721:
497:'Steppe ancestry' can be classified into at least three distinctive clusters. In its simplest and earliest form, it can be modelled as an admixture of two highly divergent ancestral components; a population related to Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) as the original inhabitants of the European steppe in the Mesolithic, and a population related to Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHG) that had spread northwards from the Near East. This ancestry profile is known as 'Eneolithic Steppe' ancestry, or 'pre-Yamnaya ancestry', and is represented by ancient individuals from the Khvalynsk II and Progress 2 archaeological sites. These individuals are chronologically intermediate between EHGs and the later Yamnaya population, and harbour very variable proportions of CHG ancestry.
2664:"Recent paleogenomic studies have shown that migrations of Western steppe herders (WSH) beginning in the Eneolithic (ca. 3300â2700 BCE) profoundly transformed the genes and cultures of Europe and central Asia... The migration of these Western steppe herders (WSH), with the Yamnaya horizon (ca. 3300â2700 BCE) as their earliest representative, contributed not only to the European Corded Ware culture (ca. 2500â2200 BCE) but also to steppe cultures located between the Caspian Sea and the Altai-Sayan mountain region, such as the Afanasievo (ca. 3300â2500 BCE) and later Sintashta (2100â1800 BCE) and Andronovo (1800â1300 BCE) cultures."
28:
348:
614:
283:
556:
838:
684:, and because there is no CHG Y-DNA detected among the Yamnaya, Anthony notes that it is impossible for the Maikop culture to have contributed much to the culture or CHG ancestry of the WSHs. Anthony suggests that admixture between EHGs and CHGs first occurred on the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe around 5,000 BC, while admixture with EEFs happened in the southern parts of the Pontic-Caspian steppe sometime later.
3841:. "The earliest known example of the classic European blond hair mutation is in an Ancient North Eurasian from the Lake Baikal region of eastern Siberia from seventeen thousand years ago. The hundreds of millions of copies of this mutation in central and western Europe today likely derive from a massive migration of people bearing Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, an event that is related in the next chapter."
2676:"We collectively refer to as "Western Steppe Herders (WSH)": the earlier populations associated with the Yamnaya and Afanasievo cultures (often called "steppe Early and Middle Bronze Age"; "steppe_EMBA") and the later ones associated with many cultures such as Potapovka, Sintashta, Srubnaya and Andronovo to name a few (often called "steppe Middle and Late Bronze Age"; "steppe_MLBA")."
626:
ancestry known as Steppe Middle to Late Bronze Age ancestry (Steppe MLBA), which developed with the formation of the Corded Ware culture who may also be included in this cluster. Individuals from the
Sintashta, Andronovo, and Srubnaya cultures are all genetically similar and may ultimately descend from a secondary migration of the Fatyanovo population, an eastern Corded Ware group.
576:
that
European farmer populations of the Cucuteni-Trypillia and Globular Amphora cultures contributed ancestry to Yamnaya, as Yamnaya lack the additional hunter-gatherer ancestry found in European farmers, and carry equal proportions of Anatolian and Levantine ancestry, unlike European farmers who carry predominantly Anatolian ancestry.
513:
Fatyanovo-Balanovo group may have been the source of a back migration onto the steppe and further to the east, resulting in the formation of the
Srubnaya, Sintashta, and Andronovo cultures. The genetic cluster represented by ancient individuals from these cultures is known as Steppe Middle to Late Bronze Age (Steppe MLBA) ancestry.
2655:"North of the Caucasus, Eneolithic and BA individuals from the Samara region (5200â4000 BCE) carry an equal mixture of EHG and CHG/Iranian ancestry, so-called âsteppe ancestryâ that eventually spread further west, where it contributed substantially to present-day Europeans, and east to the Altai region as well as to South Asia."
677:. The Sredny Stog were mostly WSH with slight EEF admixture, while the Khvalynsk living further east were purely WSH. Anthony also notes that unlike their Khvalynsk predecessors, the Y-DNA of the Yamnaya is exclusively EHG and WHG. This implies that the leading clans of the Yamnaya were of EHG and WHG origin.
732:. Early Bronze Age Steppe populations such as the Yamnaya are believed to have had mostly brown eyes and dark hair, while the people of the Corded Ware culture had a higher proportion of blue eyes. A 2022 study suggested that the skin tone of WSH peoples was generally darker than most modern Europeans.
3155:
Dai, Shan-Shan; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Isakova, Jainagul; Xu, Wei-Fang; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov
Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; Ibrohimovich, Khudoidodov Behruz; Chen, Xi; Yang, Wei-Kang; Wang, Ming-Shan; Shen, Quan-Kuan; Yang, Xing-Yan; Yao, Yong-Gang; Aldashev, Almaz A; Saidov, Abdusattor
774:
in modern
Europeans. In 2020, a study suggested that ancestry from Western Steppe Pastoralists was responsible for lightening the skin and hair color of modern Europeans, having a dominant effect on the phenotype of Northern Europeans, in particular. A 2022 study suggested that the light skin tone of
534:
This early, 'pre-Yamnaya' ancestry was first detected in
Eneolithic individuals at the Khvalynsk II cemetery and directly north of the Caucasus mountains at the Progress 2 archaeological site; this ancestry is also detected in individuals of the Steppe Maykop culture, but with additional Siberian and
575:
Lazaridis et al. (2022) conclude that
Yamnaya ancestry can be modelled as a mixture of an as yet unsampled admixed EHG/CHG population with a second source from the south Caucasus, and rejects Khvalynsk Eneolithic as a source population for the Yamnaya cluster. The study also contradicts suggestions
4010:
Furthermore, ancient DNA studies found that the LP mutation was absent or very rare in Europe until the end of the Bronze Age and appeared first in individuals with steppe ancestry . Thus, it was proposed that the mutation originated in
Yamnaya-associated populations and arrived later in Europe by
3204:
Given the Steppe-related ancestry (e.g., Andronovo) existing in
Scythians (i.e., Saka; UnterlĂ€nder et al. 2017; Damgaard et al. 2018; Guarino-Vignon et al. 2022), the proposed linguistic and physical anthropological links between the Tajiks and Scythians (Han 1993; KuzâČmina and Mallory 2007) may be
500:
The later
Yamnaya population can be modelled as an admixed EHG-related/CHG-related population with additional (c. 14%) Anatolian Farmer ancestry with some Western Hunter-Gatherer admixture, or alternatively can be modelled as a mixture of EHG, CHG, and Iranian Chalcolithic ancestries. This ancestry
692:
were initially spoken among EHGs living in Eastern Europe. On this basis, Anthony concludes that the Indo-European languages which the WSHs brought with them were initially the result of "a dominant language spoken by EHGs that absorbed Caucasus-like elements in phonology, morphology, and lexicon"
567:
When the first Yamnaya whole genome sequences were published in 2015, Yamnaya individuals were reported to have no Anatolian Farmer ancestry, but following larger studies it is now generally agreed that Yamnaya had around 14% Anatolian Farmer ancestry, with an additional small WHG component, which
571:
The actual populations involved in the formation of the Yamnaya cluster remain uncertain. Proposed models have included admixture of an EHG/CHG population with European Farmers to the west (such as those of the Globular Amphorae culture or a genetically similar population), a two-way admixture of
782:
A study in 2015 found that Yamnaya had the highest ever calculated genetic selection for height of any of the ancient populations tested. A 2024 study argues that the different amounts of Yamnaya/Steppe-like ancestry in Northern and Southern Europeans is responsible for the difference in height.
625:
Bronze Age individuals from the Sintashta culture in the southern Urals and the closely related Andronovo culture in Central Asia, as well as the Srubnaya culture on the Pontic Caspian steppe, all carry substantial levels of Yamnaya-related ancestry, with additional European Farmer admixture, an
542:
Three individuals from the Progress 2 site in the foothills north of the Caucasus also harbour EHG and CHG related ancestry, and are genetically similar to Eneolithic individuals from Khvalynsk II but with higher levels of CHG-related ancestry that are comparable to the later Yamnaya population.
538:
The individuals from Khvalynsk comprise a genetically heterogeneous population, with some more similar to EHGs and others closer to the later Yamnaya population. On average, these individuals can be modelled as around three-quarters EHG and one-quarter Near Eastern ("Armenian related") ancestry.
3217:
Cilli, Elisabetta; Sarno, Stefania; Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Serventi, Patrizia; De Fanti, Sara; Delaini, Paolo; Ognibene, Paolo; Basello, Gian Pietro; Ravegnini, Gloria; Angelini, Sabrina; Ferri, Gianmarco; Gentilini, Davide; Di Blasio, Anna Maria; Pelotti, Susi; Pettener, Davide (April
629:
This Steppe MLBA cluster may be further divided into a 'Western Steppe MLBA cluster', who may be modelled as around two thirds Yamnaya-related ancestry and one third European Farmer ancestry, and a 'Central Steppe MLBA cluster', which can be modelled as Western MLBA with around 9% West Siberian
3264:
Although the Yaghnobis do not show evident signs of recent admixture, they could be considered a modern proxy for the source of gene flow for many Central Asian and Middle Eastern groups. Accordingly, they seem to retain a peculiar genomic ancestry probably ascribable to an ancient gene pool
596:
A 2021 study suggests that Early Corded Ware from Bohemia can be modelled as a three way mixture of Yamnaya-like and European Neolithic-like populations, with an additional c. 5% to 15% contribution from a northeast European Eneolithic forest-steppe group (such as Pitted Ware, Latvia Middle
3851:
Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Pearson, Alice; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Halgren, Alma S.; Macleod, Ruairidh; Demeter, Fabrice; Henriksen, Rasmus A.; Vimala, Tharsika; McColl, Hugh; Vaughn, Andrew H.; Speidel, Leo (January 2024).
