January 2023).

3505:"40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia" 1519:"The Siberian Palaeolithic Site of Mal'ta: A Unique Source for The Study of Childhood Archaeology" 673: 232:' (ANS). Ancient North Eurasians are predominantly of West Eurasian ancestry (related to European 7881: 7782: 7765: 7676: 7652: 7632: 7603: 7492: 7414: 7379: 7374: 6294:

Lazaridis I, Nadel D, Rollefson G, Merrett DC, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (25 July 2016).

6025:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe" 4835:

Vallini L, Zampieri C, Shoaee MJ, Bortolini E, Marciani G, Aneli S, et al. (25 March 2024).

3767:

Vallini L, Zampieri C, Shoaee MJ, Bortolini E, Marciani G, Aneli S, et al. (25 March 2024).

2569:"The Siberian Paleolithic site of Mal'ta: a unique source for the study of childhood archaeology" 1456: 1267: 1243: 1204: 1179: 1070: 1056: 1049: 1029: 1025: 1003: 945: 931: 900: 876: 860: 813: 700: 684:*, indicating "an early link between Europe and the western edge of the Steppe Belt of Eurasia." 268: 264: 7149:"Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians Reveal Connections with First Americans and across Eurasia" 7104:

Wong EH, Khrunin A, Nichols L, Pushkarev D, Khokhrin D, Verbenko D, et al. (January 2017).

6975:"Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data" 2553: 1577:"Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians Reveal Connections with First Americans and across Eurasia" 1392:, perceived as the path of souls in the afterlife, and getting past it was a test. The Siberian 847:

Altai hunter-gatherer is the name given to Middle Holocene Siberian hunter-gatherers within the

7681: 7627: 7517: 7221: 3067:

Humans in the Siberian Landscapes: Ethnocultural Dynamics and Interaction with Nature and Space

1251: 1084: 1011: 782: 460: 441: 392: 256: 198:) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the people of the 7147:

Yu H, Spyrou MA, Karapetian M, Shnaider S, Radzevičiūtė R, Nägele K, et al. (June 2020).

5919:

Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2 March 2015).

5519: 3620:

Sikora M, Pitulko VV, Sousa VC, Allentoft ME, Vinner L, Rasmussen S, et al. (June 2019).

3367:

Sikora M, Pitulko VV, Sousa VC, Allentoft ME, Vinner L, Rasmussen S, et al. (June 2019).

2480:

Sikora M, Pitulko VV, Sousa VC, Allentoft ME, Vinner L, Rasmussen S, et al. (June 2019).

2288: 1821:

Sikora M, Pitulko VV, Sousa VC, Allentoft ME, Vinner L, Rasmussen S, et al. (June 2019).

1274:, were responsible for transmitting this gene to Europeans. The gene was also found among the 761:, where they would have encountered and mixed with ancient East Asians. Genetic evidence from 7735: 7502: 7051: 6657: 6580: 6414: 5546: 4815: 4721: 3570:"The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene" 2759: 2238: 1461: 1421: 1342: 1303: 1160: 372: 276: 6135:

Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S, Taylor WT, Miller BK, Ulziibayar S, et al. (26 March 2020).

4791: 4697: 4095: 4064: 3503:

Yang MA, Gao X, Theunert C, Tong H, Aximu-Petri A, Nickel B, et al. (23 October 2017).

3442:"Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China" 2627: 687:

A deer tooth pendant impregnated with the genetic material of an ANE woman was found in the

630: 519:, contributing around 68% ancestry, and of a lineage contemporary to the 'Basal-East Asian' 286:

ANE ancestry has spread throughout Eurasia and the Americas in various migrations since the

7698: 7473: 7456: 7259: 7064: 6935: 6884: 6831: 6776: 6762:"Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans" 6724: 6670: 6613: 6542: 6368: 6307: 6148: 6097: 6036: 5942: 5836: 5719: 5358: 5238: 5173: 5024: 4992: 4923: 4848: 4837:"The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal" 4743:"A Comprehensive Map of Genetic Variation in the World's Largest Ethnic Group —Han Chinese" 4632: 4429: 4418:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 4372: 3995: 3848: 3780: 3769:"The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal" 3633: 3516: 3453: 3380: 3293: 3220: 3110: 2946: 2881: 2698: 2493: 2430: 2334: 2036: 1834: 1769: 1651: 1373: 922:

specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it. The genetic profile of the

681: 384: 376: 332: 479:. The 'East Eurasian' source can be associated with ancestry found in the 40,000 year old 327:

The ANE lineage, also known as Paleolithic Siberians, is defined by association with the "

8: 7928: 7722: 7522: 5411:"A Craniometric Investigation of The Bronze Age Settlement of Xinjiang - Important | PDF" 4502: 4080: 2643: 2259: 1021: 7068: 6939: 6888: 6780: 6728: 6674: 6617: 6546: 6464: 6429: 6372: 6311: 6101: 6040: 5946: 5840: 5723: 5362: 5242: 5177: 5063: 5028: 5012: 4927: 4877: 4852: 4836: 4636: 4587: 4542: 4433: 4376: 4016: 3999: 3983: 3877: 3852: 3836: 3809: 3784: 3768: 3741: 3706: 3637: 3520: 3457: 3384: 3332: 3297: 3281: 3224: 3114: 3037: 3002: 2950: 2885: 2702: 2595: 2568: 2497: 2434: 2338: 2065: 2040: 2024: 1838: 1798: 1773: 1757: 1655: 1545: 1518: 243:

Around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago, a branch of Ancient North Eurasian people mixed with

7290: 7178: 7130: 7105: 7087: 7046: 7028: 7001: 7000:

Vallini L, Marciani G, Aneli S, Bortolini E, Benazzi S, Pievani T, et al. (2022).