2959:
Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Pearson, Alice; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Halgren, Alma S.; Macleod, Ruairidh; Demeter, Fabrice; Henriksen, Rasmus A.; Vimala, Tharsika; McColl, Hugh; Vaughn, Andrew H.; Speidel, Leo (January 2024).
512:
Expansions of Yamnaya-related populations to Eastern and Central Europe resulted in the formation of populations with admixed EMBA Steppe and Early European Farmer ancestry, such as the ancient individuals of the Corded Ware and Bell beaker cultures. In the eastern Corded Ware culture, the
3711:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, SongĂŒl; Acar, AyĆe; Açıkkol, AyĆen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; AkyĂŒz, UÄur; Andreeva, Desislava; AndrijaĆĄeviÄ, Gojko; AntonoviÄ, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet Ä°hsan; Bacvarov, Krum (August 26, 2022).
526:
The precise location of the initial formation of so-called 'Eneolithic steppe' ancestry, which can be modeled as a relatively simple admixture of EHG and Near Eastern (CHG-related) populations, remains uncertain. Admixture between populations with Near Eastern ancestry and the EHG on the
44:
600:
In the Bell Beaker culture, high proportions (c. 50%) of steppe related ancestry are found in individuals from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Britain. The genetic turnover is most substantial in Britain, where around 90% of the gene pool was replaced within a few hundred years.
5078:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, SongĂŒl; Acar, AyĆe; Açıkkol, AyĆen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; AkyĂŒz, UÄur; Andreeva, Desislava; AndrijaĆĄeviÄ, Gojko; AntonoviÄ, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet Ä°hsan; Bacvarov, Krum (2022).
563:
Early Yamnaya individuals, the Afanasievo population, and the individuals of the Poltavka and Catacomb cultures that followed the Yamnaya on the steppe comprise a genetically almost indistinguishable cluster, carrying predominantly R1b Y-DNA haplogroups with a minority of I2a.
604:
The earliest Bell Beaker individuals from Bohemia harbouring Steppe ancestry are genetically similar to Corded Ware individuals, which suggests continuity between these two groups. Later Bell Beaker individuals have an additional c. 20% Middle Eneolithic ancestry.
3032:
Pathak, Ajai K.; Kadian, Anurag; Kushniarevich, Alena; Montinaro, Francesco; Mondal, Mayukh; Ongaro, Linda; Singh, Manvendra; Kumar, Pramod; Rai, Niraj; Parik, JĂŒri; Metspalu, Ene; Rootsi, Siiri; Pagani, Luca; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Mait (December 6, 2018).
539:
These three individuals belong to Y-chromosome haplogroups R1a (which is not found in later elite Yamnaya graves), R1b, and Q1a, the first two of which are found in preceding EHG populations, which suggests continuity with the preceding EHG population.
3321:
5577:
Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten Erik; Nielsen, Kasper; Orlando, Ludovic; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pedersen, Anders Gorm; Schubert, Mikkel; Van Dam, Alex; Kapel, Christian Moliin Outzen; et al. (October 22, 2015).
592:
The earliest Corded Ware individuals are genetically close to Yamnaya. Admixture with local Neolithic populations resulted in later individuals genetically intermediate between Yamnaya and individuals of the Globular Amphora Culture.
5156:
Malmström, Helena; GĂŒnther, Torsten; Svensson, Emma M.; Juras, Anna; Fraser, Magdalena; Munters, Arielle R.; Pospieszny, Ćukasz; TĂ”rv, Mari; Lindström, Jonathan; Götherström, Anders; StorĂ„, Jan; Jakobsson, Mattias (October 9, 2019).
584:
Genetic evidence demonstrates a major and relatively sudden population turnover in Europe during the early third millennium BC, resulting in the rapid spread of steppe ancestry along with the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker cultures.
588:
Corded Ware individuals have been shown to be genetically distinct from preceding European Neolithic cultures of North-Central and Northeastern Europe, with around 75% of their ancestry derived from a Yamnaya-like population.
3777:
Sulem, Patrick; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.; Stacey, Simon N.; Helgason, Agnar; Rafnar, Thorunn; Magnusson, Kristinn P.; Manolescu, Andrei; Karason, Ari; Palsson, Arnar; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; et al. (December 2007).
4390:
Eisenmann, Stefanie; BĂĄnffy, Eszter; van Dommelen, Peter; Hofmann, Kerstin P.; Maran, Joseph; Lazaridis, Iosif; Mittnik, Alissa; McCormick, Michael; Krause, Johannes; Reich, David; Stockhammer, Philipp W. (2018).
687:
As Yamnaya Y-DNA is exclusively of the EHG and WHG type, Anthony notes that the admixture must have occurred between EHG and WHG males, and CHG and EEF females. Anthony cites this as additional evidence that the
4740:
4520:
4162:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; et al. (2015).
4065:
the 101 sequenced individuals, the Yamnaya were most likely to have the DNA variation responsible for lactose tolerance, hinting that the steppe migrants might have eventually introduced the trait to Europe
5213:
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, SongĂŒl Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; et al. (2015).
5707:
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey; Wissgott, Antje; Brandt, Guido; Jeong, Choongwon; Cheronet, Olivia; Ferry, Matthew; Harney, Eadaoin; Keating, Denise; et al. (February 4, 2019).
5515:
Papac, Luka; ErnĂ©e, Michal; DobeĆĄ, Miroslav; LangovĂĄ, Michaela; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Aron, Franziska; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Spyrou, Maria A.; Rohland, Nadin; VelemĂnskĂœ, Petr; Kuna, Martin (August 27, 2021).
546:
Archaeologist David Anthony speculates that the Khvalynsk/Progress-2 mating network, located between the middle Volga and the North Caucasus foothills, makes a "plausible genetic ancestor for Yamnaya".
630:
Hunter Gatherer (WSHG) ancestry. It has been suggested that the Central Steppe MLBA cluster was the main vector for the spread of Yamnaya-related ancestry to South Asia in the early 2nd millennium BC.
3900:
By calculating ancestry-specific polygenic risk scores, we show that height differences between Northern and Southern Europe are associated with differential Steppe ancestry, rather than selection
509:
near the Altai Mountains and the Poltavka culture on the Middle Bronze Age steppe. This genetic component is known as Steppe Early to Middle Bronze Age (Steppe EMBA), or Yamnaya-related ancestry.
4573:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; et al. (2015).
4107:, p. 171) have found a remarkably high rate of lactose tolerance among individuals connected to Yamnaya and to Corded Ware, as opposed to the majority of Late Neolithic individuals.
4145:
The highest prevalence of tolerance detected in that study was found among the Yamnaya of the Eurasian steppe, and the highest within Europe was among the Corded Ware cultures
665:, which is associated with EHGs and WHGs, the mtDNA of the Yamnaya also includes types frequent among CHGs and EEFs. Anthony notes that WSH had earlier been found among the
770:
concludes that the massive migration of Western Steppe Herders probably brought this mutation to Europe, explaining why there are hundreds of millions of copies of this
142:
haplogroups of Western Steppe Herder males are not uniform, with the Yamnaya culture individuals mainly belonging to R1b-Z2103 with a minority of I2a2, the earlier
2925:
103:
cultures, and found in substantial levels in contemporary European, Central Asian, South Asian and West Asian populations. This ancestry is often referred to as
4645:
3966:
Segurel, Laure; Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Lafosse, Sophie; Laurent, Romain; Bon, CĂ©line; Fabre, Alexandre; Hegay, Tatyana; Heyer, Evelyne (2020).
3653:
Frieman, Catherine J.; Hofmann, Daniela (August 8, 2019). "Present pasts in the archeology of genetics, identity and migration in Europe: a critical essay".
4701:
423:
Western Steppe Herders component "is lower in southern Europe and higher in northern Europe", where inhabitants have roughly 50% WSH ancestry on average. (
5783:
5473:
5347:
4356:
4299:
449:
Third-millennium Europe (and prehistoric Europe in general) was "a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacement" (
4452:
Fernandes, Daniel M.; et al. (March 21, 2019). "The Arrival of Steppe and Iranian Related Ancestry in the Islands of the Western Mediterranean".
720:
2623:
809:
populations display higher frequencies of the lactose tolerance allele than European farmers and hunter gatherers who lacked steppe admixture.
3265:
originally wide spread across a vast area and subsequently reshuffled by distinct demographic events occurred in Middle East and Central Asia.
2587:
5840:
642:(2019) summarized the recent genetic data on WSHs. Anthony notes that WSHs display genetic continuity between the paternal lineages of the
4700:
Heyd, Volker (2019). "Yamnaya â Corded Wares â Bell Beakers, or How to Conceptualize Events of 5000 Years Ago that Shaped Modern Europe".
505:
populations. In addition to individuals of the Yamnaya culture, very similar ancestry is also found in individuals of the closely related
1785:
3220:"The genetic legacy of the Yaghnobis: A witness of an ancient Eurasian ancestry in the historically reshuffled central Asian gene pool"
4393:"Reconciling material cultures in archaeology with genetic data: The nomenclature of clusters emerging from archaeogenomic analysis"
286:
Migration of Yamnaya-related people, according to Anthony (2007), (2017); Narasimhan et al. (2019); Nordqvist & Heyd (2020):
3954:
The hypothesis is based on the frequency for the rs4988235A allele of over 25% in five Yamnaya culture-associated individuals .
5994:
2594:
2566:
1445:
5159:"The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon"
2551:
803:, and it is hypothesized that it may have given them a biological advantage over the European populations who lacked it.
597:
Neolithic, Ukraine Neolithic, or a genetically similar population), a cluster the authors term 'Forest Steppe' ancestry.
5989:
5824:
5646:
4270:
3282:
2616:
2573:
1504:
169:
by most contemporary linguists, archaeologists, and geneticists. WSH ancestry from this period is often referred to as
150:
individuals mainly belonging to haplogroup R1b in the earliest samples, with R1a-M417 becoming predominant over time.
837:
572:
EHGs with an Iran Chalcolithic population, and a three-way admixture of EHG, CHG, and Iran Chalcolithic populations.
135:
195:(EEFs) from the European gene pool, significantly altering the cultural and genetic landscape of Europe. During the
5979:
5332:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca (September 6, 2019).
4231:
2580:
1344:
274:, and may be used as proxy for the source of "Steppe ancestry" among many Central Asian and Middle Eastern groups.
5710:"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions"
3361:"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions"
4255:(2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.).
4083:
855:
157:
or a closely related group, who had high levels of WSH ancestry with some additional Neolithic farmer admixture,
4715:
799:. Steppe-derived populations such as the Yamnaya are thought to have brought this trait to Europe from the
5900:"Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper AgeâBronze Age transition in southern Iberia"
4258:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
3090:
Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, CĂ©line (January 14, 2022).
2436:
2211:
1615:
771:
321:
617:
The eastern part of the Corded Ware culture contributed to the Sintashta culture (c. 2100â1800 BC), where the
2609:
2181:
1450:
1387:
1188:
1074:
87:, subsequently detected in several genetically similar or directly related ancient populations including the
4799:
4749:
4529:
2637:
1869:
1372:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1068:
188:, who were around 50% WSH ancestry, though the exact relationships between these groups remains uncertain.
3828:
320:
2700 BC: Second eastward migration starting east of Carpatian mountains as Corded Ware, transforming into
2186:
1681:
1382:
1261:
1247:
1228:
309:; according to Anthony, westward migration west of Carpatians into Hungary as Yamnaya, transforming into
3968:"Why and when was lactase persistance selected for? Insights from Central Asian herders and ancient DNA"
700:(EEF) cultures of Europe were overwhelmed by successive migrations of WSHs. These migrations led to EEF
5984:
3287:
1524:
1482:
1082:
646:
and the Yamnaya culture, as the males of both cultures have been found to have been mostly carriers of
5835:
5999:
2226:
2191:
1864:
1168:
674:
364:
791:
More than 25% of five ancient DNA samples from Yamnaya sites have an allele that is associated with
4516:"Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations"
2486:
2376:
2196:
1727:
1559:
1510:
1406:
1208:
1163:
1158:
1078:
767:
158:
127:
48:
36:
32:
4909:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations"
5638:
4736:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe"
2381:
2108:
1218:
1213:
1203:
847:
763:
689:
457:
388:
352:
219:
166:
123:
56:
712:). EEF mtDNA however remained frequent, suggesting admixture between WSH males and EEF females.
199:, Corded Ware people with admixture from Central Europe remigrated onto the steppe, forming the
5802:
2933:
2371:
2343:
2127:
2029:
1795:
1641:
1265:
1103:
995:
934:
889:
829:
821:
756:
697:
643:
618:
347:
192:
79:, is the name given to a distinct ancestral component first identified in individuals from the
27:
5714:
4856:
4079:"Massive Migrations? The Impact of Recent DNA Studies on our View of Third Millennium Europe"
3838:
2518:
2347:
1255:
1251:
1236:
1232:
766:
from Samara, Motala and Ukraine, and several later individuals with WSH ancestry. Geneticist
531:
had begun by the fifth millennium BC, predating the Yamnaya culture by at least 1,000 years.
528:
5913:
5727:
5531:
5477:
5420:
5351:
5294:
5229:
5040:
4983:
4926:
4869:
4812:
4753:
4598:
4533:
4478:
4453:
4406:
4303:
4178:
4038:
3725:
3372:
3322:"The Forgotten Child of the Wider Corded Ware Family: Russian Fatyanovo Culture in Context"
3103:
2464:
2429:
1742:
1425:
1377:
1314:
1284:
1242:
1222:
1086:
940:
662:
146:
also with mainly R1b but also some R1a, Q1a, J, and I2a2, and the later, high WSH ancestry
134:
of EHG and CHG ancestral components in roughly equal proportions, with the majority of the
20:
1610:
31:
Main genetic ancestries of Western Steppe Herders (Yamnaya pastoralists): a confluence of
8:
5518:"Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe"
4653:
4103:
For example, one lineage could have a biological evolutionary advantage over the other. (
3219:
3092:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia"
1737:
1732:
1628:
1552:
1517:
1440:
1430:
1289:
990:
985:
954:
796:
792:
666:
376:
302:
185:
181:
147:
96:
5917:
5731:
5674:
5657:
5535:
5481:
5424:
5298:
5233:
5117:
5080:
5044:
4987:
4930:
4873:
4816:
4757:
4602:
4537:
4482:
4410:
4343:"The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia"
4307:
4182:
4042:
3886:
3853:
3754:
3729:
3714:"A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia"
3713:
3376:
3107:
2994:
2961:
704:
DNA lineages in Europe being almost entirely replaced with EHG/WSH paternal DNA (mainly
5957:
5944:
5899:
5879:
5853:
5756:
5709:
5695:
5614:
5579:
5560:
5517:
5498:
5459:
5441:
5402:
5384:
5333:
5315:
5276:
5258:
5215:
5191:
5158:
5144:
5061:
5022:
5004:
4965:
4947:
4913:
4908:
4890:
4851:
4833:
4794:
4776:
4735:
4688:
4627:
4588:
4574:
4556:
4515:
4435:
4397:
4392:
4373:
4342:
4324:
4285:
4210:
3996:
3967:
3945:
3817:
3690:
3401:
3360:
3341:
3255:
3190:
3132:
3091:
3067:
3034:
2443:
2394:
2328:
2312:
1937:
1590:
1329:
1015:
920:
915:
776:
506:
291:
4575:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
5961:
5949:
5871:
5820:
5761:
5743:
5687:
5679:
5642:
5619:
5601:
5565:
5547:
5503:
5464:
5446:
5389:
5371:
5338:
5320:
5263:
5245:
5196:
5178:
5122:
5104:
5085:
5066:
5009:
4952:
4895:
4838:
4781:
4692:
4680:
4632:
4614:
4561:
4502:
4494:
4469:
4440:
4422:
4378:
4347:
4329:
4290:
4266:
4202:
4194:
4056:
4001:
3949:
3937:
3891:
3873:
3809:
3801:
3759:
3741:
3694:
3682:
3655:
3406:
3388:
3345:
3247:
3239:
3195:
3177:
3137:
3119:
3072:
3054:
2999:
2981:
2926:"Yamnaya - Corded Ware - Bell Beakers: How to conceptualise events of 5000 years ago"
2722:
2457:
2423:
2415:
2359:
2353:
2335:
2306:
2285:
2271:
2263:
2033:
1894:
1834:
1816:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1714:
1709:
1538:
1401:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1022:
1008:
968:
947:
884:
876:
670:
651:
200:
143:
131:
88:
84:
52:
5883:
5699:
3821:
3259:
5939:
5929:
5921:
5904:
5863:
5816:
5751:
5735:
5669:
5609:
5593:
5555:
5539:
5522:
5493:
5485:
5436:
5428:
5407:
5379:
5361:
5310:
5302:
5281:
5253:
5237:
5220:
5186:
5170:
5112:
5094:
5056:
5048:
5027:
4999:
4991:
4970:
4942:
4934:
4885:
4877:
4828:
4820:
4771:
4761:
4670:
4662:
4622:
4606:
4579:
4551:
4541:
4486:
4430:
4414:
4368:
4360:
4319:
4311:
4262:
4252:
4222:
4214:
4186:
4169:
4134:
4092:
4046:
4029:
3991:
3981:
3927:
3881:
3865:
3793:
3749:
3733:
3672:
3664:
3396:
3380:
3333:
3303:"Archaeology and Language: Why Archaeologists Care About the Indo-European Problem"
3277:
3231:
3185:
3169:
3127:
3111:
3062:
3046:
2989:
2973:
2712:
2451:
2401:
2218:
2024:
1912:
1852:
1829:
1772:
1767:
1704:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1349:
962:
910:
902:
895:
740:
639:
405:
325:
3668:
165:, which is considered to be associated with the dispersal of at least some of the
5810:
5723:
5634:
Who We are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past
5632:
5416:
5290:
5138:
5036:
4979:
4922:
4865:
4808:
4490:
4256:
4125:
3986:
3918:
3784:
2532:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2472:
2408:
2387:
2365:
1950:
1839:
1762:
1671:
1604:
1545:
1411:
1143:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1029:
1001:
806:
800:
473:
435:
295:
263:
154:
100:
64:
5081:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
4714:. News of the Yambol Museum / year VI, issue 9. pp. 125â136. Archived from
613:
484:
Yamnaya peoples have the highest ever calculated genetic selection for stature (
5739:
5597:
5584:
4938:
4741:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4521:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4418:
4164:
3869:
3384:
3115:
3050:
2977:
2277:
2144:
2019:
1577:
1531:
1499:
1435:
926:
709:
705:
681:
647:
502:
411:
5867:
4824:
4139:
4120:
3932:
3913:
3035:"The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India"
680:
Because the slight EEF ancestry of the WSHs has been found to be derived from
5973:
5806:
5787:
5747:
5683:
5605:
5551:
5375:
5249:
5182:
5134:
5108:
4684:
4618:
4498:
4426:
4198:
3877:
3805:
3779:
3745:
3686:
3392:
3243:
3181:
3173:
3123:
3058:
2985:
2537:
2001:
1917:
1634:
1492:
1354:
1108:
759:
282:
271:
239:
92:
5489:
5366:
5099:
4766:
4546:
4364:
4315:
3737:
1324:
218:
The modern population of Europe can largely be modeled as a mixture of WHG (
191:
The expansion of WSHs resulted in the virtual disappearance of the Y-DNA of
122:
Western Steppe Herders are considered to be descended from a merger between
5953:
5925:
5875:
5765:
5691:
5623:
5569:
5543:
5507:
5450:
5393:
5324:
5267:
5200:
5174:
5148:
5126:
5070:
5013:
4956:
4899:
4842:
4795:"The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia languages in Europe"
4785:
4636:
4565:
4506:
4444:
4382:
4333:
4276:
4206:
4060:
4005:
3972:
3941:
3895:
3813:
3763:
3410:
3251:
3199:
3141:
3076:
3003:
2726:
2156:
1994:
1468:
1339:
1138:
1133:
1123:
555:
314:
223:
80:
5403:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe"
4227:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
3089:
4666:
3359:
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey (February 4, 2019).