6956: 6923: 6905: 6872: 6854: 6813: 6800: 6748: 6691: 6652: 6634: 6595: 6563: 6514: 6477: 6397: 6358: 6346: 6328: 6295: 6282: 6232: 6207: 6194: 6181: 6136: 6118: 6085: 6067: 6024: 6006: 5981: 5963: 5932: 5920: 5902: 5875: 5857: 5826: 5814: 5766: 5387: 5346: 5267: 5226: 5202: 5159: 4952: 4913: 4901: 4767: 4742: 4661: 4620: 4463: 4393: 4360: 4359:

Cooke NP, Mattiangeli V, Cassidy LM, Okazaki K, Stokes CA, Onbe S, et al. (2021).

4324: 4291: 4260: 3944: 3675: 3545: 3504: 3485: 3422: 3262: 3188: 3136: 2975: 2934: 2910: 2869: 2735: 2686: 2608: 2535: 2462: 2363: 2322: 2321:

Posth C, Yu H, Ghalichi A, Rougier H, Crevecoeur I, Huang Y, et al. (March 2023).

2093:

Gabidullina LR, Dzhaubermezov MA, Ekomasova NV, Sufyanova ZR, Khusnutdinova EK (2023).

2000: 1967: 1943: 1910: 1876: 1675: 1558: 1381: 1196: 888: 848: 5921:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 4543:"Genetic continuity, isolation, and gene flow in Stone Age Central and Eastern Europe" 3441: 2128: 7710: 7686: 7591: 7512: 7507: 7364: 7345: 7309: 7245: 7182: 7170: 7135: 7092: 7033: 6961: 6910: 6859: 6818: 6792: 6740: 6696: 6639: 6568: 6518: 6506: 6481: 6469: 6451: 6402: 6347:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" 6333: 6274: 6266: 6237: 6208:"A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan" 6198: 6186: 6171: 6123: 6072: 6054: 6011: 5968: 5907: 5862: 5801: 5770: 5737: 5692: 5552: 5525: 5392: 5374: 5272: 5254: 5207: 5068: 5050: 4957: 4939: 4902:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" 4882: 4864: 4772: 4666: 4648: 4592: 4574: 4507: 4485: 4467: 4455: 4447: 4398: 4329: 4311: 4252: 4232: 4211: 4084: 4021: 3948: 3934: 3882: 3864: 3814: 3796: 3746: 3728: 3679: 3667: 3659: 3599: 3591: 3550: 3532: 3489: 3477: 3469: 3426: 3414: 3406: 3337: 3319: 3266: 3254: 3246: 3193: 3175: 3140: 3128: 3078: 3042: 3024: 2980: 2962: 2915: 2897: 2765: 2740: 2722: 2685:

Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. (June 2016).

2647: 2612: 2600: 2539: 2527: 2519: 2466: 2454: 2446: 2418: 2368: 2350: 2294: 2263: 2208: 2156: 2148: 2106: 2070: 2052: 2005: 1987: 1948: 1930: 1880: 1868: 1860: 1803: 1785: 1736: 1679: 1667: 1639: 1620: 1562: 1550: 1485: 1192: 797: 647: 548:

geneflow between Ancient West and East Eurasian populations in Northeastern Siberia.

544: 452: 426:

Human principal component analysis (PCA) with ancient human genomes projected on top.

380: 287: 252: 210: 76: 6752: 6286: 5688:

Tracing the Indo-Europeans: New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics

3621: 3368: 2481: 1822: 420: 7160: 7125: 7117: 7082: 7072: 7023: 7013: 6986: 6951: 6943: 6900: 6892: 6849: 6841: 6804: 6784: 6732: 6686: 6678: 6629: 6621: 6600: 6558: 6550: 6498: 6459: 6441: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6323: 6315: 6258: 6227: 6219: 6176: 6166: 6158: 6113: 6105: 6062: 6044: 6001: 5993: 5958: 5950: 5897: 5887: 5852: 5844: 5791: 5758: 5727: 5382: 5366: 5262: 5246: 5197: 5189: 5181: 5164: 5058: 5040: 5032: 4947: 4931: 4872: 4856: 4803: 4762: 4754: 4709: 4656: 4640: 4582: 4564: 4554: 4497: 4437: 4388: 4380: 4319: 4303: 4264: 4244: 4203: 4076: 4011: 4003: 3926: 3872: 3856: 3804: 3788: 3736: 3718: 3649: 3641: 3581: 3540: 3524: 3461: 3396: 3388: 3327: 3309: 3301: 3236: 3228: 3183: 3167: 3118: 3070: 3032: 3014: 2970: 2954: 2905: 2889: 2730: 2714: 2706: 2639: 2590: 2580: 2509: 2501: 2438: 2358: 2342: 2255: 2198: 2140: 2060: 2044: 1995: 1979: 1938: 1922: 1850: 1842: 1793: 1777: 1728: 1659: 1610: 1540: 1530: 1497: 1417: 1397: 1388:, and in Central and South American beliefs, a fierce guard dog was located in the 1377: 1041: 812:

specimen, dated to 12,600 BP in Montana) is estimated at 36.8%. There are also the

758: 600: 356: 7106:"Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations" 572: 7539: 7060: 6666: 6609: 5892: 5732: 5707: 5686: 5548:

Who We are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

3891:

Supplementary Information: Fig. S3d.16. Admixture graph of deep Eurasian lineages

1412:. In Zoroastrianism, two four-eyed dogs guard the bridge to the afterlife called 1175: 1171: 1155:" variation of early humans. Craniometric data on ANE-rich remains (such as from 1140: 1088: 991: 853: 665: 582: 476: 187: 6707: 4207: 4101: 3074: 3069:, Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 89–133, 1732: 824: 434: 7437: 7359: 7165: 7148: 7077: 6682: 6525: 6430:"On the limits of fitting complex models of population history to f-statistics" 6262: 6162: 6029:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5370: 5294: 5036: 4998: 4860: 4644: 4559: 4307: 4271: 4007: 3860: 3792: 3707:"On the limits of fitting complex models of population history to f-statistics" 3586: 3569: 3305: 3171: 3003:"On the limits of fitting complex models of population history to f-statistics" 2958: 2893: 2442: 2346: 2048: 1983: 1781: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1663: 1428: 1420:

and Brown note that it might be one of the oldest mythemes recoverable through

1413: 1393: 983: 809: 677: 484: 400: 388: 263:

Later, ANE populations migrated westward into Europe and admixed with European

48: 6924:"Upper Palaeolithic Siberian Genome Reveals Dual Ancestry of Native Americans" 6873:"Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans" 6527: 6153: 6109: 5127: 5010: 4442: 4417: 3930: 3645: 3528: 3392: 3279: 3232: 3123: 3098: 2933:

Zhang F, Ning C, Scott A, Fu Q, Bjørn R, Li W, et al. (27 October 2021).