3157:
2132:
2118:
2082:
1790:
337:
310:
306:
5432:
5306:
5241:
5052:
4995:
4675:
4610:
4190:
4097:
4078:
3850:
3307:
European Archaeology as Anthropology: Essays in Memory of Bernard Wailes
2958:
1319:
5934:
5580:"Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago"
5460:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"
4881:
3797:
3710:
3337:
3235:
2095:
2009:
1887:
1652:
744:
729:
231:
227:
196:
4966:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
3780:"Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans"
3677:
2717:
2700:
779:
in the thousands of years after the migration of WSHs across Europe.
2298:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2039:
1907:
333:
329:
259:
5784:"Story of most murderous people of all time revealed in ancient DNA"
4286:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"
4226:
4051:
4024:
3302:
5858:
5849:
5356:
4593:
4458:
2241:
2232:
2123:
1924:
1899:
1803:
1294:
870:
701:
255:
4852:"Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians"
3965:
3031:
3854:"The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians"
3216:
2962:"The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians"
2291:
2255:
2248:
2046:
1666:
1299:
748:
251:
222:), EEF and WSH. According to a 2024 study, WSH ancestry peaks in
162:
3158:"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"
2907:
762:
from Siberia dated to around 15,000 BC, is later found in three
501:
profile is not found in the earlier Eneolithic steppe or Steppe
3776:
3583:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3015:
3013:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2014:
1968:
1487:
1304:
736:
568:
was not present in the previous Eneolithic steppe individuals.
267:
235:
55:. These migrations are thought to have spread WSH ancestry and
43:
5334:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
4467:
Gibbons, A. (July 24, 2015). "Revolution in human evolution".
5140:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth
3467:
2113:
1987:
1981:
1963:
1334:
1309:
752:
658:
139:
5216:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
3513:
3496:
3446:
3417:
3010:
2884:
2849:
2771:
724:
Archaeogenetic analysis of human skin pigmentation in Europe
481:), and it stemmed from migrations from the Eurasian steppes;
351:
Admixture proportions of Yamnaya populations. They combined
3547:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2505:
3559:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2822:
2820:
2761:
2759:
5836:"The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe"
3595:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
559:
Scheme of Indo-European migrations from c. 3000 to 800 BC
247:
243:
4341:
Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (June 29, 2018).
2861:
184:, whose members were of about 75% WSH ancestry, and the
5163:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3486:
3484:
3482:
2832:
2817:
2756:
270:, display genetic continuity to Iron Age Central Asian
4284:
Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (November 8, 2019).
3914:"Human Genetics: Lactase Persistence in a Battlefield"
3571:
2794:
2733:
16:
Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component
5658:"Ancient Genomics of Modern Humans: The First Decade"
5656:
Skoglund, Pontus; Mathieson, Iain (August 31, 2018).
3607:
3537:
3535:
3320:
Nordqvist, Kerkko; Heyd, Volker (November 12, 2020).
661:
of the Dnieper-Donets people is exclusively types of
477:) spread into Europe during the third millennium BC (
51:
from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the widely held
3479:
3434:
3358:
3154:
775:
modern Europeans was due in large part to continual
550:
5474:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
5348:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
4734:Jeong, Choongwon; et al. (November 27, 2018).
4357:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
4300:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3636:
3634:
3619:
608:
456:The Yamnaya migrations are linked to the spread of
290:3000 BC: Initial eastward migration initiating the
180:This migration is linked to the origin of both the
5275:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (February 21, 2018).
4850:Jones, Eppie R.; et al. (November 16, 2015).
3532:
696:During the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age, the
403:A summary of several genetic studies published in
5655:
5331:
3473:
3205:ascribed to their shared Steppe-related ancestry.
2788:
2699:Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (July 3, 2020).
728:Western Steppe Herders are believed to have been
5971:
5576:
5274:
5212:
5155:
5077:
5021:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (August 2, 2017).
5020:
4963:
4793:Jeong, Choongwon; et al. (April 29, 2019).
4451:
4389:
4161:
4104:
3631:
3526:
3507:
3461:
3428:
3019:
2911:
2855:
485:
478:
461:
450:
439:
428:
203:and a type of WSH ancestry often referred to as
5023:"Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans"
4964:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (July 25, 2016).
4513:
4340:
3589:
3553:
5897:
4283:
3652:
2672:
2670:
579:
492:
5898:Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa (November 19, 2021).
5841:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
4025:"DNA data explosion lights up the Bronze Age"
3319:
2698:
2617:
5662:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
5514:
5277:"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe"
4906:
4849:
4792:
4733:
4514:Goldberg, Amy; et al. (March 7, 2017).
3601:
2878:
2826:
2765:
301:2900 BC: North-westward migrations carrying
138:haplogroup contribution from EHG males. The
5706:
4907:Juras, Anna; et al. (August 2, 2018).
4572:
4165:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
2811:
2750:
2694:
2692:
2667:
465:
443:
424:
130:(CHGs). The WSH component is modeled as an
2624:
2610:
2588:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
673:, who preceded the Yamnaya culture on the
5943:
5933:
5857:
5833:
5755:
5673:
5613:
5559:
5497:
5440:
5383:
5365:
5355:
5314:
5257:
5190:
5116:
5098:
5060:
5003:
4946:
4889:
4832:
4775:
4765:
4674:
4626:
4592:
4555:
4545:
4457:
4434:
4372:
4323:
4138:
4096:
4050:
3995:
3985:
3931:
3885:
3753:
3676:
3400:
3305:. In Crabtree, P.J.; Bogucki, P. (eds.).
3224:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3189:
3131:
3066:
2993:
2716:
4251:
4221:
4022:
3577:
3490:
3440:
2930:The Yamnaya Impact On Prehistoric Europe
2843:
2689:
719:
612:
554:
516:
346:
281:
42:
26:
5801:
5133:
4466:
4076:
3625:
3565:
3300:
3276:
5972:
5781:
5457:
5400:
3613:
3541:
3326:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
3039:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2701:"Skin colour and vitamin D: An update"
786:
5630:
4118:
3834:
3706:
3704:
2923:
2595:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2567:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
4699:
4643:
3911:
3640:
2946:
751:synthesis, which is associated with
521:
416:
266:, and to a lesser extent modern-day
238:. In South Asia, it peaks among the
5675:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021749
5401:Olalde, Iñigo (February 21, 2018).
2552:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
535:Native American-related admixture.
13:
5834:Lazaridis, Iosif (December 2018).
5774:
4011:migration of these steppe herders.
3701:
3283:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
2574:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
438:populations dated to ca. 3000 BC (
434:It is linked to the migrations of
171:Steppe Early and Middle Bronze Age
59:throughout large parts of Eurasia.
14:
6011:
551:Steppe Early to Middle Bronze Age
415:during the year 2015 is given by
205:Steppe Middle and Late Bronze Age
5782:Barras, Colin (March 27, 2019).
5458:Olalde, Iñigo (March 15, 2019).
4232:Journal of Indo-European Studies
4023:Callaway, Ewen (June 10, 2015).
2581:Journal of Indo-European Studies
1345:Bible translations into Armenian
836:
797:lactose tolerance into adulthood
609:Steppe Middle to Late Bronze Age
5812:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
4154:
4112:
4084:European Journal of Archaeology
4070:
4016:
3959:
3905:
3844:
3770:
3646:
3352:
3313:
3294:
3270:
3210:
3162:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3148:
3083:
3025:
2952:
2917:
856:List of Indo-European languages
393:
381:
369:
357:
159:embarked on a massive expansion
153:Around 3,000 BC, people of the
4708:Studies in honor of Ilia Iliev
2658:
2649:
83:steppe around the turn of the
1:
4703:STUDIA IN HONOREM ILIAE ILIEV
3669:10.1080/00438243.2019.1627907
3474:Skoglund & Mathieson 2018
2924:Preda, Bianca (May 6, 2020).
2682:
2182:Proto-Indo-European mythology
1451:Paleolithic continuity theory
715:
186:Bell Beaker ("Eastern group")
5995:Modern human genetic history
4800:Nature Ecology and Evolution
4750:National Academy of Sciences
4530:National Academy of Sciences
4491:10.1126/science.349.6246.362
3987:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000742
2638:Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer
1870:Northern Black Polished Ware
1069:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
4644:Heyd, Volker (April 2017).
2187:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
812:
755:hair and first found in an
638:The American archaeologist
633:
580:Corded Ware and Bell Beaker
493:Nomenclature and definition
77:Western Steppe Pastoralists
10:
6016:
5740:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8
5598:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009
4939:10.1038/s41598-018-29914-5
4419:10.1038/s41598-018-31123-z
3870:10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1
3385:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8
3288:Princeton University Press
3116:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
3051:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.022
2978:10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1
1483:Domestication of the horse
277:
18:
5990:Genetic history of Europe
5868:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007
4825:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2
4140:10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.008
4121:"On the origin of cheese"
3933:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.087
2192:Historical Vedic religion
1469:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
650:, and to a lesser extent
365:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer
128:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers
37:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers
4077:Furholt, Martin (2018).
2705:Experimental Dermatology
2643:
2197:Ancient Iranian religion
1560:Novotitarovskaya culture
1407:Indo-European migrations
764:Eastern Hunter-Gatherers
336:; (1900-1700 BCE) ->
332:; (2100-1900 BCE) ->
313:, possibly ancestral to
124:Eastern Hunter-Gatherers
109:Yamnaya-related ancestry
49:Indo-European migrations
33:Eastern Hunter-Gatherers
5980:Archaeogenetic lineages
5639:Oxford University Press
5490:10.1126/science.aav4040
5367:10.1126/science.aat7487
5100:10.1126/science.abm4247
4767:10.1073/pnas.1813608115
4547:10.1073/pnas.1616392114
4365:10.1126/science.aar7711
4316:10.1126/science.aay6826
4225:(SpringâSummer 2019a).
4119:Gross, Michael (2018).
3738:10.1126/science.abq0755
3301:Anthony, David (2017).
1698:Northern/Eastern Steppe
690:Indo-European languages
458:Indo-European languages
389:Western Hunter Gatherer
353:Eastern Hunter Gatherer
220:Western Hunter-Gatherer
167:Indo-European languages
117:Steppe-related ancestry
57:Indo-European languages
5926:10.1126/sciadv.abi7038
5544:10.1126/sciadv.abi6941
5175:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528
3174:10.1093/molbev/msac179
2934:University of Helsinki
2789:Narasimhan et al. 2019
2169:Religion and mythology
2128:Medieval Scandinavians
1419:Alternative and fringe
757:Ancient North Eurasian
725:
644:Dnieper-Donets culture
622:
619:Indo-Iranian languages
560:
400:
344:
193:Early European Farmers
69:Western Steppe Herders
60:
40:
5715:Nature Communications
5631:Reich, David (2018).
4857:Nature Communications
4105:Allentoft et al. 2015
3527:Mathieson et al. 2018
3508:Allentoft et al. 2015
3462:Mathieson et al. 2015
3429:Eisenmann et al. 2018
3365:Nature Communications
3020:Lazaridis et al. 2016
2912:Lazaridis et al. 2022
2856:Malmström et al. 2019
2519:Indo-European studies
1882:Peoples and societies
723:
698:Early European Farmer
675:PonticâCaspian steppe
616:
558:
529:Pontic-Caspian steppe
517:Origins and expansion
486:Mathieson et al. 2015
479:Rasmussen et al. 2015
462:Allentoft et al. 2015
451:Allentoft et al. 2015
440:Allentoft et al. 2015
429:Lazaridis et al. 2016
350:
285:
46:
30:
4667:10.15184/aqy.2017.21
3590:Goldberg et al. 2017
3554:Damgaard et al. 2018
1426:Anatolian hypothesis
1378:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1285:Hittite inscriptions
830:Indo-European topics
621:and culture emerged.
305:, transforming into
21:Proto-Indo-Europeans
5918:2021SciA....7.7038V
5732:2019NatCo..10..590W
5536:2021SciA....7.6941P
5482:2019Sci...363.1230O
5433:10.1038/nature25738
5425:2018Natur.555..190O
5307:10.1038/nature25778
5299:2018Natur.555..197M
5242:10.1038/nature16152
5234:2015Natur.528..499M
5145:Thames & Hudson
5053:10.1038/nature23310
5045:2017Natur.548..214L
4996:10.1038/nature19310
4988:2016Natur.536..419L
4931:2018NatSR...811603J
4874:2015NatCo...6.8912J
4817:2019NatEE...3..966J
4758:2018PNAS..11511248J
4611:10.1038/nature14317
4603:2015Natur.522..207H
4538:2017PNAS..114.2657G
4483:2015Sci...349..362G
4411:2018NatSR...813003E
4308:2019Sci...366..708A
4191:10.1038/nature14507
4183:2015Natur.522..167A
4133:(20): R1171âR1173.
4098:10.1017/eaa.2017.43
4043:2015Natur.522..140C
3926:(21): R1311âR1313.
3730:2022Sci...377..940L
3568:, pp. 175â176.
3377:2019NatCo..10..590W
3156:(August 25, 2022).
3108:2022NatSR..12..733G
1682:Multi-cordoned ware
1553:Mikhaylovka culture
1441:Indigenous Aryanism
1431:Armenian hypothesis
1290:Hieroglyphic Luwian
793:lactase persistence
787:Lactase persistence
743:gene that controls
667:Sredny Stog culture
377:Anatolian Neolithic
328:; (2200 BCE) ->
324:; (2800 BCE) ->
303:Corded Ware culture
182:Corded Ware culture
148:Corded Ware culture
5169:(1912). 20191528.
5093:(6609): eabm4247.
4914:Scientific Reports
4882:10.1038/ncomms9912
4646:"Kossinna's smile"
4398:Scientific Reports
4265:. pp. 21â54.
3798:10.1038/ng.2007.13
3338:10.1017/ppr.2020.9
3236:10.1002/ajpa.23789
3096:Scientific Reports
1262:Proto-Indo-Iranian
1248:Proto-Balto-Slavic
1229:Proto-Italo-Celtic
777:selection pressure
726:
693:(spoken by CHGs).
623:
561:
507:Afanasievo culture
401:
345:
322:Fatyanovo-Balanova
292:Afanasievo culture
61:
41:
5985:Bronze Age Europe
5803:Kuzmina, Elena E.
5228:(7583): 499â503.
4587:(7555): 207â211.
4477:(6246): 362â366.
4253:Anthony, David W.
4177:(7555): 167â172.
4037:(7555): 140â141.
3864:(7994): 312â320.
3792:(12): 1443â1452.
3724:(6609): 940â951.
3656:World Archaeology
3602:Juras et al. 2018
3278:Anthony, David W.
2972:(7994): 312â320.
2879:Papac et al. 2021
2827:Jeong et al. 2019
2766:Jeong et al. 2018
2718:10.1111/exd.14142
2634:
2633:
1895:Anatolian peoples
1865:Painted Grey Ware
1753:Nordic Bronze Age
1402:Kurgan hypothesis
1355:Old Irish glosses
1320:Gaulish epigraphy
671:Khvalynsk culture
522:Steppe Eneolithic
398:
386:
374:
362:
258:. The modern day
213:Sintashta-related
201:Sintashta culture
144:Khvalynsk culture
85:5th millennium BC
53:Kurgan hypothesis
6007:
6000:Neolithic Europe
5965:
5947:
5937:
5912:(47): eabi7038.
5905:Science Advances
5894:
5892:
5890:
5861:
5830:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5769:
5759:
5703:
5677:
5652:
5627:
5617:
5573:
5563:
5530:(35): eabi6941.
5523:Science Advances
5511:
5501:
5454:
5444:
5397:
5387:
5369:
5359:
5328:
5318:
5271:
5261:
5204:
5194:
5152:
5130:
5120:
5102:
5074:
5064:
5017:
5007:
4960:
4950:
4903:
4893:
4846:
4836:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4713:
4696:
4678:
4661:(356): 348â359.
4650:
4640:
4630:
4596:
4569:
4559:
4549:
4510:
4463:
4461:
4448:
4438:
4386:
4376:
4337:
4327:
4280:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4218:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4100:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4054:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3999:
3989:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3935:
3912:Saag, L (2020).
3909:
3903:
3902:
3889:
3848:
3842:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3680:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3511:
3505:
3494:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3193:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2882:
2876:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2846:, pp. 1â19.