2868:

Zhang F, Ning C, Scott A, Fu Q, Bjørn R, Li W, et al. (27 October 2021).

2505: 1846: 1755: 915:

found that they were primarily descended from a population represented by the

863:. Although only represented by three sampled hunter-gatherer individuals from 7897: 7384: 6455: 6270: 6058: 5378: 5258: 5227:"Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of NativeAmericans" 5054: 4943: 4868: 4652: 4578: 4511: 4451: 4315: 4088: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3868: 3800: 3732: 3663: 3595: 3536: 3473: 3410: 3323: 3250: 3179: 3155: 3028: 2966: 2901: 2726: 2651: 2523: 2450: 2354: 2323:"Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers" 2267: 2212: 2152: 2110: 2056: 1991: 1934: 1864: 1789: 1624: 1436: 1289:

population of the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) cline of south-central Siberia

1286: 1275: 1239: 1228: 1187: 1186:

Zhang et al. (2021) proposed that the 'Western' like features of the earlier

1156: 1152: 1121: 917: 912: 892: 872: 864: 801: 688: 657: 643: 635: 624: 508: 503:(31,600 BP) in Northeastern Siberia and the closely related remains from the 352: 328: 248: 214: 113: 98: 6845: 6736: 6502: 6049: 5345:

Zhang F, Ning C, Scott A, Fu Q, Bjørn R, Li W, et al. (November 2021).

4758: 4142: 4140: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 3465: 2203: 2144: 1926: 1686: 1615: 1598: 736: 710: 7451: 7174: 7139: 7096: 7037: 6965: 6914: 6863: 6796: 6744: 6700: 6643: 6572: 6510: 6473: 6428:

Maier R, Flegontov P, Flegontova O, Isildak U, Changmai P, Reich D (2023).

6406: 6337: 6278: 6241: 6190: 6127: 6076: 6015: 5972: 5911: 5866: 5805: 5741: 5396: 5276: 5211: 5079: 5072: 4961: 4886: 4776: 4670: 4596: 4459: 4402: 4384: 4333: 4256: 4127: 4125: 4025: 3886: 3818: 3750: 3671: 3603: 3568:

Mao X, Zhang H, Qiao S, Liu Y, Chang F, Xie P, et al. (10 June 2021).

3554: 3481: 3418: 3341: 3258: 3197: 3132: 3046: 2984: 2919: 2744: 2604: 2531: 2458: 2372: 2186: 2160: 2074: 2009: 1952: 1872: 1807: 1671: 1554: 1033: 616: 520: 480: 456: 404: 396: 303: 7121: 7018: 5193: 4112: 4110: 3955: 3920: 3903: 3834: 3440:

Yang MA, Fan X, Sun B, Chen C, Lang J, Ko YC, et al. (17 July 2020).

2718: 2092: 2022: 7190: 6223: 5488: 5115: 4157: 4155: 4137: 4032: 3156:"Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America" 1968:"Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America" 1144: 1074: 1044:, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from 987: 934: 836: 796:

The descendants of admixture between ANE and ancient East Asians include

778: 762: 516: 468: 464: 6947: 6896: 6788: 6625: 6554: 6446: 6380: 6319: 5954: 5250: 5185: 4935: 4569: 4122: 3723: 3654: 3401: 3019: 2710: 2514: 2187:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 1855: 1599:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 1502: 1116: 6991: 6974: 6388: 5045: 4248: 4197: 4107: 3314: 3241: 3097:

Zhang X, Ji X, Li C, Yang T, Huang J, Zhao Y, et al. (July 2022).

3064: 2585: 1722: 1535: 1440: 1361: 1332: 927: 695: 612: 533: 311: 299: 280: 233: 59:). Some of the figurines wear hooded overalls with decorative stripes. 6296:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East" 5848: 5796: 5779: 5661:

modeled the ANE/ANS as around 25% East Eurasian and 75% West Eurasian.

5632:

modeled the ANE/ANS as around 25% East Eurasian and 75% West Eurasian.

4807: 4713: 4152: 3622:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 3369:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 2482:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 1823:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 6205: 4968: 4361:"Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations" 4202:. Springer Geography. Springer International Publishing. p. 96. 1727:. Springer Geography. Springer International Publishing. p. 93. 1389: 1250:, Motala and Ukraine, circa 10,000 BP, and then in populations with 1148: 1055:

Villalba-Mouco et al. 2023 confirmed the strong affinity between the

966: 949: 828: 754: 561: 237: 5997: 5451: 4290:

Gakuhari T, Nakagome S, Rasmussen S, Allentoft ME (25 August 2020).

3060: 3058: 3056: 1285:

The mutation for blond hair is thought to have originated among the

1178:. The Tarim mummies are considered as the "best representatives" of 6836: 6759: 5937: 5831: 5762: 5499: 5139: 4277: 1444: 1432: 1405: 1401: 1385: 1350: 1207:

further east, but displayed an affinity for two specimens from the

970: 961:

Several studies reveal minor West Eurasian-derived admixture among

941: 769:

supports this area as the location where the admixture took place.