2841:
2830:
2824:
2815:
2812:Wang et al. 2019
2809:
2792:
2786:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2751:Haak et al. 2015
2748:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2696:
2677:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2467:
2460:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2315:
2301:
2294:
2280:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2025:Germanic peoples
2015:Hellenic peoples
2004:
1997:
1990:
1913:Mycenaean Greeks
1902:
1830:Thraco-Cimmerian
1728:Globular Amphora
1705:Abashevo culture
1644:
1637:
1607:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1350:Tocharian script
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
971:
957:
950:
943:
929:
905:
898:
879:
840:
817:
816:
747:development and
640:David W. Anthony
466:Haak et al. 2015
444:Haak et al. 2015
425:Haak et al. 2015
397:
396:
392:
385:
384:
380:
373:
372:
368:
361:
360:
356:
105:Yamnaya ancestry
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5888:
5886:
5827:
5792:
5790:
5777:
5775:Further reading
5772:
5724:Nature Research
5649:
5417:Nature Research
5291:Nature Research
5037:Nature Research
4980:Nature Research
4923:Nature Research
4866:Nature Research
4809:Nature Research
4724:
4722:
4721:on July 7, 2021
4718:
4711:
4648:
4273:
4242:
4240:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4126:Current Biology
4117:
4113:
4075:
4071:
4052:10.1038/522140a
4021:
4017:
3980:(6): e3000742.
3964:
3960:
3919:Current Biology
3910:
3906:
3849:
3845:
3833:
3829:
3785:Nature Genetics
3775:
3771:
3709:
3702:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:, pp. 1â2.
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3592:, p. 2657.
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3514:
3506:
3497:
3489:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3357:
3353:
3318:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3275:
3271:
3215:
3211:
3153:
3149:
3088:
3084:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3011:
2957:
2953:
2938:
2936:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2885:
2877:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2833:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2795:
2787:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2734:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2630:
2601:
2600:
2533:Marija Gimbutas
2521:
2511:
2510:
2502:Winter solstice
2492:Horse sacrifice
2463:
2456:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2339:
2324:
2311:
2297:
2290:
2276:
2267:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2201:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2104:
2091:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1848:
1825:
1812:
1800:
1781:
1723:
1700:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1622:Northern Europe
1603:
1599:
1586:
1573:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1505:Steppe cultures
1478:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1446:Baltic homeland
1420:
1416:
1412:Eurasian nomads
1396:
1392:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1330:Runic epigraphy
1325:Latin epigraphy
1280:
1272:
1271:
1209:Proto-Anatolian
1193:
1148:
1144:Thraco-Illyrian
1129:Graeco-Phrygian
1119:Graeco-Armenian
1114:Graeco-Albanian
1093:
1071:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
967:
953:
946:
939:
925:
901:
894:
875:
860:
852:
850:
815:
807:Eurasian steppe
801:Eurasian steppe
789:
735:The rs12821256
718:
636:
611:
582:
553:
524:
519:
495:
474:Yersinia pestis
394:
382:
370:
358:
343:
296:Proto-Tocharian
280:
155:Yamnaya culture
113:Steppe ancestry
65:archaeogenetics
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6013:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5967:
5966:
5895:
5831:
5826:978-9004160545
5825:
5807:Mallory, J. P.
5799:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5704:
5668:(1): 381â404.
5653:
5648:978-0198821250
5647:
5628:
5592:(3): 571â582.
5574:
5512:
5455:
5398:
5357:10.1101/292581
5329:
5272:
5206:
5205:
5153:
5131:
5075:
5018:
4961:
4904:
4847:
4790:
4731:
4697:
4641:
4570:
4511:
4464:
4459:10.1101/584714
4449:
4387:
4338:
4281:
4272:978-9004416192
4271:
4249:
4223:Anthony, David
4219:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4111:
4091:(2): 159â191.
4069:
4015:
3958:
3904:
3843:
3827:
3769:
3700:
3663:(4): 528â545.
3645:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3531:
3512:
3495:
3478:
3466:
3445:
3433:
3416:
3351:
3312:
3293:
3269:
3230:(4): 717â728.
3209:
3147:
3082:
3045:(6): 918â929.
3024:
3009:
2951:
2916:
2883:
2860:
2848:
2831:
2816:
2793:
2770:
2755:
2732:
2711:(9): 864â875.
2687:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Fire sacrifice
2483:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:Zoroastrianism
2260:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2145:Medieval India
2136:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2027:
2022:
2020:Italic peoples
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1796:Gandhara grave
1793:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:Middle Dnieper
1638:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1597:Eastern Europe
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1525:DnieperâDonets
1521:
1514:
1502:
1500:Kurgan culture
1497:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:Beech argument
1433:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1245:
1240:
1226:
1219:Proto-Germanic
1216:
1214:Proto-Armenian
1211:
1206:
1204:Proto-Albanian
1200:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
993:
988:
982:
981:
975:
974:
973:
972:
960:
959:
958:
951:
944:
932:
931:
930:
918:
913:
908:
907:
906:
899:
887:
882:
881:
880:
867:
866:
859:
858:
851:
846:
845:
842:
841:
833:
832:
826:
825:
814:
811:
788:
785:
717:
714:
682:Central Europe
635:
632:
610:
607:
581:
578:
552:
549:
523:
520:
518:
515:
494:
491:
490:
489:
482:
469:
454:
447:
432:
399:WHG) ancestry.
342:
341:
318:
299:
287:
279:
276:
264:Iranian people
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6012:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5789:
5788:New Scientist
5785:
5780:
5779:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5476:: 1230â1234.
5475:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5208:</ref>
5202:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5135:Mallory, J.P.
5132:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4532:: 2657â2662.
4531:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3580:, p. 36.
3579:
3578:Anthony 2019b
3574:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3491:Anthony 2019b
3487:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:Anthony 2019a
3437:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2844:Anthony 2019a
2840:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:J. P. Mallory
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:Reconstructed
2173:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2002:Insular Celts
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:Indo-Iranians
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:Pontic Steppe
1654:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:Kurgan stelae
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:Pontic Steppe
1470:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:Proto-Iranian
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Daco-Thracian
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:Reconstructed
1060:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
980:
977:
976:
970:
966:
965:
964:
961:
956:
952:
949:
945:
942:
938:
937:
936:
933:
928:
924:
923:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
904:
900:
897:
893:
892:
891:
888:
886:
883:
878:
874:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
853:
849:
844:
843:
839:
835:
834:
831:
828:
827:
823:
819:
818:
810:
808:
804:
802:
798:
795:, conferring
794:
784:
780:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
730:light-skinned
722:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
691:
685:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
631:
627:
620:
615:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
577:
573:
569:
565:
557:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
530:
514:
510:
508:
504:
498:
487:
483:
480:
476:
475:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
421:
420:
418:
414:
413:
408:
407:
390:
378:
366:
354:
349:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
288:
284:
275:
273:
272:Indo-Iranians
269:
265:
262:, an Eastern
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
54:
50:
45:
38:
34:
29:
25:
22:
5909:
5903:
5887:. Retrieved
5845:
5839:
5811:
5791:. Retrieved
5719:
5713:
5665:
5661:
5633:
5589:
5583:
5527:
5521:
5469:
5463:
5412:
5406:
5350:: eaat7487.
5343:
5337:
5286:
5280:
5225:
5219:
5207:
5166:
5162:
5149:Google Books
5147:– via
5139:
5090:
5084:
5032:
5026:
4975:
4969:
4918:
4912:
4861:
4855:
4804:
4798:
4745:
4739:
4723:. Retrieved
4716:the original
4707:
4702:
4676:10138/255652
4658:
4652:
4584:
4578:
4525:
4519:
4474:
4468:
4405:(1): 13003.
4402:
4396:
4359:: eaar7711.
4352:
4346:
4295:
4289:
4277:Google Books
4275:– via
4257:
4241:. Retrieved
4236:
4230:
4174:
4168:
4155:Bibliography
4144:
4130:
4124:
4114:
4102:
4088:
4082:
4072:
4064:
4034:
4028:
4018:
4009:
3977:
3973:PLOS Biology
3971:
3961:
3953:
3923:
3917:
3907:
3899:
3861:
3857:
3846:
3830:
3789:
3783:
3772:
3721:
3717:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3626:Gibbons 2015
3621:
3609:
3604:, p. 1.
3597:
3585:
3573:
3566:Mallory 1991
3561:
3549:
3469:
3436:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3306:
3296:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3227:
3223:
3212:
3203:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3042:
3038:
3027:
2969:
2965:
2954:
2937:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2851:
2708:
2704:
2660:
2651:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2559:Publications
2558:
2544:
2525:
2479:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:Paleo-Balkan
2334:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2262:
2261:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2174:
2157:Greater Iran
2150:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2087:
2030:Paleo-Balkan
1995:Celtiberians
1974:
1973:
1956:
1955:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1929:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1822:
1821:
1809:
1808:
1778:
1777:
1720:
1719:
1697:
1696:
1659:
1658:
1621:
1620:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1569:
1511:BugâDniester
1475:
1474:
1340:Gothic Bible
1256:Proto-Baltic
1252:Proto-Slavic
1237:Proto-Italic
1233:Proto-Celtic
1196:
1151:
1139:Italo-Celtic
1134:Indo-Hittite
1124:Graeco-Aryan
1097:Hypothetical
1096:
1061:
996:Paleo-Balkan
978:
935:Indo-Iranian
890:Balto-Slavic
863:
805:
790:
781:
734:
727:
695:
686:
679:
656:
637:
628:
624:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
574:
570:
566:
562:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
511:
499:
496:
472:
471:The plague (
410:
404:
402:
315:Italo-Celtic
217:
212:
208:
204:
190:
179:
177:) ancestry.