766: 753:

One theory supposes that Ancient North Eurasians migrated south to

6363: 6137:"A dynamic 6,000-year genetic history of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 6083: 5584: 5133: 4918: 4289: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2126: 1711: 475:

individuals, and ultimately expanded from a population hub in the

7406: 7230: 5980:

Guenther CA, Tasic B, Luo L, Bedell MA, Kingsley DM (July 2014).

5812: 4677: 3053: 1699: 1357: 1271: 1208: 1037: 1024:: ANE ancestry was introduced in the European gene pool with the 1017: 962: 728: 540: 336: 307: 2815: 2129:"Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians" 1032:(WHGs). It is represented by multiple individuals, such as from 883: 6344: 5085: 3704: 3210: 3153: 3000: 2791:"Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches" 2391: 1965: 1247: 1078: 1066: 1045: 805: 472: 295: 279:

group, which became widely dispersed across Eurasia during the

6814:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 6293: 4834: 4740: 4358: 3966: 3766: 2761:

Languages and Genes in Northwestern China and Adjacent Regions

6999: 6022: 5982:"A molecular basis for classic blond hair color in Europeans" 5918: 5873: 5654: 5625: 5433: 5431: 5121: 4146: 4047: 3921:

Cassidy, Jim, Ponkratova, Irina, Fitzhugh, Ben, eds. (2022).

2673: 1893: 1409: 1328: 1262: 1163:

in Eastern Europe, and to take up a more "western" position.

990:; WEC), with the WEC2 component staying in the region of the 868: 790: 774: 652: 314:

and a fable in which a dog guards the path to the afterlife.

6870: 6596:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians" 5224: 4131: 2419:"Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics" 539:

A different but geographically close specimen, known as the

494: 331:" (MA-1), the remains of an individual who lived during the 7235: 7103: 5748: 5347:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 5309:"The Study of ancient human skeletons from Xinjiang, China" 4621:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 4540: 4415: 4116: 3925:. The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation. Vol. 6. 3619: 2935:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 2870:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 2479: 1820: 1159:), show them to cluster most closely with remains from the 750:

contribution from palaeolithic West Eurasian populations".

7146: 5428: 4161: 842: 694:

An early Neolithic Central Asian specimen (Tutkaul1) from

387:

is inferred to have originated around 44,000 years ago in

4974: 4899: 3984:"Ancient human DNA recovered from a Palaeolithic pendant" 724:

Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

711:

Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians

3686: 1447:, again possibly influenced by Near Eastern traditions. 895:, the "best representatives" of Ancient North Eurasians. 6921: 6086:"The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia" 5657:

model Yana as 50% West Eurasian and 50% East Eurasian.

5628:

model Yana as 50% West Eurasian and 50% East Eurasian.

5145: 994:, while the proper WEC component expanded into Europe. 944:

populations who derive most of their ancestry from the

209:) and populations closely related to them, such as the 5979: 5505: 4900:

Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Mittnik A (September 2014).

4741:

Chiang CW, Mangul S, Robles C, Sankararaman S (2018).

4522: 4340: 3099:"A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China" 2320: 1065:(SHG) is represented by several individuals buried at 1020:

but not of Western or Central Europeans predating the

16:

Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component

6134: 5091: 4683: 3837:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia" 2025:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia" 403:. Their maternal haplogroup belonged to subclades of 5585:"The Mal'ta - Buret' venuses and culture in Siberia" 4490:

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

4237:

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

4069:

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

4058: 4056: 3904:"Figurine of a woman with the "Spanish rose" hairdo" 2684: 2632:

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

1327:

have very broad heads, as though they belong to the

172:

Approximate location of the Ancient North Eurasians

6828:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

5103: 3502: 5565: 3615: 3613: 3348: 2095:"Genetic History of Eurasia Before the Common Era" 6653:"The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region" 4479: 4477: 4053: 2416: 1637: 7895: 6488: 5708:"Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe" 5650: 5621: 5344: 5157: 4980: 2932: 2867: 956: 5524:(1 ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 139. 3610: 3567: 1069:, Sweden ca. 6000 BC. They were descended from 717: 507:(MA1), and the individuals associated with the 364:Gora (AG2/3), rather than Malta (MA1) or Yana. 4474: 3439: 2473: 355:(MA-1), dated 24,000 BP, with tomb artifacts, 147: 138: 129: 7422: 7206: 5777: 5645: 5616: 5437: 3366: 3096: 1040:, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 339:, discovered in the 1920s. Together with the 6710:"Early human dispersals within the Americas" 6528:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe" 6427: 5684: 5658: 5629: 3692: 2404: 1904: 1902: 1199:, nor with inhabitants of the Western Asian 5641: 5612: 5300: 5004: 4789: 4695: 1908: 1170:Reconstruction of a female individual from 940:The Tarim mummies are thus one of the rare 7429: 7415: 7220: 7213: 7199: 6972: 6811: 5538: 5511: 4528: 4346: 3273: 2282: 2280: 1218: 680:, derived from the Ancient North Eurasian 7164: 7129: 7086: 7076: 7027: 7017: 6990: 6955: 6904: 6853: 6835: 6690: 6633: 6593: 6562: 6463: 6445: 6396: 6362: 6327: 6231: 6180: 6170: 6152: 6117: 6066: 6048: 6005: 5962: 5936: 5901: 5891: 5856: 5830: 5795: 5731: 5521:Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race 5386: 5266: 5201: 5158:Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M (2 May 2016). 5097: 5062: 5044: 4951: 4917: 4876: 4766: 4660: 4586: 4568: 4558: 4501: 4483: 4441: 4392: 4323: 4230: 4062: 4015: 3876: 3808: 3740: 3722: 3653: 3585: 3544: 3400: 3331: 3313: 3240: 3187: 3122: 3036: 3018: 2974: 2909: 2734: 2625: 2594: 2584: 2513: 2379: 2362: 2293:. 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453:Upper Paleolithic 288:Upper Paleolithic 253:Ancient Beringian 213:individuals from 211:Upper Paleolithic 184: 183: 42:ivory figurines ( 7936: 7879: 7878: 7580:African diaspora 7570:Eastern Africa‎‎ 7518:Recent evolution 7469:Human-chimp MRCA 7431: 7424: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7305:Out of Africa II 7215: 7208: 7201: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7168: 7143: 7133: 7100: 7090: 7080: 7041: 7031: 7021: 6996: 6994: 6969: 6959: 6918: 6908: 6867: 6857: 6839: 6808: 6766: 6756: 6714: 6704: 6694: 6647: 6637: 6590: 6584: 6576: 6566: 6532: 6522: 6485: 6467: 6449: 6424: 6418: 6410: 6400: 6366: 6341: 6331: 6290: 6245: 6235: 6202: 6184: 6174: 6156: 6131: 6121: 6080: 6070: 6052: 6019: 6009: 5976: 5966: 5940: 5915: 5905: 5895: 5870: 5860: 5834: 5809: 5799: 5774: 5745: 5735: 5702: 5671: 5668: 5662: 5639: 5633: 5610: 5593: 5592: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5545:Reich D (2018). 5542: 5536: 5535: 5518:Evans G (2019). 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5313: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5281: 5280: 5270: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5048: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4921: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4880: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4811: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4770: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4725: 4717: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4664: 4616: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4572: 4562: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4505: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4445: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4396: 4371:(38): eabh2419. 4365:Science Advances 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4117:Wong et al. 2017 4114: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4060: 4051: 4048:Haak et al. 2015 4045: 4030: 4029: 4019: 3979: 3970: 3964: 3953: 3952: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3880: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3812: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3744: 3726: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3657: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3589: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3404: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3335: 3317: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3244: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3191: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3126: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3062: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3022: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2978: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2738: 2682: 2676: 2671: 2656: 2655: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2598: 2588: 2567:Lbova L (2021). 2564: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2517: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2366: 2318: 2305: 2304: 2284: 2275: 2274: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2206: 2182: 2169: 2168: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2090: 2079: 2078: 2068: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2003: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1906: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1858: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1801: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1684: 1683: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1548: 1538: 1517:Lbova L (2021). 