174:
170:
152:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
81:Chalcolithic
76:
72:
68:
62:
24:
5935:10810/54399
5793:January 16,
5419:: 190â196.
5293:: 197â203.
5039:: 214â218.
4982:: 419â424.
4811:: 966â976.
4752:: 966â976.
4302:: 708â714.
4239:(1â2): 1â23
3614:Olalde 2019
3542:Olalde 2018
2437:Continental
2430:Anglo-Saxon
2133:Middle Ages
2083:Middle Ages
1938:Indo-Aryans
1931:Indo-Aryans
1738:Bell Beaker
1733:Corded ware
1629:Corded ware
1518:Sredny Stog
1463:Archaeology
1243:Proto-Greek
1223:Proto-Norse
768:David Reich
417:Heyd (2017)
338:Indo-Aryans
317:(disputed).
311:Bell Beaker
307:Bell Beaker
294:, possibly
209:Steppe MLBA
175:Steppe EMBA
161:throughout
126:(EHGs) and
97:Sredny Stog
67:, the term
5974:Categories
5859:1805.01579
4725:August 10,
4594:1502.02783
4243:January 9,
3837:, p.
3835:Reich 2018
3678:1956/22151
3371:(1): 590.
3102:(1): 733.
2683:References
2545:Institutes
2465:Lithuanian
2219:Indo-Aryan
2205:Historical
2139:Indo-Aryan
2096:Tocharians
2010:Cimmerians
1888:Bronze Age
1779:South Asia
1653:Bronze Age
1591:Afanasievo
1395:Mainstream
1159:Vocabulary
1079:Sound laws
941:Indo-Aryan
760:individual
745:melanocyte
716:Phenotypes
657:While the
215:ancestry.
197:Bronze Age
47:Scheme of
35:(EHG) and
19:See also:
5962:244385333
5852:: 21â27.
5748:2041-1723
5684:1527-8204
5606:0092-8674
5552:2375-2548
5376:0036-8075
5250:1476-4687
5183:0962-8452
5109:0036-8075
4925:: 11603.
4921:(11603).
4693:164376362
4685:0003-598X
4654:Antiquity
4619:1476-4687
4499:0036-8075
4427:2045-2322
4199:1476-4687
3950:226229587
3878:1476-4687
3806:1546-1718
3746:0036-8075
3695:204480648
3687:0043-8243
3641:Heyd 2017
3393:2041-1723
3346:228923806
3332:: 65â93.
3244:0002-9483
3182:0737-4038
3124:2045-2322
3059:0002-9297
2986:1476-4687
2947:Heyd 2019
2939:August 5,
2480:Practices
2299:Yarsanism
2109:Albanians
2089:East Asia
2076:Scythians
2068:Phrygians
2061:Paeonians
2054:Illyrians
2040:Thracians
1957:East Asia
1908:Armenians
1835:Hallstatt
1817:Chernoles
1758:Terramare
1748:Trzciniec
1715:Sintashta
1710:Andronovo
1611:CernavodÄ
1584:East Asia
1539:Khvalynsk
1279:Philology
1189:Particles
1075:Phonology
1016:Liburnian
991:Tocharian
986:Anatolian
955:Nuristani
848:Languages
334:Andronovo
330:Sintashta
260:Yaghnobis
132:admixture
89:Khvalynsk
5954:34788096
5889:July 15,
5884:19158377
5876:29960127
5850:Elsevier
5805:(2007).
5766:30713341
5700:19933330
5692:29709204
5624:26496604
5570:34433570
5508:30872528
5472:(6432).
5451:29466337
5415:(7695).
5394:31488661
5346:(6457).
5325:29466330
5289:(7695).
5268:26595274
5201:31594508
5137:(1991).
5127:36007055
5118:10064553
5071:28783727
5035:(7666).
5014:27459054
4978:(7617).
4957:30072694
4900:26567969
4868:: 8912.
4864:(8912).
4843:31036896
4786:30397125
4637:25731166
4566:28223527
4507:26206910
4445:30158639
4383:29743352
4355:(6396).
4334:31699931
4298:(6466).
4207:26062507
4061:26062491
4006:32511234
3942:33142099
3896:38200293
3887:10781624
3822:19313549
3814:17952075
3764:36007020
3755:10019558
3411:30713341
3280:(2007).
3260:59338572
3252:30693949
3200:36006373
3142:35031610
3077:30526867
3004:38200293
2995:10781624
2727:32621306
2526:Scholars
2424:Germanic
2395:Scottish
2360:Thracian
2354:Illyrian
2348:Albanian
2336:European
2329:Armenian
2313:Ossetian
2307:Scythian
2292:Yazidism
2242:Buddhism
2233:Hinduism
2124:Norsemen
2034:Anatolia
1951:Iranians
1944:Iranians
1925:Iron Age
1900:Hittites
1853:Colchian
1846:Caucasus
1804:Iron Age
1773:Lusatian
1768:Urnfield
1692:Srubnaya
1687:Poltavka
1677:Catacomb
1616:Cucuteni
1571:Caucasus
1388:Religion
1373:Homeland
1315:Behistun
1295:Linear B
1184:Numerals
1179:Pronouns
1104:Balkanic
1051:Thracian
1044:Phrygian
1037:Paeonian
1023:Messapic
1009:Illyrian
921:Hellenic
916:Germanic
885:Armenian
877:Albanian
871:Albanoid
822:a series
820:Part of
813:See also
702:paternal
669:and the
634:Analysis
326:Abashevo
256:Bhumihar
5945:8597998
5914:Bibcode
5809:(ed.).
5757:6360191
5728:Bibcode
5726:. 590.
5615:4644222
5561:8386934
5532:Bibcode
5499:6436108
5478:Bibcode
5465:Science
5442:5973796
5421:Bibcode
5385:6822619
5352:bioRxiv
5339:Science
5316:6091220
5295:Bibcode
5259:4918750
5230:Bibcode
5192:6790770
5086:Science
5062:5565772
5041:Bibcode
5005:5003663
4984:Bibcode
4948:6072757
4927:Bibcode
4891:4660371
4870:Bibcode
4834:6542712
4813:Bibcode
4777:6275519
4754:Bibcode
4628:5048219
4599:Bibcode
4557:5347611
4534:Bibcode
4479:Bibcode
4470:Science
4454:bioRxiv
4436:6115390
4407:Bibcode
4374:6748862
4348:Science
4325:7093155
4304:Bibcode
4291:Science
4215:4399103
4179:Bibcode
4039:Bibcode
3997:7302802
3726:Bibcode
3718:Science
3402:6360191
3373:Bibcode
3218:2019).
3191:9469894
3133:8760286
3104:Bibcode
3068:6288199
2458:Latvian
2416:Cornish
2286:Kurdish
2272:Persian
2264:Iranian
2256:Sikhism
2249:Jainism
2212:Hittite
2151:Iranian
2047:Dacians
1840:Jastorf
1763:Tumulus
1743:ĂnÄtice
1672:Yamnaya
1667:Chariot
1605:Usatovo
1546:Yamnaya
1383:Society
1367:Origins
1300:Rigveda
1152:Grammar
979:Extinct
969:Romance
948:Iranian
749:melanin
739:of the
436:Yamnaya
395:
383:
371:
359:
278:Summary
252:Brahmin
228:Iceland
224:Ireland
163:Eurasia
101:Yamnaya
5960:
5952:
5942:
5882:
5874:
5823:
5764:
5754:
5746:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5645:
5622:
5612:
5604:
5568:
5558:
5550:
5506:
5496:
5449:
5439:
5408:Nature
5392:
5382:
5374:
5354:
5323:
5313:
5282:Nature
5266:
5256:
5248:
5221:Nature
5199:
5189:
5181:
5125:
5115:
5107:
5069:
5059:
5028:Nature
5012:
5002:
4971:Nature
4955:
4945:
4898:
4888:
4841:
4831:
4784:
4774:
4748:(48).
4710:]
4691:
4683:
4635:
4625:
4617:
4580:Nature
4564:
4554:
4528:(10).
4505:
4497:
4456:
4443:
4433:
4425:
4381:
4371:
4332:
4322:
4269:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4170:Nature
4059:
4030:Nature
4004:
3994:
3948:
3940:
3894:
3884:
3876:
3858:Nature
3820:
3812:
3804:
3762:
3752:
3744:
3693:
3685:
3409:
3399:
3391:
3344:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3198:
3188:
3180:
3140:
3130:
3122:
3075:
3065:
3057:
3002:
2992:
2984:
2966:Nature
2725:
2473:Slavic
2452:Baltic
2402:Breton
2382:Celtic
2366:Dacian
2322:Others
2102:Europe
1975:Europe
1969:Yuezhi
1823:Europe
1810:Steppe
1721:Europe
1578:Maykop
1532:Samara
1488:Kurgan
1305:Avesta
1087:Ablaut
1083:Accent
1030:Mysian
1002:Dacian
963:Italic
911:Celtic
903:Slavic
896:Baltic
864:Extant
737:allele
503:Maykop
406:Nature
387:) and
375:CHG),
363:EHG),
268:Tajiks
240:Kalash
236:Sweden
232:Norway
99:, and
75:), or
39:(CHG).
5958:S2CID
5880:S2CID
5854:arXiv
5817:BRILL
5722:(1).
5696:S2CID
4807:(6).