1514: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1481: 1317: 1306: 1237: 1234: 1134: 1131: 1126:Beauty of Loulan 759:Southern Siberia 678:Y-haplogroup R1b 621:Native Americans 597:Native Americans 583:Mal'ta figurines 575: 564: 437: 423: 395:found among the 357:Hermitage Museum 294:, as well as in 292:Native Americans 227: 226: 32,000 BP 224: 208: 207: 24,000 BP 205: 178: 175: 165: 163: 158: 150: 149: 141: 140: 132: 131: 124: 122: 109: 107: 94: 92: 79: 73: 58: 57: 15,000 BP 55: 51: 45: 36: 24: 20: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7867: 7847:Southeast Asia 7725: 7717: 7575:Southern Africa 7542: 7540:Genetic history 7534: 7440: 7435: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7340: 7339: 7285: 7284: 7255:Out of Africa I 7240: 7224: 7219: 7189: 7110:Genome Research 7061:Nature Research 6934:(7481): 87–91. 6883:(7481): 87–91. 6764: 6712: 6667:Nature Research 6610:Nature Research 6578: 6577: 6530: 6412: 6411: 5998:10.1038/ng.2991 5986:Nature Genetics 5886:(1): e2003703. 5699: 5691:. Oxbow Books. 5680: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5640: 5636: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5467: 5463: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5284: 5237:(7481): 87–91. 5223: 5219: 5172:(7606): 200–5. 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4898: 4894: 4833: 4829: 4813: 4812: 4788: 4784: 4739: 4735: 4719: 4718: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4617: 4604: 4539: 4535: 4529:Narasimhan 2019 4527: 4523: 4482: 4475: 4422:Current Biology 4414: 4410: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4033: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3956: 3941: 3919: 3915: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3833: 3829: 3765: 3758: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3618: 3611: 3566: 3562: 3509:Current Biology 3501: 3497: 3438: 3434: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3278: 3274: 3213:Current Biology 3209: 3205: 3152: 3148: 3103:Current Biology 3095: 3091: 3085: 3063: 3054: 2999: 2992: 2931: 2927: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2824: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2787: 2783: 2772: 2756: 2752: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2659: 2624: 2620: 2579:: 8, Fig. 6-1. 2565: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2478: 2474: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2319: 2308: 2301: 2285: 2278: 2249: 2241: 2235: 2224: 2183: 2172: 2125: 2118: 2091: 2082: 2021: 2017: 1964: 1960: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1819: 1815: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1687: 1636: 1632: 1595: 1591: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1515: 1511: 1482: 1475: 1470: 1453: 1370:Native American 1339: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1296: 1252:Steppe ancestry 1235: 1229:Afontova Gora 3 1221: 1176:Xinjiang Museum 1172:Xiaohe Cemetery 1133: 2000 BCE 1132: 1114: 1105: 1089:Yamnaya culture 1014: 1000: 992:Iranian Plateau 979: 959: 932:Northeast Asian 924:Afontova Gora 3 909: 845: 822: 787:Native American 747:Native American 726: 720: 713: 666:Yamnaya culture 589: 588: 587: 586: 578: 577: 576: 567: 566: 565: 554: 497: 477:Iranian Plateau 449: 448: 447: 446: 445: 438: 429: 428: 427: 424: 413: 325: 320: 318:Genetic studies 225: 206: 188:archaeogenetics 180: 176: 170: 169: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 154: 152: 151: 143: 142: 134: 133: 125: 118: 114: 112: 110: 103: 99: 97: 95: 88: 84: 82: 80: 64: 63: 62: 61: 60: 56: 46: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7942: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7694:Southeast Asia 7691: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7565:Central Africa 7562: 7557: 7546: 7544: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7471: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7438:Human genetics 7434: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7360:Mammoth steppe 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7276: 7270:Southeast Asia 7267: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7218: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7195: 7188: 7187: 7144: 7101: 7042: 6997: 6970: 6919: 6868: 6837:10.1101/292581 6809: 6757: 6705: 6648: 6591: 6523: 6486: 6425: 6342: 6291: 6246: 6218:(2): 213–221. 6203: 6132: 6096:(6): 966–976. 6081: 6020: 5992:(7): 748–752. 5977: 5916: 5871: 5810: 5790:(9): 864–875. 5775: 5763:10.1086/203280 5757:(3): 361–378. 5746: 5703: 5697: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5663: 5634: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5576: 5564: 5557: 5537: 5530: 5510: 5498: 5480: 5461: 5442: 5427: 5402: 5337: 5325: 5299: 5282: 5217: 5194:10211.3/198594 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5098:Mathieson 2015 5090: 5078: 5023:(4): 597–609. 5003: 4991: 4979: 4967: 4892: 4827: 4802:(4): 955–972. 4782: 4733: 4708:(4): 955–972. 4688: 4676: 4602: 4533: 4521: 4496:(4): 140–151. 4473: 4428:(3): 423–433. 4408: 4351: 4339: 4282: 4270: 4223: 4216: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4162:Yu et al. 2020 4151: 4136: 4121: 4106: 4094: 4075:(4): 135–145. 4052: 4031: 3971: 3954: 3939: 3913: 3895: 3827: 3756: 3697: 3685: 3609: 3560: 3495: 3432: 3359: 3347: 3292:(4): 597–609. 3272: 3203: 3146: 3089: 3083: 3052: 2990: 2925: 2860: 2835: 2807: 2781: 2770: 2750: 2719:10211.3/198594 2677: 2657: 2638:(4): 135–145. 2618: 2559: 2545: 2472: 2409: 2390: 2378: 2306: 2299: 2276: 2254:(3): 412–421. 2250:(in Chinese). 2222: 2170: 2116: 2080: 2015: 1958: 1921:(4): 889–902. 1898: 1886: 1813: 1768:(4): 597–609. 1748: 1741: 1715: 1704: 1685: 1630: 1589: 1568: 1509: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1414:Chinvat Bridge 1333:southern asian 1322: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1261:said that the 1220: 1217: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1018:Yamnaya people 999: 996: 984:Basal Eurasian 978: 975: 958: 955: 937:populations). 908: 905: 891:", one of the 844: 841: 821: 818: 722:Main article: 719: 716: 712: 709: 580: 579: 570: 569: 568: 559: 558: 557: 556: 555: 553: 550: 496: 493: 485:Northern China 465:Goyet specimen 439: 432: 431: 430: 425: 418: 417: 416: 415: 414: 412: 409: 401:Northern China 393:Haplogroup K2b 389:Southeast Asia 324: 321: 319: 316: 182: 181: 171: 144: 135: 126: 74: 68: 67: 66: 65: 47: 24,000 38: 31: 30: 29: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7941: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7884: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7638:British Isles 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:West Africa‎‎ 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7420: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:Younger Dryas 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6825: 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2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2105:(3): 95–117. 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1903: 1895: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1585: 1578: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366:Indo-European 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1316: 1305: 1288: 1287:Afontova Gora 1283: 1279: 1277: 1276:Tarim mummies 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 17,000 1230: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1188:Tarim mummies 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1127: 1123: 1122:Tarim mummies 1118: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1005: 995: 993: 989: 985: 974: 972: 968: 964: 954: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 933: 929: 925: 921: 919: 918:Afontova Gora 914: 913:Tarim mummies 907:Tarim mummies 904: 902: 894: 893:Tarim mummies 890: 885: 881: 878: 874: 873:Botai culture 870: 866: 865:Tyumen Oblast 862: 857: 855: 850: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 748: 738: 730: 725: 715: 708: 704: 702: 697: 692: 690: 689:Denisova Cave 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 659: 654: 649: 645: 637: 636:Denisova Cave 632: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 584: 574: 563: 549: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 526: 522: 518: 512: 510: 509:Afontova Gora 506: 502: 492: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 443: 436: 422: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 358: 354: 349: 345: 342: 338: 334: 330: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 220: 216: 215:Afontova Gora 212: 201: 197: 193: 189: 164: 159: 123: 121: 120: 108: 106: 105: 93: 91: 90: 78: 72: 50: 41: 35: 25: 19: 7880: 7778:Azerbaijanis 7664: 7660:Central Asia 7555:North Africa 7452:Human genome 7234: 7156: 7152: 7113: 7109: 7056: 7050: 7009: 7005: 6985:(1): 45–58. 6982: 6978: 6931: 6927: 6880: 6876: 6830:: eaat7487. 6823: 6817: 6772: 6768: 6720: 6716: 6662: 6656: 6605: 6599: 6581:cite journal 6538: 6534: 6494: 6490: 6437: 6433: 6415:cite journal 6354: 6350: 6303: 6299: 6254: 6250: 6215: 6211: 6144: 6140: 6093: 6089: 6032: 6028: 5989: 5985: 5928: 5924: 5883: 5880:PLOS Biology 5879: 5825:(1): 20768. 5822: 5818: 5787: 5783: 5754: 5750: 5715: 5711: 5687: 5678:Bibliography 5666: 5637: 5608: 5589:donsmaps.com 5588: 5579: 5567: 5547: 5540: 5520: 5513: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5474: 5464: 5455: 5445: 5418:. Retrieved 5414: 5405: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5328: 5319: 5315: 5302: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5169: 5163: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5110:Mittnik 2018 5105: 5093: 5081: 5020: 5016: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4816:cite journal 4799: 4795: 4785: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4722:cite journal 4705: 4701: 4691: 4679: 4628: 4624: 4570:10852/104260 4550: 4546: 4536: 4524: 4515: 4493: 4489: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4342: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4273: 4243:(2): 64–78. 4240: 4236: 4226: 4199: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4097: 4072: 4068: 3991: 3987: 3922: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3890: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3822: 3776: 3772: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3688: 3655:1887/3198847 3629: 3625: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3402:1887/3198847 3376: 3372: 3362: 3350: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3066: 3010: 3006: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2851:. Retrieved 2847: 2838: 2830: 2823:. Retrieved 2819: 2810: 2798:. Retrieved 2794: 2784: 2775: 2764:. Springer. 2760: 2753: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2548: 2515:1887/3198847 2489: 2485: 2475: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2388:, p. 81 2381: 2330: 2326: 2289: 2271: 2251: 2244: 2216: 2194: 2190: 2164: 2136: 2132: 2102: 2098: 2032: 2028: 2018: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1918: 1914: 1889: 1856:1887/3198847 1830: 1826: 1816: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1724: 1718: 1707: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1606: 1602: 1592: 1583: 1571: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1496:(2): 46–76. 1493: 1489: 1426: 1355: 1340: 1256: 1222: 1211:site of the 1185: 1137: 1106: 1083: 1061: 1054: 1034:Yuzhny Oleny 1015: 980: 960: 939: 923: 916: 910: 898: 858: 846: 825:Jōmon people 823: 820:Jomon people 795: 771: 752: 744: 714: 705: 693: 686: 682:haplogroup R 663: 641: 609:South Asians 594: 590: 581:One of the " 552:Distribution 538: 521:Tianyuan man 513: 498: 489: 481:Tianyuan man 457:Central Asia 450: 405:haplogroup U 397:Tianyuan man 385:Haplogroup P 366: 362: 326: 304:Central Asia 285: 275:to form the 262: 242: 229: 219:Yana Culture 195: 191: 185: 116: 115: 101: 100: 86: 85: 18: 7836:Han Chinese 7812:South Asia 7599:Middle East 7395:Philippines 7355:LGM refugia 7330:Philippines 7279:Philippines 7116:(1): 1–14. 6612:: 499–503. 6389:11336/30563 6257:: 134–138. 5046:10230/57143 4847:(1): 1882. 3779:(1): 1882. 3355:Balter 2013 3315:10230/57143 3242:10810/52864 2197:(1): 1–32. 1609:(1): 1–32. 1259:David Reich 1257:Geneticist 1145:Americanoid 1120:One of the 1075:Scandinavia 988:Kostenki-14 837:Ainu people 779:nuclear DNA 763:Lake Baikal 517:Kostenki-14 469:Kostenki-14 234:Cro-Magnons 190:, the term 7929:Mesolithic 7898:Categories 7861:Hutu/Tutsi 7832:East Asia 7746:Bulgarians 7587:South Asia 7445:Sub-topics 7239:dispersals 6440:: e85492. 5938:1502.02783 5832:1508.03097 5572:Zhang 2021 5333:Zhang 2021 4553:(1): 793. 3717:: e85492. 3013:: e85492. 