4719:(PDF)
4712:(PDF)
4706:[
4689:S2CID
4649:(PDF)
4589:arXiv
4263:BRILL
4211:S2CID
3946:S2CID
3818:S2CID
3691:S2CID
3342:S2CID
3256:S2CID
3168:(9).
2644:Notes
2444:Norse
2409:Welsh
2388:Irish
2377:Roman
2372:Greek
2227:Vedic
2119:Slavs
2114:Balts
1988:Gauls
1982:Celts
1964:Wusun
1859:India
1635:Baden
1335:Ogham
1310:Homer
1197:Other
1174:Nouns
1169:Verbs
927:Greek
753:blond
741:KITLG
659:mtDNA
211:) or
140:Y-DNA
136:Y-DNA
93:Repin
5950:PMID
5891:2020
5872:PMID
5821:ISBN
5795:2020
5762:PMID
5744:ISSN
5688:PMID
5680:ISSN
5643:ISBN
5620:PMID
5602:ISSN
5585:Cell
5566:PMID
5548:ISSN
5504:PMID
5447:PMID
5390:PMID
5372:ISSN
5321:PMID
5264:PMID
5246:ISSN
5197:PMID
5179:ISSN
5123:PMID
5105:ISSN
5067:PMID
5010:PMID
4953:PMID
4896:PMID
4839:PMID
4782:PMID
4727:2021
4681:ISSN
4633:PMID
4615:ISSN
4562:PMID
4503:PMID
4495:ISSN
4441:PMID
4423:ISSN
4379:PMID
4330:PMID
4267:ISBN
4245:2020
4203:PMID
4195:ISSN
4057:PMID
4002:PMID
3938:PMID
3892:PMID
3874:ISSN
3810:PMID
3802:ISSN
3760:PMID
3742:ISSN
3683:ISSN
3407:PMID
3389:ISSN
3248:PMID
3240:ISSN
3196:PMID
3178:ISSN
3138:PMID
3120:ISSN
3073:PMID
3055:ISSN
3000:PMID
2982:ISSN
2941:2021
2723:PMID
2506:Yule
2497:Sati
1786:BMAC
1164:Root
708:and
412:Cell
409:and
254:and
234:and
5940:PMC
5930:hdl
5922:doi
5864:doi
5752:PMC
5736:doi
5670:doi
5610:PMC
5594:doi
5590:163
5556:PMC
5540:doi
5494:PMC
5486:doi
5470:363
5437:PMC
5429:doi
5413:555
5380:PMC
5362:doi
5344:365
5311:PMC
5303:doi
5287:555
5254:PMC
5238:doi
5226:528
5187:PMC
5171:doi
5167:286
5113:PMC
5095:doi
5091:377
5057:PMC
5049:doi
5033:548
5000:PMC
4992:doi
4976:536
4943:PMC
4935:doi
4886:PMC
4878:doi
4829:PMC
4821:doi
4772:PMC
4762:doi
4746:115
4671:hdl
4663:doi
4623:PMC
4607:doi
4585:522
4552:PMC
4542:doi
4526:114
4487:doi
4475:349
4431:PMC
4415:doi
4369:PMC
4361:doi
4353:360
4320:PMC
4312:doi
4296:366
4187:doi
4175:522
4135:doi
4093:doi
4047:doi
4035:522
3992:PMC
3982:doi
3928:doi
3882:PMC
3866:doi
3862:625
3794:doi
3750:PMC
3734:doi
3722:377
3673:hdl
3665:doi
3397:PMC
3381:doi
3334:doi
3232:doi
3228:168
3186:PMC
3170:doi
3128:PMC
3112:doi
3063:PMC
3047:doi
3043:103
2990:PMC
2974:doi
2970:625
2713:doi
1791:Yaz
772:SNP
710:R1a
706:R1b
648:R1b
248:Jat
244:Ror
115:or
73:WSH
63:In
5976::
5956:.
5948:.
5938:.
5928:.
5920:.
5908:.
5902:.
5878:.
5870:.
5862:.
5848:.
5846:53
5844:.
5838:.
5819:.
5815:.
5786:.
5760:.
5750:.
5742:.
5734:.
5720:10
5718:.
5712:.
5694:.
5686:.
5678:.
5666:19
5664:.
5660:.
5641:.
5637:.
5618:.
5608:.
5600:.
5588:.
5582:.
5564:.
5554:.
5546:.
5538:.
5526:.
5520:.
5502:.
5492:.
5484:.
5468:.
5462:.
5445:.
5435:.
5427:.
5411:.
5405:.
5388:.
5378:.
5370:.
5360:.
5342:.
5336:.
5319:.
5309:.
5301:.
5285:.
5279:.
5262:.
5252:.
5244:.
5236:.
5224:.
5218:.
5195:.
5185:.
5177:.
5165:.
5161:.
5143:.
5121:.
5111:.
5103:.
5089:.
5083:.
5065:.
5055:.
5047:.
5031:.
5025:.
5008:.
4998:.
4990:.
4974:.
4968:.
4951:.
4941:.
4933:.
4917:.
4911:.
4894:.
4884:.
4876:.
4860:.
4854:.
4837:.
4827:.
4819:.
4803:.
4797:.
4780:.
4770:.
4760:.
4744:.
4738:.
4687:.
4679:.
4669:.
4659:91
4657:.
4651:.
4631:.
4621:.
4613:.
4605:.
4597:.
4583:.
4577:.
4560:.
4550:.
4540:.
4524:.
4518:.
4501:.
4493:.
4485:.
4473:.
4439:.
4429:.
4421:.
4413:.
4401:.
4395:.
4377:.
4367:.
4351:.
4345:.
4328:.
4318:.
4310:.
4294:.
4288:.
4261:.
4237:47
4235:.
4229:.
4209:.
4201:.
4193:.
4185:.
4173:.
4167:.
4143:.
4131:28
4129:.
4123:.
4101:.
4089:21
4087:.
4081:.
4063:.
4055:.
4045:.
4033:.
4027:.
4008:.
4000:.
3990:.
3978:18
3976:.
3970:.
3952:.
3944:.
3936:.
3924:30
3922:.
3916:.
3898:.
3890:.
3880:.
3872:.
3860:.
3856:.
3839:96
3816:.
3808:.
3800:.
3790:39
3788:.
3782:.
3758:.
3748:.
3740:.
3732:.
3720:.
3716:.
3703:^
3689:.
3681:.
3671:.
3661:51
3659:.
3633:^
3534:^
3515:^
3498:^
3481:^
3448:^
3419:^
3405:.
3395:.
3387:.
3379:.
3369:10
3367:.
3363:.
3340:.
3330:86
3328:.
3324:.
3286:.
3262:.
3254:.
3246:.
3238:.
3226:.
3222:.
3202:.
3194:.
3184:.
3176:.
3166:39
3164:.
3160:.
3136:.
3126:.
3118:.
3110:.
3100:12
3098:.
3094:.
3071:.
3061:.
3053:.
3041:.
3037:.
3012:^
2998:.
2988:.
2980:.
2968:.
2964:.
2932:.
2928:.
2886:^
2863:^
2834:^
2819:^
2796:^
2773:^
2758:^
2735:^
2721:.
2709:29
2707:.
2703:.
2691:^
2669:^
1903:)
1254:·
1235:·
1085:,
1081:,
1077::
824:on
654:.
652:I2
488:);
468:);
464:;
453:);
446:);
442:;
427:;
419::
250:,
246:,
242:,
230:,
226:,
119:.
111:,
107:,
95:,
91:,
5964:.
5932::
5924::
5916::
5910:7
5893:.
5866::
5856::
5829:.
5797:.
5768:.
5738::
5730::
5702:.
5672::
5651:.
5626:.
5596::
5572:.
5542::
5534::
5528:7
5510:.
5488::
5480::
5453:.
5431::
5423::
5396:.
5364::
5327:.
5305::
5297::
5270:.
5240::
5232::
5203:.
5173::
5151:.
5129:.
5097::
5073:.
5051::
5043::
5016:.
4994::
4986::
4959:.
4937::
4929::
4919:8
4902:.
4880::
4872::
4862:6
4845:.
4823::
4815::
4805:3
4788:.
4764::
4756::
4729:.
4695:.
4673::
4665::
4639:.
4609::
4601::
4591::
4568:.
4544::
4536::
4509:.
4489::
4481::
4462:.
4447:.
4417::
4409::
4403:8
4385:.
4363::
4336:.
4314::
4306::
4279:.
4247:.
4217:.
4189::
4181::
4137::
4095::
4049::
4041::
3984::
3930::
3868::
3824:.
3796::
3766:.
3736::
3728::
3697:.
3675::
3667::
3643:.
3628:.
3556:.
3544:.
3529:.
3510:.
3493:.
3476:.
3464:.
3443:.
3431:.
3413:.
3383::
3375::
3348:.
3336::
3309:.
3290:.
3234::
3172::
3144:.
3114::
3106::
3079:.
3049::
3022:.
3006:.
2976::
2949:)
2945:(
2943:.
2914:.
2881:.
2858:.
2829:.
2814:.
2791:.
2768:.
2753:.
2729:.
2715::
2625:e
2618:t
2611:v
2504:/
2368:)
2363:·
2357:·
2351:·
2346:(
2126:/
2032:/
1897:(
1268:)
1264:(
1258:)
1250:(
1239:)
1231:(
1225:)
1221:(
663:U
460:(
431:)
391:(
379:(
367:(
355:(
340:.
298:.
207:(
173:(
71:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