2853:21 January 2386:Reich 2018 1468:References 1441:Nintinugga 1382:Algonquian 1362:Otherworld 1240:Mal'ta boy 1149:Caucasoids 928:Baikal EBA 899:Among the 827:, the pre- 696:Tajikistan 534:ADMIXTOOLS 353:Mal'ta boy 329:Mal'ta boy 323:Definition 312:world tree 300:South Asia 281:Bronze Age 7851:Filipinos 7821:Sinhalese 7816:Gujaratis 7806:Moroccans 7801:Egyptians 7756:Romanians 7672:East Asia 7543:by region 7320:Australia 7183:218710761 6519:225957149 6482:258134572 6456:2050-084X 6364:1312.6639 6271:0306-9877 6199:214725595 6059:0027-8424 5771:147371671 5450:Hartz P. 5379:1476-4687 5259:0028-0836 5055:2397-334X 4987:Wang 2019 4944:1476-4687 4919:1312.6639 4869:2041-1723 4653:1476-4687 4579:2399-3642 4512:1563-0110 4468:255750546 4452:0960-9822 4316:2399-3642 4186:Raff 2022 4174:Raff 2022 4089:1563-0110 3949:249355636 3869:1476-4687 3801:2041-1723 3733:2050-084X 3680:174809069 3664:1476-4687 3596:0092-8674 3537:0960-9822 3490:218649510 3474:0036-8075 3427:174809069 3411:1476-4687 3324:2397-334X 3267:234793812 3251:0960-9822 3180:0092-8674 3141:250502011 3029:2050-084X 2967:1476-4687 2902:1476-4687 2816:"P YTree" 2727:1476-4687 2652:1563-0110 2613:231980510 2540:174809069 2524:1476-4687 2467:235460793 2451:1476-4687 2355:1476-4687 2268:1000-3193 2213:2770-5005 2166:Eurasians 2153:0036-8075 2111:2500-2295 2057:1476-4687 1992:0092-8674 1935:0737-4038 1881:174809069 1865:1476-4687 1790:2397-334X 1680:235460793 1625:2770-5005 1563:231980510 1390:Milky Way 1386:Iroquoian 1193:Andronovo 967:Guanzhong 829:Neolithic 755:East Asia 648:Afanasevo 601:Europeans 592:Maximum. 411:Formation 238:West Asia 7882:Category 7841:Japanese 7761:Russians 7741:Bosniaks 7726:by group 7699:Thailand 7611:Caucasus 7486:Timeline 7175:32437661 7140:27965293 7097:30713341 7038:35445261 6966:24256729 6915:24256729 6864:31488661 6826:(6457). 6797:29323294 6753:53241760 6745:30409807 6701:29382937 6644:26595274 6608:(7583). 6573:29466330 6511:33122380 6474:37057893 6465:10310323 6407:25230663 6338:27459054 6287:58661828 6279:30593397 6242:27581845 6191:33157037 6128:31036896 6077:30397125 6016:24880339 5973:25731166 5912:29315301 5867:26865217 5806:32621306 5742:24159019 5489:"P21583" 5469:Khan R. 5397:34707286 5277:24256729 5212:27135931 5073:36859553 5064:10089921 4962:25230663 4887:38528002 4878:10963722 4777:30169787 4671:34707286 4597:37558731 4588:10412644 4460:36638796 4403:34533991 4334:32843717 4257:27061035 4026:37138083 4017:10247382 3887:38200295 3878:10781627 3819:38528002 3810:10963722 3751:37057893 3742:10310323 3672:31168093 3604:34048699 3555:29033327 3482:32409524 3419:31168093 3342:36859553 3333:10089921 3259:34010592 3198:30415837 3133:35839766 3047:37057893 3038:10310323 2985:34707286 2920:34707286 2745:27135931 2605:37588521 2596:10427291 2532:31168093 2459:34135521 2373:36859578 2161:33122380 2075:38200295 2066:10781627 2010:30415837 1953:28074030 1873:31168093 1808:36859553 1799:10089921 1672:34135521 1555:37588521 1546:10427291 1451:See also 1445:Hittites 1402:Cerberus 1272:Yamnayas 1270:and the 1209:Harappan 1128:" dated 971:Shaanbei 942:Holocene 791:paternal 775:maternal 767:Mongolia 741:Siberia. 117:Denisova 102:Afontova 7736:Basques 7732:Europe 7706:America 7231:Hominin 7131:5204334 7088:6360191 7065:Bibcode 7063:: 590. 7029:9021735 6957:4105016 6936:Bibcode 6906:4105016 6885:Bibcode 6855:6822619 6832:bioRxiv 6819:Science 6805:4454580 6777:Bibcode 6725:Bibcode 6717:Science 6692:5789860 6671:Bibcode 6669:: 442. 6635:4918750 6614:Bibcode 6564:6091220 6543:Bibcode 6491:Science 6398:4170574 6369:Bibcode 6329:5003663 6308:Bibcode 6233:5285490 6182:7664836 6149:bioRxiv 6119:6542712 6098:Bibcode 6068:6275519 6037:Bibcode 6007:4704868 5964:5048219 5943:Bibcode 5903:5760011 5858:4750364 5837:Bibcode 5720:Bibcode 5712:Science 5493:Uniprot 5420:4 April 5388:8580821 5359:Bibcode 5268:4105016 5239:Bibcode 5203:4943878 5174:Bibcode 5025:Bibcode 4953:4170574 4924:Bibcode 4849:Bibcode 4768:6693441 4662:8580821 4633:Bibcode 4430:Bibcode 4394:8448447 4373:Bibcode 4325:7447786 4265:3519553 3996:Bibcode 3849:Bibcode 3781:Bibcode 3634:Bibcode 3546:6592271 3517:Bibcode 3454:Bibcode 3446:Science 3381:Bibcode 3294:Bibcode 3221:Bibcode 3189:6327247 3111:Bibcode 2976:8580821 2947:Bibcode 2911:8580821 2882:Bibcode 2825:27 July 2800:27 June 2736:4943878 2699:Bibcode 2494:Bibcode 2431:Bibcode 2364:9977688 2335:Bibcode 2133:Science 2037:Bibcode 2001:6327247 1944:5400393 1835:Bibcode 1770:Bibcode 1652:Bibcode 1586:. 2020. 1433:Kipchaq 1418:Anthony 1406:Sarvarā 1394:Chukchi 1358:mytheme 1349:to the 1091:of the 1038:Karelia 963:Shaanxi 644:Yamnaya 625:Selkups 541:Salkhit 337:Siberia 308:Siberia 87:Mal'ta– 7751:Croats 7643:Iberia 7623:Europe 7550:Africa 7335:Europe 7300:Africa 7265:Europe 7181: 7173: 7138: 7128: 7095: 7085: 7036: 7026: 6964: 6954: 6928:Nature 6913: 6903: 6877:Nature 6862: 6852: 6834: 6803: 6795: 6769:Nature 6751: 6743: 6699: 6689: 6642: 6632: 6601:Nature 6571: 6561: 6535:Nature 6517: 6509: 6480: 6472: 6462: 6454: 6405: 6395: 6351:Nature 6336: 6326: 6300:Nature 6285: 6277: 6269: 6240: 6230: 6197: 6189: 6179: 6151: 6126: 6116: 6075: 6065: 6057: 6014: 6004: 5971: 5961: 5925:Nature 5910: 5900: 5865: 5855: 5804: 5769: 5740: 5695: 5555: 5528: 5415:Scribd 5395: 5385: 5377: 5351:Nature 5275: 5265: 5257: 5231:Nature 5210: 5200: 5165:Nature 5071: 5061: 5053: 4960: 4950: 4942: 4906:Nature 4885: 4875: 4867: 4775: 4765: 4669: 4659: 4651: 4625:Nature 4595: 4585: 4577: 4510: 4466: 4458: 4450: 4401: 4391: 4332: 4322: 4314: 4263: 4255: 4214: 4087: 4024: 4014: 3988:Nature 3947: 3937: 3885: 3875: 3867: 3841:Nature 3817: 3807: 3799: 3749: 3739: 3731: 3678: 3670: 3662: 3626:Nature 3602: 3594: 3553: 3543: 3535: 3488: 3480: 3472: 3425: 3417: 3409: 3373:Nature 3340: 3330: 3322: 3265: 3257: 3249: 3196: 3186: 3178: 3139: 3131: 3081: 3045: 3035: 3027: 2983: 2973: 2965: 2939:Nature 2918: 2908: 2900: 2874:Nature 2768: 2743: 2733: 2725: 2691:Nature 2650: 2611: 2603: 2593: 2538: 2530: 2522: 2486:Nature 2465: 2457: 2449: 2423:Nature 2371: 2361: 2353: 2327:Nature 2297: 2266: 2211: 2159: 2151: 2109: 2073: 2063: 2055: 2029:Nature 2008: 1998: 1990: 1951: 1941: 1933: 1879: 1871: 1863: 1827:Nature 1806: 1796: 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